Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Metakaolin: Fresh Properties and Optimum Content For Mechanical Strength in 0277 0913:3 77A:0 3 7 09 A Comprehensive Overview
Metakaolin: Fresh Properties and Optimum Content For Mechanical Strength in 0277 0913:3 77A:0 3 7 09 A Comprehensive Overview
Alaa M. Rashad
Building Materials Research and Quality Control Institute, Housing & Building National Research Center,
HBRC, Cairo, Egypt
Received: March 08, 2014
Abstract. Kaolins can satisfy the world demand for filler, paper and ceramic industries. If kaolin
thermally activated, it converts to a pozzolan material named metakaolin (MK). MK can be used in
traditional paste, mortar and concrete to improve their properties. In addition, MK can be used as
a source of cementing materials without Portland cement (PC) named geopolymer. This litera-
ture presents an overview of the pervious works carried out on the effect of MK on the fresh
properties and mechanical strength of traditional cementitious materials based on PC in which
MK was used as cement replacement. In addition, the optimum content of MK which exhibited the
highest 28 days compressive strength was reviewed.
u) (,5Tf
Q SUTGd
eTi7U d
Ub7 %
@dT%
16 A.M. Rashad
ever, most of researches preferred to use 700 t C for ment levels are likely due to the dilution effect of
12 h to obtain MK from kaolin [7]. The best calcina- removing such a large mass of cement from the
tion of paper sludge in order to obtain MK may be ci cd U]%:b qQcUdQ. [20] compared fly ash (FA),
ranging from 600 t C to 800 t
7 VbXUQd YW Ub YT silica fume (SF) and MK in terms of heat evolution
ranging from 2 h to 5 h. Most of researchers re- using a Langavant calorimeter. This semi-adiabatic
ported that the optimal calcination conditions were method, described in the Spanish standard UNE 80
WY fU RiQd U] Ub QdebUV . t 7VbQ Ub YT V)X 118, measures the heat generated during cement
[7]. However, the calcination temperatures and cal- hydration using a thermally isolated Dewar flask.
cination periods required to obtain MK from kaolin Heat is defined as the temperature difference be-
and paper sludge are completely covered in a com- tween the hydrating mortar and an inert mortar (three
prehensive details in [7]. It is worth mentioning that months old at least). Blended cement pastes con-
MK can also be obtained by the calcination of in- taining 10% or 30% SCM were used to produce
digenous lateritic soils [15]. However, MK reacts mortars with a sand-to-cement ratio of 3:1 and a
chemically with hydrating cement to form modified w/b of 0.5. The total heat evolved (up to 120 h) was
paste microstructure. In addition, to its positive im- found to decrease significantly with increasing FA
pact, MK improves concrete mechanical properties substitution, increase slightly on substitution with
and durability. The term of MK pozzolan refers to a 10% SF and essentially stay the same for increas-
silecious material which, in finely divided from and ing levels of MK substitution. They also measured
in the presence of water, will react chemically with the peak height relative to controls, for these hy-
calcium hydroxide to form cementitious compounds. drating mortars. FA mortars exhibited a continual
In addition, employing MK as a part of traditional reduction in temperature rise with increase in sub-
cement or as geopolymer, reduces the environmen- stitution level, SF incorporation resulted in a de-
tal Impact resulting from cement industry. Sb UQcU V(% ,y % t C and MK caused content of a
Although there are numerous numbers of review mixture will reduce the heat output from cement
papers in the literature regarding to using MK as hydration, but will not necessarily reduce the initial
pozzolan for concrete [16], using MK to produce rate of heat evolution or the maximum temperature
green cement for construction purposes [17], the reached.
influence of MK on the properties of mortar and con- Bai and wild [21] looked especially at the ef-
crete [18] and the optimum treatment conditions of fects of FA and MK on heat evolved using embed-
kaolin and paper sludge to produce MK [7], the elec- ded thermocouples. Mortar mixtures were placed
tronic library is still needs more review publications. in 150 mm plywood cube moulds and thermally iso-
However, there is no published review paper in the lated by encasement in 100 mm thick expanded
literature reviewed the previous works carried out polystyrene and another layer of plywood. Increas-
on the effect of MK on the heat of hydration, work- ing in replacement levels, decreasing the tempera-
ability, setting time and mechanical strength of tra- ture rise in FA systems was noted. On the other
ditional cementitious materials based on PC. On hand, the temperature rise in MK systems was found
the same line with this, there is no published review to increase substantially. Numeric peak tempera-
paper reviewed and investigated the optimum re- ture values were 29 t C, 27 tC, and 31 t C for the
placement level of cement with MK versus w/b ratio control, 10% FA and 10% MK mixtures respectively.
of traditional paste, mortar and concrete based on They also investigated the use of FA and MK in ter-
PC. However, the main goal of this review to pro- nary blends at total cement replacement levels up
duce a short guide for Engineer about the effect of to 40%. These appeared to have a compensatory
MK on heat of hydration, workability and mechani- effect on temperature rise as shown in Fig. 1.
cal strength as well as the optimum replacement Janotka et al. [22] studied heat of hydration of
level of cement with MK that exhibits the highest 28 A cQ TcS USd UTV b] Ji DUd bf USTU cY d
days compressive strength. (Slovakia) with different MK contents of 31.5%, 36%,
and 40%. The percentage of MK sands in the blended
2. FRESH PROPERTIES cement was 10%, 20% and 40%. They reported
that the addition of 36% and 31.5% sands to ce-
2.1. Heat of hydration ment induced a delay up to 2 h of precipitation of
Ambroise et al. [19] reported that temperature rises the main hydration products in the blended-cement
by 8 t
C, 6 tC, and 1 t C over controls for 10%, 20%, pastes and decreased the maximum heat evolution
and 30% replacement, respectively, in mortars. The rate. On the other hand, the incorporation of 40%
smaller temperature increases at higher replace- MK sand shortened 6 h its apparition and increased
Metakaolin: fresh properties and optimum content for mechanical strength in traditional... 17
tio and fixed dosage of SP of 0.45 and 4.95 l/m3, MK at levels of 0%, 5%, 7.5%, 12.5%, 15%, and
respectively. The slump results showed a reduction 20%, by weight. Fixed w/b ratio of 0.3 and fixed
in the workability with the inclusion of MK. Qian dosage of SP of 1.36%, by binder weight, were
and Li [34] partially replaced cement in HPC mix- employed. The results showed a reduction in the
tures with MK at levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%, workability with the inclusion of MK. The reduction
by weight. Fixed w/b ratio of 0.38 and fixed dosage in the workability increased with increasing MK con-
of SP of 1% were employed. The results showed a tent. Paiva et al. [42] partially replaced cement in
reduction in the workability with the inclusion of MK. concrete mixtures with MK at levels of 0%, 10%,
The reduction in the workability increased with in- 20%, and 30%, by weight. Fixed w/b ratio of 0.6
creasing MK content. Dinakar et al. [35] partially was used. The HRWR dosages were 0%, 0.08%,
replaced cement in HSC mixtures with MK at levels 0.15%, and 0.2% for mixtures containing 0%, 10%,
of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%, by weight. Fixed w/b 20%, and 30% MK, respectively. The results showed
ratio of 0.3 and various dosages of SP were em- a reduction in the workability with the inclusion of
ployed. The slump results showed a reduction in 10% and 20% MK, whilst 30% MK showed compa-
the workability with the inclusion of MK. Behfarnia rable workability to the control.
and Farshadfar [36] partially replaced cement in SCC On the other hand, Caldarone et al. [43] incor-
mixtures with MK at levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, and porated 5% and 10% of high reactivity metakaolin
15%, by weight. Fixed w/b ratio of 0.38 and various (HRK) in concrete mixtures. The w/b ratios of the
dosages of HRWR were employed. They found a control mixture and mixtures containing 5% and
reduction in the workability with the inclusion of MK. 10% HRK were 0.41, 0.38, and 0.36, respectively.
