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Session 9 (Extinguishment of Criminal Liability)
Session 9 (Extinguishment of Criminal Liability)
Session 9 (Extinguishment of Criminal Liability)
CRIMINAL
LIABILITY
Source: Reyes, Luis B. The Revised Penal Code, Criminal Law, Book One,
Articles 1-113. 2012. Eighteenth Edition. Quezon City: Rex Printing
Company, inc., pp.861-890
Extinction in General
Article 89. How criminal liability is totally extinguished. –
Criminal liability is totally extinguished:
1. By death of the convict, as to the personal penalties; and
as to pecuniary penalties, liability therefore is
extinguished only when the death of the offender occurs
before final judgment;Before final judgment After final judgment
Criminal Liability extinguished extinguished
Civil Liability extinguished not extinguished
Note: Civil liability exists only when the accused is convicted by final judgment.
Death of the offended party does not extinguish the criminal liability
of the offender, because the offense is committed against the State.
2. By service of the sentence;
Crime is a debt incurred by the offender as a
consequence of his wrongful act and the penalty is but the
amount of his debt. When payment is made, the debt is
extinguished. Service of sentence does not extinguish the
civil liability.
Amnesty Pardon
Blanket pardon to classes of persons, Includes any crime and is exercised
guilty of political offenses individually
May still be exercised before trial or The person is already convicted
investigation
Looks backward – it is as if he has Looks forward – he is relieved from
committed no crime the consequences of the offense, but
rights not restored unless explicitly
provided by the terms of the pardon
Public act which the court shall take Private act of the President and must
judicial notice of be pleaded and proved by the person
pardoned
Valid only when there is final Valid if given either before or after
judgment final judgment
Both do not extinguish civil liability
5. By prescription of the crime;
Prescription of the crime is the forfeiture or loss of the right of
the State to prosecute the offender after the lapse of a certain time.
Limitations:
1. That the power can be exercised only after conviction;
2. That such power does not extend to cases of
impeachment.
Recebido v. People, 346 SCRA
881
Facts: On September 1990, Caridad Dorol went to the house of
Aniceto Recebido to redeem her property which Dorol
mortgaged to petitioner sometime in April 1985. Recebido
and Dorol did not execute a document on the mortgage but
Dorol gave petitioner a copy of the Deed of Sale dated June
16, 1973 executed in her favor by her father, Juan Dorol.
Caridad Dorol verified from the Office of Assessor that there
exists on its file a Deed of Sale dated August 13, 1979
allegedly executed by Dorol in favor of Recebido and that the
property was registered in the latter’s name. After
comparison, NBI Document Examiner found that the
signature was falsified.
Held: The accused in the present case insists that there is no prohibition
in our law to prevent the parties to a contract to novate it so that any
incipient criminal liability under the first is thereby avoided. It may be
observed in this regard that novation is not one of the means
recognized by the Penal Code whereby criminal liability can be
extinguished; hence, the role of novation may only be to either
prevent the rise of criminal liability or to cast doubt on the true
nature of the original basic transaction, whether or not it was such
that its breach would not give rise to penal responsibility, as when
money loaned is made to appear as a deposit, or other similar disguise
is resorted to. Criminal liability for estafa is not affected by
compromise or novation of contract, for it is a public offense which
must be prosecuted and punished by the Government on its own
motion though complete reparation should have been made of the
damage suffered by the offended party. The fact, therefore, that the
accused herein had, with the consent of the offended party, assumed
the obligation of paying the rentals, which he collected, out of his own
salary after he had committed the misappropriation, does not obliterate
Llamado v. CA, 270 SCRA 423
Facts: Accused Ricardo Llamado and his co-accused
Jacinto Pascual were the Treasurer and President,
respectively, of the Pan Asia Finance Corporation. Leon
Gaw, delivered to accused the amount of P180,000.00,
with the assurance of Aida Tan, the secretary of the
accused in the corporation, that it will be repaid on 4
November 1983, plus interests thereon at 12% plus a
share in the profits of the corporation, if any. On the said
date, Leon Gaw deposited the check in his current
account but it was dishonored by the drawee bank.
Informing Llamado of the dishonor of the check.
Accused offered in writing to pay Gaw of the amount
equivalent to 10% thereof on 14 or 15 November 1983,
and the balance to be rolled over for a period of ninety
days. Llamado failed to do so. Gaw filed a complaint
against Llamado and Pascual for violation of BP 22.
Pascual remained at large. Llamado contends he signed
blank checks and leave them with Pascual.
Held: The "novation theory" does not apply in the case at
bar. While private complainant agreed to petitioner's offer to
pay him 10% of the amount of the check on November 14 or
15, 1983 and the balance to be rolled over for 90 days, this
turned out to be only an empty promise which effectively
delayed private complainant's filing of a case for
Violation of BP 22 against petitioner and his co-accused.
