Lab Report-1: Irrigation Engineering

LAB REPORT-1
IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED TO:
LEC. UKASHA
SUBMITTED BY:
AHMED SULEMAN
ASC 2588
240851
DATED: APRIL 02, 2021

PROCEDURE FOR CLIMWAT
1. Open CLIMWAT 2.0.
2. Select “Pakistan” and press “Display all stations within selected country”
3. Select all stations and click “Export Selected Stations” as shown
4. Select known location and click “Export .PEN and .CLI files” as shown
5. A popup will be seen that will confirm the process
Now to analyze this data by importing the files into CROPWAT 8.0
PROCEDURE FOR CROPWAT
1. Open CROPWAT and follow the steps as shown in the figure below (i, ii, iii, iv, v) to import the data
of any selected station
2. Previous step will import the data as shown and we can click “Chart” to better analyze the data in
term of Bar Charts and Graphs
3. We can analyze data here and can see the trend of different parameters over the year
4. For better understanding and comparative as according to the spatio-temporal analysis we can
export the table from software to Microsoft excel and can make graph as shown
5. Similarly repeat step 4 and make table and graph for every stations as proceeded below
NOTE: It should be noted that there are 25 stations and out of 25, 3 stations are missing the data so they
are not included in the following lists. These stations includes:
1. QUETA
2. LAHORE-CITY
3. DERA-ISMAIL-KHAN
ASTORE
Chart Title
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
-10
-20
Min Temp °C Max Temp °C Humidity % Wind km/day

Sun hours Rad MJ/m²/day ETo mm/day
CHAMAN
Chart Title
250
200
150
100
50
0
January February March April May June July August September October November December

CHILAS
Chart Title
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

DAL BANDIN
Chart Title
250
200
150
100
50
0

GILGIT
Chart Title
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

GUPIS
Chart Title
100
80
60
40
20
-20

HYDERABAD
Chart Title
700
600
500
400
300
200
100

ISLAMABAD AIRPORT
Chart Title
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50

JACOBABAD
Chart Title
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50

KALAT
Chart Title
250
200
150
100
50
-50

KARACHI AIRPORT
Chart Title
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100

KARACHI MANVORA
Chart Title
600
500
400
300
200
100

LYALLPUR-RISALAWAL
Chart Title
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20

MULTAN
Chart Title
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50

NAWABSHAH
Chart Title
600
500
400
300
200
100

NOKKUNDI
Chart Title
250
200
150
100
50

PARACHINAR
Chart Title
250
200
150
100
50
-50

PESHAWAR
Chart Title
250
200
150
100
50

QUETTA(SHEIKH MANDA)
Chart Title
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
-50

SARGODHA
Chart Title
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

SKARDU
Chart Title
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20

ZHOB
Chart Title
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
January February March April May June July August September October NovemberDecember
-20
Min Temp Max Temp Humidity Wind Sun Rad ETo

COMPARISON OF PARAMETERS IN BETWEEN 3
DIFFERENT STATIONS DURING A YEAR
HUMIDITY
Month SARGODHA SKARDU MULTAN

% % %
January 69 71 73
February 65 70 66
March 62 62 52
April 50 52 44
May 38 48 43
June 37 44 45
July 61 43 63
August 68 67 66
September 61 48 58
October 56 48 53
November 59 54 59
December 64 70 64
Average 57 56 57
HUMIDITY
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
SARGODHA SKARDU MULTAN

WIND
km/day km/day km/day
January 138 26 95
February 173 43 130
March 233 69 156
April 285 86 173
May 311 86 207
June 294 95 337
July 337 86 311
August 294 78 294
September 207 78 225
October 164 52 130
November 121 26 69
December 104 17 86
Average 222 62 184
WIND
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
SARGODHA km/day SKARDU km/day MULTAN km/day