Bai et al. [37] partially replaced cement in concrete Various dosages of HRWR were employed. They
mixtures with MK at levels of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, found that the incorporation of 5% HRK improved
10%, 12.5%, and 15%, by weight. Two w/b ratios of the workability, whilst the incorporation of 10% HRK
0.4 and 0.5 were used. The results showed a re- reduced it. Boddy et al. [44] partially replaced ce-
duction in the workability with the inclusion of MK ment in mortar mixtures with HRK at levels of 0%,
at all w/b ratios. The reduction in the workability 8%, and 12%, by weight. Various w/b ratios of 0.3
increased as the content of MK increased. ;s Ui Y
cY and 0.4 and various dosages of SP were employed.
and Geso lu [38] partially replaced cement in self- They reported that HRK mixtures exhibited poorer
compaction mortar mixtures with MK at levels of workability at w/b ratio of 0.3, whilst 12% HRK
0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%, by weight. Fixed w/b ratio achieved higher workability at w/b of 0.4 followed by
of 0.4 was used. The results showed a reduction in the control mixture and mixture containing 8% HRK,
the workability with the inclusion of MK. respectively. Ding and Li [45] partially replaced ce-
Ramezanianpour and Jovein [39] partially re- ment in concrete mixtures with MK at levels of 0%,
placed cement in concrete mixtures with MK at lev- 5%, 10%, and 15%, by weight. Fixed w/b ratio of
els of 0%, 10%, 12.5%, and 15%, by weight. They 0.35, fixed dosage of HRWR and fixed dosage of
used different w/b ratios of 0.35, 0.4, and 0.5. The retarder agent were employed. They found that at
polycarboxylic acid-based SP was employed to 5% and 10% replacement, MK mixtures exhibited
achieve the desired workability. The results showed a slightly higher slump than the control mixture. At
a reduction in the workability with the inclusion of 15% replacement, slump decreased approximately
10% and 15% MK at 0.5 w/b ration. At w/b ratio of 10% related to the control. Badogiannis et al. [46]
0.4, the inclusion of 10% MK reduced the workabil- and Badogiannis and Tsivilis [47] partially replaced
ity. At w/b ratio of 0.35, the inclusion of 12.5% and cement in concrete mixtures with either commer-
15% MK reduced the workability. Courad et al. [40] cial metakaolin (CMK) of high purity or MK produced
partially replaced cement in mortar mixtures with from poor Greek kaolin calcination at levels of 0%,
MK at levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, by 10%, and 20%, by weight. Fixed w/b ratio of 0.5
weight. Fixed w/b ratio of 0.5 was used. They re- and various dosages of SP were employed. For
ported that the inclusion of MK reduced the work- commercial MK mixtures, the results showed an
ability. Sonebi et al. [23] partially replaced cement increase in the workability with the inclusion of 10%
in cement grout mixtures with MK at various levels MK, whilst the inclusion of 20% MK reduced it. For
ranging from 6% to 20%, by weight. Fixed w/b ratio the mixtures containing MK manufactured from poor
of 0.4, various dosages of SP and viscosity-modify- Greek kaolin calcination, the workability decreased
ing agent were employed. They reported that the with the inclusion of 10% MK, whilst the inclusion
inclusion of MK reduced the mini-slump. Khatib [41] V) A TY T dQV V
USdd XUg b [QRY Y
di%;s Ui Y
cY
partially replaced cement in concrete mixtures with et al. [48] partially replaced cement in concrete
Metakaolin: fresh properties and optimum content for mechanical strength in traditional... 19
Table 1. Workability of concrete with the inclusion of MK, data from [53].
0 157.6 0 5 0.81 26
5 157.3 0.6 10 0.84 15
10 157.1 1.2 15 0.88 10
15 156.8 1.8 25 0.89 9
20 156.7 2.4 75 0.89 7
25 156.4 3 75 0.89 4
30 156.2 3.6 90 0.9 5
20 A.M. Rashad
2.3. Setting time time with the inclusion of MK. The inclusion of 10%
MK exhibited the longer setting time followed by
Brooks et al. [31] and Brooks and Johari [32] par-
5% and 15% MK, respectively.
tially replaced cement in concrete mixtures with MK
Batis et al. [57] partially replaced cement with
at levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%, by weight.
calcined kaolin at levels of 0%, 10%, and 20%, by
Fixed w/b ratio of 0.28 and 14 kg/m3 of SP were
weight, as well as they partially replaced cement
employed. The results showed that the inclusion of
with 20% commercial MK. The results showed
MK retarded the initial and final setting time. Khaleel
longer initial and final setting time with the inclusion
and Abdul Razak [54,55] partially replaced cement
of calcined kaolin and commercial MK. The setting
in mortar mixtures with MK at levels of 0%, 5%,
time increased with increasing calcined kaolin con-
10%, and 15%, by weight. Fixed w/b ratio of 0.32
tent. Vu et al. [58] partially replaced cement in paste
and various dosages of SP were employed. The re-
sults showed that the initial and final setting time
increased with increasing MK content (Fig. 3).
;s Ui Y
cYQ TGeso lu [38] partially replaced ce-
ment in self-compaction mortar mixtures with MK
at levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%, by weight.
Fixed w/b ratio of 0.4 was used. The results showed
longer initial and final setting time with the inclusion
VA %;s Ui Y
cYUdQ%O ,-P Qb dY
Qib U QSUTSU
ment in SCC mixtures with MK at levels of 0%, 5%,
10%, and 15%, by weight. Fixed w/b ration of 0.32
was used. They employed 8.43 and 11 kg/m3 of SP
for control mixture and MK mixtures, respectively. Fig. 3. Effect of MK content on the initial and final
The results showed longer initial and final setting setting time of mortar mixtures [55].
22 A.M. Rashad
mixtures with MK at levels of 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, time. Moulin et al. [62] blended 30% MK with ce-
25%, and 30%, by weight. W/b ratio of 0.25, 0.3, ment. Fixed w/b ratio of 0.4 was used. They found
0.33, 0.36, 0.38, and 0.41 was used for 0%, 10%, that blended paste mixture made with MK exhib-
15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% MK, respectively. They ited shorter setting time compared to the control.
reported that the initial and final setting time of These results were obtained using a Vicat needle
blended paste mixtures at lower replacement (10- apparatus according to ASTM C191. Kannan and
20%) was not significantly affected. Beyond this Ganesan [63] partially replaced cement in mortar
range, the setting time significantly increased. mixtures with MK at levels ranging from 5% to 30%
Badogiannis et al. [59] studied the initial and final with an increment of 5%, by weight. Fixed w/b ratio
setting time of plain and blended cement paste mix- of 0.55 was used. The results showed a reduction
tures with different types of MK at cement replace- in the initial and final setting time with the inclusion
ment levels of 0%, 10%, and 20%. Fixed w/b ratio of MK. The reduction in the initial and final setting
of 0.4 was used. The results showed that the set- time increased as the MK content increased.
ting time increased with increasing MK content. At Govindarajan and Gopalakrishnan [64] partially re-
replacement level of 10%, the setting time of the placed cement with MK at levels of 10%, 20%, and
blended cement paste mixtures was shorter or 30%, by weight. Three types of water were used for
longer than the pure cement paste, depending on mixing named distilled water, ground water and sea-
MK type. At replacement level of 20%, the setting water. Fixed w/b ratio of 0.4 was used. The results
time of the blended cement paste mixtures was showed a reduction in the initial and final setting
longer than the pure cement paste. Justice et al. time, for all mixing water types, with the inclusion
[60] studied the setting time of plain and blended of MK. The reduction in the setting time increased
cement with MK that had two different fineness of with increasing MK content. The paste mixtures
11.1 and 25.4 m 2/g designated as MK235 and mixed with seawater exhibited the highest reduc-
MK349, respectively. Cement was partially replaced tion followed by the mixtures mixed with ground
with 8% MK. The w/b ratio that used to produce water and distilled water, respectively. Table 3 and
paste mixtures of normal consistency was 0.27, Fig. 4 summarize the previous researches about
0.31 and 0.34 for the control, MK235 and MK349, the effect of MK on the setting time.
respectively, with various dosages of SP. The re- From the above review of the literature in this
sults showed that MK235 mixture exhibited longer section, it can be noted that there are more than
initial and final setting time than the control, whilst one factor affecting setting time namely cement
paste mixture containing finer MK (MK349) exhib- content, chemical admixture type and its content,
ited slightly shorter setting time compared to the MK content and its fineness. However, many au-
control. They also studied the initial and final set- thors reported that the inclusion of MK in the mix-
ting time determined for the mixtures at a constant ture retarded the setting time (Fig. 4). This retarda-
w/b ratio of 0.34. They found that all paste mixtures tion in the setting time due to the inclusion of MK
containing blended cement exhibited shorter initial was mainly attributed to the lower cement content,
and final setting time than the control. Finer MK science part of the cement was partially replaced
mixture exhibited the shortest initial and final set- with MK [31,54,55]. On the same line with this, the
ting time followed by coarser MK. dispersion effects provided by MK on the cement
Shekarchi et al. [61] partially replaced cement particles could have contributed to the retardation
in concrete mixtures with MK at levels of 0%, 5%,
10%, and 15%. Fixed w/b ratio of 0.38 and various
dosages of SP were employed. The results of the
initial setting time showed a reduction of 13.15%,
14.93%, and 24.93% with the inclusion of 5%, 10%,
and 15% MK, respectively. The final setting time
increased by 0.63% and 5.37% with the inclusion
of 5% and 15% MK, respectively, whilst 10% MK
reduced it by 2.63%. Sonebi et al. [27] partially re-
placed cement in cement grout mixtures with MK
at various levels ranging from 6% to 20%, by weight.
