‘Arr Teemita Book Conpeny tiara atectbooks comANNEX A: GENERAL LIGHTS AND SIGNALS Figure A-1 A Parachute Flare 346, ‘AlrorattTechniéal Book Company hit:wuvactechbooks.comANNEX A: GENERAL LIGHTS AND SIGNALS INTRODUCTION. Even when flown for recreation andlor sport, most aircraft today, however basic their instrument fit, carry radios. Radiotelephony is, of course, by far the most efficient ‘method for aircraft and Air Traffic Service Units to communicate. Indeed, for several decades past, most large aerodromes and airfields have insisted that aircraft operating into or out of them be equipped with standard VHF radios, Nowadays, then, it is routine for a pilot to obtain information and instructions for the safe conduct of his fight over the radio. Consequently, if a pilot suffers radio failure, he is likely immediately to find himself hindered in the progress of his fight. If either he or his aircraft is in trouble, the absence of radio may make the situation extremely ortical itis, therefore, vitally important for the pilot to be able to understand the various forms and meanings of the signals that may be made by Air Traffic Control Services, or for that matter by anyone else, for the attention of aircraft. The pilot may also need to signal to people on the ground concerning his own situation and/or intentions. It is the aim of this Annex to describe the different type of signals that are used for air-ground and ground-air communications. For the most part, the signals are visual signals in the form of lights or pictograms. Distress messages passed by Radiotelephony are dealt with fully in Volume 7 of this series: ‘Radiotelephony’ Signals will be presented in this Annex which cover the following situations: + Distress & Urgency Signals. + Signals For Use in the Event of Interception. + Signals Pertinent to Restricted, Prohibited and Danger Areas. + Light Signals Between Aircraft and Air Traffic Service Units. + Acknowledgement Signals by Aircraft in the Air. +The Signals Square. + Marshalling Signals ~ Marshaller to Pilot, + Marshalling Signals — Pilot to Marshaller. DISTRESS & URGENCY. When an aircraft which is airborne is in distress or urgency, the situation is tense and apilot often needs to think primarily about flying the aircraft. Ifhe is also experiencing radio failure, the situation is made even more critical ‘The following methods of signalling distress and urgency may seem to be desperate ‘measures and, in the case of pyrotechnics and flares, to offer a highly impractical solution to the light aircraft pilot. However, a pilot who can signal an emergency to the ground by any means whatsoever may just manage to create the conditions which prevent disaster. Therefore, the following signals are included in this Annex. Of course, a pilot may be on the ground when he needs to make a distress or urgency signal; or else someone on the ground may wish to signal to an aircraft. In this case, a difficult situation is made slightly easier. 347, ‘iroraft Tachnisal Book Company hilpswu.actechbooks.comANNEX A: GENERAL LIGHTS AND SIGNALS Evenifthe radiois working, itis desirable, in an emergency, that the pilot should express his predicament, at least partially, in a simple-to-understand and unambiguous code. ‘And, of course, the pilot's top priority in an emergency situation is to fly the aircraft, not to worry about the words he is using on the radio. Distress Signals. The following signals, used either together or separately, mean that grave and imminent danger threatens, and immediate assistance is requested! * ously signaling, or signaling by anyother method the etre SOS inthe Morse Code(...———. + Aseries of red pyrotechnic lights, fired one at a time at short intervals. + Aparachute flare showing a red light (see Figure A-1, page 346). + Ifyour radio has failed, but you suspect that the radio's carrier wave is stil transmitting, signal the letters SOS with your microphone switch + Select the SSR Code 7700 on your transponder Urgency Signals. ‘The following signals, used either together or separately, mean that an aircraft wishes to give notice of difficulties which compel it to land, without requiring immediate assistance: : ‘The repeated switching on and off of the landing lights. : ‘The repeated switching on and off of the navigation lights in such a manner as to be distinct from flashing navigation lights. + In order to indicate an urgency situation regarding your own aircraft or ig another vessel, vehicle or aircraft, signal the letters XXX — —. .