M = 13

O = 15

N = 14

T=5

E=5

N = 14

E=5

G=7

R=3

O = 15
Questions:

13. What effect does the shape of a channel have on stream flow and the related or deposited soil
sediments?

Answer:

Streams sculpt and shape the earth’s surface by eroding, transporting, and depositing sediment.
By eroding sediment from uplifted areas and creating landforms made of deposited sediment in
lower areas, streams shape the earth’s surface more than glaciers do, more than waves on a
beach do, and far more than wind does.
This increases the gradient which causes the water to flow faster which increases erosion and
transport, which then reduces the gradient. In the lower reaches of a stream, where the
discharge is greater, since friction is less the stream need not be so steep to transport the load.
CHEGG:

The velocity of any fluid will change the medium. So when it is water in the channel,
it has more force and this velocity of water will be changed when the flow path is
different. So during the stream channel flow the presence of the meanders the shape
will reduce the speed and this will change the load capacity of the stream. When the
speed is reduced the sediment that is being carried by the stream will settle down. If
the flow is uniform then the deposition will be uniform
REAL ANSWER:
Streams have a role in shaping the earth’s surface because they also erode, transport, and deposit
sediments through water flowing from higher level to lower level areas. Stream flows have
varying speed and direction. The faster a stream goes, the more it erodes a piece of soil or
sediment, get carried away and deposited in a different location thereby deforming or reshaping
its channel.
15. What soil types would be expected in a river or stream delta? Explain

Answer:

1. Alluvial soil - Rivers while flowing through mountains erode the rocks. ... These sediments and
silt are then deposited on river bank and the land that is flooded by rivers. Deposition of these
sediments results in the formation of the alluvial soil

2. Lacustrine soil - While this type of soil tends to occur primarily in the lake itself, it is actually river soil
that the river slowly deposits over time as it enters the lake. Because the only particles that can make it
this far need to be light enough for the river to easily carry, this soil tends to be fine-grained.

3. Volcanic soil - If the mountains that the rivers begin in are volcanic, then the river will pick up volcanic
particles that it wears away from volcanic minerals.
4. Entisol soils - a special type of soil that occurs when rivers suddenly flood their banks and leave what
particles they were carrying on the ground when they recede.

REAL ANSWER:
The most common soil type found in river or stream deltas would be the alluvial soil, this consists of silt,
sand, clay, and gravel. Silt and clay are the most abundant in rivers and streams because they are light
and porous, easily gets carried away by water. Gravel on the other hand are rarely transported due to its
larger particle size, it depends on how fast the stream is. Volcanic soil may also be present if the location
of a river or stream is near a volcano.

14. What is a natural levee? How do natural le vees originate? What is the major soil type expected
in a natural levee?

Answer:

Natural levees are a deposit of sand or mud built up along, and sloping away from, either side of the
flood plain of a river or stream. Formed on both sides of a river channel by the accumulation of
sediments, highest near river and sloping apart from it.

Levees occur in the lower course of a river when there is an increase in the volume of water flowing
downstream and flooding occurs. Natural levees are found along the banks of large rivers. They are low,
linear, and parallel ridges of coarse deposits along the banks of rivers quite often cut into individual
mounds. It is formed when the movement of water pushes sediment to the side of rivers and creeks.

CHEGG:

When the water is flowing it flows on plain lands and on channels also. And in this
process the flowing water will push everything to side and takes away the sediment
with it. Then a small channel is formed and the sides are again protected by the
washed out sediment and this is called as a natural leeve. 
Sand and silt are found in the natural leeves.

REAL ANSWER:
When there is flooding or an increase in volume of water flowing on plain lands and river or channels,
the water will push everything to the side and takes away the sediment with it. The sediments that got
carried away settles at the sides of the channel and these are called Natural Levees. The major soil type
expected in a natural levee are sand and silt because these are a very light type of soil.

5. What processes occur to cause metamorphosis of rocks?

Answer:

Metamorphic rocks form when rocks are subjected to high heat, high pressure, hot mineral-
rich fluids or, more commonly, some combination of these factors. This can greatly affect the
hardness, texture or layer patterns of rocks. Conditions like these are found deep within the
Earth or where tectonic plates meet.

Several processes are at work:

1. Metamorphic change occurs slowly in the solid state.
2. Recrystallization – Minerals change size and shape
3. Phase Change – New minerals form with same chemical formula, different crystal structure
4. Neocrystallization – New minerals with changes in temperature and pressure.
5. Pressure solution – Mineral grains partially dissolve
6. Plastic deformation – Mineral grains soften and deform
Agents of metamorphism:
1. Heat
2. Pressure
3. Compression and/or shear
4. Hot water

REAL ANSWER:
Metamorphic rocks are created when rocks are exposed to extreme temperatures, high
pressure, compression and/or shear, and hydrothermal fluids greatly affecting the rock’s shape,
texture, hardness, color, and pattern. These rocks are found at plate subduction zones and in
deep mountain ranges. The processes to occur such phenomena are namely called:
1. Recrystallization – Minerals change size and shape
2. Phase Change – New minerals form with same chemical formula
3. Neocrystallization – New minerals with changes in temperature and pressure
4. Pressure solution – Mineral grains partially dissolve
5. Plastic deformation – Mineral grains soften and deform

7. What are loess soil, and what is the potential danger of loss of stability in loess deposits?

Answer:

Loess soil is a geogically recent deposit of silt or material which is usually yellowish or brown in color and
consisting of tiny mineral particles brought by wind to the places where they now lie. It is a product of
past glacial activity in an area.

It is a sedimentary deposit of mineral particles which are finer than sand but coarser than dust or clay,
deposited by the wind. Leoss is a type of silt which forms fertile topsoil in some parts of the world. These
deposits are usually a few meters thick. The soil has few clay particles to hold it together.

CHEGG:

Loess soil is basically silt. It is the most important and fertile soil. This is usually
carried by the winds and it is deposited at many locations. But the deposition will be
in a very high rate. With this the soil will become a heap but it won't have any
compaction. So when it comes to the stability of this soil, it is very weak. When there
is enough pressure then the soil will automatically create a land slide.
REAL ANSWER:
Loess soil is a type of silt consisting of tiny particles and is usually finer than sand,
this gets carried away by winds and are deposited in m any areas. There is little to no
compaction when a loess soil is accumulated because these particles are mainly loose
and it only has a small strength to hold its mass together therefore having a weak
stability. When it’s under pressure, the soil’s weak stability may decline causing it to
breakdown or create a land slide and this poses a threat to areas with people or
properties.