Portal Frame Rough Section Estimate

Units 5, 6 and 7 Pg.
Units 5, 6 and 7
user I700
S 355
m
00
13.200 m
4.0
, 6
11.500 m
00
8.0
user I800 8x
33.150 m
1. Design codes
EN1990:2002, Eurocode 0 Basis of Structural Design

EN1991-1-1:2002, Eurocode 1-1 Actions on structures
EN1991-1-3:2003, Eurocode 1-3 Snow loads
EN1991-1-4:2005, Eurocode 1-4 Wind actions
EN1993-1-1:2005, Eurocode 3 1-1 Design of steel structures
EN1993-1-3:2005, Eurocode 3 1-3 Cold-formed members
EN1993-1-5:2006, Eurocode 3 1-5 Plated structural elements
EN1993-1-8:2005, Eurocode 3 1-8 Design of Joints
CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009, Design of fastenings in concrete, General
CEN/TS 1992-4-2:2009, Design of fastenings, Headed Fasteners
EN1992-1-1:2004, Eurocode 2 Reinforced concrete
EN1997-1-1:2004, Eurocode 7 Geotechnical design
2. Basic data
2.1. Geometry of frame structure

Bay width L = 33.150 m
Total height(max) H = 13.200 m
Column height H1 = 11.500 m
Total length B = 64.000 m (8x8.000m)
Spacing of frames s = 8.000 m
Roof slope α = 5.86°
Haunch size L1 =L/8.0= 4.100 m
Cladding Sheeting thickness tw=0.750 mm, Profile depth hw=40.0 mm
Purlin spacing = 1.550 m
Purlin laterally unrestrained, Simply supported purlin
2.2. Steel sections

Column section user I800 - S 355
Rafter section user I700 - S 355
Purlin section I200 - S 275
Transverse restraint system I280 - S 355
Lateral bracing of columns Lm1= 3.000 m
Torsional restrains of rafters Lm2= 1.500 m
Compression stiffener at the bottom of haunch
Units 5, 6 and 7 Pg. 2
2.3. Steel joints

Type of connection End-plate connection, non-preloaded bolts
Category of connection Category A: Bearing type
Category D: Non-preloded
End Plate Thickness tp=25 mm, S 355
Bolts M30, Grade 8.8
2.4. Column base and foundation

Base plate steel grade Thickness tp=20 mm, S 355
Anchor bolts M20, Grade 8.8
Concrete of foundation C25/30-B500C
Concrete cover Cnom= 35 mm
Soil bearing capacity quk= 0.680 kN/mm²
Unit weight of soil γk = 20.00 kN/m³
Foundation depth hf= 1.000 m
Water table height hw= 0.000 m
3. Materials and Code parameters
3.1. Materials
Steel: S 355 (EN1993-1-1, §3.2)
t<= 40 mm, Yield strength fy= 355 N/mm², Ultimate strength fu= 510 N/mm²
40mm<t<= 80 mm, Yield strength fy= 335 N/mm², Ultimate strength fu= 470 N/mm²
Modulus of elasticity E=210000 N/mm², Poisson ratio ν=0.30, Unit mass ρ= 7850 Kg/m³
Partial factors for materials (EN1993-1-1, §6.1)

γΜ0= 1.00, γΜ1= 1.00, γΜ2= 1.25
4. Loads
4.1. Permanent loads (EN1991-1-1 )

Self weight of purlins and finishing gk1 = 0.215+0.257/1.550= 0.381kN/m²
Self weight of ceiling under the roof gk2 = 0.250kN/m² gk =gk1+gk2 = 0.631kN/m²
Spacing of frames s = 8.000 m
Roof load on frame (gk1+gk2)·s = 0.631x8.000= 5.05kN/m
Self weight of rafters G(user I700)= 1.27kN/m
Permanent load on frame Gk = 5.05+1.27= 6.32kN/m
Self weight of columns G(user I800)= 2.40kN/m
/m Gk=6.32kN Load G (Permanent load)

Gk=6.32kN /m
4.2. Imposed loads (EC1 EN1991-1-1:2002 Tab.6.10)

Imposed load (category H) qk = 0.40kN/m²
Roof load on frame qk·s = 0.40x8.000= 3.20kN/m
qk=3.20kN/m qk=3.20kN/m
Load Qk (Imposed load)
4.3. Snow load (EC1 EN1991-1-3:2003 )
Snow load on the ground (EN1991-1-3 §4, Annex C)

Climatic region : UK
Snow zone : 3
Altitude above sea level : 34 m
Snow load on the ground Sk=[0.15+(0.1x3+0.05)]x(100-100)/525)=0.500 kN/m²
Characteristic value of snow load on the ground: sk=0.500 kN/m²
Snow load on the roof (EC1 EN1991-1-3:2003 §5)

pitched roof (EC1-1-3 §5.3.3))
Angle of pitch of roof : α1=5.856° 2.0
Angle of pitch of roof : α2=5.856°
1.6
Exposure coefficient : Ce=1.000 (EC1-1-3 §5.2(7))
Thermal coefficient : Ct=1.000 (EC1-1-3 §5.2(8)) 1.0
Shape coefficients μ1(α1)=μ1(α2)=0.800 (EC1-1-3 T.5.2)) 0.8
S(α1)=μ1(α1)·Ce·Ct·Sk=0.800x1.000x1.000x0.500=0.400kN/m² μ1
S(α2)=μ1(α2)·Ce·Ct·Sk=0.800x1.000x1.000x0.500=0.400kN/m²
0° 15° 30° 45° 60° α
Snow load (EC1 EN1991-1-3:2003, §5.2, §5.3.3)

Load case (I) , S(Left)= S(α1) =0.400 kN/m², S(Right)= S(α2)= 0.400 kN/m²
Load case (II) , S(Left)= 0.5xS(α1)=0.200 kN/m², S(Right)= S(α2)= 0.400 kN/m²
Load case (III), S(Left)= S(α1)= 0.400 kN/m², S(Right)= 0.5xS(α2)=0.200 kN/m²
4.4. Snow load on frame (EC1 EN1991-1-3:2003 )
Snow load on the ground sk= 0.500 kN/m²

Snow load on the roof Sk= 0.8x0.500x1.00x1.00=0.400 kN/m²
Spacing of frames s= 8.000 m
Snow load on frame Sk1= 0.400x8.000/cos5.86°=3.22kN/m
Sk2=0.5x0.400x8.000/cos5.86°=1.61kN/m
Load case(I) Sk1= 3.22 kN/m, Sk2=3.22 kN/m
Load case(II) Sk1= 3.22 kN/m, Sk2=1.61 kN/m
Load case(III) Sk1= 1.61 kN/m, Sk2=3.22 kN/m
Sk=3.22kN/m Sk=3.22kN/m
Load Qs1 (Snow load)
Sk=3.22kN/m Load Qs2 (Snow load)
Sk=1.61kN/m
Sk=3.22kN/m
Load Qs3 (Snow load)
Sk=1.61kN/m
4.5. Wind load (EC1 EN1991-1-4:2005 )
Reference velocity (EN1991-1-4, §4.2)

vbo=vb,map(1+0.001x100)=0.00 m/s, United Kingdom BS EN, Zone: II
vb= Cdir·Cseason·Vbo = 21.40 m/s
Terrain effects (EN1991-1-4, §4.3.2, Annex A)
Terrain category : III (EN1991-1-4, Tab.4.1)

Area with regular cover of vegetation or buildings (villages, suburban terrain, forest)
Roughness factor Cr(z) (EN1991-1-4, §4.3.2)
Terrain category:III, z=13.200m, zo=0.300m, zmin=5m, zmax:=200m, zoII=0.050m
kr=0.19·(0.300/0.05) 0.07 =0.215
Cr(z)=kr·ln(z/zo)=0.215xln(13.200/0.300)=0.815
Orography factor Co(z) (EN1991-1-4, §4.3.3)
Co(z)=1.000 (EN1991-1-4, §4.3.3)
Turbulence factor Kt (EN1991-1-4, §4.4)
Kt=1.000
Exposure factor Ce(z) (EN1991-1-4, §4.5)
Terrain category: III (EN1991-1-4, Tab.4.1 )
z=13.20 m, kr=0.215, lv(z)=0.264, Ce(z)= 1.893 (EC1 EN1991-1-4:2005, eq.A. 4.8,4.7,4.4,4.3)
q(z)=Ce(z)·(½ρ)·Vb²=[0.001]x1.893x0.625x21.40²=0.542 kN/m²
Wind peak velocity pressure q(z)=Ce(z)·qb =Ce(z)·(0.625)·Vb² (EN1991-1-4, §4.5)
Vb=21.40m/sec z [m]
z=13.200m 100
Cr(z)=0.815 90
Co(z)=1.000 80 IV III II I 0
Kt=1.000 70
Ce(z)=1.893 60
50
q(z)=Ce(z)·(½ρ)·Vb² 40
=[0.001]x1.893x0.625x21.40²
30
= 0.542 kN/m²
20
10
0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 Ce(z) 5.0
Wind forces on duopitch roof, wind direction: 0.00 (EN1991-1-4, §7.2.5)
Wind pressure coefficients Cpe (EN1991-1-4, Tab. 7.4a)

13.94 13.94
2.64 2.64
6 .6 0
wind direction: θ=0.00 F
b=64.00m, d=33.15m, h=13.20m, e=min(b,2h)=26.40m
e/4=6.60m, e/10=2.64m, e/2=13.20m α=5.86°
Pitch angle : α=5.856
6 4 .0 0 m
1 3 .2 0 m
G H J I
Zone : F, A= 17.52m², Cpe,10=-1.63, Cpe,1=-2.46
Zone : G, A= 134.82m², Cpe,10=-1.17, Cpe,1=-1.96
Zone : H, A= 896.52m², Cpe,10=-0.57, Cpe,1=-1.12
33.15 m
Zone : I, A= 896.52m², Cpe,10=-0.58, Cpe,1=-0.58
6 .6 0
Zone : J, A= 169.85m², Cpe,10=+0.10, Cpe,1=+0.05 F
33.15 m
Wind pressure on roof surfaces we=q(z)·Cpe=0.542xCpe [kN/m²] (EN1991-1-4, 5.1)
F G H I J
we,10 we,1 we,10 we,1 we,10 we,1 we,10 we,1 we,10 we,1
-0.884 -1.332 -0.632 -1.061 -0.311 -0.609 -0.316 -0.316 +0.053 +0.030
Wind forces on vertical walls (EN1991-1-4, §7.2.2)
Wind pressure coefficients Cpe A B C (EN1991-1-4, Tab.7.1)
h/d=11.50/33.15=0.347, e=23.00m
6 4 .0 0 m
Zone : A, ( 4.60xh), Cpe,10=-1.20, Cpe,1=-1.40
Zone : B, ( 18.40xh), Cpe,10=-0.80, Cpe,1=-1.10 D E
Zone : C, ( 10.15xh), Cpe,10=-0.50, Cpe,1=-0.50
Zone : D, ( 64.00xh), Cpe,10= 0.80, Cpe,1= 1.00 33.15 m
Zone : E, ( 64.00xh), Cpe,10=-0.33, Cpe,1=-0.33

A B C
Wind pressure on wall surfaces we=q(z)·Cpe [kN/m²] (EN1991-1-4, 5.1)

A B C D E
we,10 we,1 we,10 we,1 we,10 we,1 we,10 we,1 we,10 we,1
z=11.50~ 0.00m, -0.650 -0.759 -0.434 -0.596 -0.271 -0.271 0.434 0.542 -0.177 -0.177
4.6. Wind load on frame (EC1 EN1991-1-4:2005 )
Wind pressure on vertical surface wk= 0.542 kN/m²

Wind internal pressure wi= 0.190 kN/m²
Spacing of frames s= 8.000 m
Left column Wk1=( 0.434- 0.000)x8.000= 3.47kN/m
Left rafter Wk2=(-0.311- 0.190)x8.000= -4.01kN/m
Right rafter Wk3=(-0.316- 0.190)x8.000= -4.05kN/m
Right column Wk4=(-0.177- 0.190)x8.000= -2.93kN/m
/m wk=-4.05kN Load Qw1 (Wind load)

wk=-4.01kN /m
-2.93
3.47
5. Design values of Actions (EN1990 NA Eurocode EN, §6.4, §6.5)
5.1. Load combination factors (EN1990 Tab.A1.1)
Category H (roofs) Qk ψο=0.00, ψ1=0.00, ψ2=0.00

Snow loads on buildings Qs ψο=0.50, ψ1=0.20, ψ2=0.00
Wind loads on buildings Qw ψο=0.60, ψ1=0.20, ψ2=0.00
5.2. Ultimate Limit State (ULS) (EQU) (EN1990 §6.4.3.2, T.A1.2A)
Ed = γG·Gk + γQ·Qk1 + γQ·ψο·Qk2 (Eq.6.10)

γG,sup=1.10 (Unfavorable)
γG,inf=0.90 (Favorable )
γQ =1.50 (Unfavorable)
γQ =0.00 (Favorable )
Load combinations (ULS)(EQU),

Permanent load Gk, Imposed load Qk, Snow load Qs1,Qs2,Qs3, Wind load Qw1
L.C. 101: 1.10Gk+1.50Qk (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 102: 1.10Gk+1.50Qs1 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 103: 1.10Gk+1.50Qs2 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 104: 1.10Gk+1.50Qs3 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 105: 1.10Gk+1.50Qw1 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 111: 0.90Gk+1.50Qw1 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 121: 1.10Gk+1.50Qs1+0.60x1.50Qw1= 1.10xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw1 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 124: 1.10Gk+1.50Qw1+0.50x1.50Qs1= 1.10xGk+1.50Qw1+0.75Qs1 (Eq.6.10)
5.3. Ultimate Limit State (ULS) (STR) (EN1990 §6.4.3.2, T.A1.2B)
Ed = γG·Gk + γQ·Qk1 + γQ·ψο·Qk2 (Eq.6.10)

Ed = γG·Gk + γQ·ψο·Qk1 + γQ·ψο·Qk2 (Eq.6.10a)
Ed = ξ·γG·Gk + γQ·Qk1 + γQ·ψο·Qk2 (Eq.6.10b)
γG,sup=1.35 (Unfavorable)
γG,inf=1.00 (Favorable )
γQ =1.50 (Unfavorable)
γQ =0.00 (Favorable )
ξ=0.850, ξ·γG=0.850x1.35=1.15
Load combinations (ULS)(STR),

L.C. 201: 1.35Gk+1.50Qk (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 202: 1.35Gk+1.50Qs1 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 203: 1.35Gk+1.50Qs2 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 204: 1.35Gk+1.50Qs3 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 205: 1.35Gk+1.50Qw1 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 210: 1.00Gk+1.50Qw1 (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 231: 1.35Gk+1.50x0.50Qs1 +1.50x0.60Qw1= 1.35xG+0.75Qs1+0.90Qw1 (Eq.6.10a)
L.C. 251: 0.850x1.35Gk+1.50Qs1+1.50x0.60Qw1= 1.15xG+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw1 (Eq.6.10b)
L.C. 254: 0.850x1.35Gk+1.50Qw1+1.50x0.50Qs1= 1.15xG+1.50Qw1+0.75Qs1 (Eq.6.10b)
5.4. Serviceability Limit State (SLS) (EN1990 §6.5.3, T.A1.4)
Ed = Gk + Qk1 + ψο·Qk2 + ψο·Qk3 (Characteristic combination) (Eq.6.14)

Ed = Gk + ψ1·Qk1 + ψ2·Qk2 + ψ2·Qk3 (Frequent combination) (Eq.6.15)
Ed = Gk + ψ2·Qk1 + ψ2·Qk2 + ψ2·Qk3 (Quasi-permanent combination) (Eq.6.16)
Load combinations (SLS)

L.C. 301: Gk + Qk (Eq.6.14a)
L.C. 302: Gk + Qs1 (Eq.6.14a)
L.C. 303: Gk + Qs2 (Eq.6.14a)
L.C. 304: Gk + Qs3 (Eq.6.14a)
L.C. 305: Gk + Qw1 (Eq.6.14a)
L.C. 311: Gk + Qs1 + 0.60Qw1 (Eq.6.14a)
L.C. 312: Gk + Qs2 + 0.60Qw1 (Eq.6.14a)
L.C. 313: Gk + Qs3 + 0.60Qw1 (Eq.6.14a)
L.C. 314: Gk + Qw1 + 0.50Qs1 (Eq.6.14a)
L.C. 315: Gk + Qw1 + 0.50Qs2 (Eq.6.14a)
L.C. 316: Gk + Qw1 + 0.50Qs3 (Eq.6.14a)
L.C. 331: Gk + 0.20Qs1 + 0.00Qw1 (Eq.6.15a)
L.C. 332: Gk + 0.20Qs2 + 0.00Qw1 (Eq.6.15a)
L.C. 333: Gk + 0.20Qs3 + 0.00Qw1 (Eq.6.15a)
L.C. 334: Gk + 0.20Qw1 + 0.00Qs1 (Eq.6.15a)
L.C. 335: Gk + 0.20Qw1 + 0.00Qs2 (Eq.6.15a)
L.C. 336: Gk + 0.20Qw1 + 0.00Qs3 (Eq.6.15a)
L.C. 351: Gk + 0.00Qs1 + 0.00Qw1 (Eq.6.16a)
L.C. 352: Gk + 0.00Qs2 + 0.00Qw1 (Eq.6.16a)
L.C. 353: Gk + 0.00Qs3 + 0.00Qw1 (Eq.6.16a)
5.5. Ultimate Limit State (ULS)Seismic situation
Ed = Gk + Aed + ψ2·Qk1 + ψ2·Qk2 + ψ2·Qk3 (Eq.6.12b)

Snow load Qs, Wind load Qw, Seismic load Aed
L.C. 601: Gk + 0.20Qs1 + Aed (Eq.6.14a)
5.6. Summary of load combination

1 L.C. 101 (ULS)(EQU) 1.10Gk+1.50Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1

13 L.C. 201 (ULS)(STR) 1.35Gk+1.50Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1

34 L.C. 301 (SLS) 1.00Gk+1.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1

54 L.C. 601 (SEISM) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.20Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1 + Aed

6. Steel sections
6.1. Column section 400

8
20
Steel cross-section properties
Welded section
20
Cross-section user I800-S 355
user I800
800
y
Dimensions of cross section
Depth of cross section h= 800.00 mm
Width of cross section b= 400.00 mm
Web depth hw= 780.00 mm
Depth of straight portion of web dw= 737.37 mm
Web thickness tw= 20.00 mm z
Flange thickness tf= 20.00 mm
Radius of root fillet r= 8.00 mm
Mass = 245.10 Kg/m
Properties of cross section

Area A= 31200 mm 2
b
Second moment of area Iy=3165.8x10 6 mm 4 Iz=213.84x10 6
mm4 z
Section modulus Wy=7914.0x10 3 mm 3 Wz=1069.0x10 3 mm 3 tf
Plastic section modulus Wpy=9128.0x10 3 mm 3 Wpz=1676.0x10 3 mm 3 r
Radius of gyration iy= 318.5 mm iz= 82.8 mm tw
Shear area Avz= 15600 mm 2 Avy= 16000 mm 2 y y h
Torsional constant It= 4.206x10 6 mm 4 ip= 329 mm
Torsional modulus Wt=210.30x10 3 mm 3
Warping constant Iw= 32448x10 9 mm 6
Weld a= 8x10 9 mm
z
6.2. Rafter section
Steel cross-section properties 350

Welded section 8
12
Cross-section user I700-S 355

12
user I700
700
Depth of cross section h= 700.00 mm y
Web thickness tw= 12.00 mm
Radius of root fillet r= 8.00 mm z
Mass = 129.70 Kg/m

Area A= 16510 mm 2
b
mm4 z
Weld a= 8x10 9 mm
z
6.3. Haunch section at haunch end

Welded section 8
12
Cross-section haunch-end-S 355
12
haunch-end
1400
Mass = 195.68 Kg/m

Area A= 24912 mm 2 b
mm4 z
Plastic section modulus Wpy= 11510x10 3 mm 3 Wpz=784.54x10 3 mm 3 r
Weld a= 8x10 9 mm
z
6.4. Haunch section at haunch-middle

Welded section 8
Cross-section haunch-middle-S 355
12
12
haunch-middle
1050
Mass = 162.69 Kg/m

Area A= 20712 mm 2 b
mm4 z
Weld a= 8x10 9 mm
z
7. Finite Element Analysis (EN1993-1-1, §5.1)
The 2-dimensional finite element program FRAME2Dexpres© RUNET is used for the analysis.
The column bases are assumed to be pinned.
The connection of rafter to column are assumed to be fully rigid.
The increased stiffness of the haunches is taken into account.
The global or local imperfections are taken into account by equivalent loads.
Linear-elastic analysis is used for the design of static loads.
7.1. Data used for elastic analysis
Nodal points
Node x [mm] y[mm]
1 0 0
2 0 11500
3 16575 13200
4 33150 11500
5 33150 0
Supports
Node kind ux[mm] uy[mm] ur[rad]
1 pin ux=uy=0
5 pin ux=uy=0
Elements
Element node 1 node 2 length(mm) angle(°) E(GPa) A(mm 2 ) I(mm 4 )
1 1 2 11500 90.00 210 31200 3165760x10 3
2 2 3 16662 5.86 210 16510 1303040x10 3
3 3 4 16662 354.14 210 16510 1303040x10 3
4 4 5 11500 270.00 210 31200 3165760x10 3
Finite element
3 model (FEM) Linear elastic analysis
2 4
2 3
1 4
1 5
7.2. Element uniform loads, q perpendicular to element, qy vertical, qx horisontal [kN/m]

Left column 1 Left rafter 2 Right rafter 3 Right column 4
L.C. q qy qx q qy qx q qy qx q qy qx
101 ULS-EQU 0.00 2.64 0 0.00 11.75 0 0.00 11.75 0 0.00 2.64 0
102 ULS-EQU 0.00 2.64 0 0.00 11.78 0 0.00 11.78 0 0.00 2.64 0
103 ULS-EQU 0.00 2.64 0 0.00 11.78 0 0.00 9.36 0 0.00 2.64 0
104 ULS-EQU 0.00 2.64 0 0.00 9.36 0 0.00 11.78 0 0.00 2.64 0
105 ULS-EQU 5.20 2.64 0 -6.02 6.95 0 -6.07 6.95 0 -4.40 2.64 0
111 ULS-EQU 5.20 2.16 0 -6.02 5.69 0 -6.07 5.69 0 -4.40 2.16 0
121 ULS-EQU 3.12 2.64 0 -3.61 11.78 0 -3.64 11.78 0 -2.64 2.64 0
122 ULS-EQU 3.12 2.64 0 -3.61 11.78 0 -3.64 9.36 0 -2.64 2.64 0
123 ULS-EQU 3.12 2.64 0 -3.61 9.36 0 -3.64 11.78 0 -2.64 2.64 0
124 ULS-EQU 5.20 2.64 0 -6.02 9.36 0 -6.07 9.36 0 -4.40 2.64 0
125 ULS-EQU 5.20 2.64 0 -6.02 9.36 0 -6.07 8.16 0 -4.40 2.64 0
126 ULS-EQU 5.20 2.64 0 -6.02 8.16 0 -6.07 9.36 0 -4.40 2.64 0
201 ULS-STR 0.00 3.24 0 0.00 13.33 0 0.00 13.33 0 0.00 3.24 0
202 ULS-STR 0.00 3.24 0 0.00 13.36 0 0.00 13.36 0 0.00 3.24 0
203 ULS-STR 0.00 3.24 0 0.00 13.36 0 0.00 10.94 0 0.00 3.24 0
204 ULS-STR 0.00 3.24 0 0.00 10.94 0 0.00 13.36 0 0.00 3.24 0
205 ULS-STR 5.20 3.24 0 -6.02 8.53 0 -6.07 8.53 0 -4.40 3.24 0
210 ULS-STR 5.20 2.40 0 -6.02 6.32 0 -6.07 6.32 0 -4.40 2.40 0
211 ULS-STR 3.12 3.24 0 -3.61 13.36 0 -3.64 13.36 0 -2.64 3.24 0
212 ULS-STR 3.12 3.24 0 -3.61 13.36 0 -3.64 10.94 0 -2.64 3.24 0
213 ULS-STR 3.12 3.24 0 -3.61 10.94 0 -3.64 13.36 0 -2.64 3.24 0
214 ULS-STR 5.20 3.24 0 -6.02 10.94 0 -6.07 10.94 0 -4.40 3.24 0
215 ULS-STR 5.20 3.24 0 -6.02 10.94 0 -6.07 9.74 0 -4.40 3.24 0
216 ULS-STR 5.20 3.24 0 -6.02 9.74 0 -6.07 10.94 0 -4.40 3.24 0
231 ULS-STR 3.12 3.24 0 -3.61 10.94 0 -3.64 10.94 0 -2.64 3.24 0
232 ULS-STR 3.12 3.24 0 -3.61 10.94 0 -3.64 9.74 0 -2.64 3.24 0
233 ULS-STR 3.12 3.24 0 -3.61 9.74 0 -3.64 10.94 0 -2.64 3.24 0
251 ULS-STR 3.12 2.76 0 -3.61 12.09 0 -3.64 12.09 0 -2.64 2.76 0
252 ULS-STR 3.12 2.76 0 -3.61 12.09 0 -3.64 9.68 0 -2.64 2.76 0
253 ULS-STR 3.12 2.76 0 -3.61 9.68 0 -3.64 12.09 0 -2.64 2.76 0
254 ULS-STR 5.20 2.76 0 -6.02 9.68 0 -6.07 9.68 0 -4.40 2.76 0
255 ULS-STR 5.20 2.76 0 -6.02 9.68 0 -6.07 8.47 0 -4.40 2.76 0
256 ULS-STR 5.20 2.76 0 -6.02 8.47 0 -6.07 9.68 0 -4.40 2.76 0
301 SLS 0.00 2.40 0 0.00 9.52 0 0.00 9.52 0 0.00 2.40 0
302 SLS 0.00 2.40 0 0.00 9.54 0 0.00 9.54 0 0.00 2.40 0
303 SLS 0.00 2.40 0 0.00 9.54 0 0.00 7.93 0 0.00 2.40 0
304 SLS 0.00 2.40 0 0.00 7.93 0 0.00 9.54 0 0.00 2.40 0
305 SLS 3.47 2.40 0 -4.01 6.32 0 -4.05 6.32 0 -2.93 2.40 0
311 SLS 2.08 2.40 0 -2.41 9.54 0 -2.43 9.54 0 -1.76 2.40 0
312 SLS 2.08 2.40 0 -2.41 9.54 0 -2.43 7.93 0 -1.76 2.40 0
313 SLS 2.08 2.40 0 -2.41 7.93 0 -2.43 9.54 0 -1.76 2.40 0
314 SLS 3.47 2.40 0 -4.01 7.93 0 -4.05 7.93 0 -2.93 2.40 0
315 SLS 3.47 2.40 0 -4.01 7.93 0 -4.05 7.12 0 -2.93 2.40 0
316 SLS 3.47 2.40 0 -4.01 7.12 0 -4.05 7.93 0 -2.93 2.40 0
331 SLS 0.00 2.40 0 0.00 6.96 0 0.00 6.96 0 0.00 2.40 0
332 SLS 0.00 2.40 0 0.00 6.96 0 0.00 6.64 0 0.00 2.40 0
333 SLS 0.00 2.40 0 0.00 6.64 0 0.00 6.96 0 0.00 2.40 0
334 SLS 0.69 2.40 0 -0.80 6.32 0 -0.81 6.32 0 -0.59 2.40 0
335 SLS 0.69 2.40 0 -0.80 6.32 0 -0.81 6.32 0 -0.59 2.40 0
336 SLS 0.69 2.40 0 -0.80 6.32 0 -0.81 6.32 0 -0.59 2.40 0
351 SLS 0.00 2.40 0 0.00 6.32 0 0.00 6.32 0 0.00 2.40 0
352 SLS 0.00 2.40 0 0.00 6.32 0 0.00 6.32 0 0.00 2.40 0
353 SLS 0.00 2.40 0 0.00 6.32 0 0.00 6.32 0 0.00 2.40 0
601 SEISM 0.00 2.40 0 0.00 6.96 0 0.00 6.96 0 0.00 2.40 0
8. Matrices [K][u]=[P]
8.1. Stiffness matrix (6x6) of element 1

element from node 1 to node 2
element length l=11.500m, slope a=90.000°
modulus of elasticity E=210000000.000 kN/m²(kPa)
cross section with area A= 3.1200E-002 m², and moment of inertia I=3.1658E-003 m4
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 5.2455E+003 0.0000E+000 3.0161E+004 -5.2455E+003 0.0000E+000 3.0161E+004
2 0.0000E+000 5.6974E+005 0.0000E+000 0.0000E+000 -5.6974E+005 0.0000E+000
3 3.0161E+004 0.0000E+000 2.3124E+005 -3.0161E+004 0.0000E+000 1.1562E+005
4 -5.2455E+003 0.0000E+000 -3.0161E+004 5.2455E+003 0.0000E+000 -3.0161E+004
5 0.0000E+000 -5.6974E+005 0.0000E+000 0.0000E+000 5.6974E+005 0.0000E+000
6 3.0161E+004 0.0000E+000 1.1562E+005 -3.0161E+004 0.0000E+000 2.3124E+005