Fixed w/b ratio of 0.4, various dosages of SP and
viscosity-modifying agent were employed. They re- Fig. 4. Research numbers versus the effect of MK
ported that the inclusion of MK reduced the setting on the setting time.
Metakaolin: fresh properties and optimum content for mechanical strength in traditional... 23
24 A.M. Rashad
in the setting time. This is because the setting of mum for obtaining maximum strengths of concrete/
cement paste has been postulated to result from mortar/paste. It has been reported that the optimum
two fundamental steps: coagulation establishing percentage is dependent on the cement type and
contacts between particles and the formation of content, type and dosage of admixtures, and also
hydrates in the contact zones making rigid the co- on the age of testing. Strength of cement paste,
agulation structure [65]. In addition, the inclusion of mortar or concrete is considered as an index of its
SP retarded setting time in which C3S and C3A are overall quality because an increase in the strength
normally retarded by SP [66]. On the other hand, generally leads to an improvement of almost all other
plain PC mixture, which has higher cement con- properties where the compressive strength is the
tend and lower dosage of SP, in most cases, the key parameter on determining the overall quality of
cement particles are expected to be more closely any mixture. This is due to the compressive strength
packed. This could result in greater interparticle being directly related to the structure of hardened
contact, and thus speed up setting [31]. On the cement paste [79]. Thus, in many of the existing
contrary, other authors believed that the inclusion reports, the optimum MK content has been defined
of MK in the mixture accelerated the setting time. with regard to the compressive strength of cement
Moulin et al. [62] related this effect of MK on setting paste, mortar or concrete. Some authors believed
time to the accelerating effect of fine reactive MK that the w/b ratio is the main factor that governs the
on the hydration of the cement. optimum content of MK that exhibited the maximum
28 days compressive strength. Other authors be-
3. MECHANICAL STRENGTHS lieved that the calcination temperature and its pe-
riod is the main factor that governs the optimum
3.1. Compressive strength MK content. Others believed that the chemical com-
The pozzolanic properties of MK are documented. position may have major factor that affecting the
Kostuch et al. [67] indicated that calcium hydrox- optimum MK content. In general, there are numer-
ide (CH) released during cement hydration is con- ous theories and experimental results in the litera-
sumed if the formation contains a sufficient quan- ture related to the optimum MK content, many of
tity of HRK. The consumption of CH caused the that highlight the pozzolanic activity is the dominat-
formation of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) and ing; whereas many others report that the physical
stratlingite (C2ASH8). De Silva and Glasser [68] re- effect is the dominating one. These topics have been
ported that MK can react with sodium, potassium under study for many years, and a brief review of
and CH, as well as gypsum and PC. The elimina- some of the existing works exhibited that, through
tion of portlandite and extra of CSH are the keys of some are in agreement, there are many others that
increasing compressive strength and durability. are in opposition. However, in this part, the previous
However in MK blended cement, MK reacts with works carried out on the optimum MK replacement
CH to form CSH supplementary to that produced level that leads to the maximum 28 days compres-
by cement hydration. This reaction becomes im- sive strength were reviewed.
portant within the interfacial transition zone (ITZ)
located between aggregate and paste fractions. This 3.1.1. Effect of w/b ratio
region typically contains a high concentration of
large, aligned CH crystals, which can lead to local-
3.1.1.1. Optimum MK at levels of 5-8%
ized areas of increased porosity and lower strength in concrete
[69]. MK can refine the ITZ resulting increasing Bai et al. [80] partially replaced cement in concretes
strength [70]. However, there is a consensus in the with MK at levels of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%.
literature that the pozzolanic reaction between MK Four w/b ratios of 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 were used.
and CH helps to refine the binder capillary porosity The 28 days compressive strength indicated that
[71], with the direct consequence of improving the 5% MK exhibited the highest compressive strength
mechanical characteristics [40,72,73] mainly at among all w/b ratios. At w/b ratio of 0.3, the en-
early ages [74,75] and durability e.g. resistance to hancement in the 28 days compressive strength was
sulfate attack [73,76], chloride ingress alkali silica 0.12%, 5.52%, 7.53%, and 10.66% with the inclu-
reaction [77,78]. sion of 1%, 3%, 4%, and 5% MK, respectively, whilst
Generally, the researchers are not yet to arrive the inclusion of 2% reduced it by 0.88%. At w/b
at a unique conclusion regarding the optimum MK ratio of 0.6, the enhancement in the 28 days com-
replacement percentage, and different researchers pressive strength was 14.13%, 19.33%, 25.28%,
have reported different replacement levels as opti- 39.78%, and 54.27% with the inclusion of 1%, 2%,
Metakaolin: fresh properties and optimum content for mechanical strength in traditional... 25
Table 4. 5-8% optimum MK replacement level versus w/b ratio for concrete.
3%, 4%, and 5% MK, respectively. Shelorkar and summarize the previous researches that indicated
Jadhao [81] partially replaced cement in concretes 5-8% MK exhibited the highest 28 days compres-
with MK at levels of 4%, 6%, and 8%, by weight. sive strength versus w/b ratio.
Fixed w/b ratio of 0.29 was used. The results indi-
cated an enhancement in the 28 days compressive 3.1.1.2. Optimum MK at levels of
strength with the inclusion of MK. The inclusion of 10-12.5% in concrete
8% MK exhibited the highest 28 days compressive
strength followed by 6% and 4%, respectively. The Rashad [9] partially replaced cement in concrete
enhancement in the 28 days compressive strength with 10% MK, by weight. Fixed w/b ratio of 0.45
was 8.69%, 13.21%, and 21.74% with the inclu- and fixed dosage of SP were employed. The results
sion of 4%, 6%, and 8% MK, respectively. Kim et indicated 33.9% enhancement in the 28 days com-
al. [82] investigated the strength properties of HSCs pressive strength with the inclusion of 10% MK.