—).with your landing lights. Ground-Air Signals for use by Survivors of a Downed Aircraft. Ground to air signals for use by survivors of a downed aircraft, or for use by rescue teams, may be constructed by any means available. These signals are depicted below. The minimum length of the arms of a signal should be 8 feet (2.5 metres). 348, ‘ArorattTechnisal Book Company hit:wuactechbooks.comANNEX A: GENERAL LIGHTS AND SIGNALS Cri koat me V x N i Figu Require Assistance Require Medical Assistance No or Negative Yes or Affirmative Proceeding in direction re A-2 Distress Signals - Ground to Air, for use by survivors. ec) on Ebon LLL operation completes LL +4 xx °F NN We have found all personnel ‘We have found only some personnel ‘We are not able to continue. Returning to base. We have divided into two groups. Each proceeding in the direction indicated. 1 received that aircraft is in this direction. Nothing found. Will continue search. Figure A-3 Distress Signals - Ground to Air, for use by rescue teams. 349, ‘AlrorattTechnisal Book Company hit:wuvactechbooks.comANNEX A: GENERAL LIGHTS AND SIGNALS SIGNALS FOR USE IN THE EVENT OF INTERCEPTION. Introduction. ‘The United Kingdom Air Navigation Order stipulates that on international flights all aircraft must carry a copy of ‘Signals for Use in the Event of Interception’. These are detailed in the UK AIP ENR 1-12. ‘The table below summarises the signals and procedures to be used, but the important Point is that the law requires the pilot to carry the appropriate documentation with him, ‘The reason why a pilot needs to know these interception signals when flying internationally is that each ICAO contracting state reserves the right, for reasons of military necessity or public safety, to restrict or prohibit the aircraft from other states from flying over certain areas of its territory. A state may , therefore, wish to investigate the identity of aircraft and perhaps lead the intercepted aircraft away from a particular area or require it to land at a particular aerodrome. Signals Initiated by intercepting Aircraft and Responses by intercepted Aircraft. rr Meani 1, DAY o NIGHT Younave | DAY or NIGHT Understood, Rocking aiteraft and flashing navigaton | been Rocking areran, tashing | will comely. lights at rregular intervals (and landing Ighis | intercepted, navigation lghts at in the ease ofa helicopter) rom a position ‘regular intervals and ‘lightly above and ahead of, nd nermally to | Follow me. | flowing, the lel of, the intercepted aireaft (oro the fight the intercepted aircraft is a nelicopter) and, after acknowledgement a slow level tuen, normally othe lef, orf the right in the case af @ helicopter) onto the desired heading. 2 DAY or NIGHT Yoummay | DAY or NIGHT Understood ‘An abrupt break-away manoeuvre fram the | proceed. | Rocking tte aivraf. | will comply. intercepted aircrat consisting of climbing tum of 90 degrees or more without crossing he line of fight ofthe inlrcepied aircraft 3, DAY oF NIGHT Land atte | DAY or NIGHT Understood Lowering ianding gear (fied) showing | aerodrome, | Lowering onding gear, | will comply ‘steady landing lights and over iying (ited) showing runway in usa of ithe Inercepled aicrat steady landing ights and is a beticper overlying the helicopter falloming the intercepting landing area. In the case of helicopters, arora and, Hf, afar the intercepting helicopter makes a landing ‘verfying the runway ‘approach, coming o hover near tothe In use orhelcopter landing area Janding area, fanding 'S considered sate, proceeding o tnd. 350, ‘Arora Technital Book Company hit:wuvactechbooks.comANNEX A: GENERAL LIGHTS AND SIGNALS Signals Initiated by the Intercepted Aircraft and Responses by Intercepting Aircraft. ignals INTERCEPTING Al oy coo 44. DAY or NIGHT ‘aerodrome | DAY of NIGHT Undersioo, Raising ianding gear (fied) and younave | Ifitie desired thatthe | folow me. flashing landing ighis whi passing | designated is intercapted aircraft folow ‘over runway in use. ochelcopter landing | inadequate. | the iterceping araft(o ‘rea, ata heght exceeding ‘an alternate seradrome, ‘300m (1000 f) but not exceeding 600 the nterceping alrraft 1m (2.000 ) (inthe case ofa helicopter, raises its anding gear ata height exceeding 50m (filed) and uses {170 R) but not exceeding 100 m (330 the Series 4 signais 