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2.0593E+005 2.1036E+004 7.8441E+002 -2.0593E+005 -2.1036E+004 6.2149E+002
2 2.1036E+004 2.9845E+003 -7.6480E+003 -2.1036E+004 -2.9845E+003 -6.0596E+003
3 7.8441E+002 -7.6480E+003 9.5253E+004 -7.8441E+002 7.6480E+003 3.2846E+004
4 -2.0593E+005 -2.1036E+004 -7.8441E+002 2.0593E+005 2.1036E+004 -6.2149E+002
5 -2.1036E+004 -2.9845E+003 7.6480E+003 2.1036E+004 2.9845E+003 6.0596E+003
6 6.2149E+002 -6.0596E+003 3.2846E+004 -6.2149E+002 6.0596E+003 6.8648E+004

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2.0593E+005 -2.1036E+004 -6.2149E+002 -2.0593E+005 2.1036E+004 -7.8441E+002
2 -2.1036E+004 2.9845E+003 -6.0596E+003 2.1036E+004 -2.9845E+003 -7.6480E+003
3 -6.2149E+002 -6.0596E+003 6.8648E+004 6.2149E+002 6.0596E+003 3.2846E+004
4 -2.0593E+005 2.1036E+004 6.2149E+002 2.0593E+005 -2.1036E+004 7.8441E+002
5 2.1036E+004 -2.9845E+003 6.0596E+003 -2.1036E+004 2.9845E+003 7.6480E+003
6 -7.8441E+002 -7.6480E+003 3.2846E+004 7.8441E+002 7.6480E+003 9.5253E+004

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 5.2455E+003 0.0000E+000 -3.0161E+004 -5.2455E+003 0.0000E+000 -3.0161E+004
2 0.0000E+000 5.6974E+005 0.0000E+000 0.0000E+000 -5.6974E+005 0.0000E+000
3 -3.0161E+004 0.0000E+000 2.3124E+005 3.0161E+004 0.0000E+000 1.1562E+005
4 -5.2455E+003 0.0000E+000 3.0161E+004 5.2455E+003 0.0000E+000 3.0161E+004
5 0.0000E+000 -5.6974E+005 0.0000E+000 0.0000E+000 5.6974E+005 0.0000E+000
6 -3.0161E+004 0.0000E+000 1.1562E+005 3.0161E+004 0.0000E+000 2.3124E+005
8.5. Stiffness matrix banded [K]

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 1.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
2 1.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
3 2.31E+005 -3.02E+004 0.00E+000 1.16E+005 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
4 2.11E+005 2.10E+004 -2.94E+004 -2.06E+005 -2.10E+004 6.21E+002 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
5 5.73E+005 -7.65E+003 -2.10E+004 -2.98E+003 -6.06E+003 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
6 3.26E+005 -7.84E+002 7.65E+003 3.28E+004 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
7 4.12E+005 0.00E+000 -1.24E+003 -2.06E+005 2.10E+004 -7.84E+002 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
8 5.97E+003 4.88E-004 2.10E+004 -2.98E+003 -7.65E+003 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
9 1.37E+005 6.21E+002 6.06E+003 3.28E+004 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
10 2.11E+005 -2.10E+004 -2.94E+004 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 -3.02E+004 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
11 5.73E+005 7.65E+003 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
12 3.26E+005 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 1.16E+005 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
13 1.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
14 1.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
15 2.31E+005 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
8.6. Load matrix [P] (kN,kNm)

1 L.C.101 L.C.102 L.C.103 L.C.104 L.C.105 L.C.111 L.C.121 L.C.122
1 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
2 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
3 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 5.73E+001 5.73E+001 3.44E+001 3.44E+001
4 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 2.48E+001 2.48E+001 1.49E+001 1.49E+001
5 -1.13E+002 -1.13E+002 -1.13E+002 -9.32E+001 -2.32E+001 -9.95E+000 -8.34E+001 -8.34E+001
6 2.70E+002 2.71E+002 2.71E+002 2.16E+002 -3.65E+001 -6.56E+001 1.53E+002 1.53E+002
7 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 4.73E-002 4.73E-002 2.84E-002 2.84E-002
8 -1.96E+002 -1.96E+002 -1.76E+002 -1.76E+002 -1.57E+001 5.39E+000 -1.36E+002 -1.16E+002
9 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 -5.55E+001 5.55E+001 -1.29E+000 -1.29E+000 -7.73E-001 -5.63E+001
10 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 3.05E+001 3.05E+001 1.83E+001 1.83E+001
11 -1.13E+002 -1.13E+002 -9.32E+001 -1.13E+002 -2.28E+001 -9.49E+000 -8.31E+001 -6.30E+001
12 -2.70E+002 -2.71E+002 -2.16E+002 -2.71E+002 -6.80E+001 -3.89E+001 -2.16E+002 -1.60E+002
13 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
14 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
15 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 4.85E+001 4.85E+001 2.91E+001 2.91E+001

1 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
2 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
3 3.44E+001 5.73E+001 5.73E+001 5.73E+001 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
4 1.49E+001 2.48E+001 2.48E+001 2.48E+001 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
5 -6.33E+001 -4.33E+001 -4.33E+001 -3.33E+001 -1.30E+002 -1.30E+002 -1.30E+002 -1.10E+002
6 9.76E+001 1.90E+001 1.90E+001 -8.75E+000 3.07E+002 3.07E+002 3.07E+002 2.52E+002
7 2.84E-002 4.73E-002 4.73E-002 4.73E-002 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
8 -1.16E+002 -5.59E+001 -4.58E+001 -4.58E+001 -2.22E+002 -2.23E+002 -2.02E+002 -2.02E+002
9 5.48E+001 -1.29E+000 -2.91E+001 2.65E+001 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 -5.55E+001 5.55E+001
10 1.83E+001 3.05E+001 3.05E+001 3.05E+001 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
11 -8.31E+001 -4.29E+001 -3.28E+001 -4.29E+001 -1.30E+002 -1.30E+002 -1.10E+002 -1.30E+002
12 -2.16E+002 -1.24E+002 -9.58E+001 -1.24E+002 -3.07E+002 -3.07E+002 -2.52E+002 -3.07E+002
13 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
14 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
15 2.91E+001 4.85E+001 4.85E+001 4.85E+001 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000

1 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
2 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
3 5.73E+001 5.73E+001 3.44E+001 3.44E+001 3.44E+001 5.73E+001 5.73E+001 5.73E+001
4 2.48E+001 2.48E+001 1.49E+001 1.49E+001 1.49E+001 2.48E+001 2.48E+001 2.48E+001
5 -3.99E+001 -1.66E+001 -1.00E+002 -1.00E+002 -7.99E+001 -6.00E+001 -6.00E+001 -4.99E+001
6 -1.51E-001 -5.11E+001 1.90E+002 1.90E+002 1.34E+002 5.54E+001 5.54E+001 2.76E+001
7 4.73E-002 4.73E-002 2.84E-002 2.84E-002 2.84E-002 4.73E-002 4.73E-002 4.73E-002
8 -4.20E+001 -5.14E+000 -1.62E+002 -1.42E+002 -1.42E+002 -8.22E+001 -7.21E+001 -7.21E+001
9 -1.29E+000 -1.29E+000 -7.73E-001 -5.63E+001 5.48E+001 -1.29E+000 -2.91E+001 2.65E+001
10 3.05E+001 3.05E+001 1.83E+001 1.83E+001 1.83E+001 3.05E+001 3.05E+001 3.05E+001
11 -3.94E+001 -1.61E+001 -9.97E+001 -7.96E+001 -9.97E+001 -5.95E+001 -4.94E+001 -5.95E+001
12 -1.04E+002 -5.35E+001 -2.52E+002 -1.97E+002 -2.52E+002 -1.60E+002 -1.32E+002 -1.60E+002
13 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
14 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
15 4.85E+001 4.85E+001 2.91E+001 2.91E+001 2.91E+001 4.85E+001 4.85E+001 4.85E+001

1 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
2 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
3 3.44E+001 3.44E+001 3.44E+001 3.44E+001 3.44E+001 3.44E+001 5.73E+001 5.73E+001
4 1.49E+001 1.49E+001 1.49E+001 1.49E+001 1.49E+001 1.49E+001 2.48E+001 2.48E+001
5 -7.99E+001 -7.99E+001 -6.98E+001 -8.67E+001 -8.67E+001 -6.66E+001 -4.67E+001 -4.67E+001
6 1.34E+002 1.34E+002 1.06E+002 1.60E+002 1.60E+002 1.05E+002 2.63E+001 2.63E+001
7 2.84E-002 2.84E-002 2.84E-002 2.84E-002 2.84E-002 2.84E-002 4.73E-002 4.73E-002
8 -1.22E+002 -1.12E+002 -1.12E+002 -1.41E+002 -1.21E+002 -1.21E+002 -6.11E+001 -5.11E+001
9 -7.73E-001 -2.85E+001 2.70E+001 -7.73E-001 -5.63E+001 5.48E+001 -1.29E+000 -2.91E+001
10 1.83E+001 1.83E+001 1.83E+001 1.83E+001 1.83E+001 1.83E+001 3.05E+001 3.05E+001
11 -7.96E+001 -6.96E+001 -7.96E+001 -8.64E+001 -6.63E+001 -8.64E+001 -4.62E+001 -3.62E+001
12 -1.97E+002 -1.69E+002 -1.97E+002 -2.23E+002 -1.68E+002 -2.23E+002 -1.31E+002 -1.03E+002
13 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
14 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
15 2.91E+001 2.91E+001 2.91E+001 2.91E+001 2.91E+001 2.91E+001 4.85E+001 4.85E+001

1 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
2 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
3 5.73E+001 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 3.82E+001 2.29E+001 2.29E+001
4 2.48E+001 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 1.65E+001 9.92E+000 9.92E+000
5 -3.66E+001 -9.31E+001 -9.33E+001 -9.33E+001 -7.99E+001 -3.32E+001 -7.33E+001 -7.33E+001
6 -1.48E+000 2.19E+002 2.19E+002 2.19E+002 1.82E+002 1.44E+001 1.41E+002 1.41E+002
7 4.73E-002 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 3.15E-002 1.89E-002 1.89E-002
8 -5.11E+001 -1.59E+002 -1.59E+002 -1.46E+002 -1.46E+002 -3.85E+001 -1.19E+002 -1.05E+002
9 2.65E+001 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 -3.70E+001 3.70E+001 -8.59E-001 -5.15E-001 -3.75E+001
10 3.05E+001 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 2.03E+001 1.22E+001 1.22E+001
11 -4.62E+001 -9.31E+001 -9.33E+001 -7.99E+001 -9.33E+001 -3.29E+001 -7.31E+001 -5.97E+001
12 -1.31E+002 -2.19E+002 -2.19E+002 -1.82E+002 -2.19E+002 -8.41E+001 -1.83E+002 -1.46E+002
13 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
14 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
15 4.85E+001 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 3.23E+001 1.94E+001 1.94E+001

1 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
2 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
3 2.29E+001 3.82E+001 3.82E+001 3.82E+001 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 7.65E+000
4 9.92E+000 1.65E+001 1.65E+001 1.65E+001 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 3.31E+000
5 -5.99E+001 -4.66E+001 -4.66E+001 -3.99E+001 -7.18E+001 -7.18E+001 -6.91E+001 -5.98E+001
6 1.04E+002 5.15E+001 5.15E+001 3.30E+001 1.60E+002 1.60E+002 1.53E+002 1.19E+002
7 1.89E-002 3.15E-002 3.15E-002 3.15E-002 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 6.31E-003
8 -1.05E+002 -6.53E+001 -5.86E+001 -5.86E+001 -1.16E+002 -1.13E+002 -1.13E+002 -9.19E+001
9 3.65E+001 -8.59E-001 -1.94E+001 1.76E+001 0.00E+000 -7.40E+000 7.40E+000 -1.72E-001
10 1.22E+001 2.03E+001 2.03E+001 2.03E+001 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 4.06E+000
11 -7.31E+001 -4.63E+001 -3.96E+001 -4.63E+001 -7.18E+001 -6.91E+001 -7.18E+001 -5.97E+001
12 -1.83E+002 -1.21E+002 -1.03E+002 -1.21E+002 -1.60E+002 -1.53E+002 -1.60E+002 -1.33E+002
13 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
14 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
15 1.94E+001 3.23E+001 3.23E+001 3.23E+001 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 6.46E+000

1 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
2 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
3 7.65E+000 7.65E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
4 3.31E+000 3.31E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
5 -5.98E+001 -5.98E+001 -6.65E+001 -6.65E+001 -6.65E+001 -7.18E+001 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
6 1.19E+002 1.19E+002 1.45E+002 1.45E+002 1.45E+002 1.60E+002 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
7 6.31E-003 6.31E-003 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
8 -9.19E+001 -9.19E+001 -1.05E+002 -1.05E+002 -1.05E+002 -1.16E+002 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
9 -1.72E-001 -1.72E-001 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
10 4.06E+000 4.06E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
11 -5.97E+001 -5.97E+001 -6.65E+001 -6.65E+001 -6.65E+001 -7.18E+001 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
12 -1.33E+002 -1.33E+002 -1.45E+002 -1.45E+002 -1.45E+002 -1.60E+002 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
13 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
14 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
15 6.46E+000 6.46E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
8.7. Displacement matrix [u] (m, rads)

1 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
2 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
3 -4.13E-003 -4.14E-003 -3.20E-003 -4.23E-003 7.38E-003 7.82E-003 1.76E-003 2.70E-003
4 -1.47E-002 -1.47E-002 -7.28E-003 -1.91E-002 7.13E-002 7.29E-002 3.33E-002 4.07E-002
5 -3.70E-004 -3.71E-004 -3.53E-004 -3.18E-004 -2.09E-005 2.09E-005 -2.46E-004 -2.28E-004
6 4.43E-003 4.44E-003 4.50E-003 3.47E-003 4.34E-003 3.86E-003 5.47E-003 5.53E-003
7 1.83E-008 7.21E-009 5.92E-003 -5.92E-003 7.25E-002 7.25E-002 4.35E-002 4.94E-002
8 -1.48E-001 -1.48E-001 -1.33E-001 -1.33E-001 -1.19E-002 4.00E-003 -1.03E-001 -8.77E-002
9 -8.67E-011 2.61E-010 -6.52E-004 6.52E-004 -1.93E-003 -1.93E-003 -1.16E-003 -1.81E-003
10 1.47E-002 1.47E-002 1.91E-002 7.28E-003 7.37E-002 7.21E-002 5.37E-002 5.81E-002
11 -3.70E-004 -3.71E-004 -3.18E-004 -3.53E-004 -8.74E-005 -4.56E-005 -2.86E-004 -2.33E-004
12 -4.43E-003 -4.44E-003 -3.47E-003 -4.50E-003 3.69E-003 4.16E-003 -6.52E-004 3.17E-004
13 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
14 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
15 4.13E-003 4.14E-003 4.23E-003 3.20E-003 7.98E-003 7.53E-003 7.46E-003 7.55E-003

1 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
2 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
3 1.67E-003 6.53E-003 7.00E-003 6.49E-003 -4.68E-003 -4.69E-003 -3.75E-003 -4.78E-003
4 2.89E-002 6.83E-002 7.20E-002 6.61E-002 -1.66E-002 -1.67E-002 -9.25E-003 -2.11E-002
5 -1.93E-004 -9.14E-005 -8.26E-005 -6.50E-005 -4.23E-004 -4.23E-004 -4.06E-004 -3.70E-004
6 4.50E-003 5.25E-003 5.28E-003 4.76E-003 5.02E-003 5.03E-003 5.09E-003 4.06E-003
7 3.76E-002 7.25E-002 7.55E-002 6.95E-002 -5.61E-010 6.97E-009 5.92E-003 -5.92E-003
8 -8.77E-002 -4.23E-002 -3.47E-002 -3.47E-002 -1.68E-001 -1.68E-001 -1.53E-001 -1.53E-001
9 -5.03E-004 -1.93E-003 -2.25E-003 -1.60E-003 5.63E-010 3.39E-010 -6.52E-004 6.52E-004
10 4.63E-002 7.67E-002 7.89E-002 7.30E-002 1.66E-002 1.67E-002 2.11E-002 9.25E-003
11 -2.68E-004 -1.58E-004 -1.32E-004 -1.49E-004 -4.23E-004 -4.23E-004 -3.70E-004 -4.06E-004
12 -7.13E-004 2.78E-003 3.26E-003 2.75E-003 -5.02E-003 -5.03E-003 -4.06E-003 -5.09E-003
13 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
14 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
15 6.52E-003 8.82E-003 8.87E-003 8.36E-003 4.68E-003 4.69E-003 4.78E-003 3.75E-003

1 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
2 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
3 6.82E-003 7.60E-003 1.20E-003 2.14E-003 1.11E-003 5.98E-003 6.45E-003 5.93E-003
4 6.93E-002 7.21E-002 3.13E-002 3.87E-002 2.69E-002 6.63E-002 7.00E-002 6.41E-002
5 -7.31E-005 3.75E-008 -2.98E-004 -2.80E-004 -2.45E-004 -1.44E-004 -1.35E-004 -1.17E-004
6 4.93E-003 4.10E-003 6.06E-003 6.12E-003 5.09E-003 5.84E-003 5.87E-003 5.36E-003
7 7.25E-002 7.25E-002 4.35E-002 4.94E-002 3.76E-002 7.25E-002 7.55E-002 6.95E-002
8 -3.18E-002 -3.96E-003 -1.23E-001 -1.08E-001 -1.08E-001 -6.22E-002 -5.46E-002 -5.46E-002
9 -1.93E-003 -1.93E-003 -1.16E-003 -1.81E-003 -5.03E-004 -1.93E-003 -2.25E-003 -1.60E-003
10 7.57E-002 7.29E-002 5.57E-002 6.01E-002 4.83E-002 7.87E-002 8.09E-002 7.50E-002
11 -1.40E-004 -6.65E-005 -3.38E-004 -2.85E-004 -3.20E-004 -2.10E-004 -1.84E-004 -2.01E-004
12 3.09E-003 3.93E-003 -1.25E-003 -2.78E-004 -1.31E-003 2.18E-003 2.67E-003 2.15E-003
13 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
14 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
15 8.53E-003 7.76E-003 8.01E-003 8.10E-003 7.07E-003 9.38E-003 9.42E-003 8.91E-003

1 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
2 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
3 2.05E-003 2.52E-003 2.00E-003 1.65E-003 2.58E-003 1.55E-003 6.42E-003 6.89E-003
4 3.43E-002 3.80E-002 3.21E-002 3.29E-002 4.03E-002 2.85E-002 6.79E-002 7.16E-002
5 -2.27E-004 -2.19E-004 -2.01E-004 -2.56E-004 -2.38E-004 -2.03E-004 -1.02E-004 -9.31E-005
6 5.15E-003 5.18E-003 4.67E-003 5.59E-003 5.65E-003 4.62E-003 5.36E-003 5.40E-003
7 4.35E-002 4.65E-002 4.05E-002 4.35E-002 4.94E-002 3.76E-002 7.25E-002 7.55E-002
8 -9.24E-002 -8.48E-002 -8.48E-002 -1.07E-001 -9.17E-002 -9.17E-002 -4.63E-002 -3.87E-002
9 -1.16E-003 -1.48E-003 -8.29E-004 -1.16E-003 -1.81E-003 -5.03E-004 -1.93E-003 -2.25E-003
10 5.27E-002 5.49E-002 4.90E-002 5.41E-002 5.85E-002 4.67E-002 7.71E-002 7.93E-002
11 -2.67E-004 -2.41E-004 -2.58E-004 -2.96E-004 -2.43E-004 -2.78E-004 -1.68E-004 -1.42E-004
12 -3.39E-004 1.46E-004 -3.69E-004 -7.71E-004 1.98E-004 -8.32E-004 2.66E-003 3.14E-003
13 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
14 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
15 7.17E-003 7.21E-003 6.70E-003 7.57E-003 7.66E-003 6.63E-003 8.94E-003 8.98E-003

1 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
2 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
3 6.38E-003 -3.34E-003 -3.35E-003 -2.72E-003 -3.41E-003 4.33E-003 5.79E-004 1.20E-003
4 6.57E-002 -1.19E-002 -1.19E-002 -6.96E-003 -1.49E-002 4.54E-002 2.01E-002 2.50E-002
5 -7.54E-005 -3.03E-004 -3.03E-004 -2.91E-004 -2.68E-004 -6.97E-005 -2.19E-004 -2.08E-004
6 4.88E-003 3.59E-003 3.59E-003 3.63E-003 2.95E-003 3.53E-003 4.28E-003 4.32E-003
7 6.95E-002 -7.16E-010 1.08E-008 3.95E-003 -3.95E-003 4.83E-002 2.90E-002 3.29E-002
8 -3.87E-002 -1.20E-001 -1.20E-001 -1.10E-001 -1.10E-001 -2.92E-002 -8.98E-002 -7.97E-002
9 -1.60E-003 5.07E-010 1.54E-012 -4.35E-004 4.35E-004 -1.28E-003 -7.70E-004 -1.21E-003
10 7.34E-002 1.19E-002 1.19E-002 1.49E-002 6.96E-003 5.12E-002 3.79E-002 4.09E-002
11 -1.60E-004 -3.03E-004 -3.03E-004 -2.68E-004 -2.91E-004 -1.14E-004 -2.46E-004 -2.11E-004
12 2.63E-003 -3.59E-003 -3.59E-003 -2.95E-003 -3.63E-003 1.82E-003 -1.07E-003 -4.23E-004
13 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
14 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
15 8.47E-003 3.34E-003 3.35E-003 3.41E-003 2.72E-003 5.91E-003 5.56E-003 5.62E-003

1 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
2 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
3 5.18E-004 3.76E-003 4.08E-003 3.73E-003 -2.45E-003 -2.32E-003 -2.46E-003 -9.10E-004
4 1.71E-002 4.34E-002 4.59E-002 4.19E-002 -8.70E-003 -7.70E-003 -9.28E-003 2.77E-003
5 -1.84E-004 -1.17E-004 -1.11E-004 -9.91E-005 -2.28E-004 -2.26E-004 -2.21E-004 -1.81E-004
6 3.63E-003 4.13E-003 4.15E-003 3.81E-003 2.62E-003 2.63E-003 2.49E-003 2.61E-003
7 2.51E-002 4.83E-002 5.03E-002 4.64E-002 1.77E-009 7.89E-004 -7.89E-004 9.67E-003
8 -7.97E-002 -4.94E-002 -4.43E-002 -4.43E-002 -8.77E-002 -8.57E-002 -8.57E-002 -6.95E-002
9 -3.36E-004 -1.28E-003 -1.50E-003 -1.07E-003 3.08E-010 -8.70E-005 8.70E-005 -2.57E-004
10 3.30E-002 5.32E-002 5.47E-002 5.08E-002 8.70E-003 9.28E-003 7.70E-003 1.66E-002
11 -2.34E-004 -1.61E-004 -1.43E-004 -1.55E-004 -2.28E-004 -2.21E-004 -2.26E-004 -1.90E-004
12 -1.11E-003 1.22E-003 1.54E-003 1.20E-003 -2.62E-003 -2.49E-003 -2.63E-003 -1.54E-003
13 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
14 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
15 4.94E-003 6.47E-003 6.51E-003 6.16E-003 2.45E-003 2.46E-003 2.32E-003 2.96E-003

1 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
2 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
3 -9.10E-004 -9.10E-004 -2.22E-003 -2.22E-003 -2.22E-003 -2.45E-003 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
4 2.77E-003 2.77E-003 -7.89E-003 -7.89E-003 -7.89E-003 -8.70E-003 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
5 -1.81E-004 -1.81E-004 -2.09E-004 -2.09E-004 -2.09E-004 -2.28E-004 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
6 2.61E-003 2.61E-003 2.38E-003 2.38E-003 2.38E-003 2.62E-003 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
7 9.67E-003 9.67E-003 7.42E-009 7.42E-009 7.42E-009 1.77E-009 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
8 -6.95E-002 -6.95E-002 -7.96E-002 -7.96E-002 -7.96E-002 -8.77E-002 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
9 -2.57E-004 -2.57E-004 2.09E-011 2.09E-011 2.09E-011 3.08E-010 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
10 1.66E-002 1.66E-002 7.89E-003 7.89E-003 7.89E-003 8.70E-003 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
11 -1.90E-004 -1.90E-004 -2.09E-004 -2.09E-004 -2.09E-004 -2.28E-004 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
12 -1.54E-003 -1.54E-003 -2.38E-003 -2.38E-003 -2.38E-003 -2.62E-003 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
13 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
14 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
15 2.96E-003 2.96E-003 2.22E-003 2.22E-003 2.22E-003 2.45E-003 0.00E+000 0.00E+000
9. Results of static-linear-elastic analysis

9.1. Displacements [mm]
Hor. defl. Column Vert. defl. Apex Bending Defl. Rafter

L.C. Dx mm Dy mm w mm
101 ULS-EQU 14.675 147.954 20.154
102 ULS-EQU 14.707 148.271 20.198
103 ULS-EQU 19.123 133.087 23.168
104 ULS-EQU 19.123 133.087 23.168
105 ULS-EQU 73.687 11.915 26.221
111 ULS-EQU 72.880 4.000 24.054
121 ULS-EQU 53.710 102.899 28.777
122 ULS-EQU 58.126 87.715 31.747
123 ULS-EQU 46.281 87.715 21.669
124 ULS-EQU 76.699 42.284 30.359
125 ULS-EQU 78.907 34.692 31.844
126 ULS-EQU 72.985 34.692 26.805
201 ULS-STR 16.648 167.848 22.864

202 ULS-STR 16.680 168.165 22.907
203 ULS-STR 21.096 152.981 25.877
204 ULS-STR 21.096 152.981 25.877
205 ULS-STR 75.660 31.810 28.931
210 ULS-STR 72.897 3.958 25.137
211 ULS-STR 55.683 122.794 31.487
212 ULS-STR 60.099 107.609 34.456
213 ULS-STR 48.254 107.609 24.379
214 ULS-STR 78.672 62.178 33.068
215 ULS-STR 80.880 54.586 34.553
216 ULS-STR 74.958 54.586 29.515
231 ULS-STR 52.670 92.425 27.349
232 ULS-STR 54.878 84.833 28.834
233 ULS-STR 48.956 84.833 23.795
251 ULS-STR 54.104 106.878 29.319
252 ULS-STR 58.520 91.694 32.289
253 ULS-STR 46.676 91.694 22.211
254 ULS-STR 77.094 46.262 30.901
255 ULS-STR 79.302 38.670 32.386
256 ULS-STR 73.380 38.670 27.347
301 SLS 11.888 119.856 16.327

302 SLS 11.909 120.068 16.355
303 SLS 14.853 109.945 18.335
304 SLS 14.853 109.945 18.335
305 SLS 51.229 29.164 20.371
311 SLS 37.911 89.820 22.075
312 SLS 40.855 79.697 24.055
313 SLS 32.959 79.697 17.337
314 SLS 53.237 49.409 23.130
315 SLS 54.709 44.348 24.120
316 SLS 50.761 44.348 20.760
331 SLS 8.695 87.675 11.942
332 SLS 9.284 85.650 12.338
333 SLS 9.284 85.650 12.338
334 SLS 16.559 69.494 12.745
335 SLS 16.559 69.494 12.745
336 SLS 16.559 69.494 12.745
351 SLS 7.892 79.577 10.839
352 SLS 7.892 79.577 10.839
353 SLS 7.892 79.577 10.839
9.2. Reactions at the supports

