# Description Uses Diseases PEL-OSHA Physical Properties

Occupational Diseases caused by exposure of agents

Chemical agents
• Beryllium extraction and processing
• Chronic Beryllium Disease
• Aircraft and aerospace industries
1 Beryllium and its Compounds • Acute Beryllium Disease 2 μg/m3
• Electronics and nuclear industries
• Lung Cancer
• Jewelers

Cadmium and its compounds
• Cadmium-smelter workers
Emphysema
• Battery production workers
Lung Cancer
• Cadmium-copper alloy workers 5 μg/m3
Renal Damage & Kidney stone
• Dyes and pigments production
Itai-itai disease
• Electroplating processes

Fertilizers Eye damage

Skin burns
Safety Matches & pyrotechnics
Irritation to nose, coughing and wheezing if Highly Flammable &
Food processing
Phosphorus and its Compounds Etching semi-conductors inhaled 0.1mg/m3 Reactive
Kidney damage and osteoporosis Explosive in nature
Manufacturing of Chemical catalysts
White phosphorus damages liver, heart or
LED manufacturing
kidneys

• Dyes and pigments

• Plating and engraving/Chromium ferro-
alloy production Lung, nasal & Sinus Cancers
• Stainless-steel welding Permanent Eye Damage
Chromium and its Compounds • In wood preservatives/ Leather tanning Irritation to nose, throat and lungs 5µg/m3 Aqua Toxic
• Water treatment/ Inks/ Photography Nasal ulcers
• Lithography/ Drilling muds Dermatitis & skin ulcers
• Synthetic perfumes/ Pyrotechnics
• Corrosion resistance

Steel making
Irritation to lungs causing pneumonia
Alloying metals
Loss of sex drive and sperm damage (fertility
Chemicals (disinfectant, water treatment,
impairments)
Manganese and its Compounds agro-fungicide, additive to fertilizers, 0.2 mg/m3 Acute Toxic & Irritant
Inflammation of kidneys and kidney stone
pigments &dyes, catalyst etc)
formation
Batteries
Electronic manufacturing, welding etc.

• Nonferrous metal smelting
• Production, packaging, and use of
arsenic-containing pesticides
Arsenic and its compounds
• Sheep dip manufacture
• Wool fiber production
• Mining of ores containing arsenic
Skin, lung, bladder, liver, prostrate cancer
and Leukemia
Neuritis, Neurological effects, memory loss,
and intellectual disfunction
Diabetes
10 µg/m3
Melanosis and Keratosis (Effects on Skin)
Increase thrombocyte agglutination and
induce cardiovascular diseases
Impair growth of placenta and effects on
reproductive health
 Physical Agents

Noise is any unwarranted disturbance

1 Noise
within a useful frequency band

Constant exposure to vibration cause

serious health problems such as back
pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and
2 Vibration
vascular disorders. Vibration are common
in outdoor work, such as forestry, farming,
transportation, shipping, and construction

3 Compressed or
decompressed air

4 Ionizing Radiations

UV; sunburn and cornea inflammation, skin cancer, skin thickening, premature aging,
cataract
Optical Radiations
Visible light and Infrared light; Retinal damage and ashen cataract, Skin burns
5 (Ultraviolet, Visible
Radio wave and Microwave fields; Body warming up damages the brain, eyes,
light, infrared)
genitals, stomach, liver and kidneys

6
6 Extreme temperatures

At cold tempuratures body lose the heat faster than produced. Prolonged exposure
6.1 Cold; Hypothermia to cold will cause lose of energy results hypothermia (low body temperature). A low
body temperature will affects the brain in decision making.

Injury caused by freezing (loss of feeling & color in affected areas). It affects the
6.2 Frostbite nose, ears, cheeks, chin, fingers, or toes. Frostbite can permanently damage body
tissues, and severe cases can lead to amputation

an injury of the feet resulting from prolonged exposure to wet and cold conditions.
At wet places to prevent heat loss, the body constricts blood vessels to shut down
6.3 Trench Foot
circulation in the feet. Skin tissue begins to die because of lack of oxygen and
nutrients and due to the buildup of toxic products

Chilblains are small, itchy swellings on the skin that occur as a reaction to cold
6.4 Chilblains temperatures. They most often affect the body's extremities, such as the toes,
fingers, heels, ears and nose

Most serious f heat-related illness, Sweating stops and Signs include confusion, loss
6.5 HOT; Heat stroke of consciousness, and seizures. Heat stroke is a medical emergency that may result in
death!

