Introduction to the

Philosophy of the
Human Person
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Methods of Philosophizing
Introduction to the Philosophy of Human Person
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Methods of Philosophizing
First Edition, 2020

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Personal Development
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Methods of Philosophizing
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of Human Person 12 Alternative

Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Methods og Philosophizing!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of Human Person 12 Alternative

Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Methods of Philosophizing!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
process what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or

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 skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned. This also tends
retention of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the methods of philosophizing. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is focus in methods of philosopy

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Distinguish opinion from truth
2. Analyze situations that show the difference between opinion and truth
3. Realize that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and truth
4. Evaluate opinions
 What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. What is the expression of a person in a rational and logical manner?

a. Philosophizing c. Epistemic
b. Religiosity d. Cosmotology
2. This truth is based on the person’s consciousness.
a. Phenomenology c. Existentialism
b. Postmodernism d. Logic
3. The truth is based on exercising choise, and personal freedom.
a. Phenomenology c. Existentialism
b. Postmodernism d. Logic
4. This kind of reasoning moves from specific premises to a general conclusion.
a. Inductive reasoning c. Deductive Reasoning
b. Mistaken in reasoning d. None of the above
5. This theory of truth holds that the proposition is true if it is useful, linked the
nature of truth with the principle of action and the concept of utility.
a. Correspondence theory c. Coherence theory
b. Pragmatic theory d. Reasoning theory
6. The truth contends that a proposition is true by examining whether it coheres
with the rules of the relevant system or to a certain set of established belief.
a. Correspondence theory c. Coherence theory
b. Pragmatic theory d. Reasoning theory
7. This fallacy assume that what is true of the part is also true of the whole.
a. Equivocation c. Composition
b. Argument from ignorance d. appeal inappropriate authority
8. These are the errors or mistaken in reasoning.
a. Correspondence c. Logic
b. Fallacies d. Deductive Reasoning
9. This fallacy evaluates the arguments based on the personal identity of the
person.
a. Appeal to the people c. Appeal to force
b. Appeal to pity d. Division
10. This fallacy makes a generalization from a special or accidental case, or simply
from insufficient number of cases.
a. Appeal to force c. Equivocation
b. Appeal to people d. Hasty generalization
Lesson

1 Methods of Philosophy

In this lesson you will identify the theories of truth; distinguish the opinion from
truth; analyze situations that show the difference between opinion ad truth; realize
that the methods of philisophy lead to wisdom and truth and apply the theories of
critical thinking in making strong and valid decisions.

What’s In

Direction: give your own insights about the following verses.

1. The fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge, but fools despise wisdom
and instruction. Proverbs 1:7
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2. The lips of the wise spread knowledge, but the heart of fool are not
uprights. Proverbs 15:7
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 Notes to the Teacher
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to
use this module. You also neednto keep track of the learners’
progress while allowing them to manage their own learning.
Furthemore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the taskc included in the module.
 What’s New

Two lies and a Truth. A student shall tell two lies and a truth about himself or
herself. His or her classmates will guess which one is the truth.

Charades. This activity is an acting game for any kind of category. First, the class
will be divided into four groups. A group representative will act out a given
word/phrase through hand gestures. There should be no whispering or talking
during the activity. The rest of the class will guess as many words/phrase being
acted out. The group who can correctly guess as many words/phrases as possible
will win the game. Examples of words to be acted out are: freedom, logic, ethics,
truth, etc.
 What is It

In our everyday life, either you are conscious or uncounscious you are doing
philosophy thru by simple talk to the most important speaches in our life.
Philosophizing is to think or express oneself in a rational and logical manner.there
are five methods of philosophizing, these are the following, phenomenology,
existentialism, postmodernism, analytic tradition, and logic.

1. Phenomenology
 The truth is based on the person’s consciousness. It is a broad discipline
and method of inquiry in philosopy, develop largely by the German
philosophers Edmund Husserl, which is based on the premise that reality
consist of objects and event (phenomena) as they are perceived or
understood in the human consciousness, and not of anything
independent of human consciousness.