Horizontal Force Hed [kN], Vertical Force Ved [kN], Moment Med [kNm]
Left support 1 Right support 2
L.C. Hed,1 kN Ved,1 kN Med,1 kNm Hed,2 kN Ved,2 kN Med,2 kNm
101 ULS-EQU 86.0 226.2 0.0 -86.0 226.2 0.0
102 ULS-EQU 86.2 226.6 0.0 -86.2 226.6 0.0
103 ULS-EQU 77.4 216.5 0.0 -77.4 196.4 0.0
104 ULS-EQU 77.4 196.4 0.0 -77.4 216.5 0.0
105 ULS-EQU -50.5 27.1 0.0 -60.0 65.0 0.0
111 ULS-EQU -59.8 0.5 0.0 -50.7 38.4 0.0
121 ULS-EQU 25.3 155.1 0.0 -91.7 177.9 0.0
122 ULS-EQU 16.5 145.1 0.0 -82.8 147.7 0.0
123 ULS-EQU 16.5 125.0 0.0 -82.8 167.8 0.0
124 ULS-EQU -32.9 67.3 0.0 -77.6 105.2 0.0
125 ULS-EQU -37.3 62.2 0.0 -73.2 90.1 0.0
126 ULS-EQU -37.3 52.2 0.0 -73.2 100.2 0.0
201 ULS-STR 97.6 259.4 0.0 -97.6 259.4 0.0

202 ULS-STR 97.7 259.8 0.0 -97.7 259.8 0.0
203 ULS-STR 88.9 249.8 0.0 -88.9 229.7 0.0
204 ULS-STR 88.9 229.7 0.0 -88.9 249.8 0.0
205 ULS-STR -39.0 60.3 0.0 -71.5 98.2 0.0
210 ULS-STR -55.2 13.8 0.0 -55.4 51.7 0.0
211 ULS-STR 36.9 188.3 0.0 -103.2 211.1 0.0
212 ULS-STR 28.1 178.3 0.0 -94.4 180.9 0.0
213 ULS-STR 28.1 158.2 0.0 -94.4 201.0 0.0
214 ULS-STR -21.3 100.5 0.0 -89.2 138.4 0.0
215 ULS-STR -25.7 95.5 0.0 -84.8 123.3 0.0
216 ULS-STR -25.7 85.4 0.0 -84.8 133.4 0.0
231 ULS-STR 19.2 148.1 0.0 -85.6 170.9 0.0
232 ULS-STR 14.8 143.1 0.0 -81.1 155.8 0.0
233 ULS-STR 14.8 133.1 0.0 -81.1 165.9 0.0
251 ULS-STR 27.7 161.8 0.0 -94.0 184.5 0.0
252 ULS-STR 18.8 151.7 0.0 -85.1 154.4 0.0
253 ULS-STR 18.8 131.6 0.0 -85.1 174.5 0.0
254 ULS-STR -30.6 73.9 0.0 -80.0 111.8 0.0
255 ULS-STR -35.0 68.9 0.0 -75.5 96.8 0.0
256 ULS-STR -35.0 58.8 0.0 -75.5 106.8 0.0
301 SLS 69.7 186.2 0.0 -69.7 186.2 0.0
302 SLS 69.8 186.5 0.0 -69.8 186.5 0.0
303 SLS 63.9 179.8 0.0 -63.9 166.4 0.0
304 SLS 63.9 166.4 0.0 -63.9 179.8 0.0
305 SLS -21.4 53.5 0.0 -52.3 78.8 0.0
311 SLS 29.2 138.9 0.0 -73.4 154.0 0.0
312 SLS 23.3 132.2 0.0 -67.6 133.9 0.0
313 SLS 23.3 118.8 0.0 -67.6 147.3 0.0
314 SLS -9.6 80.3 0.0 -64.1 105.6 0.0
315 SLS -12.5 76.9 0.0 -61.2 95.5 0.0
316 SLS -12.5 70.2 0.0 -61.2 102.2 0.0
331 SLS 51.0 143.6 0.0 -51.0 143.6 0.0
332 SLS 49.8 142.3 0.0 -49.8 139.6 0.0
333 SLS 49.8 139.6 0.0 -49.8 142.3 0.0
334 SLS 32.7 117.0 0.0 -47.5 122.1 0.0
335 SLS 32.7 117.0 0.0 -47.5 122.1 0.0
336 SLS 32.7 117.0 0.0 -47.5 122.1 0.0
351 SLS 46.3 132.9 0.0 -46.3 132.9 0.0
352 SLS 46.3 132.9 0.0 -46.3 132.9 0.0
353 SLS 46.3 132.9 0.0 -46.3 132.9 0.0
9.3. Axial forces Ned [kN]

L.C. Ned,1 Ned,2 Ned,3 Ned,4
101 ULS-EQU -211.0 -95.5 -95.5 -211.0
102 ULS-EQU -211.4 -95.7 -95.7 -211.4
103 ULS-EQU -201.4 -85.9 -85.9 -181.3
104 ULS-EQU -181.3 -85.9 -85.9 -201.4
105 ULS-EQU -11.9 -3.0 -7.0 -49.8
111 ULS-EQU 11.9 7.3 3.3 -26.0
121 ULS-EQU -139.9 -63.6 -66.0 -162.7
122 ULS-EQU -129.9 -53.8 -56.2 -132.5
123 ULS-EQU -109.8 -53.8 -56.2 -152.6
124 ULS-EQU -52.1 -22.6 -26.6 -90.0
125 ULS-EQU -47.1 -17.7 -21.7 -74.9
126 ULS-EQU -37.0 -17.7 -21.7 -85.0
201 ULS-STR -240.8 -108.4 -108.4 -240.8

202 ULS-STR -241.2 -108.6 -108.6 -241.2
203 ULS-STR -231.1 -98.8 -98.8 -211.0
204 ULS-STR -211.0 -98.8 -98.8 -231.1
205 ULS-STR -41.7 -15.9 -19.8 -79.6
210 ULS-STR 0.0 2.1 -1.8 -37.9
211 ULS-STR -169.7 -76.5 -78.9 -192.5
212 ULS-STR -159.7 -66.7 -69.1 -162.3
213 ULS-STR -139.6 -66.7 -69.1 -182.4
214 ULS-STR -81.9 -35.5 -39.4 -119.8
215 ULS-STR -76.8 -30.6 -34.5 -104.7
216 ULS-STR -66.8 -30.6 -34.5 -114.8
231 ULS-STR -129.5 -56.9 -59.2 -152.3
232 ULS-STR -124.5 -52.0 -54.3 -137.2
233 ULS-STR -114.4 -52.0 -54.3 -147.2
251 ULS-STR -145.9 -66.2 -68.6 -168.6
252 ULS-STR -135.8 -56.4 -58.8 -138.5
253 ULS-STR -115.7 -56.4 -58.8 -158.6
254 ULS-STR -58.0 -25.2 -29.2 -96.0
255 ULS-STR -53.0 -20.3 -24.2 -80.9
256 ULS-STR -43.0 -20.3 -24.2 -90.9
301 SLS -172.4 -77.4 -77.4 -172.4

302 SLS -172.7 -77.5 -77.5 -172.7
303 SLS -166.0 -71.0 -71.0 -152.6
304 SLS -152.6 -71.0 -71.0 -166.0
305 SLS -39.7 -15.7 -18.3 -65.0
311 SLS -125.1 -56.1 -57.7 -140.2
312 SLS -118.4 -49.6 -51.2 -120.1
313 SLS -105.0 -49.6 -51.2 -133.5
314 SLS -66.5 -28.8 -31.4 -91.8
315 SLS -63.1 -25.5 -28.2 -81.7
316 SLS -56.4 -25.5 -28.2 -88.4
331 SLS -129.8 -56.6 -56.6 -129.8
332 SLS -128.5 -55.3 -55.3 -125.8
333 SLS -125.8 -55.3 -55.3 -128.5
334 SLS -103.2 -44.2 -44.8 -108.3
335 SLS -103.2 -44.2 -44.8 -108.3
336 SLS -103.2 -44.2 -44.8 -108.3
351 SLS -119.1 -51.4 -51.4 -119.1
352 SLS -119.1 -51.4 -51.4 -119.1
353 SLS -119.1 -51.4 -51.4 -119.1
9.4. Shearing forces Ved [kN]

L.C. VedA,1 VedB,1 VedA,2 VedC,2 VedB,2 VedA,3 VedC,3 VedB,3 VedA,4 VedB,4
101 ULS-EQU -86.0 -86.0 186.0 138.1 -8.8 8.8 -138.1 -186.0 86.0 86.0
102 ULS-EQU -86.2 -86.2 186.4 138.4 -8.8 8.8 -138.4 -186.4 86.2 86.2
103 ULS-EQU -77.4 -77.4 177.3 129.3 -17.9 -2.1 -119.1 -157.3 77.4 77.4
104 ULS-EQU -77.4 -77.4 157.3 119.1 2.1 17.9 -129.3 -177.3 77.4 77.4
105 ULS-EQU 50.5 -9.3 -4.2 -7.9 -19.2 -19.4 -30.0 -33.5 9.4 60.0
111 ULS-EQU 59.8 -0.1 -24.2 -22.8 -18.3 -20.4 -15.2 -13.5 0.1 50.7
121 ULS-EQU -25.3 -61.2 117.9 84.6 -17.2 -6.0 -107.4 -140.5 61.3 91.7
122 ULS-EQU -16.5 -52.4 108.8 75.5 -26.3 -16.9 -88.1 -111.4 52.5 82.8
123 ULS-EQU -16.5 -52.4 88.8 65.4 -6.3 3.1 -98.3 -131.4 52.5 82.8
124 ULS-EQU 32.9 -27.0 34.0 20.4 -21.0 -17.6 -58.4 -71.7 27.1 77.6
125 ULS-EQU 37.3 -22.5 29.4 15.9 -25.6 -23.1 -48.7 -57.1 22.6 73.2
126 ULS-EQU 37.3 -22.5 19.4 10.8 -15.6 -13.1 -53.8 -67.1 22.6 73.2
201 ULS-STR -97.6 -97.6 211.0 156.6 -10.0 10.0 -156.6 -211.0 97.6 97.6
202 ULS-STR -97.7 -97.7 211.4 156.9 -10.0 10.0 -156.9 -211.4 97.7 97.7
203 ULS-STR -88.9 -88.9 202.3 147.8 -19.1 -0.9 -137.7 -182.3 88.9 88.9
204 ULS-STR -88.9 -88.9 182.3 137.7 0.9 19.1 -147.8 -202.3 88.9 88.9
205 ULS-STR 39.0 -20.9 20.8 10.7 -20.4 -18.2 -48.6 -58.5 21.0 71.5
210 ULS-STR 55.2 -4.7 -14.2 -15.3 -18.8 -19.9 -22.6 -23.5 4.8 55.4
211 ULS-STR -36.9 -72.8 142.9 103.2 -18.4 -4.8 -125.9 -165.5 72.9 103.2
212 ULS-STR -28.1 -64.0 133.8 94.1 -27.5 -15.7 -106.7 -136.4 64.0 94.4
213 ULS-STR -28.1 -64.0 113.8 83.9 -7.5 4.3 -116.9 -156.4 64.0 94.4
214 ULS-STR 21.3 -38.5 59.0 39.0 -22.2 -16.4 -76.9 -96.7 38.6 89.2
215 ULS-STR 25.7 -34.1 54.4 34.4 -26.8 -21.9 -67.3 -82.1 34.2 84.8
216 ULS-STR 25.7 -34.1 44.4 29.4 -16.8 -11.9 -72.4 -92.1 34.2 84.8
231 ULS-STR -19.2 -55.1 104.7 74.8 -16.6 -6.6 -97.6 -127.3 55.2 85.6
232 ULS-STR -14.8 -50.7 100.1 70.3 -21.1 -12.0 -88.0 -112.8 50.8 81.1
233 ULS-STR -14.8 -50.7 90.1 65.2 -11.1 -2.0 -93.1 -122.8 50.8 81.1
251 ULS-STR -27.7 -63.6 122.9 88.3 -17.4 -5.7 -111.1 -145.5 63.6 94.0
252 ULS-STR -18.8 -54.7 113.8 79.2 -26.5 -16.6 -91.8 -116.4 54.8 85.1
253 ULS-STR -18.8 -54.7 93.8 69.1 -6.6 3.4 -102.0 -136.4 54.8 85.1
254 ULS-STR 30.6 -29.3 39.0 24.1 -21.3 -17.4 -62.1 -76.7 29.4 80.0
255 ULS-STR 35.0 -24.9 34.4 19.6 -25.8 -22.8 -52.5 -62.1 24.9 75.5
256 ULS-STR 35.0 -24.9 24.4 14.5 -15.8 -12.8 -57.5 -72.1 24.9 75.5
301 SLS -69.7 -69.7 150.7 111.9 -7.1 7.1 -111.9 -150.7 69.7 69.7
302 SLS -69.8 -69.8 151.0 112.1 -7.1 7.1 -112.1 -151.0 69.8 69.8
303 SLS -63.9 -63.9 144.9 106.0 -13.2 -0.1 -99.2 -131.6 63.9 63.9
304 SLS -63.9 -63.9 131.6 99.2 0.1 13.2 -106.0 -144.9 63.9 63.9
305 SLS 21.4 -18.5 23.9 14.5 -14.1 -11.7 -39.8 -49.0 18.6 52.3
311 SLS -29.2 -53.2 105.2 76.2 -12.7 -2.7 -91.4 -120.3 53.2 73.4
312 SLS -23.3 -47.3 99.2 70.2 -18.8 -10.0 -78.6 -100.9 47.3 67.6
313 SLS -23.3 -47.3 85.9 63.4 -5.5 3.3 -85.3 -114.3 47.3 67.6
314 SLS 9.6 -30.3 49.3 33.4 -15.3 -10.5 -58.7 -74.5 30.4 64.1
315 SLS 12.5 -27.4 46.3 30.4 -18.3 -14.1 -52.3 -64.8 27.4 61.2
316 SLS 12.5 -27.4 39.6 27.0 -11.6 -7.5 -55.7 -71.4 27.4 61.2
331 SLS -51.0 -51.0 110.2 81.8 -5.2 5.2 -81.8 -110.2 51.0 51.0
332 SLS -49.8 -49.8 109.0 80.6 -6.4 3.7 -79.3 -106.3 49.8 49.8
333 SLS -49.8 -49.8 106.3 79.3 -3.7 6.4 -80.6 -109.0 49.8 49.8
334 SLS -32.7 -40.7 84.8 62.3 -6.6 1.4 -67.4 -89.8 40.7 47.5
335 SLS -32.7 -40.7 84.8 62.3 -6.6 1.4 -67.4 -89.8 40.7 47.5
336 SLS -32.7 -40.7 84.8 62.3 -6.6 1.4 -67.4 -89.8 40.7 47.5
351 SLS -46.3 -46.3 100.0 74.3 -4.7 4.7 -74.3 -100.0 46.3 46.3
352 SLS -46.3 -46.3 100.0 74.3 -4.7 4.7 -74.3 -100.0 46.3 46.3
353 SLS -46.3 -46.3 100.0 74.3 -4.7 4.7 -74.3 -100.0 46.3 46.3
A:left end, C:haunch end, B: right end
9.5. Bending moments Med [kNm]

Left column 1 Right column 4
L.C. MedA,1 MedM,1 MedB,1 MedA,4 MedM,4 MedB,4
101 ULS-EQU 0.0 -494.5 -989.0 -989.0 -494.5 0.0
102 ULS-EQU 0.0 -495.6 -991.2 -991.2 -495.6 0.0
103 ULS-EQU 0.0 -444.8 -889.6 -889.6 -444.8 0.0
104 ULS-EQU 0.0 -444.8 -889.6 -889.6 -444.8 0.0
105 ULS-EQU 0.0 245.4 237.1 -398.9 -199.5 0.0
111 ULS-EQU 0.0 343.5 343.5 -292.6 -146.3 0.0
121 ULS-EQU 0.0 -248.9 -497.8 -879.5 -439.7 0.0
122 ULS-EQU 0.0 -198.2 -396.3 -778.0 -389.0 0.0
123 ULS-EQU 0.0 -198.2 -396.3 -778.0 -389.0 0.0
124 ULS-EQU 0.0 103.9 34.1 -602.0 -301.0 0.0
125 ULS-EQU 0.0 133.7 84.8 -551.2 -275.6 0.0
126 ULS-EQU 0.0 133.7 84.8 -551.2 -275.6 0.0
201 ULS-STR 0.0 -561.0 -1122.0 -1122.0 -561.0 0.0

202 ULS-STR 0.0 -562.1 -1124.1 -1124.1 -562.1 0.0
203 ULS-STR 0.0 -511.3 -1022.6 -1022.6 -511.3 0.0
204 ULS-STR 0.0 -511.3 -1022.6 -1022.6 -511.3 0.0
205 ULS-STR 0.0 146.0 104.1 -531.9 -266.0 0.0
210 ULS-STR 0.0 292.4 290.3 -345.8 -172.9 0.0
211 ULS-STR 0.0 -315.4 -630.8 -1012.4 -506.2 0.0
212 ULS-STR 0.0 -264.6 -529.3 -910.9 -455.5 0.0
213 ULS-STR 0.0 -264.6 -529.3 -910.9 -455.5 0.0
214 ULS-STR 0.0 43.7 -98.9 -735.0 -367.5 0.0
215 ULS-STR 0.0 63.6 -48.1 -684.2 -342.1 0.0
216 ULS-STR 0.0 63.6 -48.1 -684.2 -342.1 0.0
231 ULS-STR 0.0 -213.9 -427.8 -809.4 -404.7 0.0
232 ULS-STR 0.0 -188.5 -377.0 -758.6 -379.3 0.0
233 ULS-STR 0.0 -188.5 -377.0 -758.6 -379.3 0.0
251 ULS-STR 0.0 -262.2 -524.4 -906.1 -453.0 0.0
252 ULS-STR 0.0 -211.5 -422.9 -804.5 -402.3 0.0
253 ULS-STR 0.0 -211.5 -422.9 -804.5 -402.3 0.0
254 ULS-STR 0.0 89.8 7.5 -628.6 -314.3 0.0
255 ULS-STR 0.0 117.6 58.2 -577.8 -288.9 0.0
256 ULS-STR 0.0 117.6 58.2 -577.8 -288.9 0.0
301 SLS 0.0 -400.6 -801.2 -801.2 -400.6 0.0

302 SLS 0.0 -401.3 -802.6 -802.6 -401.3 0.0
303 SLS 0.0 -367.5 -734.9 -734.9 -367.5 0.0
304 SLS 0.0 -367.5 -734.9 -734.9 -367.5 0.0
305 SLS 0.0 65.7 16.2 -407.8 -203.9 0.0
311 SLS 0.0 -236.9 -473.7 -728.2 -364.1 0.0
312 SLS 0.0 -203.0 -406.1 -660.5 -330.2 0.0
313 SLS 0.0 -203.0 -406.1 -660.5 -330.2 0.0
314 SLS 0.0 13.2 -119.1 -543.2 -271.6 0.0
315 SLS 0.0 22.6 -85.3 -509.3 -254.7 0.0
316 SLS 0.0 22.6 -85.3 -509.3 -254.7 0.0
331 SLS 0.0 -293.0 -586.0 -586.0 -293.0 0.0
332 SLS 0.0 -286.2 -572.5 -572.5 -286.2 0.0
333 SLS 0.0 -286.2 -572.5 -572.5 -286.2 0.0
334 SLS 0.0 -211.1 -422.3 -507.1 -253.5 0.0
335 SLS 0.0 -211.1 -422.3 -507.1 -253.5 0.0
336 SLS 0.0 -211.1 -422.3 -507.1 -253.5 0.0
351 SLS 0.0 -265.9 -531.9 -531.9 -265.9 0.0
352 SLS 0.0 -265.9 -531.9 -531.9 -265.9 0.0
353 SLS 0.0 -265.9 -531.9 -531.9 -265.9 0.0
A:left end, C:haunch end, M: span, B: right end
Left rafter 2 Right rafter 3

L.C. MedA,2 MedC2 MedM,2 MedB,2 MedA,3 MedM,3 MedC3 MedB,3
101 ULS-EQU -989.0 -324.6 490.8 487.5 487.5 490.8 -324.6 -989.0
102 ULS-EQU -991.2 -325.3 491.9 488.6 488.6 491.9 -325.3 -991.2
103 ULS-EQU -889.6 -261.1 452.2 438.5 438.5 -225.5 -322.9 -889.6
104 ULS-EQU -889.6 -322.9 -225.5 438.5 438.5 452.2 -261.1 -889.6
105 ULS-EQU 237.1 212.2 139.4 41.8 41.8 -178.6 -268.7 -398.9
111 ULS-EQU 343.5 247.1 166.4 -10.7 -10.7 -151.6 -233.8 -292.6
121 ULS-EQU -497.8 -82.8 358.9 340.6 340.6 -269.4 -371.4 -879.5
122 ULS-EQU -396.3 -18.5 333.3 290.6 290.6 -243.7 -368.9 -778.0
123 ULS-EQU -396.3 -80.4 294.1 290.6 290.6 291.2 -307.1 -778.0
124 ULS-EQU 34.1 145.6 208.8 141.9 141.9 -230.1 -335.4 -602.0
125 ULS-EQU 84.8 177.7 215.9 116.8 116.8 -217.2 -334.2 -551.2
126 ULS-EQU 84.8 146.8 174.6 116.8 116.8 -217.2 -303.3 -551.2
201 ULS-STR -1122.0 -368.3 556.8 553.1 553.1 556.8 -368.3 -1122.0
202 ULS-STR -1124.1 -369.0 557.9 554.1 554.1 557.9 -369.0 -1124.1
203 ULS-STR -1022.6 -304.7 517.8 504.1 504.1 -259.3 -366.6 -1022.6
204 ULS-STR -1022.6 -366.6 -259.3 504.1 504.1 517.8 -304.8 -1022.6
205 ULS-STR 104.1 168.6 191.5 107.3 107.3 -212.3 -312.4 -531.9
210 ULS-STR 290.3 229.7 152.9 15.5 15.5 -165.1 -251.3 -345.8
211 ULS-STR -630.8 -126.4 423.6 406.2 406.2 -303.1 -415.0 -1012.4
212 ULS-STR -529.3 -62.2 395.2 356.1 356.1 -277.4 -412.6 -910.9
213 ULS-STR -529.3 -124.0 360.0 356.1 356.1 357.1 -350.8 -910.9
214 ULS-STR -98.9 101.9 258.0 207.4 207.4 -263.8 -379.0 -735.0
215 ULS-STR -48.1 134.0 255.8 182.4 182.4 -250.9 -377.8 -684.2
216 ULS-STR -48.1 103.1 220.6 182.4 182.4 -250.9 -346.9 -684.2
231 ULS-STR -427.8 -59.8 325.0 306.1 306.1 -251.7 -348.4 -809.4
232 ULS-STR -377.0 -27.7 311.7 281.0 281.0 -238.8 -347.1 -758.6
233 ULS-STR -377.0 -58.6 291.3 281.0 281.0 -238.8 -316.2 -758.6
251 ULS-STR -524.4 -91.5 371.8 353.7 353.7 -276.2 -380.1 -906.1
252 ULS-STR -422.9 -27.3 345.5 303.7 303.7 -250.4 -377.7 -804.5
253 ULS-STR -422.9 -89.1 307.2 303.7 303.7 304.3 -315.9 -804.5
254 ULS-STR 7.5 136.8 217.5 155.0 155.0 -236.8 -344.1 -628.6
255 ULS-STR 58.2 169.0 222.1 129.9 129.9 -223.9 -342.9 -577.8
256 ULS-STR 58.2 138.1 181.7 129.9 129.9 -223.9 -312.0 -577.8
301 SLS -801.2 -263.0 397.6 394.9 395.0 397.6 -263.0 -801.2
302 SLS -802.6 -263.4 398.3 395.6 395.6 398.3 -263.4 -802.6
303 SLS -734.9 -220.6 371.4 362.3 362.3 -186.3 -261.8 -734.9
304 SLS -734.9 -261.8 -186.3 362.3 362.3 371.4 -220.6 -734.9
305 SLS 16.2 94.9 141.3 97.8 97.8 -155.0 -225.7 -407.8
311 SLS -473.7 -101.7 308.4 297.0 297.0 -215.6 -294.1 -728.2
312 SLS -406.1 -58.9 288.6 263.6 263.6 -198.4 -292.5 -660.5
313 SLS -406.1 -100.1 266.4 263.6 263.6 264.4 -251.3 -660.5
314 SLS -119.1 50.5 194.6 164.5 164.5 -189.3 -270.1 -543.2
315 SLS -85.3 71.9 191.0 147.8 147.8 -180.8 -269.3 -509.3
316 SLS -85.3 51.3 169.8 147.8 147.8 -180.8 -248.7 -509.3
331 SLS -586.0 -192.4 290.8 288.9 288.9 290.8 -192.4 -586.0
332 SLS -572.5 -183.8 285.2 282.2 282.2 283.3 -192.0 -572.5
333 SLS -572.5 -192.0 283.3 282.2 282.2 285.2 -183.8 -572.5
334 SLS -422.3 -120.7 233.3 229.3 229.3 229.5 -184.8 -507.1
335 SLS -422.3 -120.7 233.3 229.3 229.3 229.5 -184.8 -507.1
336 SLS -422.3 -120.7 233.3 229.3 229.3 229.5 -184.8 -507.1
351 SLS -531.9 -174.6 264.0 262.2 262.2 264.0 -174.6 -531.9
352 SLS -531.9 -174.6 264.0 262.2 262.2 264.0 -174.6 -531.9
353 SLS -531.9 -174.6 264.0 262.2 262.2 264.0 -174.6 -531.9

-1124.1 kNm -1124.1 kNm

L.C. 202 Displacements mm L.C. 202 Bend. moments kNm
δx=16.7 mm δx=16.7 mm -1124.1 kNm -1124.1 kNm
554.1 kNm
δy=168.2 mm
211.4 kN
L.C. 202 Shear forces kN L.C. 202 Axial forces kN
-119.9 kN
-119.9 kN
-211.4 kN
-97.7 kN 97.7 kN -259.8 kN -259.8 kN
L.C. 203 Displacements mm -1022.6 kNm -1022.6 kNm

L.C. 203 Bend. moments kNm
δx=9.3 mm δx=21.1 mm -1022.6 kNm -1022.6 kNm
504.1 kNm
δy=153.0 mm
202.3 kN
-110.1 kN
-108.1 kN
-182.3 kN
-88.9 kN 88.9 kN -249.8 kN -229.7 kN


-531.9 kNm
δx=69.3 mm δx=75.7 mm 104.1 kNm -531.9 kNm
104.1 kNm 107.3 kNm
δy=31.8 mm

20.8 kN
-23.1 kN
-27.1 kN
-58.5 kN
39.0 kN 71.5 kN -60.3 kN -98.2 kN

δx=72.1 mm δx=72.9 mm 290.3 kNm -345.8 kNm
-345.8 kNm
δy=4.0 mm 15.5 kNm
290.3 kNm

-14.2 kN -3.2 kN
-23.5 kN -7.2 kN
55.2 kN 55.4 kN -13.8 kN -51.7 kN

L.C. 211 Displacements mm -1012.4 kNm

-630.8 kNm
δx=31.3 mm δx=55.7 mm -630.8 kNm -1012.4 kNm
406.2 kNm
δy=122.8 mm
142.9 kN L.C. 211 Shear forces kN L.C. 211 Axial forces kN
-87.8 kN
-90.2 kN
-165.5 kN
-36.9 kN 103.2 kN -188.3 kN -211.1 kN

-735.0 kNm
δx=66.3 mm δx=78.7 mm -98.9
-98.9kNm
kNm -735.0 kNm
207.4 kNm
δy=62.2 mm

59.0 kN
-44.8 kN
-48.7 kN
-96.7 kN
21.3 kN 89.2 kN -100.5 kN -138.4 kN


-809.4 kNm
-427.8 kNm
δx=34.3 mm δx=52.7 mm -427.8 kNm -809.4 kNm
306.1 kNm
δy=92.4 mm

104.7 kN
-66.2 kN
-68.6 kN
-127.3 kN
-19.2 kN 85.6 kN -148.1 kN -170.9 kN

10. Design of Purlins
Purlin laterally unrestrained, I200 S 275

Simply supported purlin, L= 8.000 m, s= 1.550 m
8.000 m
I200
α=5.86°
1.550 m
1.55 0 m
10.1. Materials, Purlins
Steel: S 275 (EN1993-1-1, §3.2)

t<= 40 mm, Yield strength fy= 275 N/mm², Ultimate strength fu= 430 N/mm²
40mm<t<= 80 mm, Yield strength fy= 255 N/mm², Ultimate strength fu= 410 N/mm²
Modulus of elasticity E=210000 N/mm², Poisson ratio ν=0.30, Unit mass ρ= 7850 Kg/m³
Partial safety factors for actions (EN1990, Annex A1)

γG,sup= 1.35, γQ= 1.50, γG,inf= 1.00, ψ0= 0.70
Partial factors for materials (EN1993-1-1, §6.1)