Body's response to loss of water and salt from heavy sweating. Signs include
6.6 Heat exhaustion
headache, nausea, dizziness, weakness, irritability, thirst, and heavy sweating

6.7 Heat cramps Loss of body salts & fluid by sweating. Low salt in muscles cause painful cramps.

6.8 Heat rash Skin irritation caused by sweat that does not evaporate from the skin
 Physical Agents

Noise induced hearing loss

Cardiovascular Effects (hypertension)
Psychological impacts of noise
Stress & Annoyance

VWF
Pain
Vibration-induced white finger (VWF)
Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS)
Whole-body vibration can cause fatigue,
stomach problems, headache, loss of
balance and "shakiness" shortly after or
during exposure

Cause projectile injuries

Compressed air can enter the blood
stream through skin cuts or body opening
Using compressed air to clean dirt and
dust particles into the air making
contaminants airborne and creating a
respiratory hazard

Cancers of the bile ducts, bone, brain,

breast, colon, esophagus, gall bladder,
liver, pancreas, pharynx, ovary, salivary
gland, small intestine, stomach, thyroid,
urinary tract
Leukemia, Lymphomas & Multiple
myeloma
Non-malignant thyroid nodular disease
Parathyroid adenoma
Posterior subcapsular cataracts
Tumors of the brain and central nervous
system

mation, skin cancer, skin thickening, premature aging,

Retinal damage and ashen cataract, Skin burns

ds; Body warming up damages the brain, eyes,
neys
 the heat faster than produced. Prolonged exposure
y results hypothermia (low body temperature). A low
he brain in decision making.

of feeling & color in affected areas). It affects the

, or toes. Frostbite can permanently damage body
ad to amputation

om prolonged exposure to wet and cold conditions.

oss, the body constricts blood vessels to shut down
ue begins to die because of lack of oxygen and
p of toxic products

ngs on the skin that occur as a reaction to cold

affect the body's extremities, such as the toes,

ess, Sweating stops and Signs include confusion, loss

Heat stroke is a medical emergency that may result in

r and salt from heavy sweating. Signs include

eakness, irritability, thirst, and heavy sweating

eating. Low salt in muscles cause painful cramps.

that does not evaporate from the skin


1 Brucellosis (Bacteria)
2 Hepatitis (Virus)
3 Human Immunodeficiency
Virus (Virus)
4 Tetanus (Bacteria)
Tuberculosis
5 (Bacteria- Mycobacterium
tuberculosis)
Biological Agents
Infectious disease caused by a type of
bacteria called Brucella. The bacteria can
spread from animals (cow, dogs, pigs,
sheep, goats, and camels, marine seals,
red fox etc.) to humans. Person to person
spread through sexual contact,
breastfeeding etc (rare).
Hepatitis refers to an inflammatory
condition of the liver. It’s commonly
caused by a viral infection, but there are
other possible causes of hepatitis (others
reasons like alcohol, toxins, medication
are there too)
HIV is a virus that lives in human blood,
sexual fluids, and breast milk. It weakens
your immune system, so your body has a
hard time fighting off common germs,
viruses, fungi, and other invaders. It
spreads mainly through unprotected
sexual contact and sharing needles
Affects your nervous system, leading to
painful muscle contractions, particularly
of your jaw and neck muscles. Tetanus
can interfere with your ability to breathe
and can threaten your life.
TB spreads through the air when a person
with TB of the lungs or throat coughs,
sneezes, or talks. If you have been
exposed, you should go to your doctor for
tests. You are more likely to get TB if you
have a weak immune system. Usually
attack the lungs, but they can also
damage other parts of the body.
 Biological agents may cause a variety of
6 health effects in humans, such as
Toxic or inflammatory infectious diseases, acute toxic effects,
syndromes by bacteria/ fungi allergies and even cancer.