2. Existentialism
 The truth is based on exercising choice. and personal freedom. It is the
importace of free individual choice regardless of the power of the people
to influence and coerce our desires, belief, and decisions. For example,
when a person makes a decision about their life, follow through or does
not folloe through on that decision and begins to create their essence. It
is said in existentialism that existence comes and essence comes second.

3. Postmodernism
 It is accepted that truth as not absolute. Postmodernism is more of an
attitude and a reaction to modernism which is a worldview of order, logic,
and authority based on knowledge.

4. Analytic Tradition
 It is also called linguistic philosophy, a related set of approaches to
philosophical problems. This means that using common experience and
ordinary language to analyze concepts and language in philosophy.

5. Logic and Critical Thinking – truth is based on reasoning and critical

thinking analysis and construction of arguments. It serve as path to freedom
from half truths and deception.

2 TYPES OF REASONING

 Inductive Reasoning – moves from specific premises to a general

conclusion. Example: Every tornado I have ever seen in the United States
rotated counterclockwise, and I have seen dozens of them. We see a
tornado in the distance, and we are in the United States. I conclude that
the tornado we see right now must be rotating counterclockwise.
  Deductive Reasoning– Deductive reasoning moves from a general
premise to a more specific conclusion. Example: All men is mortal.
Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal. Another example, All
Mangoes are fruit. All Fruits grow on tress. Therefore, all mangoes grow
on trees.

Determining truth from Opinion

Truth – is a proposition believed to be the absolute reality

Opinion – it is judgment based on personal convictions, which may or may not be
factual, truthful, or false. Regardless of factuality, one’s opinion can be free from
another’s opinion.
Fact – is a piece of information having objective reality which is acknoeledged by
the greater whole.

Theories of truth

1. Correspondence theory – we can know whether a proposition is true by

examining whether it contends relate to what is real, corresponds to or
represents, a fact in the world.
2. Coherence theory – the truth contends that a proposition is true by
examining whether it coheres with the rules of the relevant system or to a
certain set of established belief.
3. Pragmatic theory – holds that the proposition is true if it is useful, linked the
nature of truth with the principle of action and the concept of utility. It also
contends that judgement must be continually verified and validated by
having close encounter and interaction with the world.

FALLACIES

Fallacies are errors or mistaken in reasoning. To detect fallacies, it is required to

examine the argument content. These arguments somehow could sound convincing
and be very persuasive in order to shape other’s opinion and deliver flawed
judgment and reason. Here are some of the usually committed errors in reasoning
and thus, result to false conclusion and worse, distort the truth.

1. The fallacy of equivocation – using the same term several times but the
meaning of the term is different each time that become confusing in the
argument.
Ex. All laws shold be respected ans obeyed. The law of gravity is a law.
Therefore, the law of gravity should be respected and obeyed.

2. The fallacy of composition – assuming that what is true of the part is also
true of the whole.
Ex. Hydrogen (H) is air. Oxygen (O) is air. Therefore, H 2O is air.
 Every part of the machine is light in weight. Therefore, the whole
machine is light in weight.
3. The fallacy of division – what is true of the whole is also true of the part
Ex. His entire family is a teacher. For sure he will be a teacher too.

4. The fallacy of argument from ignorance (argumentum ad ignorantiam) – the

proposition that is not proven true is false; nor what is not proven false is
true.
Ex. Mental telepathy must be accepted as a fact; for nobody has proven that
it is impossible.

5. The fallacy of appeal inappropriate authority – he/she appeal to public even

if it is not his/her expertice.
Ex. This candidate was endorsed by our favorite action star, we should vote
for him.

6. The fallacy of appeal to the people – evaluates the arguments based on the
personal identity of the person.
Ex. You cannot be promoted because you are very ugly.

7. The fallacy of appeal to pity – making the argument acceptable bacause the
opponent appeal using sympathy, or feelings of pity or guilt.
Ex. We should give Mr. Santos a promotion, for he can hardly feed his
starving family.