γΜ0= 1.00, γΜ1= 1.00, γΜ2= 1.25
10.2. Loading, Purlins (EN1991-1-1 )
Roof loads
Load of roof covering gk1 = 0.215 kN/m² (EN1991-1-1 §5)
Imposed load (category H) qk = 0.400 kN/m² (EN1991-1-1 §6.3.4.2)
Snow load qsk = 0.400 kN/m² (EN1991-1-3 §5.3)
Wind pressure wk = 0.000 kN/m² (EN1991-1-4 §7.2)
Wind uplift wk =-0.506 kN/m²
Load on purlin
Purlin spacing s= 1.550 m
Load of roof covering Gk1= 1.550x0.215= 0.33kN/m
Purlin weight Gk2= 0.26 kN/m
Permanent load Gk =Gk1+Gk2=0.33+0.26=0.59 kN/m
Imposed load (category H) Qkk= 1.550x0.400= 0.62kN/m
Snow load Qsk= 1.550x0.400= 0.62kN/m
Wind uplift Qwk=-1.550x0.506=-0.78kN/m
Load on purlin main axis(z) and transverse direction(y)

Permanent load Gk,z = 0.59xcos(5.86)= 0.59kN/m, Gk,y = 0.59xsin(5.86)= 0.06kN/m
Imposed load (category H) Qkk,z= 0.62xcos(5.86)= 0.62kN/m, Qkk,y= 0.62xsin(5.86)= 0.06kN/m
Snow load Qsk,z= 0.62xcos(5.86)= 0.62kN/m, Qsk,y= 0.62xsin(5.86)= 0.06kN/m
Wind pressure Qwk,z= 0.00kN/m, Qwk,y= 0.00kN/m
Wind uplift Qwk,z= - 0.78kN/m, Qwk,y= 0.00kN/m
10.3. Design values of Actions, Load combinations, Purlins
Ultimate Limit State, Load combinations (EN1990 §6.4.3.2, T.A1.2A, T.A1.2B)

Sagging γG,sup·Gk,z+γQ·Qk,z+γQ·ψο·Qwk,z= 1.35x0.59 +1.50x0.62 +1.50x0.60x0.00 = 1.72kN/m
Hogging γG,inf·Gk,z-γQ·Qwk,z = 1.00x0.59 -1.50x0.78 = -0.58kN/m
Transverse γG,sup·Gk,y+γQ·Qk,y = 1.35x0.06 +1.50x0.06 = 0.18kN/m
Serviceability Limit State (SLS), Load combinations (EN1990 §6.5.3, T.A1.4)

Sagging Gk,z+Qk,z+ψο·Qwk,z = 0.59+0.62+0.60x0.00 = 1.20kN/m
Hogging Gk,z+Qwk,z = 0.59-0.78 = -0.19kN/m
10.4. Design actions, Purlins
Design actions, Ultimate Limit State

Sagging Myed= 1.72x8.000²/8= 13.74 kNm, Vzed= 1.72x8.000/2= 6.87 kN
Hogging Myed= - 0.58x8.000²/8= -4.66 kNm, Vzed= 0.58x8.000/2= 2.33 kN
Transverse Mzed= 0.18x8.000²/8= 1.41 kNm, Vyed= 0.18x8.000/2= 0.70 kN
Design actions, Serviceability Limit State (SLS)

Sagging Myed= 1.20x8.000²/8= 9.63 kNm, Vzed= 1.20x8.000/2= 4.81 kN
Hogging Myed= - 0.19x8.000²/8= -1.54 kNm, Vzed= 0.19x8.000/2= 0.77 kN
10.5. Steel cross-section properties, Purlins
Cross-section I200-S 275 90
1 1 .3
Dimensions of cross section 7.5
Width of cross section b= 90.00 mm 7.5
I200
200
Depth of straight portion of web dw= 162.40 mm y
Mass = 26.20 Kg/m

z
2
Area A= 3340 mm
Second moment of area Iy=21.400x10 6 mm 4 Iz= 1.170x10 6 mm 4
Section modulus Wy=214.00x10 3 mm 3 Wz=26.000x10 3 mm 3
Plastic section modulus Wpy=249.00x10 3 mm 3 Wpz=48.260x10 3 mm 3
Radius of gyration iy= 80.0 mm iz= 18.7 mm
Shear area Avz= 1560 mm 2 Avy= 2034 mm 2
Warping constant Iw=12.222x10 9 mm 6
10.6. Serviceability Limit State (SLS), Purlins (EN1993-1-1, §7)
Purlin deflections, Sagging

Loading G+Q: w=5x 1.20x8000 4 /(384x2.1x10 5 x21.400x10 6 )= 14.28mm = L/561<L/200
Loading Q: w=5x 0.62x8000 4 /(384x2.1x10 5 x21.400x10 6 )= 7.32mm = L/1093<L/250
Purlin deflections, Hogging
Loading G+Q: w=5x-0.19x8000 4 /(384x2.1x10 5 x21.400x10 6 )= -2.29mm = L/3490<L/200
Loading Q: w=5x-0.78x8000 4 /(384x2.1x10 5 x21.400x10 6 )= -9.26mm = L/863<L/250
Purlin deflections, Serviceability Limit State (SLS), Is verified

10.7. Classification of steel cross-section, Bending My (Purlin section) (EN1993-1-1, §5.5)

fy
Web +
c=200.0-2x11.3-2x7.5=162.4 mm, t=7.5 mm, c/t=162.4/7.5=21.65 c
S 275 , t= 7.5<= 40 mm, fy=275 N/mm², ε=(235/275) 0.5 =0.92
c/t=21.65<=72ε=72x0.92=66.24
fy
The web is class 1 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2)
Flange
c=90.0/2-7.5/2-7.5=33.8 mm, t=11.3 mm, c/t=33.8/11.3=2.99
S 275 , t=11.3<= 40 mm, fy=275 N/mm², ε=(235/275) 0.5 =0.92 +
c/t=2.99<=9ε=9x0.92=8.28
The flange is class 1 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2) c
Overall classification of cross-section is Class 1, Bending My,ed
10.8. Resistance of cross-section, Purlin section (EN1993-1-1, §6.2)
Ultimate Limit State, Verification for bending moment y-y (EN1993-1-1, §6.2.5)
My.ed= 13.74 kNm
Bending Resistance Mply,rd=Wply·fy/γΜ0=[10 -6 ]x249.00x10 3 x275/1.00= 68.47kNm
My,ed= 13.74 kNm < 68.47 kNm =My,rd=Mply,rd, Is verified
My,ed/My,rd= 13.74/68.47= 0.201<1
Ultimate Limit State, Verification for bending moment z-z (EN1993-1-1, §6.2.5)
Mz.ed= 1.41 kNm
Bending Resistance Mplz,rd=Wplz·fy/γΜ0=[10 -6 ]x48.260x10 3 x275/1.00= 13.27kNm
Mz,ed= 1.41 kNm < 13.27 kNm =Mz,rd=Mplz,rd, Is verified
Mz,ed/Mz,rd= 1.41/13.27= 0.106<1
Ultimate Limit State, Verification for shear z (EN1993-1-1, §6.2.6)

Vz.ed= 6.87 kN
Av=A-2b·tf+(tw+2r)tf=3340-2x90.0x11.3+(7.5+2x7.5)x11.3=1560mm² (EC3 §6.2.6.3)
Av= 1560mm² > η·hw·tw= 1.00x(200.0-2x11.3)x7.5=1.00x188.7x7.5= 1415mm²
Plastic Shear Resistance Vpl,z,rd= Av(fy/ Ö 3)/γΜ0= [10 -3 ]x1560x(275/1.73)/1.00= 247.72kN
Vz,ed= 6.87 kN < 247.72 kN =Vz,rd=Vpl,z,rd, Is verified
Vz,ed/Vz,rd= 6.87/247.72= 0.028<1
hw/tw=(200.0-2x11.3)/7.5=188.7/7.5=25.16<=72x0.92/1.00=72ε/η=66.24 (η=1.00)
S 275 , t= 7.5<= 40 mm, fy=275 N/mm², ε=(235/275) 0.5 =0.92
Shear buckling resistance is not necessary to be verified (EC3 §6.2.6.6)
Ultimate Limit State, Verification for shear y (EN1993-1-1, §6.2.6)

Vy.ed= 0.70 kN
Av=2b·tf=2x90.0x11.3=2034mm², Av=2034mm²
Plastic Shear Resistance Vpl,y,rd= Av(fy/ Ö 3)/γΜ0= [10 -3 ]x2034x(275/1.73)/1.00= 322.94kN
Vy,ed= 0.70 kN < 322.94 kN =Vy,rd=Vpl,y,rd, Is verified
Vy,ed/Vy,rd= 0.70/322.94= 0.002<1
hw/tw=90.0/11.3=7.96<=72x0.92/1.00=72ε/η=66.24 (η=1.00)
S 275 , t=11.3<= 40 mm, fy=275 N/mm², ε=(235/275) 0.5 =0.92
Ultimate Limit State, Verification for axial force, shear and bending (EN1993-1-1, §6.2.9)
N.ed= 0.00kN, Vz.ed= 6.87kN, Vy.ed= 0.70kN, My.ed= 3.43kNm, Mz.ed= 0.35kNm
My.ed= 13.74 kNm, Mz.ed= 1.41 kNm
Mpl,y,rd=68.47kNm, Mpl,z,rd=13.27kNm, Vpl,z,rd=247.72kN, Vpl,y,rd=322.94kN
Ned=0 kN, Effect of axial force is neglected (EC3 §6.2.9.1 Eq.6.33, Eq.6.34, Eq.6.35)
Ved=6.87kN <= 0.50x247.72=0.50xVpl,rd=123.86kN
Effect of shear force is neglected (EC3 §6.2.8.2)
(Myed/Mply,rd) α +(Mzed/Mplz,rd) β <=1, α=2.00, β=5n(>=1)=1.00 (EC3 Eq.6.41)

(13.74/68.47) 2.00 +(1.41/13.27) 1.00 =0.04+0.11=0.15 < 1, Is verified
10.9. Lateral restraining of sheeting, Purlins (EC3 EN1993-1-3:2005, §10.1)
Sheeting thickness tw=0.750 mm, Profile depth hw=40.0 mm

Rotational restraint given by the sheeting Cd=1/(1/Cd,a+1/Cd,c) (EN1993-1-3, §10.1.5.2)
Cd,c=k·E·Ieff/s, k=2, Ieff=0.3x0.75x39.25²=347mm 4 /m, s=1550mm (Eq.10.16)
Cd,c=[10 -3 ]2x2.1x10 5 x346.6/1550=93.9 kNm/m
Cd,a=C100·kba·kt·kbr·ka·kbt (EN1993-1-3, Eq.10.17)
C100=2.0, kba=1.25x200/100=2.50, kt=(0.75/0.75) 1.5 =1.00, kbr=1.0, ka=1.0, kbt=1.0
Cd,a=2.0x2.50x1.00x1.0x1.0x1.0=5.0kNm/m
Cd=1/(1/93.9+1/5.0)= 4.7kNm/m
10.10. Lateral torsional buckling (Purlin laterally restrained) (EN1993-1-1, §6.3.2)
Elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling (EC3 §6.3.2.2.2, EN1993:2002 AnnexC)
Timoshenko,S.P, Gere,J.M, Theory of elastic stability, McGraw-Hill, 1961
Mcr=C1·[π²EIz/(kL)²]{ Ö [(kz/kw)²(Iw/Iz)+(kL)²GIt,eq/(π²EIz)+(C2·zg-C3·zj)²] -(C2·zg-C3·zj)}
Method of computation C1,C2,C3 : ECCS 119/Galea SN030a-EN-EU Access Steel 2006
G=E/(2(1+ν))=210000/(2(1+0.30))=80769=8.1x10 4 N/mm², It,eq=It+Cd·(kL)²/(π²G)
Sagging
k·L=8000mm, zg=h/2=200/2=100mm, zj=0mm (EN1993:2002 Eq.C.11)
ky=1.0, kz=1.0, kw=1.0, C1=1.127, C2=0.454, C3=0.000
Mcr=[10 -6 ]1.127x[π²x2.1x10 5 x1.170x10 6 /8000²]
x{ [(1.0/1.0)²x(12.222x10 9 /1.170x10 6 )
+8000²x8.1x10 4 x0.505x10 6 /(π²x2.1x10 5 x1.170x10 6 )
+(0.454x100)²] 0.5 -(0.454x100) }= 42.6 kNm
It,eq=(0.124x10 6 +10 3 x4.7x8000²/(π²8.1x10 4 ))= 0.505x10 6 mm 4
-
λ ,lt= Ö (Wpl,y·fy/Mcr)= Ö {[10 -6 ]x249.00x10 3 x275/42.6}=1.268 (EC3 Eq.6.56)
h/b=200/90=2.22>2.00 buckling curve: c
imperfection factor: α,lt=0.49, β=0.75, χ,lt=0.490 (T.6.3, T.6.5, Fig.6.4)
- - -
Φ,lt=0.5[1+α,lt( λ ,lt- λ ,lto)+β λ ,lt²]=0.5x[1+0.49x(1.268-0.40)+0.75x1.268²]=1.315
-
χ,lt=1/[Φ,lt+ Ö (Φ,lt²-β λ ,lt²)]=1/[1.315+ Ö (1.315²-0.75x1.315²)]=0.490
- -
Reduction factor χ,lt=1/[Φ,lt+ Ö (Φ,lt²-β λ ,lt²)], χ,lt<=1.0, 1/ λ ,lt², χ,lt=0.490 (Eq.6.57)
My,rd=χ,lt·Wpl,y·fy/γΜ1= 0.490x[10 -6 ]x249.00x10 3 x275/1.00=33.55kNm (EC3 Eq.6.61)

Mz,rd= Wpl,z·fy/γΜ1= [10 -6 ]x48.260x10 3 x275/1.00=13.27kNm
My,ed/My,rd+Mz,ed/Mz,rd= 13.74/33.55+1.41/13.27=0.410+0.106= 0.516
0.516< 1.000, Is verified
Hogging
k·L=8000mm, zg=-100mm, zj=0mm (EN1993:2002 Eq.C.11)
ky=1.0, kz=1.0, kw=1.0, C1=1.127, C2=0.454, C3=0.000
Mcr=[10 -6 ]1.127x[π²x2.1x10 5 x1.170x10 6 /8000²]
x{ [(1.0/1.0)²x(12.222x10 9 /1.170x10 6 )
+8000²x8.1x10 4 x0.505x10 6 /(π²x2.1x10 5 x1.170x10 6 )
+(-0.454x100)²] 0.5 -(-0.454x100) }= 46.5 kNm
It,eq=(0.124x10 6 +10 3 x4.7x8000²/(π²8.1x10 4 ))= 0.505x10 6 mm 4
-
λ ,lt= Ö (Wpl,y·fy/Mcr)= Ö {[10 -6 ]x249.00x10 3 x275/46.5}=1.213 (EC3 Eq.6.56)
h/b=200/90=2.22>2.00 buckling curve: c
imperfection factor: α,lt=0.49, β=0.75, χ,lt=0.518 (T.6.3, T.6.5, Fig.6.4)
- - -
Φ,lt=0.5[1+α,lt( λ ,lt- λ ,lto)+β λ ,lt²]=0.5x[1+0.49x(1.213-0.40)+0.75x1.213²]=1.252
-
χ,lt=1/[Φ,lt+ Ö (Φ,lt²-β λ ,lt²)]=1/[1.252+ Ö (1.252²-0.75x1.252²)]=0.518
- -
Reduction factor χ,lt=1/[Φ,lt+ Ö (Φ,lt²-β λ ,lt²)], χ,lt<=1.0, 1/ λ ,lt², χ,lt=0.518 (Eq.6.57)
Mb,rd=χ,lt·Wpl,y·fy/γΜ1= 0.518x[10 -6 ]x249.00x10 3 x275/1.00=35.47kNm (EC3 Eq.6.55)

My,ed= 4.66 kNm < 35.47 kNm =Mb,rd, Is verified
My,ed/Mb,rd= 4.66/35.47= 0.131<1
11. Global analysis (EN1993-1-1, §5.2)
11.1. Effects of deformed geometry of the structure (EN1993-1-1, §5.2.1)
αcr=(Hnhf/Ved)(h/δh,ed) (Eq.5.2)
From elastic analysis we obtain, L.C. 202: 1.35Gk+1.50Qs1
Vertical reaction at the base of column Ved= 259.8 kN
Horizontal reaction at the base of column Hed= 97.7 kN
Axial force at rafters Nred= 119.9 kN
Notional horizontal force applied at the top of the columns Hnhf= 1.0 kN
Horizontal deflection at column top for notional force δh,ed= 2.45 mm
αcr=(1.0/259.8)(11500/2.45)=18.10 (Eq.5.2)
Check axial compression of rafters. Axial compression is significant if (§5.2.1,(4)B)

λ = Ö (A·fy/Ncr) > 0.3 Ö (A·fy/Ned), Ned>0.09Ncr (§5.2.1 Eq.5.3)
Development length of the rafter pair from column to column L=33150/cos5.86° =33324mm
Ncr=π²EI/L²=π²x210x1303.0x10 6 /(33324)²=2432.0kN
Maximum axial force in the rafters Ned=119.9 kN, L.C. 202: 1.35Gk+1.50Qs1
λ= Ö (16510x355/2432009) =1.55 <= 0.3 Ö (16510x355/119947)=2.10
Axial compression of rafters is not significant, we can use Eq.5.2
αcr=18.10 > 10 (Eq.5.1)

First-order elastic analysis may be used (§5.2.2.1)
Amplification factor for design moments δ=1/(1-1/αcr)=1/(1-1/18.10)=1.06 (Eq.5.4)
11.2. Imperfections for global analysis (EN1993-1-1, §5.3.2)
φ=φο·αh·αm·δ=(1/200)x0.667x0.866x1.058=3.056x10 -3 =1/327 (Eq.5.5)

φο=1/200, αh=2/ Ö h=2/ Ö 11.500=0.667 2/3<=αh<=1.0, αm= Ö (0.5(1+1/2))=0.866
Sway imperfection may be disregarded where Hed>0.15Ved (§5.3.2(4) Eq.5.7)
Effect of initial sway imperfection Heq=3.056x10 -3 xVed (§5.3.2 (5))
11.3. Sway imperfections for columns (EN1993-1-1, §5.3.2)

Reactions at the supports, Horizontal Force Hed [kN], Vertical Force Ved [kN]
Left support 1 Right support 2 Hed1+Hed2 Ved1+Ved2 φ·Ved

Hed,1 Ved,1 Hed,2 Ved,2 Hed Ved Hed/Vhe Heq kN
201 ULS-STR 97.6 259.4 -97.6 259.4 0.0 518.8 0.00 0.793
202 ULS-STR 97.7 259.8 -97.7 259.8 0.0 519.6 0.00 0.794
203 ULS-STR 88.9 249.8 -88.9 229.7 0.0 479.4 0.00 0.763
204 ULS-STR 88.9 229.7 -88.9 249.8 0.0 479.4 0.00 0.763
205 ULS-STR -39.0 60.3 -71.5 98.2 -110.5 158.5 0.70 0.000
210 ULS-STR -55.2 13.8 -55.4 51.7 -110.5 65.5 1.69 0.000
211 ULS-STR 36.9 188.3 -103.2 211.1 -66.3 399.4 0.17 0.000
212 ULS-STR 28.1 178.3 -94.4 180.9 -66.3 359.2 0.18 0.000
213 ULS-STR 28.1 158.2 -94.4 201.0 -66.3 359.2 0.18 0.000
214 ULS-STR -21.3 100.5 -89.2 138.4 -110.5 238.9 0.46 0.000
215 ULS-STR -25.7 95.5 -84.8 123.3 -110.5 218.8 0.51 0.000
216 ULS-STR -25.7 85.4 -84.8 133.4 -110.5 218.8 0.51 0.000
231 ULS-STR 19.2 148.1 -85.6 170.9 -66.3 319.0 0.21 0.000
232 ULS-STR 14.8 143.1 -81.1 155.8 -66.3 298.9 0.22 0.000
233 ULS-STR 14.8 133.1 -81.1 165.9 -66.3 298.9 0.22 0.000
251 ULS-STR 27.7 161.8 -94.0 184.5 -66.3 346.3 0.19 0.000
252 ULS-STR 18.8 151.7 -85.1 154.4 -66.3 306.1 0.22 0.000
253 ULS-STR 18.8 131.6 -85.1 174.5 -66.3 306.1 0.22 0.000
254 ULS-STR -30.6 73.9 -80.0 111.8 -110.5 185.7 0.60 0.000
255 ULS-STR -35.0 68.9 -75.5 96.8 -110.5 165.6 0.67 0.000
256 ULS-STR -35.0 58.8 -75.5 106.8 -110.5 165.6 0.67 0.000
11.4. Internal forces and bending moments with imperfection effect

L.C. Ned,1 Ned,2 Ned,3 Ned,4
201 ULS-STR -240.5 -108.7 -108.8 -241.0
202 ULS-STR -240.9 -108.9 -109.0 -241.5
203 ULS-STR -230.9 -99.1 -99.2 -211.3
204 ULS-STR -210.8 -99.1 -99.2 -231.4
205 ULS-STR -41.7 -15.9 -19.8 -79.6
210 ULS-STR 0.0 2.1 -1.8 -37.9
211 ULS-STR -169.7 -76.5 -78.9 -192.5
212 ULS-STR -159.7 -66.7 -69.1 -162.3
213 ULS-STR -139.6 -66.7 -69.1 -182.4
214 ULS-STR -81.9 -35.5 -39.4 -119.8
215 ULS-STR -76.8 -30.6 -34.5 -104.7
216 ULS-STR -66.8 -30.6 -34.5 -114.8
231 ULS-STR -129.5 -56.9 -59.2 -152.3
232 ULS-STR -124.5 -52.0 -54.3 -137.2
233 ULS-STR -114.4 -52.0 -54.3 -147.2
251 ULS-STR -145.9 -66.2 -68.6 -168.6
252 ULS-STR -135.8 -56.4 -58.8 -138.5
253 ULS-STR -115.7 -56.4 -58.8 -158.6
254 ULS-STR -58.0 -25.2 -29.2 -96.0
255 ULS-STR -53.0 -20.3 -24.2 -80.9
256 ULS-STR -43.0 -20.3 -24.2 -90.9

L.C. VedA,1 VedB,1 VedA,2 VedC,2 VedB,2 VedA,3 VedC,3 VedB,3 VedA,4 VedB,4
201 ULS-STR -97.1 -97.1 210.7 156.3 -10.3 9.7 -156.9 -211.3 97.9 97.9
202 ULS-STR -97.3 -97.3 211.1 156.6 -10.3 9.7 -157.2 -211.7 98.1 98.1
203 ULS-STR -88.5 -88.5 202.0 147.5 -19.4 -1.2 -137.9 -182.6 89.3 89.3
204 ULS-STR -88.5 -88.5 182.0 137.4 0.6 18.8 -148.1 -202.6 89.3 89.3
205 ULS-STR 39.0 -20.9 20.8 10.7 -20.4 -18.2 -48.6 -58.5 21.0 71.5
210 ULS-STR 55.2 -4.7 -14.2 -15.3 -18.8 -19.9 -22.6 -23.5 4.8 55.4
211 ULS-STR -36.9 -72.8 142.9 103.2 -18.4 -4.8 -125.9 -165.5 72.9 103.2
212 ULS-STR -28.1 -64.0 133.8 94.1 -27.5 -15.7 -106.7 -136.4 64.0 94.4
213 ULS-STR -28.1 -64.0 113.8 83.9 -7.5 4.3 -116.9 -156.4 64.0 94.4
214 ULS-STR 21.3 -38.5 59.0 39.0 -22.2 -16.4 -76.9 -96.7 38.6 89.2
215 ULS-STR 25.7 -34.1 54.4 34.4 -26.8 -21.9 -67.3 -82.1 34.2 84.8
216 ULS-STR 25.7 -34.1 44.4 29.4 -16.8 -11.9 -72.4 -92.1 34.2 84.8
231 ULS-STR -19.2 -55.1 104.7 74.8 -16.6 -6.6 -97.6 -127.3 55.2 85.6
232 ULS-STR -14.8 -50.7 100.1 70.3 -21.1 -12.0 -88.0 -112.8 50.8 81.1
233 ULS-STR -14.8 -50.7 90.1 65.2 -11.1 -2.0 -93.1 -122.8 50.8 81.1
251 ULS-STR -27.7 -63.6 122.9 88.3 -17.4 -5.7 -111.1 -145.5 63.6 94.0
252 ULS-STR -18.8 -54.7 113.8 79.2 -26.5 -16.6 -91.8 -116.4 54.8 85.1
253 ULS-STR -18.8 -54.7 93.8 69.1 -6.6 3.4 -102.0 -136.4 54.8 85.1
254 ULS-STR 30.6 -29.3 39.0 24.1 -21.3 -17.4 -62.1 -76.7 29.4 80.0
255 ULS-STR 35.0 -24.9 34.4 19.6 -25.8 -22.8 -52.5 -62.1 24.9 75.5
256 ULS-STR 35.0 -24.9 24.4 14.5 -15.8 -12.8 -57.5 -72.1 24.9 75.5
A:left end, C:haunch end, B: right end

Left column 1 Right column 4
L.C. MedA,1 MedM,1 MedB,1 MedA,4 MedM,4 MedB,4
201 ULS-STR 0.0 -558.6 -1117.1 -1126.2 -563.1 0.0
202 ULS-STR 0.0 -559.6 -1119.2 -1128.4 -564.2 0.0
203 ULS-STR 0.0 -509.0 -1017.9 -1026.7 -513.3 0.0
204 ULS-STR 0.0 -509.0 -1017.9 -1026.7 -513.3 0.0
205 ULS-STR 0.0 146.0 104.1 -531.9 -266.0 0.0
210 ULS-STR 0.0 292.4 290.3 -345.8 -172.9 0.0
211 ULS-STR 0.0 -315.4 -630.8 -1012.4 -506.2 0.0
212 ULS-STR 0.0 -264.6 -529.3 -910.9 -455.5 0.0
213 ULS-STR 0.0 -264.6 -529.3 -910.9 -455.5 0.0
214 ULS-STR 0.0 43.7 -98.9 -735.0 -367.5 0.0
215 ULS-STR 0.0 63.6 -48.1 -684.2 -342.1 0.0
216 ULS-STR 0.0 63.6 -48.1 -684.2 -342.1 0.0
231 ULS-STR 0.0 -213.9 -427.8 -809.4 -404.7 0.0
232 ULS-STR 0.0 -188.5 -377.0 -758.6 -379.3 0.0
233 ULS-STR 0.0 -188.5 -377.0 -758.6 -379.3 0.0
251 ULS-STR 0.0 -262.2 -524.4 -906.1 -453.0 0.0
252 ULS-STR 0.0 -211.5 -422.9 -804.5 -402.3 0.0
253 ULS-STR 0.0 -211.5 -422.9 -804.5 -402.3 0.0
254 ULS-STR 0.0 89.8 7.5 -628.6 -314.3 0.0
255 ULS-STR 0.0 117.6 58.2 -577.8 -288.9 0.0
256 ULS-STR 0.0 117.6 58.2 -577.8 -288.9 0.0

Left rafter 2 Right rafter 3

L.C. MedA,2 MedC2 MedM,2 MedB,2 MedA,3 MedM,3 MedC3 MedB,3
201 ULS-STR -1117.1 -364.7 556.8 552.8 552.8 556.4 -371.5 -1126.2
202 ULS-STR -1119.2 -365.4 557.8 553.8 553.8 557.4 -372.2 -1128.4
203 ULS-STR -1017.9 -301.3 517.9 503.8 503.8 -261.4 -369.7 -1026.7
204 ULS-STR -1017.9 -363.1 -257.1 503.8 503.8 517.2 -307.9 -1026.7
205 ULS-STR 104.1 168.6 191.5 107.3 107.3 -212.3 -312.4 -531.9
210 ULS-STR 290.3 229.7 152.9 15.5 15.5 -165.1 -251.3 -345.8
211 ULS-STR -630.8 -126.4 423.6 406.2 406.2 -303.1 -415.0 -1012.4
212 ULS-STR -529.3 -62.2 395.2 356.1 356.1 -277.4 -412.6 -910.9
213 ULS-STR -529.3 -124.0 360.0 356.1 356.1 357.1 -350.8 -910.9
214 ULS-STR -98.9 101.9 258.0 207.4 207.4 -263.8 -379.0 -735.0
215 ULS-STR -48.1 134.0 255.8 182.4 182.4 -250.9 -377.8 -684.2
216 ULS-STR -48.1 103.1 220.6 182.4 182.4 -250.9 -346.9 -684.2
231 ULS-STR -427.8 -59.8 325.0 306.1 306.1 -251.7 -348.4 -809.4
232 ULS-STR -377.0 -27.7 311.7 281.0 281.0 -238.8 -347.1 -758.6
233 ULS-STR -377.0 -58.6 291.3 281.0 281.0 -238.8 -316.2 -758.6
251 ULS-STR -524.4 -91.5 371.8 353.7 353.7 -276.2 -380.1 -906.1
252 ULS-STR -422.9 -27.3 345.5 303.7 303.7 -250.4 -377.7 -804.5
253 ULS-STR -422.9 -89.1 307.2 303.7 303.7 304.3 -315.9 -804.5
254 ULS-STR 7.5 136.8 217.5 155.0 155.0 -236.8 -344.1 -628.6
255 ULS-STR 58.2 169.0 222.1 129.9 129.9 -223.9 -342.9 -577.8
256 ULS-STR 58.2 138.1 181.7 129.9 129.9 -223.9 -312.0 -577.8