using Korean MK. Cement was partially replaced Brooks and Johari [32] partially replaced cement in
with MK at levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. concretes with MK at levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, and
Fixed w/b ratio of 0.25 and various dosages of SP 15%, by weight. Fixed w/b ration of 0.28 and fixed
were employed. Each mixture containing 141kg/m3 dosage of SP were employed. The results indicated
FA. The results indicated that 5% cement replace- that 10% MK exhibited the highest 28 days com-
ment level with MK exhibited the highest compres- pressive strength. The enhancement in the 28 days
sive strength at age of 28 days. Hooton et al. [83] compressive strength was 5.17%, 19.54%, and
studied the effect of HRK on the compressive 18.95% with the inclusion of 5%, 10%, and 15%
strength of concrete. Cement was partially replaced MK, respectively. Dinakar et al. [35] partially re-
with HRK at levels of 0%, 8%, and 12%, by weight. placed cement in HSCs with MK at levels of 0%,
Two different w/b ratios of 0.3 and 0.4 were used. 5%, 10%, and 15%, by weight. Fixed w/b ratio of
The results indicated that 8% HRK exhibited 28 days 0.3 and various dosages of SP were employed. The
compressive strength higher than that of 12% re- results indicated that 10% MK exhibited the high-
placement in both w/b ratios. Table 4 and Fig. 5 est 28 days compressive strength. The enhance-
ment in the 28 days compressive strength was 4.1%
and 7.55% with the inclusion of 5% and 10% MK,
respectively, whilst the inclusion of 15% MK reduced
it by 0.9%. Badogiannis et al. [46] and Badogiannis
and Tsivilis [47] studied the MK, which is derived
from poor Greek kaolin as cement replacement in
concretes. Cement was partially replaced with MK
at levels of 0%, 10%, and 20%, by weight. Fixed
w/b ratio of 0.5 and various dosages of SP were
employed. The results showed that 10% MK exhib-
ited the highest 28 days compressive strength. The
enhancement in the 28 days compressive strength
was 43.19% and 38.71% with the inclusion of 10%
and 20% MK, respectively. Poon et al. [84] partially
Fig. 5. 5-8% optimum MK replacement level versus replaced cement in concretes with MK at levels of
w/b ratio for concrete. 0%, 5%, 10%, and 20%, by weight. Fixed w/b of
26 A.M. Rashad
0.3 and various dosages of SP were employed. The in the 35 days compressive strength was approxi-
results indicated that 10% MK exhibited the high- mately 6.64% and 15.77% with the inclusion of 5%
est 28 days compressive strength. They also re- and 10% MK, respectively, whilst the inclusion of
ported that 10% MK exhibited the highest 28 days 15% MK exhibited comparable 35 days compres-
compressive strength at 0.5 w/b ratio without any sive strength to the control. Ghorpade and Rao [87]
dosage of SP. partially replaced cement in HPCs with MK at levels
Ruo et al. [85] partially replaced cement in con- of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%, by weight. Various w/b
cretes with MK at levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and ratios of 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45, and 0.5 and fixed dos-
20%, by weight. Fixed w/b ratio of 0.33 and fixed age of 2.5%, by binder weight, of SP were employed.
dosage of SP were employed. The results indicated The results indicated that 10% MK exhibited the
higher compressive strength with the inclusion of highest compressive strength among all w/b ratios.
MK. The inclusion of 10% MK exhibited the highest At w/b ratio of 0.3, the enhancement in the com-
28 days compressive strength. The enhancement pressive strength was 12.76% with the inclusion of
in the 28 days compressive strength was 8.89%, 10% MK, whilst the inclusion of 20% and 30% MK
14.53%, 9.92%, and 5.27% with the inclusion of reduced it by 3.43% and 7.56%, respectively. At w/
5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% MK, respectively. Huat b ratio of 0.5, the enhancement in the compressive
[86] studied the compressive strength of different strength was 11.13% with the inclusion of 10% MK,
concrete mixtures modified with calcined kaolin at whilst the inclusion of 20% and 30% MK reduced it
750 t C for 3 h. Cement was partially replaced with by 3.35% and 6.03%, respectively.
MK at levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 30%, Ramezanianpour and Jovein [39] partially re-
by weight. Fixed w/b ratio of 0.56 was used. The placed cement in concretes with MK at levels of
results indicated that 10% MK exhibited the high- 0%, 10%, 12.5%, and 15%, by weight. They used
est 28 days compressive strength. The enhance- different w/b ratios of 0.4 and 0.5. The polycarboxylic
ment in the 28 days compressive strength was acid-based SP was employed to achieve the de-
9.71%, whilst the inclusion of 5%, 15%, 20%, and sired workability. The results showed that 10% MK
30% MK reduced it by 5.82%, 7.28%, 19.42%, and exhibited the highest 28 days compressive strength
27.91%, respectively. Khatib [52] partially replaced at w/b ratio of 0.5, whilst the inclusion of 15% MK
cement in concretes with MK at levels of 0%, 5%, exhibited the highest 180 days compressive
10%, 15%, 20%, and 30%, by weight. Fixed w/b strength. The enhancement in the 28 days com-
ratio of 0.5 and various dosages of SP were em- pressive strength was 15.49% and 12.68% with the
ployed. The specimens were cured in water at low inclusion of 10% and 12.5% or 15% MK, respec-
temperature of 5 t C. The compressive strength re- tively. At w/b ratio of 0.4, the inclusion of 12.5%
sults indicated that 10% MK exhibited the highest MK exhibited the highest compressive strength at
28 days compressive strength followed by 20% and ages of 28 and 180 days. The enhancement in the
15%, respectively. The enhancement in the 28 days 28 days compressive strength was 66.1%, 77.27%,
compressive strength was 0.36%, 12.52%, 0.59%, and 71.21% with the inclusion of 10%, 12.5% and
3.33%, and 3.33% with the inclusion of 5%, 10%, 15% MK, respectively. Roske [88] partially replaced
15%, and 20% MK, respectively, whilst the inclu- cement in concretes with MK at levels of 0%, 8%,
sion of 30% MK reduced it by 27.36%. 10%, and 12%, by weight. Fixed w/b ratio of 0.35
Rashad et al. [8] and Seleem et al. [14] partially
replaced cement in concretes with MK at levels of
0%, 10%, and 20%, by weight. Fixed w/b ratio of
0.541 and fixed dosage of HRWR of 7 l/m3 were
employed. The results indicated that 10% MK ex-
hibited the highest 28 days compressive strength.
The enhancement in the 28 days compressive
strength was 2.6% with the inclusion of 10% MK,
whilst the inclusion of 20% MK reduced it by 3.9%.
Siddique and Kaur [33] partially replaced cement in
concretes with MK at levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, and
15%, by weight. W/b and SP were fixed for all mix-
tures at 0.45 and 4.95 l/m3, respectively. The re-
sults indicated that 10% MK exhibited the highest Fig. 6. 10-12.5% optimum MK replacement level
35 days compressive strength. The enhancement versus w/b ratio for concrete.
Metakaolin: fresh properties and optimum content for mechanical strength in traditional... 27
Table 5. 10-12.5% optimum MK replacement level versus w/b ratio for concrete.
was used with fixed dosage of SP. The results indi- 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, and 15% MK, re-
cated that 12% MK exhibited the highest 28 days spectively. At w/b ratio of 0.4, the enhancement in
compressive strength. Table 5 and Fig. 6 summa- the 28 days compressive strength was approxi-
rize the previous researches that indicated 10-12.5% mately 4.22%, 8.12%, 18.74%, 20%, 20%, and
exhibited the highest 28 days compressive strength 26.25% with the inclusion of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%,
versus w/b ratio. 12.5%, and 15% MK, respectively. Qian and Li [34]
From the above review of the literature in this partially replaced cement in HPCs with MK at lev-
section, it can be noted that most of authors be- els of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%, by weight. Fixed w/
lieved that 10% MK as cement replacement in con- b ratio of 0.38, fixed dosage of SP and fixed dosage
crete exhibited the highest 28 days compressive of retarder were employed. The results indicated
strength at w/b ratios of 0.5-0.54 (Fig. 7) with the that 15% MK exhibited the highest 28 days com-
inclusion of SP. W/b ratios of 0.28-0.35 came in the
second place, whilst w/b ratios of 0.4-0.45 came in
the last place.
pressive strength. The enhancement in the 28 days strength was 9.44%, 17.41%, 29.63%, and 5.55%
compressive strength was 2%, 32%, and 38% with with the inclusion of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, re-
the inclusion of 5%, 10%, and 15% MK, respec- spectively.
tively. Ding and Li [45] studied the compressive Shekarchi et al. [61] partially replaced cement
strength of concrete at different ages when cement in concretes with MK at levels of 0%, 5%, 10%,
was partially replaced with MK at levels of 0%, 5%, and 15%, by weight. Fixed w/b ratio of 0.38 and
10%, and 15%, by weight. Fixed w/b ratio of 0.35, various dosages of SP were employed. The results
fixed dosage of HRWR and fixed dosage of retarder indicated that 15% MK exhibited the highest 28 days
agent were employed. They reported that by increas- compressive strength followed by 5% and 15%, re-
ing the replacement level from 5% to 15%, the spectively. The enhancement in the 28 days com-
strengthening effect of MK increased. The compres- pressive strength was 7.2%, 10%, 19.6%, and
sive strength of MK5, MK10, and MK15 were ap- 25.8% with the inclusion of 5%, 10%, and 15% MK,
proximately 28%, 38%, and 45% higher than that bUcUS d
YfUi% ;s Ui YcYUdQ% O
+/,-PQb d
YQib U QSUT
of the control at age of 3 days; 25%, 28%, and 53% cement in concretes with MK at levels of 0%, 5%,
higher at age of 28 days; and approximately 4%, 10%, and 15%, by weight. Fixed w/b ratio of 0.32
16%, and 21% higher at age of 65 days. was used. 8.43 kg/m3 of SP was used for the con-
Phelps [90] partially replaced cement in con- trol mixture, whilst 11 kg/m3 was used for MK con-
cretes with MK at levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%, crete mixtures. The results indicated that 15% MK
by weight. The optimum compressive strength was exhibited the highest 28 days compressive strength.