1) above the aerodrome tvel, and prescribed for ‘continuing to cee runway in use or Intereepting aircraft helicopter landing area f unable 10 Mash fading ights, flash any other fights Mitts decides to release available, the inteoepted arcraft, | Understood, theinlereeping averatt | you may ses the Serios 2 proceed. signals prescribed for intotcopting aitcrft “5. DAY or NIGHT Cannot DAY or NIGHT Understood Foguar switching on and off of at comply Use Series 2 signals avalabe lights but in such a manner as preseribed for ieroapting Jobe distin from Mashing ights icra 6. DAY or NIGHT Tndistess. | DAY or NIGHT Understood Irregular flashing of al availabe lohts. Use Series 2 signals prescbed forrest SIGNALS FROM RESTRICTED, PROHIBITED OR DANGER AREAS. By day and by night, a series of projectiles discharged from the ground at intervals ‘of 10 seconds, each showing, on bursting, red and green lights or stars will indicate to an unauthorized aircraft that its flying in, or about to enter, a restricted, prohibited or danger area, and that the aircraft is to take such remedial action as may be necessary. 351, ‘Arora Technisal Book Company hit:wuvactechbooks.comANNEX A: GENERAL LIGHTS AND SIGNALS LIGHT SIGNALS BETWEEN AIRCRAFT AND AIR TRAFFIC SERVICE UNITS. The following signals may be made between an Air Traffic Services Unit (ATSU) and aircraft in the air or on the ground. The meaning of signals between an ATSU and vehicles on the aerodrome is also given. Signal Steady red ight Birra or vice as indcatod. Res ar tor tower or arcat [Signal Flashing red ight to cra or vole ‘Dp not ind Tending. o “The aerodrome se onavaiabi for o- o - - Signal Flashing orn iho [aera vere 362, ‘irra Technical Book Company htp:ww.actechbooks.com Move car ofthe landing ae e Baie = ~~~ =ANNEX A: GENERAL LIGHTS AND SIGNALS Signal Steady groon or shing aren oF green tare rom erat y Nob May lng? Los . By Day- Nay tla in a eecton eteret fe that seated? Signal ne ashes to sicrat or vehicle Tana here on eco of steady green and avat iter nsuctons. Return he staring point i onthe serosa. ‘ 363 Aircra Technical Book Company hp: wr actochbooks.comANNEX A: GENERAL LIGHTS AND SIGNALS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT BY AN AIRCRAFT. When an ATSU has passed a signal to an aircraft in the air or on the ground, by lights 6 pyrotechnics, the aircraft will acknowledge the signal in the following manner. When in flight: . During the hours of daylight: by rocking the rcraft's wings. (NB: This signal should not be expected on the base and final legs of the approach.) . During the hours of darkness: by flashing on and off twice the aircraft's landing lights or, if not so equipped, by switching on and off twice its navigation lights. When on the ground: . During the hours of daylight: by moving the aircraft's ailerons or rudder. . During the hours of darkness: by flashing on and off twice the aircraft's landing lights or, ifnot so equipped, by switching on and off twice its navigation lights. GROUND SIGNALS. ‘At those aerodromes where there is a significant number of general aviation movements, and which allow the operation of non-radio traffic, two basic types of ‘ground signal are employed. These are: + The Signals Square, + ASignal Mast. Aerat Teel Book Company hitmen actechbooks.comANNEX A: GENERAL LIGHTS AND SIGNALS THE SIGNALS SQUARE. Where provided, the Signals Square is 12 metres square and bounded by a white border. The Signals Square is located in a position from which it can be seen by aircraft joining the circuit. (See Figure A-4). Figure A-4 A Signals Square located near the tower. The signals displayed in the signals square include the following: Prohibition of Landing. ‘A horizontal, red, square panel with yellow diagonal lines indicates that landings are prohibited and that the prohibition is liable to be prolonged. Need for Special Precautions while Approaching or Landing. ‘A horizontal, red, square panel with one yellow diagonal indicates that owing to the bad state of the manoeuvring area, of for any other reason, caution must be observed in approaching to land or in landing. 