12. Serviceability Limit State (SLS) (EN1993-1-1, §7)
12.1. Vertical deflection at the apex (EN1993-1-1, §7.2.1)

Maximum vertical deflection, L.C. 302: Gk + Qs1 Dy=120.1 mm=33150/276=L/276
Vertical deflection due to imposed load only Dy= 40.3 mm=33150/819=L/823
Vertical deflection due to snow only Dy= 40.5 mm=33150/819=L/819
Limit for vertical deflection L/200, Is verified
12.2. Horizontal deflection at the top of column (EN1993-1-1, §7.2.2)

Maximum horizontal deflection, L.C. 315: Gk + Qw1 + 0.50Qs2 Dx= 45.9 mm=11500/251=h/251
Horizontal deflection due to wind only Dx= 53.3 mm=11500/216=h/216
Limit for horizontal deflection H/150, Is verified
12.3. Dynamic effects (EN1993-1-1, §7.2.3)

Eigenfrequencies and Eigenperiods of the structure
Mass of building, for loading: L.C. 601: Gk + 0.20Qs1
1 f= 0.902 Hz T= 1.108 sec
2 f= 2.061 Hz T= 0.485 sec
3 f= 6.159 Hz T= 0.162 sec
4 f= 14.174 Hz T= 0.071 sec
5 f= 20.279 Hz T= 0.049 sec
6 f= 32.655 Hz T= 0.031 sec
7 f= 44.292 Hz T= 0.023 sec
8 f= 45.115 Hz T= 0.022 sec
9 f= 66.865 Hz T= 0.015 sec
10 f= 90.209 Hz T= 0.011 sec
11 f= 95.341 Hz T= 0.010 sec
13. Column verification (Ultimate Limit State) (EN1993-1-1, §6)
Profile : user I800-S 355
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 202: 1.35Gk+1.50Qs1
Ned = 260.1 kN
Ved = 98.1 kN
Myed = 1128.4 kNm, Mzed =0.0 kNm
Myed = 1025.3 kNm (Column top under the haunch)
Buckling length,In-plane buckling Lcr,y =11500mm (System length) (EC3 §5.5.2.(7))
Buckling length,Out-of-plane buckling Lcr,z =3000mm (System length)
Buckling length,Torsional buckling Lcr,t =3000mm
Buckling length,Lateral torsional buckling Lcr,lt=3000mm
13.1. Classification of steel cross-section, Column (EN1993-1-1, §5.5)
Maximum and minimum cross-section stresses σ=Ned/Ael ± Myed/Wel.y ± Mzed/Wel.z

σ=[10 3 ]260.10/31200 ± [10 6 ]1128.40/7914.0x10³ ± [10 6 ]0.00/1069.0x10³
σ1=151 N/mm², σ2=-134 N/mm² (compression positive)
Web
c=800.0-2x20.0-2x1.41x8.0=737.4 mm, t=20.0 mm, c/t=737.4/20.0=36.87 fy
S 355 , t=20.0<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm², ε=(235/355) 0.5 =0.81 +
αc
Position of neutral axis for combined Bending and compression
c
Ned/(2tw·fy/γM0)=260100/(2x20.0x355/1.00)=18.3 mm
α=(737.4/2+18.3)/737.4=0.525>0.5
fy
c/t=36.87<=396x0.81/(13x0.525-1)=55.09
Flange
c=400.0/2-20.0/2-1.41x8.0=178.7 mm, t=20.0 mm, c/t=178.7/20.0=8.93
S 355 , t=20.0<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm², ε=(235/355) 0.5 =0.81 +
10ε=10x0.81=8.10<c/t=8.93<=14ε=14x0.81=11.34
Overall classification of cross-section is Class 3, Bending and compression Nc,ed+My,ed
13.2. Resistance of cross-section, Column (Ultimate Limit State) (EN1993-1-1, §6.2)
Ultimate Limit State, Verification for compression (EN1993-1-1, §6.2.4)

Nc.ed=260.10 kN
Compression Resistance Nplrd= A·fy/γΜ0=[10 -3 ]x31200x355/1.00=11076.00kN
Ned= 260.10 kN < 11076.00 kN =Nc,rd=Nplrd, Is verified
Ned/Nc,rd= 260.10/11076.00= 0.023<1
My.ed=1128.40 kNm
Bending Resistance Mely,rd=Wely·fy/γΜ0=[10 -6 ]x7914.0x10 3 x355/1.00= 2809.47kNm
My,ed/My,rd= 1128.40/2809.47= 0.402<1

Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 211: 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Qw1
Vz.ed=103.20 kN
Av=d.tw=780.0x20.0=15600mm²
Vz,ed/Vz,rd= 103.20/3197.37= 0.032<1
hw/tw=(800.0-2x20.0)/20.0=780.0/20.0=39.00<=72x0.81/1.00=72ε/η=58.32 (η=1.00)
S 355 , t=20.0<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm², ε=(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
N.ed= 260.10kN (Compression), Vz.ed= 98.10kN, My.ed= 1128.40kNm
Nplrd=11076.00kN, Mel,y,rd=2809.47kNm, Vpl,z,rd=3197.37kN
Ned=260.10kN <= 0.25x11076.00=0.25xNplrd=2769.00kN
Ned=260.10kN <= [10 -3 ]x0.5x780.0x20.0x355/1.00=0.5hw·tw·fy/γM0=2769.00 kN
n=Ned/Nplrd=260/11076= 0.023
Effect of axial force is neglected (EC3 §6.2.9.1 Eq.6.33, Eq.6.34, Eq.6.35)
Ved=98.10kN <= 0.50x3197.37=0.50xVpl,rd=1598.69kN

σ=[10 3 ]0.00/31200 ± [10 6 ]1128.40/7914.0x10³ ± [10 6 ]0.00/1069.0x10³
σx.ed=143 < 355/1.00=355=fy/γΜ0 N/mm², Is verified (EC3 Eq.6.42)
13.3. Flexural Buckling, Column (Ultimate Limit State) (EN1993-1-1, §6.3.1)

Nc,ed=260.10 kN, Lcr,y=11.500 m, Lcr,z=3.000 m
Buckling lengths: Lcr,y=1.000x11500=11500mm, Lcr,z=0.261x11500=3000mm
Non-dimensional slenderness (Cross-section Class: 3 ) (EC3 §6.3.1.3)
-
λ y= Ö (A·fy/Ncr,y)=(Lcr,y/iy)·(1/λ1)=(11500/318.5)x(1/76.06)=0.475
-
λ z= Ö (A·fy/Ncr,z)=(Lcr,z/iz)·(1/λ1)=(3000/ 82.8)x(1/76.06)=0.476
λ1=π Ö (E/fy)=93.9ε=76.06, ε= Ö (235/fy)=0.81
tf=20.0mm<=40 mm
y-y buckling curve:b, imperfection factor: αy=0.34, χy=0.895 (T.6.2,T.6.1,Fig.6.4)
- -
Φy=0.5[1+αy( λ y-0.2)+ λ y²]=0.5x[1+0.34x(0.475-0.2)+0.475²]=0.660
-
χy=1/[Φy+ Ö (Φy²- λ y²)]=1/[0.660+ Ö (0.660²-0.475²)]=0.895 <=1 χy=0.895
z-z buckling curve:c, imperfection factor: αz=0.49, χz=0.856
- -
Φz=0.5[1+αz( λ z-0.2)+ λ z²]=0.5x[1+0.49x(0.476-0.2)+0.476²]=0.681
-
χz=1/[Φz+ Ö (Φz²- λ z²)]=1/[0.681+ Ö (0.681²-0.476²)]=0.856 <=1 χz=0.856
- - -
Reduction factor χ=1/[Φ+ Ö (Φ²- λ ²)], χ<=1.0, Φ=0.5[1+α( λ -0.2)+ λ ²], χ=0.856 (EC3 Eq.6.49)
-3
Nb,rd=χ·A·fy/γΜ1= 0.856x[10 ]x31200x355/1.00=9481.06kN (EC3 Eq.6.47)
Nc,ed= 260.10 kN < 9481.06 kN =Nb,rd, Is verified
Nc,ed/Nb,rd= 260.10/9481.06= 0.027<1
13.4. Lateral torsional buckling, Column (ULS) (EN1993-1-1, §6.3.2)

My,ed=1025.34 kN, L=11.500m, Lcr,y=11.500m, Lcr,z=3.000m, Lcr,lt=3.000m
Mcr=C1·[π²EIz/(kL)²]{ Ö [(kz/kw)²(Iw/Iz)+(kL)²GIt/(π²EIz)+(C2·zg-C3·zj)²] -(C2·zg-C3·zj)}
ψ=Mb/Ma=-731.0/-1025.3=0.71, C1=1.165, C2=0.000, C3=1.000,
G=E/(2(1+ν))=210000/(2(1+0.30))=80769=8.1x10 4 N/mm²
ky=1.0, kz=1.0, kw=1.0, C1=1.165, C2=0.000, C3=1.000
Mcr=[10 -6 ]1.165x[π²x2.1x10 5 x213.84x10 6 /3000²]
x{ [(1.0/1.0)²x(32448x10 9 /213.84x10 6 )
+3000²x8.1x10 4 x4.206x10 6 /(π²x2.1x10 5 x213.84x10 6 )] 0.5 }= 22854.7 kNm
-
λ ,lt= Ö (Wel,y·fy/Mcr)= Ö {[10 -6 ]x7914.0x10 3 x355/22854.7}=0.351 (EC3 Eq.6.56)
-
λ ,lt<= 0.40, χ,lt=1.00 (EC3 §6.3.2.2.4)
-
χ,lt,mod=χ,lt/f, χ,lt,mod<=1, χ,lt,mod<=1/ λ ,lt²=1/0.351²=8.13 (EC3 §6.3.2.3(2),Eq.6.58)
Kc=1/(1.33-0.33ψ)=0.752, ψ=0.00 (EC3 Tab.6.6)
-
f=1-0.5(1-kc)[1-2.0( λ ,lt-0.8)²]=1-0.5x(1-0.752)[1-2.0x(0.351-0.8)²]=0.926, f<=1.0
χ,lt,mod=χ,lt/f=1.000/0.926=1.080, χ,lt,mod<=1.0, χ,lt,mod<=8.13, χ,lt,mod=1.000
Mb,rd=χ,lt·Wel,y·fy/γΜ1= 1.000x[10 -6 ]x7914.0x10 3 x355/1.00=2809.47kNm (EC3 Eq.6.55)

My,ed/Mb,rd= 1025.34/2809.47= 0.365<1
13.5. Axial force and bending moment, Column (ULS) (EN1993-1-1, §6.3.3)
Ned=260.10 kN, My,ed=1025.34 kNm
Ned/(χy·Nrk/γΜ1)+kyy·My,ed/(χLT·My,rk/γΜ1)<=1 (EC3 Eq.6.61)

Ned/(χz·Nrk/γΜ1)+kzy·My,ed/(χLT·My,rk/γΜ1)<=1 (EC3 Eq.6.62)
Nrk=A·fy=[10 -3 ]x31200x355=11076.0 kN (Tab.6.7)
My,rk=Wel,y·fy=[10 -6 ]x7914.0x10 3 x355=2809.5 kNm
χy·Nrk/γΜ1=χy·A·fy/γΜ1= 0.895x[10 -3 ]x31200x355/1.00=9913.0kN
χz·Nrk/γΜ1=χz·A·fy/γΜ1= 0.856x[10 -3 ]x31200x355/1.00=9481.1kN
χLT·My,rk/γΜ1=χLT·Wel,y·fy/γΜ1= 1.000x[10 -6 ]x7914.0x10 3 x355/1.00=2809.5kNm
Interaction factors, Method of computation: Method 1 Annex A (EC3 AnnexA)
kyy=Cmy·CmLT(μy/(1-Ned/Ncr,y), μy=(1-Ned/Ncr,y)/(1-χy·Ned/Ncr,y) (EC3 Tab.A.1)

kzy=Cmy·CmLT(μz/(1-Ned/Ncr,y), μz=(1-Ned/Ncr,z)/(1-χz·Ned/Ncr,z)
Ncr,y=π²ΕΙy/lcr,y²=3.14²x[10 -3 ]x210000x3165.8x10 6 /11500²= 49614 kN

Ncr,z=π²ΕΙz/lcr,z²=3.14²x[10 -3 ]x210000x213.84x10 6 / 3000²= 49245 kN
Ncr,t=(1/ip²)x(G·It + π²ΕΙw/Lcr,t²) (EC3 NCCI SN003b-EN-EU)
Ncr,t=[10 -3 ]x(1/329²)[80769x 4.206x10 6 +π²x210000x 32448x10 9 /3000²]=72136 kN
μy=(1-Ned/Ncr,y)/(1-χy·Ned/Ncr,y)=(1- 260.1/ 49614)/(1-0.895x 260.1/ 49614)=0.999

μz=(1-Ned/Ncr,z)/(1-χz·Ned/Ncr,z)=(1- 260.1/ 49245)/(1-0.856x 260.1/ 49245)=0.999
alt=1-It/Iy>=0=1- 4.206x10 6 /3165.8x10 6 =0.999 (EC3 Annex A.1)
-
λ max=max(0.475,0.476)=0.480 (EC3 Annex A.1)
Mcr,o=(1.00/1.17)x22854.70=19614.1, C1=1.00
-
λ o= Ö ([10 -6 ]x7914.0x10 3 x355/19614.1)=0.380
-
λ o,lim=0.2 Ö C1 [(1-Ned/Ncr,z)(1-Ned/Ncr,t)] 0.25 (EC3 Annex A.1)
-
λ o,lim=0.2 Ö 1.165 [(1-260.1/49245)(1-260.1/72136)] 0.25 =0.215
εy=(My,ed/Ned)(A/Wel)=([10 3 ]x1025.34/260.10)x(31200.0/7914.0x10 3 )=15.54
Cmy,o=0.79+0.21ψ+0.36(ψ-0.33)x(260.10/49614.0)=1.001, (ψ=1.00) (EC3 Annex A, T.A.1)

- -
λ o=0.380 > λ o,lim=0.215
Cmy=Cmy,o+(1-Cmy,o)( Ö εy·alt)/(1+ Ö εy·alt)=
=1.001+(1-1.001)x( Ö 15.541x0.999)/(1+ Ö 15.541x0.999) = 1.000
Cmlt=Cmy²·alt/ Ö [(1-Ned/Ncr,z)(1-Ned/Ncr,t)] >=1
Cmlt=1.000²x0.999/ Ö [(1-260.1/49245.0)(1-260.1/72136.0)]=1.003, Cmlt=1.003
kyy=Cmy·CmLT(μy/(1-Ned/Ncr,y)=1.000x1.003x0.999/(1-260.10/49614.0)=1.007 (EC3 Tab.A.1)

kyz=Cmz(μy/(1-Ned/Ncr,z)=0.000x0.999/(1-260.10/49245.0)=0.000
kzy=Cmy·CmLT(μz/(1-Ned/Ncr,y)=1.000x1.003x0.999/(1-260.10/49614.0)=1.007
kzz=Cmz(μz/(1-Ned/Ncr,z)=0.000x0.999/(1-260.10/49245.0)=0.000
Ned/(χy·Nrk/γΜ1)+kyy·My,ed/(χLT·My,rk/γΜ1)= (EC3 Eq.6.61)
260.1/(0.895x11076.0/1.00)+1.007x1025.3/(1.000x2809.5/1.00)=0.026+0.368=0.394
Ned/(χz·Nrk/γΜ1)+kzy·My,ed/(χLT·My,rk/γΜ1)= (EC3 Eq.6.62)
260.1/(0.856x11076.0/1.00)+1.007x1025.3/(1.000x2809.5/1.00)=0.027+0.368=0.395
14. Rafter verification (Ultimate Limit State)

-1119.2kNm -1128.4kNm (EN1993-1-1, §6)
-365.4 -372.2
-145.4 -151.4
557.4
553.8
4100 1500
Rafter end-span Rafter

region mid-span region
Profile : user I700-S 355
Ned = 109.0 kN
Ved = 157.2 kN
Myed = 557.8 kNm (at mid-span)
Myed = -372.2 kNm (at haunch-start)
Myed =-1043.7 kNm (at haunch end)
Myed =-1128.4 kNm (at column axis point)
Maximum design valuesRafter-Uplift conditions: L.C. 210: 1.00Gk+1.50Qw1

Ned = 1.8 kN
Ved = 22.6 kN
Myed = -165.1 kNm
14.1. Classification of steel cross-section, Rafter (EN1993-1-1, §5.5)

σ=[10 3 ]109.00/16510 ± [10 6 ]557.40/3723.0x10³ ± [10 6 ]0.00/490.6x10³
Web
c=700.0-2x12.0-2x1.41x8.0=653.4 mm, t=12.0 mm, c/t=653.4/12.0=54.45 fy
S 355 , t=12.0<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm², ε=(235/355) 0.5 =0.81 +
αc
c
Ned/(2tw·fy/γM0)=109000/(2x12.0x355/1.00)=12.8 mm
α=(653.4/2+12.8)/653.4=0.520>0.5
fy
c/t=54.45<=396x0.81/(13x0.520-1)=55.74
Flange
c=350.0/2-12.0/2-1.41x8.0=157.7 mm, t=12.0 mm, c/t=157.7/12.0=13.14
S 355 , t=12.0<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm², ε=(235/355) 0.5 =0.81 +
c/t=13.14>14ε=14x0.81=11.34
Effective cross-section properties of Class 4 cross-sections (EN1993-1-1, §6.2.2.5)
Flange
-
λ p=(b/t)/[28.40ε Ö (Kσ)] (EN1993-1-5, §4.4.2, Eq.4.2, Tabl.4.1)
-
b=c=157.7mm, t=12.0mm, ε=0.81, ψ=1.00, Kσ=0.43, λ p=0.871
-
λ p=0.871>0.673 ρ=[1-0.188/0.871]/0.871=0.900 (ρ<1.0), ceff=ρ·c=0.900x158=142.0 mm
Effective area Aeff=16510-4x(157.7-142.0)x12.00=15755 mm²

Flange
-
-
b=c=157.7mm, t=12.0mm, ε=0.81, ψ=1.00, Kσ=0.43, λ p=0.871
-
λ p=0.871>0.673 ρ=[1-0.188/0.871]/0.871=0.900 (ρ<1.0), ceff=ρ·c=0.900x158=142.0 mm

emy ½(700.0-12.0)x(16510/16132-1)=8.05 mm, Iy,eff=1257.3x10 6 mm 4
Effective section modulus Wy,eff=1257.3x10 6 /(700.0/2+8.05)=3511.5x10 3 mm³
14.2. Resistance of cross-section, Rafter (Ultimate Limit State) (EN1993-1-1, §6.2)
Flange
-
-
b=c=157.7mm, t=12.0mm, ε=0.81, ψ=1.00, Kσ=0.43, λ p=0.871
-
λ p=0.871>0.673 ρ=[1-0.188/0.871]/0.871=0.900 (ρ<1.0), ceff=ρ·c=0.900x158=142.0 mm

Nc.ed=109.00 kN
Compression Resistance Ncrd= Aeff·fy/γΜ0=[10 -3 ]x15755x355/1.00=5592.91kN
Ned= 109.00 kN < 5592.91 kN =Nc,rd, Is verified
Ned/Nc,rd= 109.00/5592.91= 0.019<1
Flange
-
-
b=c=157.7mm, t=12.0mm, ε=0.81, ψ=1.00, Kσ=0.43, λ p=0.871
-
λ p=0.871>0.673 ρ=[1-0.188/0.871]/0.871=0.900 (ρ<1.0), ceff=ρ·c=0.900x158=142.0 mm

emy ½(700.0-12.0)x(16510/16132-1)=8.05 mm, Iy,eff=1257.3x10 6 mm 4
My.ed=557.80 kNm
Bending Resistance Mcy,rd=Weffy·fy/γΜ0=[10 -6 ]x3511.5x10 3 x355/1.00= 1246.58kNm
My,ed/My,rd= 557.80/1246.58= 0.447<1

Vz.ed=157.20 kN
Av=d.tw=688.0x12.0=8256mm²
Vz,ed/Vz,rd= 157.20/1692.14= 0.093<1
hw/tw=(700.0-2x12.0)/12.0=688.0/12.0=57.33<=72x0.81/1.00=72ε/η=58.32 (η=1.00)
S 355 , t=12.0<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm², ε=(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
Nplrd=5592.91kN, Mc,y,rd=1246.58kNm, Vpl,z,rd=1692.14kN
Ned=109.00kN <= 0.25x5592.91=0.25xNplrd=1398.23kN
n=Ned/Nplrd=109/5593= 0.019
Ved=157.20kN <= 0.50x1692.14=0.50xVpl,rd=846.07kN
Maximum and minimum cross-section stresses σ=Ned/Aeff ± Myed/Weff.y ± Mzed/Weff.z

σ=[10 3 ]0.00/15755 ± [10 6 ]557.40/3511.5x10³ ± [10 6 ]0.00/490.6x10³
σx.ed=159 < 355/1.00=355=fy/γΜ0 N/mm², Is verified (EC3 Eq.6.43, Eq.6.44)
14.3. Buckling resistance, Rafter mid-span region (Ultimate Limit State)

Ned = 109.0 kN
Ved = 211.7 kN
Rafter length Lr= Ö [(33150/2)²+(13200-11500)²]=16597 mm
Buckling length,In-plane buckling
αcr=18.10, Ned=109.0kN, Lcr,y=π Ö [EI/αcr·Ned] >= Lr=16597 mm
Lcr,y=π Ö [210000x1303.0x10 6 /(18.10x109.0x10 3 )=37001mm], Lcr,y=33150mm
Buckling length,In-plane buckling Lcr,y=33150mm (System length)
Buckling length,Out-of-plane buckling Lcr,z=1550mm (Purlin spacing)
14.4. Flexural Buckling, Rafter mid-span region (Ultimate Limit State) (EN1993-1-1, §6.3.1)
-
λ y= Ö (A·fy/Ncr,y)=(Lcr,y/iy) Ö (Aeff/A)/λ1)=(33150/280.9)x(0.977/76.06)=1.516
-
λ z= Ö (A·fy/Ncr,z)=(Lcr,z/iz) Ö (Aeff/A)/λ1)=(1550/ 72.1)x(0.977/76.06)=0.276
λ1=π Ö (E/fy)=93.9ε=76.06, ε= Ö (235/fy)=0.81, Ö (Aeff/A)= Ö (15755/16510)=0.977
tf=12.0mm<=40 mm
- -
Φy=0.5[1+αy( λ y-0.2)+ λ y²]=0.5x[1+0.34x(1.516-0.2)+1.516²]=1.873
-
χy=1/[Φy+ Ö (Φy²- λ y²)]=1/[1.873+ Ö (1.873²-1.516²)]=0.336 <=1 χy=0.336
- -
Φz=0.5[1+αz( λ z-0.2)+ λ z²]=0.5x[1+0.49x(0.276-0.2)+0.276²]=0.557
-
χz=1/[Φz+ Ö (Φz²- λ z²)]=1/[0.557+ Ö (0.557²-0.276²)]=0.961 <=1 χz=0.961
- - -
-3
Nb,rd=χ·Aeff·fy/γΜ1= 0.336x[10 ]x15755x355/1.00=1879.22kN (EC3 Eq.6.48)
Nc,ed/Nb,rd= 108.99/1879.22= 0.058<1
14.5. Lateral torsional buckling, Rafter mid-span region (ULS) (EN1993-1-1, §6.3.2)
μ=Mo/M=qL²/8M=3.8/553.8=0.01, ψ=Mb/Ma=552.6/553.8=1.00, C1=1.020, C2=0.039
G=E/(2(1+ν))=210000/(2(1+0.30))=80769=8.1x10 4 N/mm²
ky=1.0, kz=1.0, kw=1.0, C1=1.020, C2=0.039, C3=0.000
Mcr=[10 -6 ]1.020x[π²x2.1x10 5 x85.850x10 6 /1500²]
x{ [(1.0/1.0)²x(10147x10 9 /85.850x10 6 )
+1500²x8.1x10 4 x0.799x10 6 /(π²x2.1x10 5 x85.850x10 6 )
+(0.039x350)²] 0.5 -(0.039x350) }= 26751.0 kNm
-
λ ,lt= Ö (Weff,y·fy/Mcr)= Ö {[10 -6 ]x3511.5x10 3 x355/26751.0}=0.216 (EC3 Eq.6.56)
-
λ ,lt<= 0.40, χ,lt=1.00 (EC3 §6.3.2.2.4)
-
Kc=1.00 (EC3 Tab.6.6)
-
f=1-0.5(1-kc)[1-2.0( λ ,lt-0.8)²]=1-0.5x(1-1.000)[1-2.0x(0.216-0.8)²]=1.000, f<=1.0
Mb,rd=χ,lt·Weff,y·fy/γΜ1= 1.000x[10 -6 ]x3511.5x10 3 x355/1.00=1246.58kNm (EC3 Eq.6.55)

My,ed/Mb,rd= 557.40/1246.58= 0.447<1
14.6. Axial force and bending moment, Rafter mid-span region (ULS) (EN1993-1-1, §6.3.3)
Ned=108.99 kN, My,ed=557.40 kNm

Nrk=Aeff·fy=[10 -3 ]x15755x355=5592.9 kN (Tab.6.7)
My,rk=Weff,y·fy=[10 -6 ]x3511.5x10 3 x355=1246.6 kNm
χy·Nrk/γΜ1=χy·Aeff·fy/γΜ1= 0.336x[10 -3 ]x15755x355/1.00=1879.2kN
χz·Nrk/γΜ1=χz·Aeff·fy/γΜ1= 0.961x[10 -3 ]x15755x355/1.00=5374.8kN
χLT·My,rk/γΜ1=χLT·Weff,y·fy/γΜ1= 1.000x[10 -6 ]x3511.5x10 3 x355/1.00=1246.6kNm


Ncr,t=[10 -3 ]x(1/290²)[80769x 0.799x10 6 +π²x210000x 10147x10 9 /2996²]=28625 kN

-
Mcr,o=(1.00/1.02)x26751.00=26223.5, C1=1.00
-
λ o= Ö ([10 -6 ]x3511.5x10 3 x355/26223.5)=0.220
-
-
λ o,lim=0.2 Ö 1.020 [(1-109.0/74062)(1-109.0/28625)] 0.25 =0.202
εy=(My,ed/Ned)(Aeff/Weff)=([10 3 ]x557.40/108.99)x(15754.7/3511.5x10 3 )=22.95

- -
λ o=0.220 > λ o,lim=0.202
Cmy=Cmy,o+(1-Cmy,o)( Ö εy·alt)/(1+ Ö εy·alt)=
=1.011+(1-1.011)x( Ö 22.946x0.999)/(1+ Ö 22.946x0.999) = 1.002
Cmlt=Cmy²·alt/ Ö [(1-Ned/Ncr,z)(1-Ned/Ncr,t)] >=1
Cmlt=1.002²x0.999/ Ö [(1-109.0/74062.0)(1-109.0/28625.0)]=1.006, Cmlt=1.006

109.0/(0.336x5592.9/1.00)+1.023x557.4/(1.000x1246.6/1.00)=0.058+0.457=0.515
109.0/(0.961x5592.9/1.00)+1.055x557.4/(1.000x1246.6/1.00)=0.020+0.472=0.492
14.7. Buckling resistance, Rafter end-span region (Ultimate Limit State)