studied at w/b ratios of 0.25, 0.3, and 0.35 with vari- The enhancement in the 28 days compressive
ous dosages of HRWR. The results indicated that strength was 19%, 12.98%, and 21.88% with the
15% MK exhibited the highest compressive strength inclusion of 5%, 10%, and 15% MK, respectively.
at all w/b ratios. Behfarnia and Farshadfar [36] par- Q d XUbcY ]Y QbYf UcdYWQd Y ;s Ui YcYUdQ%O
+0P
tially replaced cement in SCCs with MK at levels of partially replaced cement in SCCs with MK at lev-
0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%, by weight. Fixed w/b ratio els of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%, by weight. Fixed
of 0.38 and various dosages of HRWR were em- w/b ration of 0.32 was used. They employed 8.43
ployed. The results indicated that 15% MK exhib- and 11 kg/m3 of HRWR for control mixture and MK
ited the highest 28 days compressive strength. The mixtures, respectively. The results indicated that
enhancement in the 28 days compressive strength 15% MK exhibited the highest 28 days compres-
was 5.02%, 13.57%, and 25.84% with the inclu- cYf Ucd bU Wd X% ;s Ui Y
cY UdQ% O
0 P Qb dY
Qib U QSUT
sion of 5%, 10%, and 15% MK, respectively. John cement in concretes with MK at levels of 0%, 5%,
[91] partially replaced cement in concretes with MK and 15%, by weight. W/b rations of 0.25 and 0.35
at levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, by weight. with various dosages of SP were employed. The
Fixed w/b ratio of 0.45 was used. The results indi- compressive strength results at age of 28 days in-
cated that 15% MK exhibited the highest 28 days dicated that 15% exhibited the highest compres-
compressive strength. The enhancement in the 28 sive strength at both w/b ratios. Md et al. [94] par-
days compressive strength was 3.18%, 17.98%, tially replaced cement in concretes with MK at lev-
39.2%, and 22.81% with the inclusion of 5%, 10%, els of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%, by weight. Fixed
15%, and 20% MK, respectively. Khatib [41] par- w/b ratio of 0.33 and maximum 2% of SP were em-
tially replaced cement in concretes with MK at lev- ployed. The results showed an enhancement in the
els of 0%, 5%, 7.5%, 12.5%, 15%, and 20%, by 28 days compressive strength with the inclusion of
weight. Fixed w/b ratio of 0.3 and fixed dosage of MK. The inclusion of 15% MK exhibited the highest
SP of 1.36%, by binder weight, were employed. The compressive strength followed by 10% and 5%, re-
results indicated that 15% MK exhibited the high- spectively.
est 28 days compressive strength. The enhance- Valipour et al. [95] partially replaced cement in
ment in the 28 days compressive strength was concretes with MK at levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, and
9.68%, 23.15%, 29%, 35.7%, and 25.87% with the 15%, by weight. Fixed w/b ratio of 0.4 and various
inclusion of 5%, 7.5%, 12.5%, 15%, and 20% MK, dosages of SP were employed. The results indi-
respectively. Parande et al. [92] partially replaced cated that 15% MK exhibited the highest 28 days
cement in concretes with MK at levels of 0%, 5%, compressive strength. Ramezanianpour and Jovein
10%, 15%, and 20%, by weight. Fixed w/b ratio of [39] partially replaced cement in concretes with MK
0.45 was used. The results indicated that 15% MK at levels of 0%, 10%, 12.5%, and 15%, by weight.
exhibited the highest 28 days compressive strength. Fixed w/b ratio of 0.35 was used. The polycarboxylic
The enhancement in the 28 days compressive acid-based SP was employed to achieve the de-
Metakaolin: fresh properties and optimum content for mechanical strength in traditional... 29
Table 6. 15% optimum MK replacement level versus w/b ratio for concrete.
Fig. 9. Research numbers versus w/b ratio at 15% Fig. 10. 20-30% optimum MK replacement level
optimum MK replacement level for concrete. versus w/b ratio for concrete.
strength at w/b ratios of 0.28-0.35 (Fig. 9) with the Fixed w/b ratio of 0.5 and various dosages of SP
inclusion of SP. W/b ratios of 0.38-0.4 came in the were employed. The results showed that 20% MK
second place, whilst w/b ratios of 0.45-0.5 came in exhibited the highest 28 days compressive strength.
the last place. ;s Ui YcYQ TAUb ]Ub TQcO 00PQ T;s Ui Y
cYUdQ.
[100] partially replaced cement in concretes with
3.1.1.4. Optimum MK at levels of 20- MK at levels of 0%, 10%, and 20%, by weight. Two
30% in concrete different w/c ratios of 0.35 and 0.55 with various
dosages of HRWR were employed. The results in-
Kostuch et al. [67] have reported that: (i) CH was dicated that 20% MK exhibited the highest 28 days
significantly reduced with age for replacement of compressive strength. Hassan et al. [51] partially
cement with MK at levels of 10% and 20%; and (ii) replaced cement in SCCs with MK at levels of 0%,
20% replacement level was required for fully remove 3%, 5%, 8%, 11%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. Fixed
all the CH in concrete at age of 28 days. Poon et al. w/b ratio of 0.4 and various dosages of HRWR were
[97] prepared HSCs and NSCs with blended cement. employed. The results indicated that 20% and 25%
Cement was partially replaced with MK at levels of MK exhibited the highest 28 days compressive
0%, 5%, 10%, and 20%, by weight. Various dos- strength. The enhancement in the 28 days com-
ages of SP were employed. For HSCs, the results pressive strength was 3.15%, 10.41%, 6.29%,
indicated that 20% MK exhibited the highest 28 days 11.14%, and 18.4% with the inclusion 5%, 8%, 11%,
compressive strength at w/b ratio of 0.3. The en- 15%, and 20% or 25% MK, respectively, whilst the
hancement in the 28 days compressive strength was inclusion of 3% MK decreased it by 4.6%. Paiva et
24.91%, 43.31%, and 52.85% with the inclusion of al. [42] partially replaced cement in concretes with
5%, 10%, and 20% MK, respectively. For NSCs, MK at levels of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%, by weight.
the inclusion of 20% MK exhibited the highest 28 Fixed w/b ratio of 0.6 was used. The HRWR dos-
days compressive strength at w/b ratio of 0.5. The ages were 0, 0.08, 0.15, and 0.2 for 0%, 10%, 20%,
enhancement in the 28 days compressive strength and 30% MK, respectively. The results indicated
was 13.69%, 32.96%, and 63.13% with the inclu- that 30% MK exhibited the highest 28 days com-
sion of 5%, 10%, and 20% MK, respectively. pressive strength. The enhancement in the 28 days
Badogiannis et al. [46] and Badogiannis and Tsivilis compressive strength was 4.46%, 17%, and 18.37%
[47] studied the compressive strength of MK con- with the inclusion of 10%, 20%, and 30% MK, re-
cretes. Cement was partially replaced with com- spectively. Table 7 and Fig. 10 summarize the pre-
mercial MK at levels of 0%, 10%, and 20%, by vious researches that indicated 20-30% exhibited
weight. Fixed w/b ratio of 0.5 was used with various the highest 28 days compressive strength versus
dosages of SP. The results indicated that 20% MK w/b ratio.
exhibited the highest 28 days compressive strength. From the above review of the literature in this
The enhancement in the 28 days compressive section, it can be noted that most of authors be-
strength was 32.62% and 35.48% with the inclu- lieved that 20% MK as cement replacement in con-
sion of 10% and 20% MK, respectively. Khatib and crete exhibited the highest 28 days compressive
Hibbert [98] partially replaced cement in concretes strength at w/b ratios of 0.5-0.55 (Fig. 11) with the
with MK at levels of 0%, 10%, and 20%, by weight. inclusion of SP or HRWR. W/b ratios of 0.3-0.35
Metakaolin: fresh properties and optimum content for mechanical strength in traditional... 31
Table 7. 20-30% optimum MK replacement level versus w/b ratio for concrete.