Affects animals such as cattle, sheep, and

Anthrax (Bacteria-Bacillus
7
anthracis lives in soil)
goats more often than people. Anthrax
affected from contact with infected
animals, wool, meat, or hides. Anthrax are
rare and are 3 types Cutaneous (skin),
Inhalation & Gastrointestinal

Spread thru urine, especially from dogs,

8 Leptospirosis (Bacteria)
rodents, and farm animals. They may not
have any symptoms, but they can be
carriers. It does not last more than a
week. But when you have severe form of
leptospirosis, you’ll get better, but then
get sick again. This is called Weil’s disease
and it can cause chest pain and swollen
arms and legs
 Biological Agents
Fever
Back pain, Body-wide aches and pains
Poor appetite and weight loss
Headache, Night sweats
Weakness, Abdominal pain & Cough
Fatigue & Flu-like symptoms
Dark urine & Pale stool
Abdominal pain ,Loss of appetite
Unexplained weight loss
Yellow skin and eyes, like Jaundice
Fever, Headache, Upset stomach
Sore throat, Swollen glands, Rashes
Aches and pains in muscles and joints
Weight loss, Diarrhea
A cough that won’t go away
Night sweats
Mouth and skin problems
Frequent infections, Serious illnesses or
diseases
Spasms and stiffness in your jaw muscles,
abdominal muscles, neck muscles causing
difficulty to swallowing
Painful body spasms lasting for several
minutes
Fever, Sweating, Elevated blood pressure
& Rapid heart rate
A bad cough that lasts 3 weeks or longer
Weight loss, Loss of appetite
Coughing up blood or mucus
Weakness or fatigue & Fever
Night sweat
Infection of the central nervous
system
Endocarditis (infection of the lining of
the heart or valves)
Liver abscess/ ulcer
Miscarriage/ birth defects if affected
by pregnant ladies
(No Vaccines available)
Chronic liver disease- Liver cirrhosis
or cancer
Bleeding disorders
Portal hypertension
Kidney failure
Hepatic encephalopathy
Hepatocellular carcinoma (cancer)
Death
Cardiovascular and renal
complications, TB
Loose the immunity;
Bacterial pneumonia, Bacterial
enteric disease, Syphilis, HSV
Varicella zoster virus (VZV), Human
herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) (Kaposi's
sarcoma), HPV (cervical and rectal
cancers),Histoplasmosis
Death
Severity of spasms leads spine and
other bones to break
A blood clot traveled from elsewhere
of the body blocks the main artery of
lungs or one of its branches.
Death.
Spinal pain
Joint damage.
Swelling of the membranes that
cover your brain (meningitis).
Mental changes also are possible.
Liver or kidney problems.
Heart disorders.
Death
Cutaneous anthrax; small blisters or
bumps that may itch, Swelling, painless Most serious complication of anthrax
skin sore (ulcer) is inflammation of the membranes
Inhalation anthrax; Fever, chills, Chest and fluid covering the brain and
Discomfort, Shortness of breath, spinal cord, leading to massive
Confusion or dizziness, Cough, Nausea, bleeding (hemorrhagic meningitis)
vomiting, or stomach pains, Headache, and death
Sweats (often drenching)Extreme
tiredness & Body aches
Gastrointestinal anthrax; Fever and chills,
Swelling of neck or neck glands, Sore
throat, Painful swallowing, Hoarseness,
Nausea and vomiting, especially bloody
vomiting, Diarrhea or bloody diarrhea,
Headache, Flushing (red face) and red
eyes, Stomach pain, Fainting, Swelling of
abdomen

Spontaneous abortion in pregnant

women, Acute kidney injury,
Thrombocytopenia.
Liver failure, Disseminated
intravascular coagulation,
Gastrointestinal hemorrhage,
Headache, Muscle ache
Pulmonary hemorrhage,
Jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes)
Rhabdomyolysis, Eye problems, Adult
Vomiting, Diarrhea & Skin rash
respiratory distress syndrome.
Hypotension, Cerebrovascular
accident, subarachnoid hemorrhage,
cerebral arteritis, Erythema
nodosum, Myocarditis.
Death
Fatality is rare (less than 2%);
Brucellosis can be difficult to
treat. Antibiotics are the main
treatments, recovery takes
weeks, or months.