Ned = 120.3 kN
Ved = 211.7 kN
Buckling length,Out-of-plane buckling Lcr,z=1500mm (Torsional restrains of rafters)
14.8. Flexural Buckling, Rafter end-span region (Ultimate Limit State) (EN1993-1-1, §6.3.1)
-
-
tf=12.0mm<=40 mm
- -
Φy=0.5[1+αy( λ y-0.2)+ λ y²]=0.5x[1+0.34x(1.516-0.2)+1.516²]=1.873
-
χy=1/[Φy+ Ö (Φy²- λ y²)]=1/[1.873+ Ö (1.873²-1.516²)]=0.336 <=1 χy=0.336
- -
Φz=0.5[1+αz( λ z-0.2)+ λ z²]=0.5x[1+0.49x(0.267-0.2)+0.267²]=0.552
-
χz=1/[Φz+ Ö (Φz²- λ z²)]=1/[0.552+ Ö (0.552²-0.267²)]=0.966 <=1 χz=0.966
- - -
-3
Nc,ed/Nb,rd= 120.34/1879.22= 0.064<1
14.9. Lateral torsional buckling, Rafter end-span region (ULS) (EN1993-1-1, §6.3.2)
μ=Mo/M=qL²/8M=-3.8/372.2=-0.01, ψ=Mb/Ma=-151.4/-372.2=0.41, C1=1.593, C2=0.100
G=E/(2(1+ν))=210000/(2(1+0.30))=80769=8.1x10 4 N/mm²
ky=1.0, kz=1.0, kw=1.0, C1=1.593, C2=0.100, C3=0.000
Mcr=[10 -6 ]1.593x[π²x2.1x10 5 x85.850x10 6 /1500²]
x{ [(1.0/1.0)²x(10147x10 9 /85.850x10 6 )
+1500²x8.1x10 4 x0.799x10 6 /(π²x2.1x10 5 x85.850x10 6 )
+(0.100x350)²] 0.5 -(0.100x350) }= 39279.1 kNm
-
-
λ ,lt<= 0.40, χ,lt=1.00 (EC3 §6.3.2.2.4)
-
Kc=1/(1.33-0.33ψ)=0.752, ψ=0.00 (EC3 Tab.6.6)
-
f=1-0.5(1-kc)[1-2.0( λ ,lt-0.8)²]=1-0.5x(1-0.752)[1-2.0x(0.178-0.8)²]=0.972, f<=1.0

My,ed/Mb,rd= 372.25/1246.58= 0.299<1
14.10. Axial force and bending moment, Rafter end-span region (ULS) (EN1993-1-1, §6.3.3)
Ned=120.34 kN, My,ed=372.25 kNm

Nrk=Aeff·fy=[10 -3 ]x15755x355=5592.9 kN (Tab.6.7)
My,rk=Weff,y·fy=[10 -6 ]x3511.5x10 3 x355=1246.6 kNm
χy·Nrk/γΜ1=χy·Aeff·fy/γΜ1= 0.336x[10 -3 ]x15755x355/1.00=1879.2kN
χz·Nrk/γΜ1=χz·Aeff·fy/γΜ1= 0.966x[10 -3 ]x15755x355/1.00=5402.8kN
χLT·My,rk/γΜ1=χLT·Weff,y·fy/γΜ1= 1.000x[10 -6 ]x3511.5x10 3 x355/1.00=1246.6kNm


Ncr,t=[10 -3 ]x(1/290²)[80769x 0.799x10 6 +π²x210000x 10147x10 9 /2996²]=28625 kN

-
Mcr,o=(1.00/1.59)x39279.10=24654.1, C1=1.00
-
λ o= Ö ([10 -6 ]x3511.5x10 3 x355/24654.1)=0.220
-
-
λ o,lim=0.2 Ö 1.593 [(1-120.3/79082)(1-120.3/28625)] 0.25 =0.252
εy=(My,ed/Ned)(Aeff/Weff)=([10 3 ]x372.25/120.34)x(15754.7/3511.5x10 3 )=13.88

- -
λ o=0.220 <= λ o,lim=0.252
Cmy=Cmy,o=1.012, Cmz=Cmz,o=1.000, Cmlt=1.00

120.3/(0.336x5592.9/1.00)+1.029x372.2/(1.000x1246.6/1.00)=0.064+0.307=0.371
120.3/(0.966x5592.9/1.00)+1.064x372.2/(1.000x1246.6/1.00)=0.022+0.318=0.340
14.11. Buckling resistance, Rafter-Uplift conditions (Ultimate Limit State)

Ned = 1.8 kN
Ved = 22.6 kN
Buckling length,Out-of-plane buckling Lcr,z=1500mm (Torsional restrains of rafters)
14.12. Flexural Buckling, Rafter-Uplift conditions (Ultimate Limit State) (EN1993-1-1, §6.3.1)
-
-
tf=12.0mm<=40 mm
- -
Φy=0.5[1+αy( λ y-0.2)+ λ y²]=0.5x[1+0.34x(1.516-0.2)+1.516²]=1.873
-
χy=1/[Φy+ Ö (Φy²- λ y²)]=1/[1.873+ Ö (1.873²-1.516²)]=0.336 <=1 χy=0.336
- -
Φz=0.5[1+αz( λ z-0.2)+ λ z²]=0.5x[1+0.49x(0.267-0.2)+0.267²]=0.552
-
χz=1/[Φz+ Ö (Φz²- λ z²)]=1/[0.552+ Ö (0.552²-0.267²)]=0.966 <=1 χz=0.966
- - -
-3
Nc,ed/Nb,rd= 1.83/1879.22= 0.001<1
14.13. Lateral torsional buckling, Rafter-Uplift conditions (ULS) (EN1993-1-1, §6.3.2)

Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 210: 1.00Gk+1.50Qw1
Hogging
k·L=1500mm, zg=-350mm, zj=0mm (EN1993:2002 Eq.C.11)
ky=2.0, kz=1.0, kw=1.0, C1=1.000, C2=0.000, C3=1.000
Mcr=[10 -6 ]1.000x[π²x2.1x10 5 x85.850x10 6 /1500²]
x{ [(1.0/1.0)²x(10147x10 9 /85.850x10 6 )
+1500²x8.1x10 4 x0.799x10 6 /(π²x2.1x10 5 x85.850x10 6 )] 0.5 }= 27281.9 kNm
-
-
λ ,lt<= 0.40, χ,lt=1.00 (EC3 §6.3.2.2.4)
-
Kc=1/(1.33-0.33ψ)=0.752, ψ=0.00 (EC3 Tab.6.6)
-
f=1-0.5(1-kc)[1-2.0( λ ,lt-0.8)²]=1-0.5x(1-0.752)[1-2.0x(0.214-0.8)²]=0.961, f<=1.0

My,ed/Mb,rd= 165.10/1246.58= 0.132<1
15. Haunch verification (Ultimate Limit State) (EN1993-1-1, §6)
The haunch is fabricated by cutting and welding of an user I700 section - S 355
at haunch end at haunch-middle at haunch-start
Ned = 120.3 kN Ned = 117.5 kN Ned = 114.8 kN
Ved = 211.7 kN Ved = 184.4 kN Ved = 157.2 kN
Myed = 1043.7 kNm Myed = 722.4 kNm Myed = 372.2 kNm
Buckling length,In-plane buckling Lcr,y=4100mm

Buckling length,Out-of-plane buckling Lcr,z=4100mm
15.1. Classification of steel cross-section, at haunch end (EN1993-1-1, §5.5)

σ=[10 3 ]120.30/24912 ± [10 6 ]1043.70/9501.6x10³ ± [10 6 ]0.00/491.1x10³
Web
c=1400.0-2x11.3-2x7.5=1362.4 mm, t=7.5 mm, c/t=1362.4/7.5=181.65 fy
S 355 , t= 7.5<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm², ε=(235/355) 0.5 =0.81 +
αc
c
Ned/(2tw·fy/γM0)=120300/(2x7.5x355/1.00)=22.6 mm
α=(1362.4/2+22.6)/1362.4=0.517>0.5
fy
c/t=181.65>456x0.81/(13x0.517-1)=64.62
The web is not class 1 or 2
σ=Ned/A±Myed·(0.5d)/Iy, σ1=112 N/mm², σ2=-102 N/mm²

ψ=-102/112=-0.910 > -1 fy
c/t=181.65 > 42x0.81/(0.67+0.33x-0.910)=92.02 +
The web is not class 3 c
The web is class 4 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2) c/2
ψ f
y
Flange
c=90.0/2-7.5/2-7.5=33.8 mm, t=11.3 mm, c/t=33.8/11.3=2.99
S 355 , t=11.3<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm², ε=(235/355) 0.5 =0.81 +
c/t=2.99<=9ε=9x0.81=7.29
Web
-
-
b=d=1362.4mm, t=7.5mm, ε=0.81, ψ=1.00, Kσ=4.00, λ p=3.948
-
λ p=3.948>0.673 ρ=[1-0.055(3+1.00)/3.948]/3.948=0.239 (ρ<1.0), deff=ρ·d=0.239x1362=325.8 mm
Web
-
-
b=d=1362.4mm, t=7.5mm, ε=0.81, ψ=-1.00, Kσ=23.90, λ p=1.615
-
λ p=1.615>0.673 ρ=[1-0.055(3+-1.00)/1.615]/1.615=0.577 (ρ<1.0), heff=ρ·d/2=0.577x681=393.0 mm

emy=379.90x(24912/22751-1)=36.09 mm, Iy,eff=6279.6x10 6 mm 4
15.2. Resistance of cross-section, at haunch end (Ultimate Limit State) (EN1993-1-1, §6.2)
Web
-
-
b=d=1362.4mm, t=7.5mm, ε=0.81, ψ=1.00, Kσ=4.00, λ p=3.948
-
λ p=3.948>0.673 ρ=[1-0.055(3+1.00)/3.948]/3.948=0.239 (ρ<1.0), deff=ρ·d=0.239x1362=325.8 mm

Nc.ed=120.30 kN
Ned/Nc,rd= 120.30/6083.90= 0.020<1
Web
-
-
b=d=1362.4mm, t=7.5mm, ε=0.81, ψ=-1.00, Kσ=23.90, λ p=1.615
-
λ p=1.615>0.673 ρ=[1-0.055(3+-1.00)/1.615]/1.615=0.577 (ρ<1.0), heff=ρ·d/2=0.577x681=393.0 mm

emy=379.90x(24912/22751-1)=36.09 mm, Iy,eff=6279.6x10 6 mm 4
My.ed=1043.70 kNm
My,ed/My,rd= 1043.70/3028.51= 0.345<1

Vz.ed=211.70 kN
Vz,ed/Vz,rd= 211.70/4741.17= 0.045<1
hw/tw=(1400.0-2x11.3)/7.5=1388.7/7.5=185.16>72x0.81/1.00=72ε/η=58.32 (η=1.00)
S 355 , t= 7.5<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm², ε=(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
Shear buckling resistance must be verified (EC3 §6.2.6.6)
Shear buckling resistance (EC3 EN1993-1-5:2006, §5)

-
λ w=(1362.4/7.5)/(37.4x0.81x Ö (5.34))=2.595, Kτ=5.34 (EC3-1-5 §5, Eq.5.6, A.3)
-
λ w=2.595 >= 1.08, χv=0.83/2.595=0.320 (EC3-1-5 Tab.5.1)
Vb,rd=χv·fyw·hw·t/( Ö 3γM1)=0.001x355x0.320x1362.4x7.5/(1.73x1.00)=669.90kN (EC3-1-5 Tab.5.1)
Ved=212 kN < 670=Vb,rd kN, Is verified
Ved/Vb,rd= 211.70/669.90= 0.316<1
Ned=120.30kN <= 0.25x6083.90=0.25xNplrd=1520.97kN
n=Ned/Nplrd=120/6084= 0.020
Ved=211.70kN <= 0.50x669.90=0.50xVpl,rd=334.95kN

σ=[10 3 ]0.00/17138 ± [10 6 ]1043.70/8531.0x10³ ± [10 6 ]0.00/491.1x10³
15.3. Out-of-plane buckling, at haunch end (Ultimate Limit State) (EN1993-1-1, §6.3.2.4)
We check an equivalent T-section for the compressive part of the haunch section
The equivalent T-section is made of the bottom flange and 1/3 of the compressed part of the web
Properties of equivalent T-section
Depth of cross section hf = 233 mm
Width of cross section bf = 90 mm
Web thickness tw = 7.50 mm
Flange thickness tf = 11.30 mm
Area Af = 2682 mm 2
Second moment of area If,z = 0.686x10 6 mm 4
Radius of gyration if,z = Ö ( 0.686x10 6 /2682) =16.0 mm
Compression in the T-section

Ned,f=Ned·Af/A+Med·Af/Wel,y=120.3x2682/24912+1043.7x2682x10 3 /9501.6x10 3 =307.6kN
-
f,z-f,z buckling curve:c, imperfection factor: αf,z=0.49, χf,z=0.077 (T.6.2,T.6.1,Fig.6.4)
- -
Φf,z=0.5[1+αf,z( λ f,z-0.2)+ λ f,z²]=0.5x[1+0.49x(3.369-0.2)+3.369²]=6.951
-
χf,z=1/[Φf,z+ Ö (Φf,z²- λ f,z²)]=1/[6.951+ Ö (6.951²-3.369²)]=0.077 <=1 χf,z=0.077
Nb,rd=χz·A·fy/γΜ1= 0.077x2682x355/1.00=73.32kN (EC3 Eq.6.47)
Nc,ed= 307.58 kN > 73.32 kN =Nb,rd, Is NOT verified
Nc,ed/Nb,rd= 307.58/73.32= 4.195>1
15.4. Classification of steel cross-section, at haunch-middle (EN1993-1-1, §5.5)

σ=[10 3 ]117.50/20712 ± [10 6 ]722.40/6367.2x10³ ± [10 6 ]0.00/490.8x10³
Web
c=1050.0-2x11.3-2x7.5=1012.4 mm, t=7.5 mm, c/t=1012.4/7.5=134.99 fy
S 355 , t= 7.5<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm², ε=(235/355) 0.5 =0.81 +
αc
c
Ned/(2tw·fy/γM0)=117500/(2x7.5x355/1.00)=22.1 mm
α=(1012.4/2+22.1)/1012.4=0.522>0.5
fy
c/t=134.99>456x0.81/(13x0.522-1)=63.87
The web is not class 1 or 2
σ=Ned/A±Myed·(0.5d)/Iy, σ1=115 N/mm², σ2=-104 N/mm²

ψ=-104/115=-0.900 > -1 fy
c/t=134.99 > 42x0.81/(0.67+0.33x-0.900)=91.21 +
The web is not class 3 c
The web is class 4 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2) c/2
ψ f
y
Flange
c=90.0/2-7.5/2-7.5=33.8 mm, t=11.3 mm, c/t=33.8/11.3=2.99
S 355 , t=11.3<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm², ε=(235/355) 0.5 =0.81 +
c/t=2.99<=9ε=9x0.81=7.29
Web
-
-
b=d=1012.4mm, t=7.5mm, ε=0.81, ψ=1.00, Kσ=4.00, λ p=2.934
-
λ p=2.934>0.673 ρ=[1-0.055(3+1.00)/2.934]/2.934=0.315 (ρ<1.0), deff=ρ·d=0.315x1012=319.2 mm
Web
-
-
b=d=1012.4mm, t=7.5mm, ε=0.81, ψ=-1.00, Kσ=23.90, λ p=1.200
-
λ p=1.200>0.673 ρ=[1-0.055(3+-1.00)/1.200]/1.200=0.757 (ρ<1.0), heff=ρ·d/2=0.757x506=383.1 mm

emy=291.41x(20712/19789-1)=13.60 mm, Iy,eff=3258.4x10 6 mm 4
15.5. Resistance of cross-section, at haunch-middle (Ultimate Limit State) (EN1993-1-1, §6.2)
Web
-
-
b=d=1012.4mm, t=7.5mm, ε=0.81, ψ=1.00, Kσ=4.00, λ p=2.934
-
λ p=2.934>0.673 ρ=[1-0.055(3+1.00)/2.934]/2.934=0.315 (ρ<1.0), deff=ρ·d=0.315x1012=319.2 mm

Nc.ed=117.50 kN
Ned/Nc,rd= 117.50/5507.08= 0.021<1
Web
-
-
b=d=1012.4mm, t=7.5mm, ε=0.81, ψ=-1.00, Kσ=23.90, λ p=1.200
-
λ p=1.200>0.673 ρ=[1-0.055(3+-1.00)/1.200]/1.200=0.757 (ρ<1.0), heff=ρ·d/2=0.757x506=383.1 mm

emy=291.41x(20712/19789-1)=13.60 mm, Iy,eff=3258.4x10 6 mm 4
My.ed=722.40 kNm
My,ed/My,rd= 722.40/2147.65= 0.336<1

Vz.ed=184.40 kN
Vz,ed/Vz,rd= 184.40/3880.34= 0.048<1
hw/tw=(1050.0-2x11.3)/7.5=1038.7/7.5=138.49>72x0.81/1.00=72ε/η=58.32 (η=1.00)
S 355 , t= 7.5<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm², ε=(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
Shear buckling resistance must be verified (EC3 §6.2.6.6)
Shear buckling resistance (EC3 EN1993-1-5:2006, §5)

-
λ w=(1012.4/7.5)/(37.4x0.81x Ö (5.34))=1.928, Kτ=5.34 (EC3-1-5 §5, Eq.5.6, A.3)
-
λ w=1.928 >= 1.08, χv=0.83/1.928=0.430 (EC3-1-5 Tab.5.1)
Vb,rd=χv·fyw·hw·t/( Ö 3γM1)=0.001x355x0.430x1012.4x7.5/(1.73x1.00)=669.90kN (EC3-1-5 Tab.5.1)
Ved=184 kN < 670=Vb,rd kN, Is verified
Ved/Vb,rd= 184.40/669.90= 0.275<1
Ned=117.50kN <= 0.25x5507.08=0.25xNplrd=1376.77kN
n=Ned/Nplrd=118/5507= 0.021
Ved=184.40kN <= 0.50x669.90=0.50xVpl,rd=334.95kN

σ=[10 3 ]0.00/15513 ± [10 6 ]722.40/6049.7x10³ ± [10 6 ]0.00/490.8x10³
15.6. Out-of-plane buckling, at haunch-middle (Ultimate Limit State) (EN1993-1-1, §6.3.2.4)

We check an equivalent T-section for the compressive part of the haunch section
The equivalent T-section is made of the bottom flange and 1/3 of the compressed part of the web
Properties of equivalent T-section
Depth of cross section hf = 175 mm
Width of cross section bf = 90 mm
Web thickness tw = 7.50 mm
Flange thickness tf = 11.30 mm
Area Af = 2245 mm 2
Second moment of area If,z = 0.686x10 6 mm 4
Radius of gyration if,z = Ö ( 0.686x10 6 /2245) =17.5 mm
Compression in the T-section

Ned,f=Ned·Af/A+Med·Af/Wel,y=117.5x2245/20712+722.4x2245x10 3 /6367.2x10 3 =267.4kN
-
f,z-f,z buckling curve:c, imperfection factor: αf,z=0.49, χf,z=0.090 (T.6.2,T.6.1,Fig.6.4)
- -
Φf,z=0.5[1+αf,z( λ f,z-0.2)+ λ f,z²]=0.5x[1+0.49x(3.082-0.2)+3.082²]=5.955
-
χf,z=1/[Φf,z+ Ö (Φf,z²- λ f,z²)]=1/[5.955+ Ö (5.955²-3.082²)]=0.090 <=1 χf,z=0.090
Nb,rd=χz·A·fy/γΜ1= 0.090x2245x355/1.00=71.72kN (EC3 Eq.6.47)
Nc,ed= 267.41 kN > 71.72 kN =Nb,rd, Is NOT verified
Nc,ed/Nb,rd= 267.41/71.72= 3.729>1
*** Haunch verification(ULS), Is NOT verified ***

Connections
16. Connection data (EN1993-1-8 )
16.1. Bolt connection data (eave, apex) (EN1993-1-8 )

Category of connection Category A: Bearing type (EC3-1-8 §3.4.1)
Category D: Non-preloded (EC3-1-8 §3.4.2)
End Plate Thickness tp=25 mm, S 355
Plate of Apex connecion 350x1166x25 mm, S 355
Plate of Eave connecion 350x1632x25 mm, S 355
Bolts M30, Strength grade 8.8
Bolt diameter d = 30 mm
Diameter of holes do = 33 mm
Nominal area πd²/4 =πx30²/4= 706.9 mm²
Tensile stress area As = 561.0 mm²
Bolt strength grade 8.8, fyb=640N/mm², fub=800N/mm² (EC3-1-8 §3.1.1)
16.2. Edge distances and spacing of bolts (eave, apex) (EN1993-1-8, §3.5, Tab.3.3)
Minimum edge distances e1=1.2do=1.2x33=40 mm

e2=1.2do=1.2x33=40 mm
Maximum edge distances e1=4t+40=4x20.0+40=121 mm
e2=4t+40=4x20.0+40=121 mm
Minimum spacing of bolts p1=2.2do=2.2x33=73 mm
p2=2.4do=2.4x33=80 mm
Maximum spacing of bolts p1=min(14t,200)=min(14x20.0,200)=200 mm
p2=min(14t,200)=min(14x20.0,200)=200 mm
Distance of plate edge to bolt line e1=e2=ex= 125 mm
Distance of section edge to bolt line ec= 44 mm
Distance of flange enge to bolt line ef= 50 mm
Pitch between bolt rows p1=p3=p= 100 mm
Spacing between cross centers p2=g =w= 100 mm
Flange to end-plate weld atf>= 0.55tf=0.55x12.0= 7 mm
Web to end-plate weld aw>= 0.55tw=0.55x12.0= 7 mm
16.3. Design resistance of individual bolts (eave, apex) (EC3-1-8 §3.6.1, Tab.3.4)
Bolt strength grade=8.8, fub =800N/mm², As=561.0mm², γM2=1.25

Tension resistance of bolts Ft,rd=k2·fub·As/γM2, (k2=0.90 )
Ft,rd=[10 -3 ]x0.90x800x561.0/1.25=323 kN
Shear resistance of bolts Fv,rd=αν·fub·As/γM2, (αν=0.60)
Fv,rd=[10 -3 ]x0.60x800x561.0/1.25=215 kN
17. Apex connection
17.1. Basic data (Apex connection)
Design forces of connection (Apex connection)

Maximum design values for actions (L.C. 202: 1.35Gk+1.50Qs1)
Ned = -96.0 kN
Ved = 20.2 kN
Med = 553.8 kNm
17.2. Connection data (Apex connection)
Bolt connection data 125 100 125

End Plate 350x1166x25 mm, S 355
125
187
Bolts M30, Bolt strength grade 8.8
Number of Bolts top 2x1=2
bottom 2x4=8
Total number of bolts =10
704
1166
Shear plane of bolt through the threated portion
1 8 7 1 0 0 1 1 21 0 0
Edge distances and spacing of bolts
224
125
Spacing between cross centers p2=g =w= 100 mm 350
17.3. Connection geometry of end-plate (Apex connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.4.1, Fig.6.2)
e=ex=125 mm, emin=125 mm

mx,x=(100-12.0-2x0.8x7x Ö 2)/2= 36.1 mm
mx,y=50-0.8x7x Ö 2= 42.1 mm
nx,x= emin <=1.25mx,x = min(125.0,1.25x36.1=45.1)= 45.1 mm
nx,y= emin <=1.25mx,y = min(125.0,1.25x42.1=52.6)= 52.6 mm
min(mx,x, mx,y)=min(36.1,42.1)=36.1mm, max(mx,x, mx,y)=max(36.1,42.1)=42.1mm
min(nx,x, nx,y)=min(45.1,52.6)=45.1mm, max(nx,x, nx,y)=max(45.1,52.6)=52.6mm
17.4. Effective lengths of end-plate (Apex connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.6.5 Tab.6.6)
Bolt-row outside tension flange of beam

leff=2π·mx =2πx42.1= 264.5 mm
=π·mx+w =πx42.1+100.0= 232.3 mm
=π·mx+2e=πx42.1+2x125.0= 382.3 mm
=4mx+1.25ex = 4x42.1+1.25x125.0=324.6 mm
=e+2mx+0.625ex = 125.0+2x42.1+0.625x125.0=287.3 mm
=0.5bp = 0.5x350= 175.0 mm
=0.5w+2mx+0.625ex=0.5x100.0+2x42.1+0.625x125.0= 212.3 mm
leff,1b=min(264.5, 232.3, 382.3, 324.6, 287.3, 175.0, 212.3)= 175.0 mm
leff,1b= 175.0 mm
Bolt next to tension flange alone

leff=2π·mx =2πx36.1= 226.8 mm
=α·m =8.00x36.1=288.8 mm (λ1=λ2=m/(m+e)=0.22, α=8.00) (EC3-1-8 Fig.6.11)
leff,2b=min(226.8, 288.8)= 226.8 mm
leff,2b= = 226.8 mm
Bolt next to tension flange in a group

leff=2π·mx =2πx36.1= 226.8 mm
=α·m =8.00x36.1=288.8 mm (λ1=λ2=m/(m+e)=0.22, α=8.00)
=πm+p =πx36.1+100.0= 213.4 mm
=0.5p+α·m-(2m+0.625e)=0.5x100.0+8.0x36.1-(2x36.1+0.625x125.0)= 188.5 mm
leff,3b=min(226.8, 288.8, 213.4, 188.5)= 188.5 mm
leff,3b= = 188.5 mm
Inner Bolt-row in a group

leff=2π·mx =2πx36.1= 226.8 mm
=4m+1.25e =4x36.1+1.25x125.0= 300.6 mm
=2p =2x100.0= 200.0 mm
=p = 100.0 mm
leff,4b=min(226.8, 300.6, 200.0, 100.0)= 100.0 mm
leff,4b= = 100.0 mm
17.5. End-Plate, Resistance of T-stub flange (Apex connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.4.1, Tab.6.2)

Mpl,1,rd=Mpl,2,rd=0.25leff·tf²·fy/γM0=[10 -6 ]x0.25x175.0x25.0²x355/1.00=9.707kNm
Mode 1 Ft,1,rd= 4Mpl,1rd/m =[10 3 ]x4x9.707/42.1 = 922 kN
Mode 2 Ft,2,rd= (2Mpl,2rd+nΣFt,rd)/(m+n)=([10 3 ]x2x9.707+52.6x2x323)/(42.1+52.6)=564kN
Mode 3 Ft,3,rd= ΣFt,rd =2x323 = 646 kN
Ft,rd= min(922, 564, 646)= 564 kN

Ft,rd= min(1394, 669, 646)= 646 kN

Ft,rd= min(1159, 616, 646)= 616 kN

Ft,rd= min(527, 476, 646)= 476 kN
17.6. Rafter flange and web in compression (Apex connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.6.7)
Fc,fb,rd= Mc,rd/(h-tf), Mc,rd= Wel,y·fy/γM0
Wel,y=(350x12.0x903.7²+12.0x891.7³/6)/916=5294.6x10 3 mm³
Mc,rd= [10 -6 ]x5294.6x10 3 x355/1.00=1880kNm, Fc,fb,rd=[10 3 ]x1880/903.7= 2080kN
Fc,fb,rd,max=(1/0.8)b·t·fy/γM0= (1/0.8)x[10 -3 ]x350.0x12.0x355/1.00= 1864 kN (h>600mm)
Fc,fb,rd= min(2080, 1864)= 1864 kN
17.7. Rafter web in tension (Apex connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.6.8)
Ft,wb,rd = beff,t,wb·twb·fy,wb/γM0
beff,t,wb=Leff=min(leff,3b, leff,4b)=min(188.5, 100.0) =100.0 mm
Ft,wb,rd = [10 -3 ]x100.0x12.0x355/1.00= 426 kN
min Ft,rd=min(564, 646, 616, 476, 426)= 426 kN

17.8. Moment resistance of connection (Apex connection) (EN1993-1-8, §6.2.7.2)
Mj,rd = Σ hr·Ftr,rd (EN1993-1-8, §6.2.7.2Eq.6.25

hr: row numbering from bottom, distances from center of top (compression) flange
End-plate in bending (EC3-1-8 §6.2.4.5
Force distribution in bolt rows
Bolt-row 1, hr= 847.7 mm, Ft,rd= 616 kN
Fc,ed=ΣFt,rd=616 + 476 + 476 + 616 + 476= 2660 kN
Rafter web in tension (EC3-1-8 §6.2.6.8)

Ft,wb,rd = 426 kN
Rafter flange and web in compression (EC3-1-8 §6.2.4.7
Fc,fb,rd= 1864 kN
Ft,rd<=Ft,wb,rd=426 kN, Fc,ed=ΣFt,rd<=Fc,fb,rd=1864 kN
Force distribution in bolt rows (EC3-1-8 §6.2.7.2.(7))