Fig. 12. Optimum MK replacement level versus w/b ratio for concrete.
32 A.M. Rashad
The enhancement in the 28 days compressive 40%, by weight. Fixed w/b ratio of 0.5 was used.
strength was 30%, 40%, 50%, and 45% with the The results showed an increase in the compressive
inclusion of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% MK, respec- strength with the inclusion of commercial MK. The
tively. Vu et al. [58] partially replaced cement in inclusion of 20% commercial MK showed the high-
mortars with MK at levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, est compressive strength.
20%, 25%, and 30%, by weight. W/b ratios ranging Roy et al. [73] partially replaced cement with
from 0.4 to 0.53 were used. 1.3% and 0.5% of SP MK at levels of 0%, 7.5%, 15%, and 22.5%, by
were employed for mixtures containing w/b ratios of weight. Fixed w/b ratio of 0.36 was used. The re-
0.4 and 0.44, respectively. The results indicated that sults indicated that 7.5% MK exhibited the highest
15% MK exhibited the highest 28 days compres- 28 days compressive strength. The enhancement
sive strength at w/b ratios of 0.44 and 0.47, whilst in the 28 days compressive strength was 4.31%
the inclusion of 20% MK exhibited the highest 28 with the inclusion of 7.5% MK, whilst the inclusion
days compressive strength at w/b ratios of 0.4, 0.5, of 15% and 22.5% MK reduced it by 3.39% and
and 0.53. The enhancement in the 28 days com- 0.82%, respectively. They also measured the 28
pressive strength at w/b ratio of 0.4 was 7.27%, days compressive strength at w/b ratio of 0.4 for
9.32%, 11.36%, and 8.41% with the inclusion of 15% and 22.5% MK mixtures. The results indicated
5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%, respectively, whilst that 22.5% MK exhibited the highest 28 days com-
the inclusion of 30% MK reduced it by 4.32%. The pressive strength. The enhancement in the 28 days
enhancement in the 28 days compressive strength compressive strength was 7.49% with the inclusion
at w/b ratio of 0.53 was 6.35%, 10.49%, 11.05%, of 22.5% MK, whilst the inclusion of 15% MK re-
and 5.25% with the inclusion of 5%, 10%, 15%, duced it by 8.37%. Kannan and Ganesan [63] par-
20%, and 25%, whilst the inclusion of 30% MK re- tially replaced cement in mortars with MK at levels
duced it by 1.38%. ranging from 5% to 30% with an increment of 5%,
Morsy et al. [106,107] partially replaced cement by weight. Fixed w/b ratio of 0.55 was used. The
in mortars with MK at levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, results showed an enhancement in the compres-
QT RigUY WXd %:YhUTVg V 0+x, gQcec UT% sive strength with the inclusion of MK. The inclu-
This flow satisfied w/b ratio of 0.9957. The results sion of 25% MK indicated the optimum replacement
indicated that 20% MK exhibited the highest 28 days level in which it exhibited the highest 28 days com-
compressive strength. The enhancement in the 28 pressive strength. Tironi et al. [111] partially replaced
days compressive strength was 22.51%, 27.58%, cement in mortars with 30% MK, by weight. Fixed
91.56%, and 21.37% with the inclusion of 5%, 10%, w/b ratio of 0.5 was used. The results showed 3.22%
) QT A b Uc USd YfUi %; oQf UcU Q% and 28.95% enhancement in the compressive
[108] partially replaced cement in mortars with MK strength at ages of 7 and 28 days, respectively, with
at levels of 0%, 10% and 20%, by weight. Fixed the inclusion of MK. Antoni et al. [112] partially re-
w/b ratio of 0.5 was used. 0.2% of SP was added to placed cement in mortars with 30% MK, by weight.
the mixture containing 20% MK. The results indi- Fixed w/b ratio of 0.5 was used. The results showed
cated that 20% MK exhibited the highest 28 days 33% reduction in the 1 day compressive strength
compressive strength. The enhancement in the 28 with the inclusion of MK, whilst the inclusion of MK
days compressive strength was 13.21% and 15.62% enhanced the compressive strength at ages of 7,
with the inclusion of 10% and 20% MK, respec- 28, and 90 days by 7%, 19% and 4%, respectively.
tively. Khatib et al. [109] partially replaced cement Table 8 and Fig. 15 summarize the previous re-
in mortars with MK at levels ranging from 10% to searches about the optimum MK replacement level
50% with an increment of 10%. Fixed w/b ratio of versus w/b ratio in mortar.
0.5 was used. The results showed an increase in From the above review of the literature in this
the compressive strength with the inclusion of 10%, section, it can be noted that most of authors be-
20%, and 30% MK, whilst the inclusion of 40% MK lieved that 20% MK as cement replacement in mor-
showed slightly lower compressive strength than the tar exhibited the highest 28 days compressive
control. The inclusion of 50% MK showed approxi- strength at w/b ratios of 0.5-0.53 without SP. Other
mately 20% reduction in the compressive strength authors believed that 15% MK is the optimum re-
compared to the control. The inclusion of 20% MK placement level of cement in mortar at w/b ratios of
indicated the optimum content where it exhibited 0.4-0.53, whilst 10% MK is the optimum content at
dXUXY WXUc dS] b UccYfUcd b
U Wd X% ; oQf UcUd Q% w/b ratios of 0.375-0.5. However, in general, regard-
[110] partially replaced cement in mortars with com- less the effect of w/b ratio, most of authors believed
mercial MK at levels of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and that 20% MK is the optimum replacement level of
34 A.M. Rashad
Fig. 15. Optimum MK replacement level versus w/b ratio for mortar.
3.4. Modulus of elasticity (MOE) They reported that the addition of 10% MK, by ce-
ment weight, was generally more effective in im-
There is little existing literature regarding to the ef-
proving the bond stress-versus-slip response than
fect of MK on the MOE of concrete. As it has been
FA, polyvinyl alcohol solution or latex. For hooked
shown to increase compressive strength and den-
and twisted triangular steel fibers, for which the
sify the microstructure, this lead to increase elastic
mechanical component of bond is significant, the
modulus, or stiffer concrete. From the literature, the
inclusion of all the additives was beneficial, spe-
MOE generally seems to increase with increasing
cially MK, which improved the peak load by up to
MK content, although the rate of increase is lower
60% and the pullout energy by more than 100% in
than that for compressive strength. Caldarone et al.
comparison with the control.
[43] performed ASTM C-469 to determine the static
MOE of concretes containing 0%, 5%, and 10%
<F % 6QcUT Qf UbQWU Vd g ] Y cdSebUT- () 4. CONCLUSIONS
inches cylinders, MOE were measured at ages of The use of MK as partial substitute of cement in
28 and 91 days. The enhancement in the 28 days concrete, mortar and paste has been widely inves-
MOE was 14.78% and 17.38% with the inclusion of tigated in the previous years. The fresh properties
5% and 10% HRK, respectively, whilst the enhance- and mechanical strength were reviewed in this in-
ment in the 91 days was 14.16% and 18.07%, re- vestigation. The optimum 28 days compressive
spectively. Dinakar et al. [35] partially replaced ce- strength versus w/b ratio and versus kaolin calcina-
ment in HSCs with MK at levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, tion temperature and its period were also reviewed.
and 15%, by weight. Fixed w/b ratio of 0.3 and vari- The conclusions of this literature review can be sum-
ous dosages of SP were employed. The results marized as following:
showed 2.51% and 3.81% enhancement in the 28 1. MK increased the heat evolved during hydration.
days elastic modulus with the inclusion of 5% and 2. Most of authors believed that MK reduced the
10% MK, respectively, whilst 15% MK showed a workability.
comparable result to the control. 3. As reported by many authors, the inclusion of
Qian and Li [34] reported that at three days cur- MK in cement system retarded the setting time.