ETo

mm/day mm/day mm/day
January 1.79 0.63 1.8
February 2.61 0.88 2.68
March 3.95 1.72 4.39
April 6.31 2.99 6.44
May 8.42 3.97 8.39
June 9.05 4.88 10.24
July 7.34 4.82 8.02
August 6.26 4.41 7.03
September 5.64 3.67 6.45
October 4.47 2.32 4.6
November 2.69 1.23 2.62
December 1.82 0.72 1.92
Average 5.03 2.69 5.38
ETo
12
10
SARGODHA mm/day SKARDU mm/day MULTAN mm/day

SUN
hours hours hours
January 6 2.7 7.1
February 6.2 3.5 8.8
March 7 5.2 9.3
April 8 6.8 10.9
May 8.8 7.8 12.2
June 8 9.1 12.1
July 7.5 7.6 10
August 8.1 7.5 9.2
September 8.1 7.3 9
October 8.1 6.8 8.9
November 7.9 5.9 7.7
December 7 3.3 6.7
Average 7.6 6.1 9.3
SUN
14
12
10
SARGODHA hours SKARDU hours MULTAN hours

MIN TEMP
Month SKARDU SARGODHA MULTAN

°C °C °C
January -8.7 4.7 6.1
February -7.1 6.4 8.3
March 0.2 12.5 14.4
April 5.8 17.6 20
May 9.7 21.9 25.5
June 13.4 26.7 28.9
July 16.6 27.6 28.9
August 16.4 26.3 28.3
September 11.8 24.1 25
October 4.8 17.3 18.3
November -1.9 10.1 11.7
December -5.7 5.4 7.2
Average 4.6 16.7 18.6
MIN TEMP
35
30
25
20
15
10
-5
-10
-15
SKARDU °C SARGODHA °C MULTAN °C

MAX TEMP
Month Sargodha SKARDU MULTAN

°C °C °C
January 12.6 0.8 21.1
February 15.2 3.4 23.3
March 21 10.2 30
April 26.8 17.1 36.7
May 32.5 22.6 41.7
June 37.3 27.4 42.2
July 37.4 30.9 40
August 36 30.7 38.3
September 33.7 25.8 38.3
October 28.1 19.1 35.5
November 21.9 11.9 29.4
December 15.5 4.8 22.8
Average 26.5 17.1 33.3
MAX TEMP
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
ZHOB °C SKARDU °C MULTAN °C

RADIATION
MJ/m²/day MJ/m²/day MJ/m²/day
January 10.4 7 12.6
February 13.9 9.5 16.7
March 16.6 13.9 20.2
April 19.6 18.3 24.9
May 23 21.2 28
June 24.5 23.5 28.2
July 23 21 24.9
August 21.1 19.8 22.7
September 19.4 17.2 20.6
October 16.8 13.7 17.7
November 12.9 10.3 13.6
December 10.7 7 11.5
Average 17.6 15.2 20.1
RADIATION
30
25
20
15
10
ZHOB MJ/m²/day SKARDU MJ/m²/day MULTAN MJ/m²/day

COMPARISON OF PARAMETERS IN BETWEEN 3
DIFFERENT STATIONS USING AVERAGE
PARAMETER STATION AVERAGE

Min Temp (°C) SARGODHA 4.6
SKARDU 16.7
MULTAN 18.6
Max Temp (°C) SARGODHA 26.5
SKARDU 17.1
MULTAN 33.3
Humidity (%) SARGODHA 57
SKARDU 56
MULTAN 57
Wind (Km/day) SARGODHA 222
SKARDU 62
MULTAN 184
Sun (hours) SARGODHA 7.6
SKARDU 6.1
MULTAN 9.3
Rad (MJ/m²/day) SARGODHA 17.6
SKARDU 15.2
MULTAN 20.1
ETo (mm/day) SARGODHA 5.03
SKARDU 2.69
MULTAN 5.38
ss
0
50
100
150
200
SARGODHA 250
SKARDU
Min Temp (°C)

MULTAN
SARGODHA
SKARDU
MULTAN
Max Temp (°C)