Fc,ed=ΣFt,rd=426 + 426 + 426 + 426 + 160= 1864 kN
Moment resistance of connection (EN1993-1-8, §6.2.7.2(10)
Mj,rd =[10 -3 ]x[426x847.7+426x747.7+426x635.6+426x535.6+160x56.1]

Mj,rd = 1188 kNm
Med= 553.8 kNm < 1187.5 kNm =Mj,rd, Is verified
17.9. Shear resistance (Apex connection) (EN1993-1-8, §3.6.1 Tab.3.4)
Shear resistance of bolts

Fv,rd=αν·fub·As/γM2=[10 -3 ]x0.60x800x561.0/1.25=215 kN
Shear plane of bolt:through the threated portion
Bearing resistance of bolts

Fb,rd=k1·αb·fu·d·t/γM2
t=25.0mm, d=30mm, do=33mm, e1=125mm, e2=125mm, p1=100mm, fub=800kN/mm², fu=510kN/mm²,
αb=min[fub/fu, 1.0, e1/3do, p1/3do-1/4]=
=min[800/510, 1.0, 125/(3x33), 100/(3x33)-0.25]=0.76
k1=min[2.8e2/do-1.7,1.4p2/do-1.7,2.5]=min[2.8x125/33-1.7,1.4x100/33-1.7,2.5]=2.50
Fb,rd=k1·αb·fu·d·t/γM2= [10 -3 ]x2.50x0.76x510x30x25.0/1.25=581 kN
Design resistance of one bolt in shear =min(215, 581)=215 kN
Bending moment and shear (EN1993-1-8, §3.6.1 Tab.3.4)

Maximum tension force in bolts
Ft,ed=426/2=213 kN
Reduction of shear resistance due to bending
ρ=1-Ft,ed/1.40Ft,rd=1-213/(1.40x323)=0.53
Shear acting together with bending moment for all the bolts
Vrd=10x0.53x215 =1139 kN
Ved= 20 kN < 1139 kN =Vrd, Is verified

18. Eave connection
18.1. Basic data (Eave connection)
Design forces of connection (Eave connection)

Maximum design values for actions (L.C. 202: 1.35Gk+1.50Qs1)
Ned = -98.1 kN
Ved = 222.3 kN
Med =-1043.9 kNm
18.2. Connection data (Eave connection)
Bolt connection data 125 100 125
1 0 10 0 10 0 10 1 25 0
End Plate 350x1632x25 mm, S 355
100
Bolts M30, Bolt strength grade 8.8
Number of Bolts top 2x5=10
bottom 2x1=2
704
1632
Shear plane of bolt through the threated portion
716
187
125
Spacing between cross centers p2=g =w= 100 mm 350
Compression stiffener at the bottom of haunch

Compression stiffener with thickness ts= 25.0 mm
18.3. Connection geometry of end-plate (Eave connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.4.1, Fig.6.2)

mx,x=(100-12.0-2x0.8x7x Ö 2)/2= 36.1 mm
mx,y=50-0.8x7x Ö 2= 42.1 mm
18.4. Effective lengths of end-plate (Eave connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.6.5 Tab.6.6)

leff=2π·mx =2πx42.1= 264.5 mm
=π·mx+w =πx42.1+100.0= 232.3 mm
=π·mx+2e=πx42.1+2x125.0= 382.3 mm
=4mx+1.25ex = 4x42.1+1.25x125.0=324.6 mm
=e+2mx+0.625ex = 125.0+2x42.1+0.625x125.0=287.3 mm
=0.5bp = 0.5x350= 175.0 mm
=0.5w+2mx+0.625ex=0.5x100.0+2x42.1+0.625x125.0= 212.3 mm
leff,1b=min(264.5, 232.3, 382.3, 324.6, 287.3, 175.0, 212.3)= 175.0 mm
leff,1b= 175.0 mm

leff=2π·mx =2πx36.1= 226.8 mm
=α·m =8.00x36.1=288.8 mm (λ1=λ2=m/(m+e)=0.22, α=8.00) (EC3-1-8 Fig.6.11)
leff,2b=min(226.8, 288.8)= 226.8 mm
leff,2b= = 226.8 mm

leff=2π·mx =2πx36.1= 226.8 mm
=α·m =8.00x36.1=288.8 mm (λ1=λ2=m/(m+e)=0.22, α=8.00)
=πm+p =πx36.1+100.0= 213.4 mm
=0.5p+α·m-(2m+0.625e)=0.5x100.0+8.0x36.1-(2x36.1+0.625x125.0)= 188.5 mm
leff,3b=min(226.8, 288.8, 213.4, 188.5)= 188.5 mm
leff,3b= = 188.5 mm

leff=2π·mx =2πx36.1= 226.8 mm
=4m+1.25e =4x36.1+1.25x125.0= 300.6 mm
=2p =2x100.0= 200.0 mm
=p = 100.0 mm
leff,4b=min(226.8, 300.6, 200.0, 100.0)= 100.0 mm
leff,4b= = 100.0 mm
18.5. End-Plate, Resistance of T-stub flange (Eave connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.4.1, Tab.6.2)

Ft,rd= min(922, 564, 646)= 564 kN

Ft,rd= min(1394, 669, 646)= 646 kN

Ft,rd= min(1159, 616, 646)= 616 kN

Ft,rd= min(527, 476, 646)= 476 kN
18.6. Rafter flange and web in compression (Eave connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.6.7)
Fc,fb,rd= Mc,rd/(h-tf), Mc,rd= Wel,y·fy/γM0
Wel,y=(350x12.0x1395.3²+12.0x1383.3³/6)/1407=9572.5x10 3 mm³
Mc,rd= [10 -6 ]x9572.5x10 3 x355/1.00=3398kNm, Fc,fb,rd=[10 3 ]x3398/1395.3= 2435kN
Fc,fb,rd,max=(1/0.8)b·t·fy/γM0= (1/0.8)x[10 -3 ]x350.0x12.0x355/1.00= 1864 kN (h>600mm)
Fc,fb,rd= min(2435, 1864)= 1864 kN
18.7. Rafter web in tension (Eave connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.6.8)
beff,t,wb=Leff=min(leff,3b, leff,4b)=min(188.5, 100.0) =100.0 mm
Ft,wb,rd = [10 -3 ]x100.0x12.0x355/1.00= 426 kN
min Ft,rd=min(564, 646, 616, 476, 426)= 426 kN

18.8. Connection geometry of column-side (Eave connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.4.1, Fig.6.2)

mx,x=(100-20.0-2x0.8x8)/2= 33.6 mm
mx,y=50-0.8x7x Ö 2= 42.1 mm
18.9. Effective lengths of column-side (Eave connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.6.4 Tab.6.4)
End Bolt-row in a group

leff=2π·m =2πx33.6= 211.1 mm
=π·m+2e1 =πx33.6+2x125.0= 355.6 mm
=4m+1.25e =4x33.6+1.25x125.0= 290.6 mm
=2m+0.63e+e1 =2x33.6+0.63x125.0+125.0= 270.3 mm
=π·m+p =πx33.6+100.0= 205.6 mm
=2e1+p =2x125.0+100.0= 350.0 mm
=2m+0.63e+0.5p =2x33.6+0.63x125.0+0.5x100.0= 195.3 mm
=e1+0.5p =125.0+0.5x100.0= 175.0 mm
leff,1c=min(211.1, 355.6, 290.6, 270.3, 205.6, 350.0, 195.3, 175.0)= 175.0 mm
leff,1c= = 175.0 mm

leff=2π·m =2πx33.6= 211.1 mm
=4m+1.25e =4x33.6+1.25x125.0= 290.6 mm
=2p =2x100.0= 200.0 mm
=p = 100.0 mm
leff,2c=min(211.1, 290.6, 200.0, 100.0)= 100.0 mm
leff,2c= = 100.0 mm
18.10. Column-Side, Resistance of T-stub flange (Eave connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.4.1, Tab.6.2)
End Bolt-row in a group

Ft,rd= min(740, 523, 646)= 523 kN

Ft,rd= min(423, 453, 646)= 423 kN
18.11. Column-web in transverse tension (Eave connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.6.3)
Ft,wc,rd = ω·beff,t,wc·twc·fy,c/γM0
β=1, ω=ω1=1/ Ö [1+1.3(beff,c·twc/Avc)²], beff,c=100.0 mm (EC3-1-8 §6.2.6.2, Tab.6.3)
ω=1/ Ö [1+1.3x(100.0x20.0/15600)²]]= 0.99
Ft,wc,rd = [10 -3 ]x0.99x100.0x20.0x355/1.00= 703 kN
18.12. Design resistance of compression stiffener (Eave connection) (EC3-1-5 §9.1)
Compression stiffener at the bottom of haunch ts= 25.0 mm
fy=355N/mm², bs=(350-20.0-2x8.0)/2=157.0mm, ts=25.0mm, tw=20.0mm, ε= Ö (235/fy)=0.81

Aeff,s=2x157.0x25.0+(2x15x0.81x20.0+25.0)x20.0=18070 mm² (EC3-1-5 §9.1(2)
Leff,s=min(157.0, 14x0.81x25.0)=min(157.0, 283.50)=157.0 mm, (EC3 Tab.5.2)
Ieff,s=(2x157.0+20.0) 3 x25.0/12= 77624x10 3 mm 4
ieff,s= Ö (77624x10³/18070) =65.5mm, λ1=π Ö (E/fy)=93.9ε=76.06
Lcr=0.75x(800-2x20.0)= 570.0 mm (EC3-1-5 §9.4(2)

-
λ =Lcr/(ieff,s·λ1)=570.0/(65.5x76.06)= 0.11 (EC3 §6.3.1.3(1)
-
λ <= 0.20, χ=1.00 (EC3 §6.3.1.2.4)
Fc,wc,rd = χ·Aeff,s·fy,c/γM1= 1.000x18070x355/1.00=6415 kN > Fc,fb,rd=1864 kN
Compression stiffener, Is verified
18.13. Moment resistance of connection (Eave connection) (EN1993-1-8, §6.2.7.2)
Mj,rd = Σ hr·Ftr,rd (EN1993-1-8, §6.2.7.2Eq.6.25

hr: row numbering from top, distances from center of bottom (compression) flange
Bolt-row 1, hr=1451.3 mm, Ft,rd= 564 kN
Fc,ed=ΣFt,rd=564 + 616 + 476 + 476 + 476= 2608 kN

Fc,ed=ΣFt,rd=523 + 423 + 423 + 423 + 423= 2215 kN
Rafter web in tension (EC3-1-8 §6.2.6.8)

Ft,wb,rd = 426 kN
Rafter flange and web in compression (EC3-1-8 §6.2.4.7
Fc,fb,rd= 1864 kN
Ft,rd<=Ft,wb,rd=426 kN, Fc,ed=ΣFt,rd<=Fc,fb,rd=1864 kN
Fc,ed=ΣFt,rd<=Fc,wc,rd=6415 kN
Force distribution in bolt rows (EC3-1-8 §6.2.7.2.(7))

Fc,ed=ΣFt,rd=426 + 423 + 423 + 423 + 169= 1864 kN
Moment resistance of connection (EN1993-1-8, §6.2.7.2(10)
Mj,rd =[10 -3 ]x[426x1451.3+423x1339.3+423x1239.3+423x1139.3+169x1039.3]

Mj,rd = 2367 kNm
Med= 1043.9 kNm < 2366.6 kNm =Mj,rd, Is verified
18.14. Shear resistance (Eave connection) (EN1993-1-8, §3.6.1 Tab.3.4)


End-Plate
=min[800/510, 1.0, 125/(3x33), 100/(3x33)-0.25]=0.76
Column-Side
=min[800/510, 1.0, 125/(3x33), 100/(3x33)-0.25]=0.76
Design resistance of one bolt in shear =min(215, 581, 465)=215 kN
Bending moment and shear (EN1993-1-8, §3.6.1 Tab.3.4)

Ft,ed=426/2=213 kN
Reduction of shear resistance due to bending
ρ=1-Ft,ed/1.40Ft,rd=1-213/(1.40x323)=0.53
Shear acting together with bending moment for all the bolts
Vrd=12x0.53x215 =1367 kN

19. Column base Connection
19.1. Basic data (Base connection)
Design forces of connection (Base connection)
Axial force (compression) Ned=-260 kN, L.C. 202: 1.35Gk+1.50Qs1

Axial force (tension) Ned= 0 kN,
Shear force Ved= 103 kN, L.C. 211: 1.35Gk+1.50Qs1+0.60x1.50Qw1= 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Q
Moment Med= 0 kNm,
Connection data (Base connection)
Base plate steel grade 900x500x20 mm, S 355

Anchor bolts M20, Grade 8.8
Shear plane of bolt through the threated portion 200 100 200
48
middle 2x2=4
403
Steel section for column user I800, S 355
Spacing between cross centers 100 mm
90
900
Flange to end-plate weld 11 mm
Web to end-plate weld 11 mm

500
Spacing between cross centers p2=g =w= 100 mm
Concrete of foundation
Concrete-Steel class C25/30-B500C (EC2 §3.1, §3.2)

Partial factors for materials γc=1.50, γs=1.15 (EC2 §2.4.2.4)
Design compressive strength fcd=αcc·fck/γc=1.00x25/1.50=16.67 N/mm² (EC2 §3.1.6)
Design tensile strength fctd=αct·fctk05/γc=1.00x2/1.50=1.20 N/mm²
Bearing strength fjd=β· Ö Ac1/Aco·fcd=(2/3)x1.5x16.67=16.67N/mm² (EC2 §6.7)
19.2. Design resistance of individual bolts (Base connection) (EC3-1-8 §3.6.1, Tab.3.4)
Bolt strength grade=8.8, fub =800N/mm², As=245.0mm², γM2=1.25

Tension resistance of bolts Ft,rd=k2·fub·As/γM2, (k2=0.90 )
Ft,rd=[10 -3 ]x0.90x800x245.0/1.25=141 kN
Shear resistance of bolts Fv,rd=αν·fub·As/γM2, (αν=0.60)
Fv,rd=[10 -3 ]x0.60x800x245.0/1.25=94 kN
19.3. Connection geometry of end-plate (Base connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.4.1, Fig.6.2)

mx,x=(100-20.0-2x0.8x11x Ö 2)/2= 27.6 mm
mx,y= 27.6 mm
19.4. Effective lengths of end-plate (Base connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.6.5 Tab.6.6)

leff=2π·mx =2πx27.6= 173.4 mm
=4m+1.25e =4x27.6+1.25x200.0= 360.4 mm
=2p =2x90.0= 180.0 mm
=p = 90.0 mm
leff,4b=min(173.4, 360.4, 180.0, 90.0)= 90.0 mm
leff,4b= = 90.0 mm
19.5. End-Plate, Resistance of T-stub flange (Base connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.4.1, Tab.6.2)

Ft,rd= min(463, 260, 282)= 260 kN
19.6. Column web in tension (Base connection) (EC3-1-8 §6.2.6.8)
beff,t,wb=Leff= leff,4b = =90.0 mm
Ft,wb,rd = [10 -3 ]x90.0x20.0x355/1.00= 639 kN
min Ft,rd=min(260, 639)= 260 kN
19.7. Tension resistance of connection (EN1993-1-8, §6.2.4
Uplift force of connection Ft,ed= 0 kN

Tension resistance of connection Ft,rd= 2x260 = 520 kN
Ned= 0 kN < 520 kN =Nrd, Is verified
19.8. Shear resistance (Base connection) (EN1993-1-8, §3.6.1 Tab.3.4)


=min[800/510, 1.0, 200/(3x22), 90/(3x22)-0.25]=1.00
Design resistance of one bolt in shear =min(94, 408)=94 kN
Tension and shear (EN1993-1-8, §3.6.1 Tab.3.4)

Ft,ed=260/2=130 kN
Reduction of shear resistance due to tension
ρ=1-Ft,ed/1.40Ft,rd=1-130/(1.40x141)=0.34
Shear acting together with tension for all the bolts
Vrd=4x0.34x94 =128 kN

19.9. Bearing resistance (Base connection) (EN1993-1-8, §6.2.5)
Compression resistance of T-stub flange Fc,rd= fjd·beff·leff (§6.2.5(3)Eq.6.4), §6.2.5(7)

fjd=β· Ö (Ac1/Aco)·fcd=(2/3)x Ö (2.25)x16.67=16.67N/mm² (EC2 EN1992-1-1:2004, §6.7,Eq.6.63)
h=800.0mm, b=400.0mm, tf=20.0mm, tw=20.0mm, tp=20.0mm
c=tp·(fy/(3fjd·γM0) 0.5 =20x(355.00/(3x16.67x1.00) 0.5 =53.3, <50.0, c=50.0mm (Eq.6.5)
2c+bf=2x50.0+400=500.0mm <= bp=500mm, leff=500.0mm
Aco,f=leff·(2c+tf)=500.0x(2x50.0+20.0) = 60000 mm² (EC3-1-8 ,Fig.6.4)
Aco,w=(h-2tf-2c)·(tw+2c)= (800.0-2x20.0-2x50.0)x(20.0+2x50.0)= 79200 mm²
Nj,rd= [10 -3 ]x16.7x(2x60000+79200)=[10 -3 ]x16.7x199200= 3327kN
Nj,ed= 260 kN < 3327 kN =Nj,rd, Is verified
Bending resistance of base plate (EN1993-1-8, §6.2.6.10)
Mp,rd=Wel·fy/γM0=[10 -6 ](500x20.0²/6)x355/1.0= 12 kNm (§6.2.5)

Mp,ed=bp·qed·c²/2=[10 -6 ][500x260092/(2x60000+79200.0)]x50.0²/2= 1 kNm
Mp,ed= 1.0 kNm < 12.0 kNm =Mp,rd, Is verified
19.10. Anchoring resistance (Base connection) (EN1993-1-8, §6.2.6.12)
Anchoring with washer plate (§6.2.6.12, CEN/TS 1992-4-2)
Number of fasteners: 4, of minimum length 250mm, and minimum diameter of anchor head 60mm
γMp=γMsp=γMs=γMc=1.50 (CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009 §4.4.3.1)
Pull-out failure of fasteners (CEN/TS 1992-4-2:2009 §6.2.4)
Diameter of anchor head dh= 60 mm, Ah=π/4(60²-20²)=2513 mm²
Nrk,p=6·Ah·fck·ψ=[10 -3 ]x6x2513x25.0x1.0=377 kN, (ψ=1.0) (CEN/TS 1992-4-2:2009 Eq.2)
Nrd,p= Nrk,p/γMp= 377/1.50= 251 kN, Njrd,p= 4x251= 1004 kN
Nj,ed= 0 kN < 1004 kN =Njrd,p, Is verified
Concrete cone failure (CEN/TS 1992-4-2:2009 §6.2.5)

Nrk,c=Nrk0,c·(Ac,N/Ac0,N)·ψsn·ψren·ψecn (CEN/TS 1992-4-2:2009 Eq.4)
Nrk0,c=kcr·fck 0.5 ·hef 1.5 (CEN/TS 1992-4-2:2009 Eq.5)
kcr=8.5, hef=250mm, Nrk0,c=[10 -3 ]x8.5x25.0 0.5 x250 1.5 = 168 kN
Ac,N/Ac0,N=1.0, ψsn=0.70, ψren=0.5+250/200<=1, ψren=1.00, ψecn=1.00 (CEN/TS 1992-4-2Eq.8,9,10)
Nrk,c=168x1.00x0.70x1.00x1.00= 118 kN
Nrd,c= Nrk,c/γMc= 118/1.50= 79 kN, Njrd,c= 4x79= 316 kN
Nj,ed= 0 kN < 316 kN =Njrd,c, Is verified
Splitting failure (CEN/TS 1992-4-2:2009 §6.2.6)

Nrk,sp=Nrk0·(Ac,N/Ac0,N)·ψsn·ψren·ψecn·ψhsp (CEN/TS 1992-4-2:2009 Eq.18)
Nrk0=min(Nrk,p, Nrk0)=min(377,168)=168 kN
Ac,N/Ac0,N=1.0, ψsn=0.70, ψren=1.00, ψecn=1.00, ψhsp=1.00
Nrk,sp=168x1.00x0.70x1.00x1.00x1.00= 118 kN
Nrd,sp= Nrk,sp/γMc= 118/1.50= 79 kN, Njrd,sp= 4x79= 316 kN
Nj,ed= 0 kN < 316 kN =Njrd,sp, Is verified
20. Concrete footing
C25/30-B500C Ned=-260kN
quk= 0.680 kN/mm Hed= 103kN
0.800
2.500
2.700
1.000
0.700
1.500
2.500
20.1. Design loads on concrete footing
Axial force (downwards) Ned=260.09 kN, L.C. 202: 1.35Gk+1.50Qs1

Shear force Hed=103.22 kN, L.C. 211: 1.35Gk+1.50Qs1+0.60x1.50Qw1= 1.35xGk+1.50Qs1+0.90Q
Moment Med= 0.00 kNm,
Axial force (upwards) Ned= 0.00 kN,
Shear force Hed= 0.00 kN,
20.2. Dimensions, materials, loads (Concrete footing)
Dimensions
Footing Lx= 2.500 m Ly= 2.500 m
Column cx= 1.500 m cy= 0.800 m
Height of footing h= 0.700 m
Depth of footing hf= 1.000 m
Base area of footing Af= 6.25 m²

Volume of footing Vf= 4.74 m³
Materials of footing
Concrete-Steel class: C25/30-B500C (EN1992-1-1, §3)
Concrete cover: Cnom=35 mm (EC2 §4.4.1)
Effective depth of cross section d=h-d1, d1=Cnom+ Æ (3/2)=35+3x16/2=59mm, d=700-59=641mm
Concrete weight: 25.0 kN/m³
γc=1.50, γs=1.15 (EC2 Table 2.1N)
fcd=αcc·fck/γc=1.00x25/1.50=16.67 MPa (EC2 §3.1.6)
fyd=fyk/γs=500/1.15=435 MPa (EC2 §3.2.7)
Soil
Soil bearing pressure quk= 0.680 N/mm²(MPa)
Unit weight of soil γ=20.000 kN/m³
Loads
Self weight of footing (0.36+4.38)x25.00 Gf= 118.50 kN
Soil weight on footing (6.25x1.00-4.74)x20.00 Gs= 30.20 kN
Design Loads
Vertical load downwards Ned= 260.09 kN
Horizontal load Hed= 103.22 kN
Moment Med= 0.00 kNm
Vertical load upwards Ndst,d= 0.00 kN
Horizontal load Hed2= 0.00 kN
Eurocode parameters
Check of soil bearing capacity (EC7 EN1997-1-1:2004, §6)

Partial factors for actions and soil properties (EC7 Tab. A.1-A.4, EC8-5 §3.1)
Equilibrium limit state (EQU), Structural limit state (STR), Geotechnical limit state (GEO)
( EQU ) (STR/GEO) (STR/GEO)
( A1+M1 ) ( A2+M2 )
Actions Permanent Unfavorable γGdst: 1.10 1.35 1.00
Permanent Favorable γGstb: 0.90 1.00 1.00
Variable Unfavorable γQdst: 1.50 1.50 1.30
Variable Favorable γQstb: 0.00 0.00 0.00
Soil Angle of shearing resistance γφ: 1.25 1.00 1.25

parameters Effective cohesion γc: 1.25 1.00 1.25
Undrained shear strength γcu: 1.40 1.00 1.40
Unconfined strength γqu: 1.40 1.00 1.40
Weight density γw: 1.00 1.00 1.00
Partial safety factors (EQU, STR/GEO) γqu= 1.40, γφ= 1.25
Partial safety factors for actions : γG=1.35, γQ=1.50 (EC0 Annex A1)
Combination of accidental actions :(EC7) ψ2 =0.30
Combination of accidental actions :(EC2) ψ2 =0.30
Design of reinforced concrete (EC2 EN1992-1-1:2004)
21. Soil bearing resistance calculations (EC7 EN1997-1-1:2004 Annex D)
Undrained shear strength cuk= 200.0 kPa

Angle of shearing resistance φk = 35.0 °
Cohesion intercept ck = 0.0 kPa
Weight density γk = 20.0 kN/m³
Footing length Lx=B= 2.50 m

Footing breadth Ly=L= 2.50 m
Footing depth d= 1.00 m
Total height h= 2.70 m
Vertical load Ned= 560 kN

Horizontal load Hed= -92 kN
Moment Mxed= 0 kNm
Moment Myed= 0 kNm
Mxed=Mxed+Hedxh=0 +-92x2.70=-248k Nm, Myed=0 kNm

ex=Mxed/Ned=-248/560=0.44 m, ey=Myed/Ned=0/560=0.00 m
B'=Lx-2ex=2.50-2x0.44=1.62 m
L'=Ly-2ey=2.50-2x0.00=2.50 m
B'/L'=1.62/2.50=0.65
21.1. Drained conditions (EC7 EN1997-1-1:2004 Annex D.4)
Ultimate Limit State (ULS) (EQU)

Partial safety factors γφ= 1.25 γc= 1.25
B'/L'=1.62/2.50=0.65, A'=B'xL'=1.62x2.50=4.05 m²
φk=35.0, tan(φd)=tan(φk)/γφ=0.700/1.25=0.560, φd= 29.26°
ck=0.0, cd=ck/γc=0.0/1.25= 0.0kPa, A'·cd·cot(φd)=4.05x0.0x1.785=0kN
Nq=e π·tan(φd) ·tan²(45°+φd/2)=e π·tan(29.26) ·tan²(59.63)=e 1.760 x1.707²= 16.9

Nc=(Nq-1)·cot(φd)=(16.9-1)xcot(29.26)=15.9x1.785= 28.4
Nγ=2(Nq-1)·tan(φd)=2x(16.9-1)xtan(29.26)=2x15.9x0.560= 17.8
q'=γk·d=20.00x1.00=20.0kPa
sq=1+(B'/L')sin(φd)=1+0.65xsin(29.26)= 1.32
sc=(sq·Nq-1)/(Nq-1)=(1.32x16.9-1)/(16.9-1)=21.308/15.9= 1.34
sγ=1-0.3(B'/L')=1-0.3x(0.65)= 0.81
m=[2+B'/L']/[1+B'/L']=[2+0.650]/[1+0.650]=1.61
iq=[1-H/(V+A'·cd·cot(φd))] m=[1-92/(560+0)] 1.61 =0.76
iγ=[1-H/(V+A'·cd·cot(φd))] m+1 =[1-92/(560+0)] 2.61 =0.63
ic=iq-(1-iq)/(Nc·tan(φd))=0.76-(1-0.76)/(28.4xtan(29.26))=0.74
R/A'= cd·Nc·sc·ic+q'·Nq·sq·iq+0.5γ·B·Nγ·sγ·iγ =
=0.0x28.4x1.34x0.74 + 20.0x16.9x1.32x0.76 + 0.5x20.00x1.62x17.8x0.81x0.63=
=0.0+339.1+147.2= 486.2kPa
Design bearing resistance qud=486.2 kPa= 0.486 N/mm²
Bearing resistance quk=486.2·γqu= 486.2x1.40=680.7 kPa= 0.681 N/mm²
Ultimate Limit State (ULS) (STR/GEO A1+M1)

B'/L'=1.62/2.50=0.65, A'=B'xL'=1.62x2.50=4.05 m²

Nc=(Nq-1)·cot(φd)=(33.3-1)xcot(35.00)=32.3x1.428= 46.1
q'=γk·d=20.00x1.00=20.0kPa
sq=1+(B'/L')sin(φd)=1+0.65xsin(35.00)= 1.37
sc=(sq·Nq-1)/(Nq-1)=(1.37x33.3-1)/(33.3-1)=44.621/32.3= 1.38
sγ=1-0.3(B'/L')=1-0.3x(0.65)= 0.81
m=[2+B'/L']/[1+B'/L']=[2+0.650]/[1+0.650]=1.61
iq=[1-H/(V+A'·cd·cot(φd))] m=[1-92/(560+0)] 1.61 =0.76
iγ=[1-H/(V+A'·cd·cot(φd))] m+1 =[1-92/(560+0)] 2.61 =0.63
=0.0x46.1x1.38x0.75 + 20.0x33.3x1.37x0.76 + 0.5x20.00x1.62x45.2x0.81x0.63=
=0.0+693.4+373.7= 1067.1kPa
Ultimate Limit State (ULS) (STR/GEO A2+M2)