355, ‘Arora Technical Book Company hitmen actechbooks.comANNEX A: GENERAL LIGHTS AND SIGNALS Use of Runways and Taxiways. Ahorizontal white dumb-bell when displayed in a Signals ‘Square indicates that aircraft are requ to land, take off and taxi on runways and taxiways only. A horizontal white dumb-bell, with a black bar placed perpendicular to the shaft across each circular portion of, the dumb-bell, indicates that aircraft are required to land and take off on runways only, but other manoeuvres need not be confined to runways and taxiways. Closed Runways or Taxiways. Crosses of a single contrasting colour, yellow (taxiways) or white | (runways), displayed horizontally on runways and taxiways, or parts thereof, indicate an area unfit for the movement of aircraft. Directions for Landing or Take-off. A horizontal white or orange landing T indicates the direction to be used by aircraft for landing and take-off, which shall be in a direction parallel to the shaft of the T towards the cross arm, Note: When used at night, the landing T is either illuminated or outlined in white coloured lights. Arca Tecan. Bock Company Iipihvww atectboots comANNEX A: GENERAL LIGHTS AND SIGNALS ‘Awhite disc displayed alongside the cross arm of the T signifies that the directions of take-off and landing do not necessarily coincide. A set of two digits displayed vertically at or near the aerodrome control tower indicates to aircraft on the manceuvring area the runway in use. Normally, the lettering is black on a yellow background. This signal indicates that Runway 12 is in use. Right-Hand Traffic. ‘When displayed in a Signals Square, or horizontally at the end of the runway or strip in use, a right-hand arrow of conspicuous colour (normally yellow and red stripes) indicates that a right-hand circuit is in force and that turns, are to be made to the right before landing and after take- off i Air Traffic Services Reporting Office. The letter C displayed vertically in black against a yellow background indicates the location of the Ai Traffic Services reporting office 357 ‘Areca Technizal Book Company http:werw actochbooks.comANNEX A: GENERAL LIGHTS AND SIGNALS Glider Flights in Operation. Adouble white cross displayed horizontally indicates that the aerodrome is being used by gliders and that glider flying is in progress. Helicopter Operations. Allarge white H signifies that helicopters shall take off and land within the area designated by the letter H, and that the area is to be used for take-off and launching of helicopters only. Light Aircraft Operations. A ted L displayed on a white dumb-bell signifies that light aircraft are permitted to take off and land either on a runway or on the area designated, usually a grass area marked with a large white letter L (see below). Area Reserved for Take-Off and Landing of Light Aircraft. Alargewhite L maybe located on apartofthe manoeuvring area to be used only for the take-off and landing of light aircraft. Dropping Operations. ‘A yellow marker in the shape of 2 St. George's cross indicates an area reserved for the dropping of tow ropes ‘or similar articles, ‘Arerat Technical Book Company hip Awww acteenbooks comANNEX A: GENERAL LIGHTS AND SIGNALS SIGNALS DISPLAYED ON THE SIGNALS MAST. A Single Black Ball. ‘Assingle black ball hoisted on a mast, as shown, indicates that the directions for take-off and landing are not necessarily the same. Two Red Balls. ‘Two red balls signify that glider flying is in progress at the aerodrome. A Rectangular Green Fii Indicates that a right-hand circuit is in force. Arora Teens book Company pie actechbooks comANNEX A: GENERAL LIGHTS AND SIGNALS MISCELLANEOUS SIGNS. Taxi According to ATC Instructions. A panel or flag made up of red and yellow squares \dicates that aircraft may taxi only in accordance with ATC instructions. If it is a flag, itis flown on the signals mast. Ifitis the form of a panel, itis displayed and located on the Control Tower. Boundaries. Orange and white striped markers are used to delineate the boundary of an airfield where the natural boundary is insufficiently conspicuous. MARSHALLING SIGNALS - MARSHALLER TO PILOT. To assist aircraft to manoeuvre on the ground, especially on the apron, a standard system of signals has been developed for use between an aircraft marshaller and the pilot. These signals are shown here. The marshaller uses a high-visibilty bat during the day (or he may signal without a bat), and illuminated batons after dark “Proceed under guidance of another marshaller.” Point both arms upward,move and extend arms outward to sides of body and point with wands to direction of next signalman or taxi area, 360, ‘Areca Technizal Book Company hitp:ww actechboaks comANNEX