ing, concrete containing 15% MK exhibited MOE of The setting time slightly increased with increasing
26.2 GPa, as compared to 24.1 GPa for the control MK content, but this mainly depended on cement
specimen at this age. At age of 60 days, the mea- content, chemical admixture dosage and its con-
sured values of MOE of 15% MK and control con- tent, MK content and its fineness
cretes were 34.7 and 30.4 GPa, respectively. Khatib 4. In general, MK enhanced and increased the me-
and Hibbert [98] evaluated dynamic MOE of con- chanical strength of cement system.
cretes containing 0%, 10%, and 20% MK, by weight, 5. The optimum MK replacement percentage that
as cement replacement. Fixed w/b ratio of 0.5 and exhibited the highest compressive strength is not a
various dosages of SP were employed. The results constant one but functions of the w/b ratio, MK
showed higher MOE with the inclusion of MK. There chemical composition, calcination temperature and
was a sharp increase towards the end of the exami- its heating period of kaolin.
nation period: between 28 and 90 days, MOE in- 6. Few number of authors reported that 5% MK ex-
creased from 38 MPa to 50 MPa. Khatib [41] par- hibits the optimum content in concrete at w/b ratios
tially replaced cement in concretes with MK at lev- 0.3-0.6 with or without SP.
els of 0%, 5%, 7.5%, 12.5%, 15%, and 20%, by 7. Most authors reported that 10% MK exhibits the
weight. Fixed w/b ratio of 0.3 and fixed dosage of optimum MK content in concrete at w/b ratios around
SP of 1.36%, by binder weight, were employed. The 0.5-0.54 with the inclusion of SP. W/b ratios 0.28-
results indicated that MK between 12.5% and 15% 0.35 and 0.4-0.45 came in the second and third
exhibited the maximum dynamic modulus of elas- place, respectively.
ticity. 8. Most of authors reported that 15% MK exhibited
the optimum content in concrete at w/b ratios of
3.5. Pullout 0.28-0.35 with the inclusion of SP or HRWR. W/b
ratios of 0.38-0.4 and 0.45-0.5 came in the second
The influence of mortar fineness and several adhe-
and third place, respectively.
sive additives (FA, MK, latex, and polyvinyl alcohol)
9. Most of authors reported that 20% MK exhibited
on the pullout load-versus-slip response of steel fi-
the optimum content in concrete at w/b ratios of
bers (smooth, round, hooked round or triangular
0.5-0.55 with the inclusion of SP or HRWR. W/b
twisted) were studied by Guerrero and Naaman [126].
Metakaolin: fresh properties and optimum content for mechanical strength in traditional... 41
ratios of 0.3-0.34 and 0.4 came in the second and [8] Alaa M. Rashad, Hosan El-Din H.Seleem and
third place, respectively. Khalid M. Yousry // Building Research Journal
10. In general, based on Figs. 12 and 13 it is rec- 57 (2009) 107.
ommended to replace cement in concrete with 15% [9] A. M. Rashad // Sil. Ind. 74 (2009) 245.
MK at w/b ratios 0.28-0.35 with the inclusion of SP [10] A. M. Rashad // Building research Journal 59
or HRWR. The inclusion of 10% MK is more effec- (2011) 39.
tive at w/b ratios of 0.5-0.54 with the inclusion of [11] Alaa M. Rashad and Sayieda R. Zeedan //
SP, whilst 20% MK is recommended at w/b ratios Construction and Building Materials 29 (2012)
0.5-0.55 with the inclusion of SP or HRWR. 672.
11. In general, based on Figs. 12 and 14, regard- [12] Alaa M. Rashad, Hosam El-Din H. Seleem
less w/b ratio, most of authors reported that the and Amr F. Shaheen // International Journal
optimal cement replacement with MK in concrete of Concrete Structure and Materials,
is 15%, followed by 10%, 20%, 5% and 8%, re- accepted for publication.
spectively. [13] Hosam El-Din H. Seleem, Alaa M. Rashad
12. Based on Fig. 15, most of authors reported that and Basil El-Sabbagh // Construction and
the optimal cement replacement with MK in mortar Building Materials 24 (2010) 878.
is 20% at w/b ratios of 0.5-0.53 without SP, whilst [14] Hosam El-Din Seleem, Alaa M. Rashad and
15% MK is recommended at w/b ratios of 0.4-0.53. Tarek Elsokary // Construction and building
At lower w/b ratio, 10% MK is recommended. Materials 25 (2011) 1009.
13. Based on Figs. 15 and 16, regardless w/b ratio, [15] J. Ambroise, M. Murat and J. Pera // Cement
most of authors reported that the optimal cement and Concrete Research 15 (1985) 261.
replacement with MK in mortar is 20%, followed by [16] B.B. Sabir, S. Bai and J. Wild // Cement
15% and 20%, respectively. & Concrete Composites 23 (2001) 441.
14. The optimum treatment conditions of kaolin to [17] Y.M. Liew, H. Kamarudin, A.M. Mustafa Al
produce MK with high reactivity depend on many Bakri, M. Luqman, I. Khairul Nizar and C.Y.
factors as calcination temperature, heating period Heah // Australian Journal of Basic and
and kaolin chemical decomposition. Applied Sciences 5 (2011) 441.
15. The modulus of elasticity generally seems to [18] Siddique Rafat and Klaus Juvas // Applied
increase with increasing MK content, but the rate Clay Science 43 (2009) 392.
of increasing is lower than that for compressive [19] J. Ambroise, S. Maximilien and J. Pera //
strength. Advanced Cement Based Materials 1 (1994)
16. The inclusion of MK in cement system improves 161.
other mechanical strength such as splitting tensile [20] A%:b q
Qc A%%G%TUF Z QcQ T %7QRb UbQ&&
strength, flexural strength and pullout strength. Cement and Concrete Research 30 (2000)
209.
REFERENCES [21] J. Bai and S. Wild // Cement & Concrete
Composites 24 (2002) 201.
[1] V.M. Malhotra and P.K. Metha, In: [22] I. Janotka, F. Puertas , M. Palacios,
Supplementary Cementing Materials for A% eY V
VQif m 7%JQb WQ&&Construction and
Sustainable Development, 2nd ed. (ONT, Building Materials 24 (2010) 791.
Ottawa, 2005). [23] David G. Snelson, Stan Wild and Martin
[2] Alaa M. Rashad // Construction and Building Cz :QbbU& & Cement and Concrete Research
Materials 47 (2013) 29. 38 (2008) 832.
[3] Alaa M. Rashad and Sayieda R. Zeedan // [24] V. Rahhal and R. Talero // Journal of Thermal
Construction and Building Materials 25 (2011) Analysis and Calorimetry 91 (2008) 825.
3098. [25] Fabien Lagier and Kimberly E. Kurtis //
[4] Alaa M. Rashad // Construction and Building Cement and Concrete Research 37 (2007)
Materials 41 (2013) 751. 1411.
[5] Alaa M. Rashad // Materials and Design 53 [26] El-Hadj Kadri, Said Kenai, Karim Ezziane,
(2014) 1005. Rafat Siddique and Geert De Schutter //
[6] Alaa M. Rashad // Iranian Journal of Materials Applied Clay Science 53 (2011) 704.
Science & Engineering 10 (2013) 57. [27] M. Sonebi, M. Lachemi and K.M.A. Hossain
[7] Alaa M. Rashad // Construction and Building // Construction and Building Materials 38
Materials 41 (2013) 303. (2013) 126.
42 A.M. Rashad
[66] N. B.Singh and A. K. Singh // Cement and Journal of Civil Engineering Science: An
Concrete Research 19 (1989) 547. International Journal 1-2 (2012) 15.
[67] J. A. Kostuch, V. Walters and T. R. Jones, In: [86] Ong Chee Huat, Performance of concrete
Concrete 2000, Economic and Durable containing metakaolin as cement
Concrete through Excellence, ed. by R.K. replacement material (Master thesis, Faculty
Dhir and M.R. Jones (E & FN Spon, London, of Civil Engineering, University Teknologi
1993), p. 1799. Malaysia, 2006).
[68] P. S. De Silva and F. P. Glasser // Advances [87] Vaishali G. Ghorpade and H. Sudarsana Rao
in Cement Research 4 (1991) 167. // International Journal of Engineering
[69] S. Wild and J. M. Khatib // Cement and Science and Technology 3 (2011) 1617.