B'/L'=1.62/2.50=0.65, A'=B'xL'=1.62x2.50=4.05 m²

Nc=(Nq-1)·cot(φd)=(16.9-1)xcot(29.26)=15.9x1.785= 28.4
q'=γk·d=20.00x1.00=20.0kPa
sq=1+(B'/L')sin(φd)=1+0.65xsin(29.26)= 1.32
sc=(sq·Nq-1)/(Nq-1)=(1.32x16.9-1)/(16.9-1)=21.308/15.9= 1.34
sγ=1-0.3(B'/L')=1-0.3x(0.65)= 0.81
m=[2+B'/L']/[1+B'/L']=[2+0.650]/[1+0.650]=1.61
iq=[1-H/(V+A'·cd·cot(φd))] m=[1-92/(560+0)] 1.61 =0.76
iγ=[1-H/(V+A'·cd·cot(φd))] m+1 =[1-92/(560+0)] 2.61 =0.63
=0.0x28.4x1.34x0.74 + 20.0x16.9x1.32x0.76 + 0.5x20.00x1.62x17.8x0.81x0.63=
=0.0+339.1+147.2= 486.2kPa
Soil bearing pressure quk=min(0.68,1.49,0.68)=0.68 N/mm²

Drained conditions , Soil bearing pressure quk= 0.68 N/mm²
21.2. Tie for horizontal forces (Concrete footing)
The horizontal force acting outwards, is resisted by a steel tie

cast into the floor slab connected to the base of the columns
Maximum horizontal force acting outwards Hed= 103 kN
Steel B500C, (fyk=500N/mm²)
Required steel area As=Hed/(fy/γs)=10 3 x103/(500/1.15)=237mm²
Provide 2 steel bars Æ25 mm, (As=982mm²)
Necessary anchor length (bars with standard hook) (EN1992-1-1 §8.4)

Basic required anchorage lengthlb,rqd=( Æ /4) (σsd/fbd) =(25/4)x(105/2.70)=243 mm
σsd=10 3 x103/(2x491)=105 N/mm², fbd=2.25xfctd=2.25x1.20= 2.70 N/mm²
Design anchorage length lbd=0.70x243, >(10x25,100) =260 mm (EC2 §8.4.4)
Design lap length lo=1.5x243, >(15x25,200) =380 mm (EC2 §8.7.3)
21.3. Passive earth pressure on the side of the footing (EC7 EN1997-1-1:2004, §9.5)
Angle of shearing resistance of ground φd=φk/γM=35.00/1.25=28.00°

Unit weight of soil γk =20.00 kN/m³
Footing depth hf =1.000 m
Footing height h =0.700 m
Footing width By =2.500 m
Coefficient of passive earth pressure Kp =2.770
Earth pressure at the top p1 =20.00x0.300x2.770=16.62kN/m²
Earth pressure at the bottom p2 =20.00x1.000x2.770=55.40kN/m²
Earth force Fprd =0.5x(16.62+55.40)x2.500x0.700=63.01 kN
Point of application of earth force yp=0.396 m
21.4. Check stability for forces upwards (Concrete footing)
Loading (EQU), 0.90xPermanent + 1.50xVariable (EC7 §2.4.7.2)

Vertical forces upwards Ndst,d = 0 kN
Vertical forces downwards Gk =118.50+30.20= 148.70 kN
Holding down forces Nstb,d = γGxGk= 0.90x148.70= 134 kN
Ndst,d=0 kN < 134 kN =Nstb,d, Is verified
21.5. Check of soil bearing capacity (Concrete footing) (EC7 EN1997-1-1:2004, §6)
Loading, 1.35xPermanent + 1.50xVariable (EC7 §2.4.7.3)

Design Loads
Vertical load at footing bottom Ned= 260.09+1.35x(118.50+30.20) = 460.83kN
Vertical load at footing top Ned1= 260.09+1.35x9.00 = 272.24kN
Soil pressure q=10 -3 x460.83/(2.500x2.500)=0.074 N/mm²(Mpa)

Check bearing resistance failure Rd>=Vd (EC7 EN1997-1-1:2004, §6.5.2)
Design effective foundation area A'=2.500x2.500=6.25 m² (EC7 Annex D)
Design bearing resistance of footing Rd=A·quk/γqu, quk=0.68N/mm², γqu=1.40
Rd=1000x6.25x0.680/1.40=3035.71 kN > Vd=460.83 kN
Ned=460.83kN < 3035.71kN =Nrd, Is verified

21.6. Design for bending (Concrete footing) (EC2 EN1992-1-1:2004, §6.1)
Bending at bottom surface
MEd(xx)
Med(yy)=0.125x272x2.500x(1-1.500/2.500)² = 13.61kNm
Med(xx)=0.125x272x2.500x(1-0.800/2.500)² = 39.34kNm M Ed(yy)
Med=13.61kNm, b=2500mm, d=641mm, Kd=27.47, x/d=0.01

εc/εs=0.2/20.0, Ks=2.31, As= 0.49cm²
Minimum reinforcement As>=0.26bd·fctm/fyk (As= 8.67cm²/m) (EC2 §9.3.1)
Minimum reinforcement Æ16/23.0 ( 8.74cm²/m)

εc/εs=0.3/20.0, Ks=2.31, As= 1.42cm²
Minimum reinforcement As>=0.26bd·fctm/fyk (As= 8.67cm²/m)
Reinforcement of footing at bottom surface

Reinforcement in x-x direction: Æ 1 6 / 2 3 . 0 ( 8.74cm²/m) , 1 2 Æ 1 6 (24.12cm²)
Reinforcement in y-y direction: Æ 1 6 / 2 3 . 0 ( 8.74cm²/m) , 1 2 Æ 1 6 (24.12cm²)
Bending at top surface
Med(yy)=0.125x0x2.500x(1-1.500/2.500)² = 0.00kNm
Med(xx)=0.125x0x2.500x(1-0.800/2.500)² = 0.00kNm

εc/εs=0.0/0.0, Ks=0.00, As=*cm²
Minimum reinforcement As>=0.26bd·fctm/fyk (As= 8.67cm²/m) (EC2 §9.3.1)

εc/εs=0.0/0.0, Ks=0.00, As=*cm²
Minimum reinforcement As>=0.26bd·fctm/fyk (As= 8.67cm²/m)
Reinforcement of footing at top surface

Reinforcement in x-x direction: Æ 1 6 / 2 3 . 0 ( 8.74cm²/m) , 1 2 Æ 1 6 (24.12cm²)
Reinforcement in y-y direction: Æ 1 6 / 2 3 . 0 ( 8.74cm²/m) , 1 2 Æ 1 6 (24.12cm²)
21.7. Design for shear (Concrete footing) (EC2 EN1992-1-1:2004, §6.2)
The design for shear is covered by the design in punching shear,

because the critical rupture surface is considered at angle θ=45°, tan(θ)=1
21.8. Design for punching shear (Concrete footing) (EC2 EN1992-1-1:2004, §6.4)
Footing cantilevers in x-x, L1=0.500<d=0.641m, L2=0.500<d=0.641m

Footing cantilevers in y-y, L1=0.850>d=0.641m, L2=0.850>d=0.641m
Control perimeter at 1.0d=0.641m<2.0d (EC2 §6.4.2.2)

We consider rupture surface at angle θ=45°, tan(θ)=1 d
Ucont=(1.500+1.500)+2x(0.500+0.500)=5.000m a=d
Base area within the control perimeter Acont
45 d dm
Acont=2.500x2.082=5.20 m² Ucont
Minimum effective height of footing at control section dm= 641mm
Applied shear force at control perimeter Ved=Ned-σo·Acont, ved=Vedxβ/Ucont

σo=272.24/(2.500x2.500)=43.56 kN/m², β=1.15 (EC2 §6.4.3 Fig.6.21N)
ved=(272.24-43.56x5.20)x1.15/5.000=10.52 kN/m
Tension reinforcement at control section Asxx= 8.74cm²/m, Asyy= 8.74cm²/m

As1²=(Asxx)(Asyy)=8.74x8.74, As1=8.74 cm²
Punching shear capacity without shear reinforcement Vrdc (EC2 §6.4.4)

Vrdc=[Crdc·k·(100ρ1·fck) 0.33 ·(2d/a)]·bw·d (EC2 Eq.6.50)
Vrdc>=[vmin·2d/a]·bw·d, d=dm=641mm, a=641mm
Crdc=0.18/γc=0.18/1.50=0.120, fck=25MPa ,bw=1000mm, d=641mm
k=1+ Ö (200/d)<=2, k=1.56
ρ1=As1/(bw·d)=874/(1000x641)=0.0014
vmin=0.0350·k 1.50 · Ö fck = 0.34N/mm², (EC2 Eq.6.3N)
Vrd,c(min)=0.001x(0.34x2x641/641)x1000x641=435.88kN/m
Vrdc=0.001x[0.120x1.56x(0.14x25) 0.33 x2x641/641]x1000x641=364.38, Vrdc=435.88kN/m
Ved=10.52 kN/m <= Vrdc=435.88 kN/m, shear and punching shear OK
13.200 m
11.500 m
0 m
.00
64
33.150 m
22. Transverse restraint system
Number of frames in transverse direction 9, at 8.000m appart. Totaly 1 bracing systems

are provided. Each bracing system carries 1/1=1.00 of the total horizontal load.
The roof bracing system consists of wind girders diagonally between 33/8=4.144m points.
The vertical bracing system at the columns, consists of 2 diagonal girders
from the top to the bottom of the next column, acting as strut/tie.
22.1. Steel cross-section properties, Bracing member
Cross-section I280-S 355 119
1 5 .2
Dimensions of cross section 10.1
Width of cross section b= 119.00 mm 10.1
I280
280
Depth of straight portion of web dw= 229.40 mm y
Mass = 47.90 Kg/m

z
Area A= 6100 mm 2
Second moment of area Iy=75.900x10 6 mm 4 Iz= 3.640x10 6 mm 4
Section modulus Wy=542.00x10 3 mm 3 Wz=61.200x10 3 mm 3
Plastic section modulus Wpy=631.00x10 3 mm 3 Wpz=113.99x10 3 mm 3
Radius of gyration iy= 111.5 mm iz= 24.4 mm
Shear area Avz= 2943 mm 2 Avy= 3618 mm 2
Warping constant Iw=74.836x10 9 mm 6
22.2. Horizontal loadings

Wind load on wall surface , wk=0.54kN/m², Cpe,D=0.8, Cpe,E=-0.5 (EN1991-1-4,Tab.7.1)
Transverse wind load/m on roof level qed,w= 1.50x0.54x(0.8+0.5)x13.200/2= 6.98kN/m
Maximum axial force in the columns
Wind load Nedc,w= 0.00kN
Load/m on bracing system, roof level qed= (1/1)x6.98 =6.98 kN/m

Load on bracing system, roof level Qed1= 6.98x4.144 =28.92 kN
Load on bracing system, at top of column Qed2= 6.98x33.150/2= 115.69 kN
Horizontal (roof) braced girder

Load on bracing system, roof level Qed1= 6.98x4.144 =28.92 kN
The braced girder at roof is loaded with point horizontal loads Qed1=6.98x4.144=28.92kN
at the nodes of the bracing system (at spacing L/8=4.144 m).
The braced girder is supported horizontally at the columns
Length of braced girder members 9.009 m, inclination φ=62.62°, tanφ=8.000/4.144=1.931
Forces in members of braced girder
Vertical (wall) braced girder

Load on bracing system, at top of column Qed2= 6.98x33.150/2= 115.69 kN
The vertical brace system is loaded with point horizontal load Qed2=115.69kN
at the top of the column h= 11.500m.
Length of braced girder members 14.009 m, inclination φ=55.18°, tanφ=11.500/8.000=1.438
Forces in bracing members
Tension Nted2= 1.00x115.7/cos55.18= 202.6 kN
Compression on columns Nced2=202.6xsin55.18=166.3kN
22.3. Classification of steel cross-section, Compression Nc (Bracing member) (EN1993-1-1, §5.5)

fy
Web +
c=280.0-2x15.2-2x10.1=229.4 mm, t=10.1 mm, c/t=229.4/10.1=22.71 c
S 355 , t=10.1<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm², ε=(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
c/t=22.71<=33ε=33x0.81=26.73
fy
Flange
c=119.0/2-10.1/2-10.1=44.3 mm, t=15.2 mm, c/t=44.3/15.2=2.92
S 355 , t=15.2<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm², ε=(235/355) 0.5 =0.81 +
c/t=2.92<=9ε=9x0.81=7.29
Overall classification of cross-section is Class 1, Compression Nc,ed
22.4. Resistance of cross-section, Bracing member (EN1993-1-1, §6.2)
Ultimate Limit State, Verification for tension (EN1993-1-1, §6.2.3)

Nt.ed=202.60 kN
Tension Resistance Nplrd= A·fy/γΜ0=[10 -3 ]x6100x355/1.00=2165.50kN
Nt,ed= 202.60 kN < 2165.50 kN =Nt,rd=Nplrd, Is verified
Nt,ed/Nt,rd= 202.60/2165.50= 0.094<1

Nc.ed= 32.60 kN
Compression Resistance Nplrd= A·fy/γΜ0=[10 -3 ]x6100x355/1.00=2165.50kN
Ned= 32.60 kN < 2165.50 kN =Nc,rd=Nplrd, Is verified
Ned/Nc,rd= 32.60/2165.50= 0.015<1
22.5. Flexural Buckling, Bracing member (Ultimate Limit State) (EN1993-1-1, §6.3.1)

-
-
λ1=π Ö (E/fy)=93.9ε=76.06, ε= Ö (235/fy)=0.81
h/b=280/119=2.35>=1.20, tf=15.2mm<=40 mm
y-y buckling curve:a, imperfection factor: αy=0.21, χy=0.622 (T.6.2,T.6.1,Fig.6.4)
- -
Φy=0.5[1+αy( λ y-0.2)+ λ y²]=0.5x[1+0.21x(1.062-0.2)+1.062²]=1.154
-
χy=1/[Φy+ Ö (Φy²- λ y²)]=1/[1.154+ Ö (1.154²-1.062²)]=0.622 <=1 χy=0.622
z-z buckling curve:b, imperfection factor: αz=0.34, χz=0.040
- -
Φz=0.5[1+αz( λ z-0.2)+ λ z²]=0.5x[1+0.34x(4.849-0.2)+4.849²]=13.047
-
χz=1/[Φz+ Ö (Φz²- λ z²)]=1/[13.047+ Ö (13.047²-4.849²)]=0.040 <=1 χz=0.040
- - -
-3
Nc,ed/Nb,rd= 32.60/86.62= 0.376<1
22.6. Bolts connecting braces
Bolt connection data, Bracing member (EN1993-1-8 )

Category of connection Category A: Bearing type (EC3-1-8 §3.4.1)
Connected members Thickness t=15 mm
Bolts M27, Strength grade 8.8
Bolt diameter d = 27 mm
Nominal area πd²/4 =πx27²/4= 572.6 mm²
Tensile stress area As = 572.6 mm²
Bolt strength grade 8.8, fyb=640N/mm², fub=800N/mm² (EC3-1-8 §3.1.1)
Shear resistance of bolts (EN1993-1-8, §3.6.1 Tab.3.4)

Fv,rd=αν·fub·As/γM2=[10 -3 ]x0.60x800x572.6/1.25=219.9 kN
Bearing resistance of bolts (EN1993-1-8, §3.6.1 Tab.3.4)

αb=min[fub/fu, 1, e1/3do, p1/3do-1/4]=min[800/510, 1, 50/(3x30), 100/(3x30)-0.25]=0.56
k1=min[2.8e2/do-1.7, 2.5]=min[2.8x50/30-1.7, 2.5]=2.50
Fb,rd=k1·αb·fu·d·t/γM2= [10 -3 ]x2.50x0.56x510x27x15.2/1.25=232.6 kN
Necessary bolts per brace 202.6/219.9= 1 M27, Grade 8.8
22.7. Flexural Buckling, Column (Ultimate Limit State) (EN1993-1-1, §6.3.1)


-
-
λ1=π Ö (E/fy)=93.9ε=76.06, ε= Ö (235/fy)=0.81
tf=20.0mm<=40 mm
- -
Φy=0.5[1+αy( λ y-0.2)+ λ y²]=0.5x[1+0.34x(0.475-0.2)+0.475²]=0.660
-
χy=1/[Φy+ Ö (Φy²- λ y²)]=1/[0.660+ Ö (0.660²-0.475²)]=0.895 <=1 χy=0.895
- -
Φz=0.5[1+αz( λ z-0.2)+ λ z²]=0.5x[1+0.49x(0.476-0.2)+0.476²]=0.681
-
χz=1/[Φz+ Ö (Φz²- λ z²)]=1/[0.681+ Ö (0.681²-0.476²)]=0.856 <=1 χz=0.856
- - -
-3
Nc,ed/Nb,rd= 166.30/9481.06= 0.018<1
5.86°
1700
1700
1322
user I700 user I700

13200 4525
13200
user I800 user I800
11500
11500
16575 16575
33150
Scale 1:250 (mm)
2700
2700
700
700
1500 1500
2500 2500
7 100
50
100
100 100 100 112

7
M30 8.8
1166
7
1632
7
7
M30 8.8
Apex connection Scale 1:20 (mm)
7
187
125
350
Eave connection Scale 1:20 (mm)
M20 8.8 11
270
100
Base connection Scale 1:20 (mm)

user I700 user I700
Units 5, 6 and 7
5.86°
1700
1322 1700
4525
13200
13200
user I800 user I800
11500
11500
16575 16575
33150
Scale 1:200 (mm)
2700
2700
700
700
1500 1500
2500 2500
Pg. 74
7
7
7
M30 8.8
1632
125 100
350
100
187 50
100 100 100 112
Pg. 75 Units 5, 6 and 7
100
125
187
Units 5, 6 and 7
1166
100
7
112
7
100
M30 8.8
187
125
pex connection Scale 1:10 (mm) 350

Pg. 76
Units 5, 6 and 7
M20 8.8
11
270
100
Base connection Scale 1:10 (mm)

Pg. 77
Table of contents
1. Design codes
2. Basic data
2.1. Geometry of frame structure
2.2. Steel sections
2.3. Steel joints
2.4. Column base and foundation
3. Materials and Code parameters
3.1. Materials
4. Loads
4.1. Permanent loads
4.2. Imposed loads
4.3. Snow load
4.4. Snow load on frame
4.5. Wind load
4.6. Wind load on frame
5. Design values of Actions
5.1. Load combination factors
5.2. Ultimate Limit State (ULS) (EQU)
5.3. Ultimate Limit State (ULS) (STR)
5.4. Serviceability Limit State (SLS)
5.5. Ultimate Limit State (ULS)Seismic situation
5.6. Summary of load combination
6. Steel sections
6.1. Column section
6.2. Rafter section
6.3. Haunch section at haunch end
6.4. Haunch section at haunch-middle
7. Finite Element Analysis
7.1. Data used for elastic analysis
7.2. Element uniform loads, q perpendicular to element, qy vertical, qx horisontal [kN/m]
8. Matrices [K][u]=[P]
8.5. Stiffness matrix banded [K]
8.6. Load matrix [P] (kN,kNm)
8.7. Displacement matrix [u] (m, rads)
9. Results of static-linear-elastic analysis
9.1. Displacements [mm]
9.2. Reactions at the supports
10. Design of Purlins
10.1. Materials, Purlins
10.2. Loading, Purlins
10.3. Design values of Actions, Load combinations, Purlins
10.4. Design actions, Purlins
10.5. Steel cross-section properties, Purlins
Table of contents
10.6. Serviceability Limit State (SLS), Purlins

10.7. Classification of steel cross-section, Bending My (Purlin section)
10.8. Resistance of cross-section, Purlin section
10.9. Lateral restraining of sheeting, Purlins
10.10. Lateral torsional buckling (Purlin laterally restrained)
11. Global analysis
11.1. Effects of deformed geometry of the structure
11.2. Imperfections for global analysis
11.3. Sway imperfections for columns
11.4. Internal forces and bending moments with imperfection effect
12. Serviceability Limit State (SLS)
12.1. Vertical deflection at the apex
12.2. Horizontal deflection at the top of column
12.3. Dynamic effects
13. Column verification (Ultimate Limit State)
13.1. Classification of steel cross-section, Column
13.2. Resistance of cross-section, Column (Ultimate Limit State)
13.3. Flexural Buckling, Column (Ultimate Limit State)
13.4. Lateral torsional buckling, Column (ULS)
13.5. Axial force and bending moment, Column (ULS)
14. Rafter verification (Ultimate Limit State)
14.1. Classification of steel cross-section, Rafter
14.2. Resistance of cross-section, Rafter (Ultimate Limit State)
14.3. Buckling resistance, Rafter mid-span region (Ultimate Limit State)
14.4. Flexural Buckling, Rafter mid-span region (Ultimate Limit State)
14.5. Lateral torsional buckling, Rafter mid-span region (ULS)
14.6. Axial force and bending moment, Rafter mid-span region (ULS)
14.7. Buckling resistance, Rafter end-span region (Ultimate Limit State)
14.8. Flexural Buckling, Rafter end-span region (Ultimate Limit State)
14.9. Lateral torsional buckling, Rafter end-span region (ULS)
14.10. Axial force and bending moment, Rafter end-span region (ULS)
14.11. Buckling resistance, Rafter-Uplift conditions (Ultimate Limit State)
14.12. Flexural Buckling, Rafter-Uplift conditions (Ultimate Limit State)
14.13. Lateral torsional buckling, Rafter-Uplift conditions (ULS)
15. Haunch verification (Ultimate Limit State)
15.1. Classification of steel cross-section, at haunch end
15.2. Resistance of cross-section, at haunch end (Ultimate Limit State)
15.3. Out-of-plane buckling, at haunch end (Ultimate Limit State)
15.4. Classification of steel cross-section, at haunch-middle
15.5. Resistance of cross-section, at haunch-middle (Ultimate Limit State)
15.6. Out-of-plane buckling, at haunch-middle (Ultimate Limit State)
16. Connection data
16.1. Bolt connection data (eave, apex)
16.2. Edge distances and spacing of bolts (eave, apex)
16.3. Design resistance of individual bolts (eave, apex)
17. Apex connection
17.1. Basic data (Apex connection)
Table of contents
17.2. Connection data (Apex connection)

17.3. Connection geometry of end-plate (Apex connection)
17.4. Effective lengths of end-plate (Apex connection)
17.5. End-Plate, Resistance of T-stub flange (Apex connection)
17.6. Rafter flange and web in compression (Apex connection)
17.7. Rafter web in tension (Apex connection)
17.8. Moment resistance of connection (Apex connection)
17.9. Shear resistance (Apex connection)
18. Eave connection
18.1. Basic data (Eave connection)
18.2. Connection data (Eave connection)
18.3. Connection geometry of end-plate (Eave connection)
18.4. Effective lengths of end-plate (Eave connection)
18.5. End-Plate, Resistance of T-stub flange (Eave connection)
18.6. Rafter flange and web in compression (Eave connection)
18.7. Rafter web in tension (Eave connection)
18.8. Connection geometry of column-side (Eave connection)
18.9. Effective lengths of column-side (Eave connection)
18.10. Column-Side, Resistance of T-stub flange (Eave connection)
18.11. Column-web in transverse tension (Eave connection)
18.12. Design resistance of compression stiffener (Eave connection)
18.13. Moment resistance of connection (Eave connection)
18.14. Shear resistance (Eave connection)
19. Column base Connection
19.1. Basic data (Base connection)
19.2. Design resistance of individual bolts (Base connection)
19.3. Connection geometry of end-plate (Base connection)
19.4. Effective lengths of end-plate (Base connection)
19.5. End-Plate, Resistance of T-stub flange (Base connection)
19.6. Column web in tension (Base connection)
19.7. Tension resistance of connection
19.8. Shear resistance (Base connection)
19.9. Bearing resistance (Base connection)
19.10. Anchoring resistance (Base connection)
20. Concrete footing
20.1. Design loads on concrete footing
20.2. Dimensions, materials, loads (Concrete footing)
21. Soil bearing resistance calculations
21.1. Drained conditions
21.2. Tie for horizontal forces (Concrete footing)
21.3. Passive earth pressure on the side of the footing
21.4. Check stability for forces upwards (Concrete footing)
21.5. Check of soil bearing capacity (Concrete footing)
21.6. Design for bending (Concrete footing)
21.7. Design for shear (Concrete footing)
21.8. Design for punching shear (Concrete footing)
22. Transverse restraint system
22.1. Steel cross-section properties, Bracing member
22.2. Horizontal loadings
22.3. Classification of steel cross-section, Compression Nc (Bracing member)
Table of contents
22.4. Resistance of cross-section, Bracing member

22.5. Flexural Buckling, Bracing member (Ultimate Limit State)
22.6. Bolts connecting braces
22.7. Flexural Buckling, Column (Ultimate Limit State)

Portal Frame Rough Section Estimate

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Units 5, 6 and 7 Pg.

EN1990:2002, Eurocode 0 Basis of Structural Design

2.1. Geometry of frame structure

2.2. Steel sections

2.3. Steel joints

2.4. Column base and foundation

3. Materials and Code parameters

Partial factors for materials (EN1993-1-1, §6.1)

4.1. Permanent loads (EN1991-1-1 )

/m Gk=6.32kN Load G (Permanent load)

4.2. Imposed loads (EC1 EN1991-1-1:2002 Tab.6.10)

4.3. Snow load (EC1 EN1991-1-3:2003 )

Snow load on the ground (EN1991-1-3 §4, Annex C)

Snow load on the roof (EC1 EN1991-1-3:2003 §5)

Snow load (EC1 EN1991-1-3:2003, §5.2, §5.3.3)

4.4. Snow load on frame (EC1 EN1991-1-3:2003 )

Snow load on the ground sk= 0.500 kN/m²

4.5. Wind load (EC1 EN1991-1-4:2005 )

Reference velocity (EN1991-1-4, §4.2)

Terrain effects (EN1991-1-4, §4.3.2, Annex A)

Terrain category : III (EN1991-1-4, Tab.4.1)

Wind peak velocity pressure q(z)=Ce(z)·qb =Ce(z)·(0.625)·Vb² (EN1991-1-4, §4.5)

Wind forces on duopitch roof, wind direction: 0.00 (EN1991-1-4, §7.2.5)

Wind pressure coefficients Cpe (EN1991-1-4, Tab. 7.4a)

Pitch angle : α=5.856

Zone : I, A= 896.52m², Cpe,10=-0.58, Cpe,1=-0.58

Wind forces on vertical walls (EN1991-1-4, §7.2.2)

Wind pressure coefficients Cpe A B C (EN1991-1-4, Tab.7.1)

Zone : E, ( 64.00xh), Cpe,10=-0.33, Cpe,1=-0.33

Wind pressure on wall surfaces we=q(z)·Cpe [kN/m²] (EN1991-1-4, 5.1)

4.6. Wind load on frame (EC1 EN1991-1-4:2005 )

Wind pressure on vertical surface wk= 0.542 kN/m²

/m wk=-4.05kN Load Qw1 (Wind load)

5. Design values of Actions (EN1990 NA Eurocode EN, §6.4, §6.5)

5.1. Load combination factors (EN1990 Tab.A1.1)

Category H (roofs) Qk ψο=0.00, ψ1=0.00, ψ2=0.00

5.2. Ultimate Limit State (ULS) (EQU) (EN1990 §6.4.3.2, T.A1.2A)

Ed = γG·Gk + γQ·Qk1 + γQ·ψο·Qk2 (Eq.6.10)

Load combinations (ULS)(EQU),

5.3. Ultimate Limit State (ULS) (STR) (EN1990 §6.4.3.2, T.A1.2B)

Ed = γG·Gk + γQ·Qk1 + γQ·ψο·Qk2 (Eq.6.10)

Load combinations (ULS)(STR),

5.4. Serviceability Limit State (SLS) (EN1990 §6.5.3, T.A1.4)

Ed = Gk + Qk1 + ψο·Qk2 + ψο·Qk3 (Characteristic combination) (Eq.6.14)

Load combinations (SLS)

5.5. Ultimate Limit State (ULS)Seismic situation

Ed = Gk + Aed + ψ2·Qk1 + ψ2·Qk2 + ψ2·Qk3 (Eq.6.12b)

5.6. Summary of load combination

1 L.C. 101 (ULS)(EQU) 1.10Gk+1.50Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1

13 L.C. 201 (ULS)(STR) 1.35Gk+1.50Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1

34 L.C. 301 (SLS) 1.00Gk+1.00Qk+0.00Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1

54 L.C. 601 (SEISM) 1.00Gk+0.00Qk+0.20Qs1+0.00Qs2+0.00Qs3+0.00Qw1 + Aed

6.1. Column section 400

Properties of cross section

6.2. Rafter section

Steel cross-section properties 350

Cross-section user I700-S 355

Properties of cross section

6.3. Haunch section at haunch end

Steel cross-section properties 350

Properties of cross section

6.4. Haunch section at haunch-middle

Steel cross-section properties 350

Properties of cross section