As admitted by petitioner in his Memorandum, private
complainant was never paid as agreed upon. Petitioner's
argument that he should not be held personally liable for the
amount of the check because it was a check of the Pan Asia
Finance Corporation and he signed the same in his capacity
as Treasurer of the corporation, is also untenable. The third
paragraph of Section 1 of BP Blg. 22 states: “Where the
check is drawn by a corporation, company or entity, the
person or persons who actually signed the check in
behalf of such drawer shall be liable under this Act.”
People v. Maneja, G.R. No. L-
47684
Facts: The sole question raised in this appeal is
whether the period of prescription for the
offense of false testimony which, in the instant
case, is five years (Art. 180, No. 4, in relation
to art. 90, Revised Penal Code), should
commence from the time the appellee,
Dionisio A. Maneja, adduced the supposed
false testimony in criminal case No. 1872 on
December 16, 1933, as the lower court
held, or, from the time the decision of the
Court of Appeals in the aforesaid basic case
became final in December, 1938, as the
prosecution contends.
Held: The period of prescription shall commence to run
from the day on which the crime is discovered by the
offended party, the authorities or their agents. (Art. 91,
Revised Penal Code.) With regard to the crime of false
testimony, considering that the penalties provided therefor in
article 180 of the Revised Penal Code are, in every case,
made to depend upon the conviction or acquittal of the
defendant in the principal case, the act of testifying falsely
does not therefore constitute an actionable offense until
the principal case is finally decided. And before an act
becomes a punishable offense, it cannot possibly be
discovered as such by the offended party, the authorities
or their agents. The penalty for the offense of false
testimony is the same, whether the defendant in criminal
case No. 1872 were convicted or acquitted, is of no moment,
it being a matter of pure coincidence. The four cases
enumerated in article 180 of the Revised Penal Code — and
the instant case falls on one of them — uniformly presuppose
a final judgment of conviction or acquittal in the basic case as
Yapdiangco v. Buencamino, 122 SCRA
713
Facts: On February 1, 1965, the City Fiscal of Quezon
City filed before the City Court an information for slight
physical injuries allegedly committed by Rafael
Yapdiangco on December 2, 1964 against Mr. Ang
Cho Ching. On September 10, 1965, the petitioner-
appellant moved to quash the criminal prosecution on
the ground that the information having been filed on
the sixty first day following the commission of the
offense, the sixty days prescriptive period had lapsed.
On September 14, 1965, the City Court of Quezon
City denied the motion to quash stating that the 60th
day fell on a Sunday and considering the rule that
when the last day for the filing of a pleading falls on a
Sunday, the same may be filed on the next
succeeding business day, the action had not
prescribed.
Held: The law requires or permits the filing of the information within two
months or sixty days from the date the crime was discovered by the
offended party. The 60th day or last day for the filing of the information
in this case fell on a holiday. If we follow the ordinary rule of time
computation based on the common law, which, in construing
statutes of limitations excludes the first day and includes the last
day unless the last day is dies non in which event the following
day is included, the stand of the respondents-appellees would be
correct. The rules contained in Section 31 of the Revised
Administrative Code and Section 1, Rule 28 of the Old Rules of Court
do not apply to lengthen the period fixed by the State for it to prosecute
those who committed a crime against it. The waiver or loss of the right
to prosecute such offenders is automatic and by operation of law.
Where the sixtieth and last day to file an information falls on a
Sunday or legal holiday, the sixty-day period cannot be extended
up to the next working day. Prescription has automatically set in.
The remedy is for the fiscal or prosecution to file the information on the
last working day before the criminal offense prescribes.
Cabral v. Puno, 70 SCRA 606
Facts: On the complaint of private respondent Silvino San Diego, the
Provincial Fiscal filed an Information on September 24, 1974 with
respondent court, accusing petitioner Eugenio Cabral of the crime of
Falsification of Public Document for allegedly falsifying on August 14,
1948 the signature of Silvino San Diego in a deed of sale of a parcel
of land. Before arraignment, petitioner moved to quash the
Information on the ground of prescription of the crime charge. After
hearing said motion, Judge Juan F. Echiverri, granted the motion to
quash and dismissed the Information on the ground of prescription.