Concrete Research 27 (1997) 137. [88] Edward K. Roske, Implementation of highly
[70] J. Bensted and P. Barnes, Structure and reactive pozzolans in the key royale bridge
performance of cements, 2nd ed. (Spon replacement (Thesis in Master Engineering,
Press, New York, 2002). University of Florida, 2007).
[71] J. M. Khatib and R. M. Clay // Cement [89] J. Bai, B. B. Sabir, S. Wild and J.M. Kinuthia
Concrete Res 34 (2004) 19. // Magazine of Concrete Research 52 (2000)
[72] E. Badogiannis, G. Kakali, G. Dimopoulou, 153.
E. Chaniotakis and S. Tsivilis // Cement [90] Ryan J. Phelps, Optimization of water and
Concrete Comp 27 (2005) 197. metakaolin content to achieve high
[73] D. M. Roy, P. Arjunan and M. R. Silsbee // performance in concrete (Master of Science
Cement Concrete Res 31 (2001) 1809. Degree, Department of civil and
[74] X. Jin and Z. Li // J Mater Civil Eng. 15 (2003) Environmental Engineering in the Graduate
435. School, Southern Illinis University
[75] X. Jin and Z. Li // Mater. Struct. 33 (2000) Carbondale, May 2006).
627. [91] John Nova // International Journal of
[76] I. Smallwooda, S. Wild and E. Morgan // Scientific and Research Publications
Cement Concrete Comp 25 (2003) 931. 3 (2013) 1.
[77] W. Aquino, D. A. Lange and J. Olek // [92] Anand Kuber Parande, Babu B. Ramesh and
Cement & Concrete Composites 23 (2001) Karthik M. Aswin // Construction and Building
485. Materials Construction and Building Materials
[78] T. Ramlochan, M. Thomas and K. A. Gruber 22 (2008) 127.
// Cement Concrete Research 30 (2000) 339. [93] 9b XQ ;s Ui YcYAUX]UdGeso lu, Seda
[79] S. P. Shah and S. H. Ahmad, High Karao lu and Kaslm AUb ]Ub TQÖ& &
performance concrete and application, 1st Construction and Building Materials 34 (2012)
ed. (Edward Amold, London, 1994). 120.
[80] Jiping Bai, Stan Wild and Albinas Gailius // [94] Md Arfath Khan, Abdul Wahab and Kumar
Materials Science 10 (2004) 338. B. Dean // International Journal of Emerging
[81] Ajay P. Shelorkar and Pradip D. Jadhao // Technology and Advanced Engineering
International Journal of Innovative Research 3 (2013) 541.
in Science, Engineering and Technology [95] Mahdi Valipour, Farhan Pargar, Mohammad
2 (2013) 657. Shekarchi and Sara Khani // Construction
[82] Hong-Sam Kim, Sang-Ho Lee and Han-Young and Building Materials 41 (2013) 879.
Moon // Construction and Building Materials [96] Michael Zeljkovic, Metakaolin effect on
21 (2007) 1229. concrete durability (Master Thesis, University
[83] R. D. Hooton, K. Gruber and A. Boddy, In: of Toronto, Department of Civil Engineering,
Proceeding of a PCI/FHWA International 2009).
Symposium on High-Performance Concrete [97] Chi-Sun Poon, Salama Azhar, Mike Anson
(New Orleans, 1997), p. 172. and Yuk-Lung Wong// Cement & Concrete
[84] C. S. Poon, S. C. Kou and L. Lam // Composites 25 (2003) 83.
Construction and Building Materials 20 (2006) [98] J. M. Khatib and J. J. Hibbert // Construction
858. and Building Materials 19 (2005) 460.
[85] P. Srinivasa Rao, P. Sravana, Z. Abdul Rahim, [99] 9b XQ ;s Ui Y
cY Q T Qc] AUb ]Ub TQÖ//
T. Seshadri Sekhar and M. P. Aarathi // Materials and Structures 40 (2007) 1161.
44 A.M. Rashad
[100] 9b XQ ;s Ui Y
cYAUX]Ud Geso lu and [114] M. S. Amin, S. A. Abo-El-Enein, A. Abdel
Kasum AUb ]Ub TQÖ// Materials and Rahman and Khaled Alfalous //Journal of
structures 41 (2008) 937. Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry (2011),
[101] Bahia Rabehi, Khaled Boumchedda and DOI 10.1007/s10973-011-1676-5.
Youcef Ghernouti // International Journal of [115] M. Oriol and J. Pera // Cement and
the Physical Science 7 (2012) 5179. Concrete Research 25 (1995) 265.
[102] Amita Goel, Effect of aggressive [116] D. Govindarajan and R. Gopalakrishnan, In:
environment on durability of metakaolin Proc. IVth National Conference on
based cement mortar (Master Thesis, DAHJ DSME J AN EAM 4, U , ed.
Deemed University, Department of Civil by P. Predeep, S. Prasanth and A.S.
Engineering, June 2006). Prasad (AIP Conference Proceedings 1004;
[103] Mohamed Said-Mansour, El-Hadj Kadri, 2008), p. 170.
Said Kenai, Mohamed Ghrici and Rachid [117] Sarah Taylor-Lange, Kyle A. Riding and
Bennaceur // Construction and Building Maria C. G. Juenger // Cement & Concrete
Materials 25 (2011) 2275. Composites 34 (2012) 835.
[104] S. S. Potgieter-Vermaak and J. H. Potgieter [118] F% AUZ q
Q8U;ed Ypbb
Uj % Hb b
Uc
// Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering C. Vizcayno and R. Castello // Clay
18 (2006) 619. Minerals 43 (2008) 177.
[105] @%G b YQ A j r %6 YQ A% A% [119] Changling He, Emil Makovicky and Bjarne
HQcXY ]Q %DQi mQ TA%J%6 b b
QSXUb & & Osbaeck // Applied Clay Science 9 (1994)
Cement & Concrete Research 42 (2013) 41. 165.
[106] M. S. Morsy, A. M. Rashad and S. S. Shebl [120] E. Badogiamis, G. Kakali and S. Tsivilis //
// Building Research Journal 56 (2008) 173. Journal of Thermal Analysis and calorimetry
[107] M. S. Morsy, A. M. Rashad and H. A. El- 81 (2005) 457.
Nouhy // Structure Engineering and [121] Stefano Cara, Gianfranco Carcangiu, Luigi
Mechanics 31 (2009) 1. Massidda, Paola Meloni, Ulrico Sanna and
[108] %D%; oQf UcF%8% H UT :Y X QT Massimo Tamanini // Applied Clay Science
E. M. R. Fairbairn // Journal of Thermal 33 (2006) 66.
Analysis and Calorimetry 92 (2008) 1. [122] A. Dubey and N. Banthia // ACI materials
[109] J. M. Khatib, E. M. Negim and E. Gjonbalaj Journal 95 (1998) 284.
// World Journal of Chemistry 7 (2012) 7. [123] Amarnath Yerramala, C. Ramachandurdu
[110] %D%; oQf Uc@%A%HQf QbUcF%8%:Y X and V. Bhaskar Desai // Composites: Part
Toledo and E. M. R. Fairbairn // B 55 (2013) 176.
Construction and Building Materials 23 [124] Jon TU5]UY TQ:Y X :mf YTU5 Tb QTU
(2009) 1971. Silva and Romildo Dias Toledo Filho //
[111] A. Tironi, M. A. Trezza, A. N. Scian and Cement & Concrete Composites 40 (2013)
E. F. Trassa // Procedia Materials Science 30.
1 (2012) 366. [125] Ahmed Tafraoui, Gilles Escadellas, Soltane
[112] M. Antoni, J. Rossen, F. Martirena and Lebaila and Thierry Vidal // Construction
K. Scrivener // Cement and Concrete and Building Materials 23 (2009) 669.
Research 42 (2012) 1579. [126] Patricia Guerrero and Antoine E. Naaman //
[113] C. S. Poon, L. Lam, S. C. Kou, Y. L. Wong ACI Materials Journal 97-M2 (2000) 12.
and R. Wong // Cement and Concrete
Research 31 (2001) 1301.