A: GENERAL LIGHTS AND SIGNALS “Straight ahead.” Bend extended arms at elbows and move wands up and down from chest height to head “Open up starboard engine” or “turn to port.” Right arm horizontal, the left arm repeatedly moved upwards and backwards. The speed of the arm movement indicates the rate of turn 361 ‘Aroratt Techni! Book Company hit:wuvactechbooks.comANNEX A: GENERAL LIGHTS AND SIGNALS “Open up port engine” or “turn to starboard.” Left arm horizontal, the right arm repeatedly moved upwards and backwards. The speed of the arm movement indicates the rate of turn. “Normal Stop.” Fully extend arms and wands at a 90° angle to sides and siowly move to above head until wands close. 362, ‘AlrorattTechnisal Book Company hit:wuvactechbooks.comANNEX A: GENERAL LIGHTS AND SIGNALS “Start engine.” Raise right arm to head level with wand pointing up and start a circular motion with hand; at the same time, with left arm raised above head level, point to engine to be started “Emergency Stop. Abruptly extend arms and wands to top of head, crossing wands. Numbering of Aircraft Engines Note: The engines of mull-engined aircraft are numbered, with the marshaller facing the aircraft, from right to left (2. No.1 engine being the port outer engine). 363 Airraft Technical Book Company hp: actachbooks.comANNEX A: GENERAL LIGHTS AND SIGNALS “Chocks inserted.” Arms extended above head, with hands or wands pointing inwards, then swung sharply inwards until they touch “Chocks away.” ‘Arms extended above head, with handswands pointing outwards, then swung sharply outwards, 364, ‘ArorattTechnisal Book Company hit:wuvactechbooks.comANNEX A: GENERAL LIGHTS AND SIGNALS “Cut engine(s). Extend arm with wand forward of body at shoulder level; move hand and wand to top of left shoulder and draw wand to top of right shoulder in a slicing motion across throat. “Slow down.” Move extended arms downwards in a “patting” gesture, moving wands up and down from waist to knees. 365, ‘Alroratt Techni! Book Company hit:wuvactechbooks.comANNEX A: GENERAL LIGHTS AND SIGNALS “Slow down engine(s) on side indicated by moving arm.” ‘Arms placed down, with palms towards the ground, then appropriate arm moved up and down several times. “Fire.” Move right-hand wand in a “fanning” motion from shoulder to knee, while at the same time pointing with left-hand wand to area of fire. 366, ‘AlrorattTechnisal Book Company hit:wuvactechbooks.comANNEX A: GENERAL LIGHTS AND SIGNALS “All clear — marshalling finished. ‘The right arm raised at the elbow, with the palm facing forward. Note: Sometimes this meaning is indicated by the right arm raised at the elbow with thumb erect, “Release brakes.” Raise hand just above shoulder height with hand closed in a fist. Ensuring eye contact, with fight crew, open palm. Do nat move until receiptof "thumbs up" acknowledgement from crew. 387, ‘ArorattTechnissl Book Company hit:wuvactechbooks.comANNEX A: GENERAL LIGHTS AND SIGNALS “Engage brakes.” Raise hand just above shoulder height with open palm. Ensuring eye contact with flight crew, close hand into a fist. Do Not move until receipt of “thumbs up" acknowledgement from fight crew. ALL AIRCRAFT EXCEPT HELICOPTERS. “Back aircraft tail to starboard.” Point left arm with wand down and bring right arm from overhead vertical position to horizontal forward position, repeating right-arm movement. 368, ‘ArorattTechnisal Book Company hit:wuvactechbooks.comANNEX A: GENERAL LIGHTS AND SIGNALS “Back aircraft tail to port.” Point right arm with wand down and bring left arm from overhead vertical position to horizontal position, repeating left-arm movement. PILOT TO MARSHALLER. “Brakes engaged.” Raise arm and hand with fingers extended horizontally in front of face, then clench fist. 369, ‘ArorattTechnisal Book Company hit:wuvactechbooks.comANNEX A: GENERAL LIGHTS AND SIGNALS “Brakes released.” Raise arm and hand with fist clenched horizontally in front of face, then extend fingers. “Insert chocks.” ‘Atms extended palms facing outwards, move hands inwards to cross in front of face. 370, ‘AlrorattTechnisa Book Company hitmen actechbooks.comANNEX A: GENERAL LIGHTS AND SIGNALS “Remove chocks.” Hands crossed in front of face, palms facing outwards, move arms outwards. “Ready to start engine indicated.” Raise the number of fingers on one hand indicating the number of the engine to be started. 371 ‘Arora Techni Book Company hitmen actechbooks.com