8. The fallacy of appeal to force – using force, coercion, or treat to give

justification or to win in a argument.
Ex. You have pass this text to 15 people or else you will receive bad luck for
15 years.

9. A fallacy of false cause - the effect of something is credited to a incorrect

cause.
Ex. The reason why it rain, is beacuse you cry loudly.

10. The fallacy of begging the question – assuming that what you tring to prove
is true.
Ex. I am beautiful beause my parents said so.

11. The fallacy of hasty generalization – one makes a generalization from a

special or accidental case, or simply from insufficient number of cases.
Ex. While running, Perdo has a heart attack. therefore, running is bad for
the hearth.
 What’s More

Direction: Answer the following questions

1. Share your experience during the time when you did not use logical
reasoning in your life but rather, you relied more on emotions or
opinion of other people. What did you learn from the experience?
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2. Cite examples of how fallacies are used in daily life. For example,
when you watch advertisements based on the popularity of endorserd,
do you tend to buy their product? Did you use the fallacies of appeal
to the people or fallacy of appeal inappropriate authority? How?
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 What I Have Learned

Let’s check what have you learned

1. List the different methods of philosophy and choose a specific method

that is most meaningful for you.
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2. Explain the importance of logic and critical thinking.

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What I Can Do

1. Conduct an interview and highlight the question, “How do you define

truth, opinion, and fact? ” document the interview by taking pictures
or video of the entire proceeding. Cite philosophical insights regarding
the interview.

2. Watch a session in the Senate or Congress or a live privilege speech

and Evaluate the arguments of the speakers. Are the arguments
sound and valid? Why or why not? Spefify fallacies detected. You can
download the speeches for better clarity.
 Assessment

I. Identify what kind of fallacies in the following sentence. Write your

answer in a space provided.

____________________ 1. You can’t demonstrate that there aren’t Jupiterians living in

the surface of Jupiter, so it is sensible for me to accept there are.

____________________ 2. According to survey, this product has the biggest sales, so

it must be great.

___________________ 3. If we don’t adopt that puppy today, he might get lost and
killed. Do you want that to happen?
___________________ 4. If alliens did not drink my coffee, who did?

___________________ 5. Marian loves to eat cheeseburgers and icecream. She is

thin. Cheeseburgers and icecream are not the cause of obesity.
___________________ 6. Daniel cried, the rain start to fall. Daniel must’ve caused of
the rain.

___________________ 7. Beause Coco Martin played the good police and peace
maker on television shows, he’d probably be in real life too.

___________________ 8. I don’t understand why you’re saying Iam a lier. I said I will
never speak to my ex-girlfriend. And I did not. I just sent her some pictures and
personal messages.

___________________ 9. Every part of this eco-bike is light in weight. So, the whole
eco-bike is light in weight.
___________________ 10. His entire family is a pilitician, I’m sure this child will be a
politician too.

II. Write INDUCTIVE if the statement is pertaining to inductive

reasoning, and DEDUCTIVE if it is deductive reasoning.

______________________ 1. One of our customers is unhappy with his experience. He

does not like how long it takes for a meal to serve. Therefore, if we can serve their
order quicker, he will be more satisfied.

______________________ 2. All of the teachers in public schools have passed a Board

Exam for Teachers. Therefore, you must have pass the Board Exam for Teacher to
become a public school teacher.

______________________ 3. I normally leave our house before 6 a.m. and I am usually

arrive on class 5 minutes earlier. As long as I leave home before six, i will never be
late in my class.
______________________ 4. The Guidance Counselor at my school is offering free
resume reviews to students. I am a student and I plan on having my resume
reviewed, so I will not have to pay anything for this service.

______________________ 5. I must pass all of the subjects in senior high school to

graduate this March. Because I Failed in Philosophy class, I will not be graduating
this March.

Additional Activities

Using the methods of philosophy analyzed and reflect of the following quotations:

1. “Wise men speak because they have something to say; Fools because they
have to say something”. – Plato
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2. “Philosophy is commom sence with big words”. – James Madison

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