SARGODHA
SKARDU
Humidity (%)
MULTAN
SARGODHA
SKARDU
AVERAGE
MULTAN
Wind (Km/day)
SARGODHA
SKARDU
Sun (hours)
MULTAN
SARGODHA
SKARDU
MULTAN
SARGODHA
SKARDU
Rad (MJ/m²/day) ETo (mm/day)

MULTAN
DESCRIPTION OF EACH STATION WITH
COMPARISON
MULTAN
MIN & MAX AVG TEMPERAURES
Multan is a hot city located in Punjab. Its Min Average Temp is more or approximately
equal to Multan but still it is more than most of the cities in Pakistan including SKardu. It has
second highest Max Average temperature among the 3 cities chosen for comparison.
HUMIDITY
Being less yearly precipitation in Multan high solar radiations but because of high winds
Multan has less humidity than Sargodha. It is surely more than Skardu since it lies in northern
areas.
WIND
Not Being near to sea it has moderate wind currents than Sargodha and SKardu.
SUN
Sun hours are less or approximately equal to that in Sargodha but are more than SKardu
since it is near equator and sun angle is not so more in degrees from equator.
RAD
As sun hours are less than that of Sargodha hence radiations are more than that of
Sargodha but not far less. Surely it has high sun radiations than SKardu because of same
reason.
ETo
Since in Multan there is less water logging (Low water tables and less aquifers), radiation, air
temperature, air humidity than that is Multan, hence more energy requirement for
evaporation and transpiration and more gradient occurs and that is why it has more ETo
than Sargodha. Since SKardu is in polar region and its ETo is stable hence Multan has more
based on factors discussed above.
SARGODHA
Sargodha is a hot city located in Punjab. Its Min Average Temp is more or approximately
equal to Multan but still it is more than most of the cities in Pakistan including SKardu. It has
second highest Max Average temperature among the 3 cities chosen for comparison.
HUMIDITY
Being less yearly precipitation in Multan and high solar radiations but because of low
winds Sargodha has more humidity than Multan. This is also because warmer air requires
more moisture to become saturated than colder air. It is surely more than SKardu since it lies
in northern areas.
WIND
Being far from sea it has low wind currents than Multan but more than Skardu.
SUN
Sun hours are more or approximately equal to that in Multan but are more than SKardu
since it is near equator and sun angle is not so more in degrees from equator.
RAD
As sun hours are more than that of Multan hence radiations are more than that of
Multan but not far less. Surely it has high sun radiations than SKardu.
ETo
Since in Sargodha there is high water tables and more aquifers, radiation, air
temperature, air humidity than that is Multan, hence less energy requirement for evaporation
and transpiration and less gradient occurs and that is why it has less ETo than Multan. Since
SKardu is in polar region and its ETo is stable hence Sargodha has more based on factors
discussed above.
SKARDU
SKardu is a cold city located in Gilgit-Baltistan. Its Min Average Temp is far less than
Multan and Sargodha. It has the lowest Max Average temperature among the 3 cities chosen
for comparison.
HUMIDITY
Its humidity is less than that of Multan and Sargodha. This is because colder air does not
require as much moisture to become saturated as warmer air.
WIND
Being far from sea and being a hilly region, it has low wind currents than Multan and
Sargodha
SUN
Sun hours less than that in Multan and Sargodha since it is far from equator and sun
angle is more in degrees from equator.
RAD
As sun hours are less than that of Multan and Sargodha hence radiations less than that
of Multan.
ETo
Since in Skardu there is less water tables and less aquifers, radiation, air temperature,
air humidity (because of being a hilly region) than that is Multan and Sargodha, hence less
energy requirement for evaporation and transpiration and less gradient occurs and that is
why it has less ETo than Multan and Sargodha. Since Skardu is in polar region and hence its
ETo is stable.
RELATION OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
SARGODHA SKARDU MULTAN
Average Eto 5.03 2.69 5.38
Average Eto
6
5
AVERAGE ETO
0
SARGODHA SKARDU Multan
CITIES
It may be noted that Sargodha has highest average annual temp (43°C) so it has
highest evapotranspiration. Skardu(-1.1°C) has least avg temperature so it has least
evapotranspiration .Multan has avg annual temp(44°C) in between them so it has
evapotranspiration n between them. It is clearly visible that as the average
temperature of the cities increases its vapor pressure (Evapotranspiration) increases
and vice versa.
CONCLUSION:
• During this lab report, we learned how to access softwares such as CLIM-
WAT and CROP-WAT.
• CLIM-WAT can access data based on Latitude and longitude values which
displays the nearest stations. Or you can access all available stations by
country.
• The detailed data from CLIM-WAT is then exported and displayed in
CROP-WAT.
• We learned to list detailed data from different stations and display it on
CROP-WAT to analyze different parameters such as temperature,
evapotranspiration etc.
• We also learned how to differentiate between different data using tables
and graphs from MS-excel.
• When we have different parameters graphically displayed, we can make an
analysis based on the parameters differentiating in different months of the
year and how their behavior varies in comparison.
• Having this comparison, we can make a conclusion based on the
parameters to determine which crop would yield the best in which area
considering all the conditions.