Bed rest & taking medication

to relieve symptoms. Most
people who have hepatitis A
and E will revive in 1-2 weeks.
Hepatitis B &C is treated with
drugs.
Liver transplant of B or C, or D-
caused liver failure

Only proactive measures are

possible, no vaccines

DTaP vaccine; is a series of five

shots vaccine
Intermittent booster vaccines
to be taken

Infants are vaccinated with

bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)
vaccine
BCG vaccine isn't very effective
in adults
Antibiotics are recommended
to prevent infection in anyone
exposed to the spores.
Ciprofloxacin (Cipro),
doxycycline (Monodox,
Vibramycin, others) and
levofloxacin (Levaquin) are
approved by the Food and
Drug Administration for post-
exposure prevention of
anthrax in adults and children
Anthrax Vaccine
Avoiding infected animals

Antibiotic treatment is widely

used
Supportive care and treatment
of the hypotension,
hemorrhage, acute kidney
injury and liver failure
Use of steroids
Vitamin K should be
administered for
hypoprothrombinaemia
Immunity to leptospirosis is
incomplete and so patients
should be advised to adopt
lifestyle changes to avoid re-
exposure
 Respiratory Diseases

An occupational lung disease and a

Pneumoconiosis (Silicosis, anthraces- restrictive lung disease caused by the
1
silicosis, asbestosis) inhalation of dust, often in mines and
from agriculture

Co-existence of silicosis and tuberculosis is

2 Silicotuberculosis
known as silico-tuberculosis

An occupational lung disease and a

restrictive lung disease caused by the
3 Pneumoconiosis
inhalation of dust, often in mines and
from agriculture

Siderosis is also a form of interstitial lung

disease, which results from inhaling
irritants that settle into the lungs. These
4 Siderosis irritants generally lead to lung
(Welder's lung or Silver polisher's lung) inflammation and scarring, and eventually
cause the lungs to stiffen and become
hardened, resulting in breathing
difficulties

5 Bronchopulmonary diseases

Bronchiectasis is a chronic disease

characterized by destruction of the
5.1. Bronchiectasis bronchial and peribronchial tissues,
dilatation of the bronchi and
accumulation of infected material in the
dependent bronchi

A deficiency in the cartilaginous wall of

5.2. Bronchomalacia the trachea or a bronchus that may lead
to atelectasis or obstructive emphysema

a group of lung diseases affecting the

interstitium (the tissue and space around
Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) or
the air sacs of the lungs).[2] It concerns
5.3. Diffuse Parenchymal Lung disease
alveolar epithelium, pulmonary capillary
(DPLD)
endothelium, basement membrane,
perivascular and perilymphatic tissues.
 A chronic lung disease that inflames and
narrows the airways. Asthma causes
recurring periods of wheezing (a whistling
6 Asthma sound when you breathe), chest tightness,
shortness of breath, and coughing. The
coughing often occurs at night or early in
the morning

Inflammation of the alveoli within the

lung caused by hypersensitivity to inhaled
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis (Extrinsic
7 organic dusts. Sufferers are commonly
Allergic Alveolitis- EAA)
exposed to the dust by their occupation or
hobbies.

Progressive lung diseases including

emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and
8 Chronic obstructive pulmonary refractory (non-reversible) asthma. This
diseases disease is characterized by increasing
breathlessness.