The order of dismissal was predicated upon said court's finding that
the factual averments contained in the notion to quash were
supported by the evidence. Private prosecutor, who was not present
during the hearing of the motion to quash, filed a motion dated April 8,
1975, for the reconsideration of said Resolution. This was opposed by
petitioner on the ground that San Diego can no longer intervene in the
criminal case, having filed a civil action in April 1974 against the same
accused (Eugenio Cabral) on the basis of the same factual averments
Held: The Solicitor General recommends giving due course to the petition and
the reversal of the challenged order. According to the Solicitor General, the
Resolution of March 25, 1975 dismissing the Information on the ground of
prescription of the crime became a bar to another charge of falsification,
including the revival of the Information. This is more so, because said
Resolution had already become final and executory inasmuch as the
Fiscal neither sought its reconsideration nor appealed therefrom within the
reglementary period of fifteen (15) days after his receipt of a copy thereof on
March 31, 1975. When the Fiscal moved to reinstate the case on May 21,
1975, or about two months from receipt of a copy of the order of dismissal,
the same had already long been final. We agree with the Solicitor
General. The Rules of Court is explicit that an order sustaining a
motion to quash based on prescription is a bar to another prosecution
for the same offense. Article 89 of the Revised Penal Code also provides
that "prescription of the crime" is one of the grounds for "total
extinction of criminal liability." Petitioner was charged with the crime of
falsification under Article 172, sub-paragraphs (1) and (2) of the Revised
Penal Code. Here, San Diego had actual if not constructive notice of the
alleged forgery after the document was registered in the Register of
People v. Carino, 56 Phil 109
Facts: On or about June 5, 1928, in the municipality of Goa, Camarines
Sur, the aforenamed accused, Victorino Cariño and Daniel Obias,
being election inspectors duly appointed in precinct No. 4 of said
municipality for the general election held on that date, with the sole
purpose of favoring one Vicente Oliquino, falsify the copies of the
election returns in said precinct sent to the provincial and municipal
treasurers, sign them and with the full knowledge of falsifying the
results of the election the accused made it appear therein that the said
Vicente Oliquino had obtained 110 lawful votes for the office of
councilor, when as a matter of fact, and which the defendants positively
knew, as indeed they stated in the other copy of the election return
which was placed in the valid ballot box, that said Vicente Oliquino
obtained only 67 lawful votes in said precinct. That these frauds were
discovered in connection with the election protest filed against said
Vicente Oliquino in civil case No. 4562, in which, by order of the court,
the ballot boxes for said precinct No. 4 were opened on October 10,
1928. The trial court convicted Victoriano Cariño and Daniel Obias of
the crime charged and sentenced them to six months' imprisonment, a
fine of P200 each, with subsidiary imprisonment in case of insolvency,
to pay the costs, and to be deprived of the right of suffrage, besides
being disqualified to hold a public office for a period of seven years.
Victoriano Cariño and Daniel Obias filed an appeal.
Held: The difference between the Election Law and the Penal Code in
the matter of prescription consists in this, that according to the Code,
if the commission of the crime is unknown, prescription begins
upon its discovery and the commencement of judicial
investigation looking to its punishment; whereas according to the
Election Law, if the discovery of the offense is incidental to
judicial proceeding in any election contest, prescription begins
when such proceedings terminates. The discovery in question
was not incidental to judicial proceeding in said election contest, but,
that, even before the filing of the motion of protest, the contestants
and their election watchers, with knowledge of the falsification
committed by the inspectors, in connection with the count of the
votes and the preparation of the election returns on June 6,
1928, had sufficient reason to denounce such falsification to the
fiscal. Therefore, the general rule established that the year for the
prescription of the crime charged in the information began to
run when the offense was committed. And inasmuch as the
falsification of the election returns took place on June 6, 1928, it is
evident that the information filed on July 22, 1929, is outside of
the year provided by law. Wherefore, the judgment appealed from
is reversed, and the appellants Daniel Obias and Victorino Cariño
People v. Joson, 46 Phil 380
Facts: On the 6th day of June 1922, on the occasion of the
general elections which were being held on said day in
the municipalities of Virac and Bato, Province of Albay,
the above-named accused, conspiring and intentionally
write, prepare and cause to be written, distributed,
published, divulged and posted in different public places
within the municipalities of Virac and Bato several
posters and bills reading as follows: “Voters, bear in mind
our sufferings, hemp is cheap, due to Vera, and rice is
dear, due to Martinez” and is calculated to belittle and
defeat Jose O. Vera and Pedro Martinez. In accordance
with the foregoing order on April 28, 1923, an "order of
arrest" was issued, signed by said judge. On the same
date and without having been actually arrested under
said order of arrest, all of the defendants appeared in
court and gave "bail bonds" for their liberty. Nothing
further seems to have occurred in the prosecution of said
action until the 22d day of January, 1924.
Held: In accordance therefore with that section, the filing of the
complaint in the present action on the 28th day of April, 1923, had
the effect of interrupting the running of the prescriptive period
mentioned in section 71 of Act No. 3030, and that the actual arrest
of the defendants was not necessary to interrupt the running
of the period of prescription or limitation. Moreover, it may be
added that when the defendants voluntarily appeared after the
complaint was presented against them and gave bonds for their
appearance at any time they may be called, no arrest is necessary.
Voluntary appearance relieves the necessity of an actual
arrest. The record contains no explanation why the prosecution of
the present case was delayed from the 28th of April, 1923, to the
20th of March, 1924. Such delay should not be permitted. In view
of all of the foregoing, the presentation of the complaint within
the year of prescription interrupted the running of the
prescriptive period and the action was not barred by
prescription; that the lower court committed the errors complained
of by the Attorney-General; that the cause was improperly
dismissed, and it is hereby ordered and decreed that the record
should be returned to the court whence it came, with direction that
the prosecution proceeds as speedily as possible.
People v. Puntilos, June 15,
1938