Lab Report-1: Irrigation Engineering

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LAB REPORT-1

DATED: APRIL 02, 2021

1. Open CLIMWAT 2.0.

Min Temp °C Max Temp °C Humidity % Wind km/day

Min Temp °C Max Temp °C Humidity % Wind km/day

Min Temp °C Max Temp °C Humidity % Wind km/day

Min Temp °C Max Temp °C Humidity % Wind km/day

Min Temp °C Max Temp °C Humidity % Wind km/day

Min Temp °C Max Temp °C Humidity % Wind km/day

Min Temp °C Max Temp °C Humidity % Wind km/day

Min Temp °C Max Temp °C Humidity % Wind km/day

Min Temp °C Max Temp °C Humidity % Wind km/day

Min Temp °C Max Temp °C Humidity % Wind km/day

Min Temp °C Max Temp °C Humidity % Wind km/day

Min Temp °C Max Temp °C Humidity % Wind km/day

Min Temp °C Max Temp °C Humidity % Wind km/day

Min Temp °C Max Temp °C Humidity % Wind km/day

Min Temp °C Max Temp °C Humidity % Wind km/day

Min Temp °C Max Temp °C Humidity % Wind km/day

Min Temp °C Max Temp °C Humidity % Wind km/day

Min Temp °C Max Temp °C Humidity % Wind km/day

Min Temp °C Max Temp °C Humidity % Wind km/day

Min Temp °C Max Temp °C Humidity % Wind km/day

Min Temp °C Max Temp °C Humidity % Wind km/day

Min Temp Max Temp Humidity Wind Sun Rad ETo

Month SARGODHA SKARDU MULTAN

SARGODHA SKARDU MULTAN

Average 222 62 184

SARGODHA km/day SKARDU km/day MULTAN km/day

Month SARGODHA SKARDU MULTAN

Average 5.03 2.69 5.38

SARGODHA mm/day SKARDU mm/day MULTAN mm/day

Average 7.6 6.1 9.3

SARGODHA hours SKARDU hours MULTAN hours

Month SKARDU SARGODHA MULTAN

Average 4.6 16.7 18.6

SKARDU °C SARGODHA °C MULTAN °C

Month Sargodha SKARDU MULTAN

Average 26.5 17.1 33.3

ZHOB °C SKARDU °C MULTAN °C

Average 17.6 15.2 20.1

ZHOB MJ/m²/day SKARDU MJ/m²/day MULTAN MJ/m²/day

PARAMETER STATION AVERAGE

Min Temp (°C)

Max Temp (°C)

Rad (MJ/m²/day) ETo (mm/day)

SARGODHA SKARDU MULTAN

Average Eto 5.03 2.69 5.38

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