Aluminum use and primary aluminum

production results in the generation of
9 Disease to lung caused by aluminum various particles, fumes, gases, and
airborne materials with the potential for
inducing a wide range of lung pathology

Upper respiratory disorders such as

allergic rhinitis and rhinosinusitis are
10 Upper Airways Disorders different facets of a larger systemic
inflammatory syndrome involving both
the upper and lower airways

Skin Diseases

(ACD) is a form of contact dermatitis that

is the manifestation of an allergic
response caused by contact with a
Allergic contact dermatoses (ACD) and substance. Contact urticaria is an
1
contact urticaria immediate but transient localized swelling
and redness that occurs on the skin after
direct contact with an offending
substance
 Contact dermatitis is caused by a
substance you're exposed to that irritates
Irritant contact dermatoses caused by
2 your skin or triggers an allergic reaction.
recognized irritant agents
The substance could be one of thousands
of known allergens and irritants

Pigment cells of the skin, melanocytes, are

destroyed in certain areas. Symptoms of
3 Vitiligo caused by recognized agents vitiligo include loss of skin color in the
form of depigmented, or white, patches of
skin in any location on the body.

Musculoskeletal disorders

Radial Styloid Tenosynovitis Pain and Swelling in the radial styloid that
1
(De Quervain's tenosynovitis) are aggravated by the use of thumb

Chronic deterioration or inflammation of

2 Chronic tenosynovitis the tendon or tendon sheath can cause
scars that restrict motion

Olecranon bursitis is a condition of

3 Olecranon bursitis swelling, redness, and pain at the tip of
the elbow. If

Prepatellar bursitis is an inflammation of

the bursa in the front of the kneecap
(patella). It occurs when the bursa
4 Prepatellar bursitis
becomes irritated and produces too much
fluid, which causes it to swell and put
pressure on the adjacent parts of the knee

Epicondylitis refers to an inflammation of

Epicondylitis due to repetitive forceful an epicondyle.
5 work Types include: Lateral epicondylitis, also
known as tennis elbow. Medial
epicondylitis, also known as golfer's elbow
 The main etiologies are sport's
traumatology by direct or repeated
Meniscus lesions traumatisms, and work pathology as tile-
6 Meniscal lesion is a frequent lesion in layer or masons who kneel. This pathology
young or adult patient. is the most frequent indication for knee
arthroscopy. There are two menisci :
medial and latera

A medical condition due to compression

of the median nerve through the wrist at
the carpal tunnel. The main symptoms are
7 Carpal tunnel syndrome
pain, numbness, and tingling, in the
thumb, index finger, middle finger, and
the thumb side of the ring finger

Pl. note: any disease end with - itis denote an inflammation of an organ/ body part
Mental and Behavioral Disorders

PTSD is a disorder that develops in some

people who have experienced a shocking,
1 Post-traumatic stress disorder scary, or dangerous event. People who
have PTSD may feel stressed or frightened
even when they are not in danger
ory Diseases

Due to fibrogenic mineral dust

Caused by the lung tissue reaction to the

inhalation of silica and occurs most
commonly in the quarrying,
manufacturing and building construction
industries workers

By non-fibrogenic mineral dust ~<do>~

Caused by the inhalation of iron particles,

whether through dust or fumes

Caused by hard metal dust & cotton, flax,

hemp, sisal or sugar cane

Infections like; Pneumonia, Tuberculosis,

Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Inhaled substances like; Silicosis,
Asbestosis, Berylliosis, Industrial printing
chemicals (eg. carbon black, ink mist),
 Occupational asthma, triggered by
workplace irritants such as chemical
fumes, gases or dust

Caused by the inhalation of organic dusts

or microbially contaminated aerosols,
arising from work activities.

Caused by inhalation of coal dust, stone

quarries dust, wood dust, agro-dust, etc

Workers in aluminum smelting, bauxite

ores etc

Caused by inhalation of sensitizing agents,

allergy, aspiration of foreign body,
infection etc.

Diseases

Caused recognized allergy provoking

agents
 Caused by recognized irritant agents

Caused by recognized agents

eletal disorders

Due to repetitive movements, force-full

exertions and extreme postures of wrist

Due to repetitive movements, force-full

exertions and extreme postures of wrist

Due to prolonged pressure of the elbow

region. If the underlying cause is due to an
infection, fever may be present.

Prepatellar bursitis is often caused by

pressure from constant kneeling
 Due to extended periods of work in a
kneeling or squatting position

Due to extended period of repetitive

forceful work, work involving vibration,
extreme postures of wrist, or a
combination of three.

ehavioral Disorders

Stress