g]kfndf rnlrq pBf]usf] pbo • 135

g]kfndf rnlrq pBf]usf] pbo M zfxL

g]kfn rnlrq ;+:yfgsf] u7g / lj36gsf]
syf -@)@*–@)%)_
xif{dfg dxh{g
kl/ro
/f0ffsfnb]lv g} g]kfndf rnlrq b]vfpg yflnPsf] kfOG5 .1 t/ rnlrq
pBf]u agfpg] k|of; eg] /f0ffzf;g cGTo ePsf] sl/a @! jif{kl5 -@)@*
;fndf_ dfq eof] . To; a]nf g]kfndf k~rfotL Joj:yf lyof], /fhgLlts
bnx¿ k|ltalGwt lyP . hgtfsf] lgw{Ss af]Ng] clwsf/ vf]l;Psf] cj:yfdf
/fHosf] Wofg eg] …/fi6« lgdf{0fÚ df lyof] . @)@* ;fnsf] gofF lzIff /
;~rf/ of]hgf ;f]xL p2]Zon] NofOPsf lyP . /, ;~rf/ of]hgfn] kl/sNkgf
u/]sf] ;+:+ yf lyof] — zfxL g]kfn rnlrq ;+:yfg . g]kfndf rnlrq pBf]usf]
ljsf; ug{ ;/sf/n] of] ;+:yfg u7g u/]sf] lyof] . @)%) ebf}Dff o;nfO{
lghLs/0f ul/of] . cfˆgf] sl/a @@ jif]{ hLjgdf o;n] s]xL rnlrq / w]/}
j[Qlrq tyf ;dfrf/lrq lgdf{0f u/]sf] kfOG5 .

1
of] n]v kqsfl/tf / cfd;~rf/ ljefusf nflu ul/Psf] :gftsf]Q/ txsf] zf]wkqsf] Pp6f c+z
xf] . zf]wkqdf @)@* sf] /fli6«o ;~rf/ ;]jf of]hgfsf] ;'?cft / ;f] of]hgf zfxL g]kfn rnlrq
;+:yfg, /]l8of] g]kfn / k|;
] sfplG;ndf s;/L nfu" eof] eGg] ljifonfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 . zf]wkqsf]
klxnf] v08 ldl8of cWoog $ df k|sflzt 5 -x]gx{' f];\ dxh{g @)^^_ . pQm n]vdf ul/Psf] ts{sf
s]xL kIf o; n]vdf klg k/]sf] 5 .

ldl8of cWoog %M !#%–!&# @)^&

136 • ldl8of cWoog %

pBf]usf] ¿kdf g]kfndf rnlrq If]q s;/L ;+:yfut ul/of] eGg]

k|Zgsf] pQ/ zfxL g]kfn rnlrq ;+:yfg -zfg]r;+_+ dfk{mt of] n]vdf
vf]lhPsf] 5 . zfg]r;++ lsg u7g ul/of] < / lsg lj36g eof] < rnlrq
pBf]usf] ljsf;sf nflu of] ;+:yfgn] s]–s]] u¥of] < oL ;jfnx¿sf] hjfkm
klg o; n]vdf k|:t't 5 . k~rfot sfndf s]xL JolQmn] of] ;+:yfaf/]
l56k'm6 n]vs ] f 5g\ .2 t/ zfg]r;+d} s]lGb|t eO{ lj:t[t cWoog eg]
clxn];Dd ul/Psf] 5}g . @)%) df lj36g ul/Pkl5 of] ;+:yf ;fj{hlgs
:d[ltaf6 x/fPsf] 5Ù o;sf] cfjZostf, cf}lrTo / e"ldsfaf/]sf] ax;
k/sf] s'/f eof] . t/ zfg]r;+sf] ;+:yfut hLjgnfO{ ga'emL g]kfnL rnlrq
pBf]usf] clxn]sf] cj:yf xfdL a'‰g ;Sb}gf}F . To;}n] d}n] zfg]r;+nfO{ k]ml/
g]kfnL rnlrq pBf]uaf/] ax;df tfg]sf] x'F . of] n]vdf zfg]r;+ h:tf]
;/sf/L ;+:yfn] s;/L g]kfndf rnlrq pBf]u :yfkgf ug{ ;3fof] eGg]af/]
lj:t[t cWoog ul/Psf] 5 . k~rfotL ;/sf/n] cfˆg} :jfy{sf nflu zfg]r;+sf]
u7g u/]sf] lyof] . To;}n] o;sf] ;f+:s[lts /fhgLltsf] kIf klg dxŒjk"0f{
5 . o;n] g]kfnL efiff, lxGb" wd{ / /fhtGqsf] k|rf/ ug{ dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf
v]Nof] . g]kfndf k|bz{g ul/Psf ;a} rnlrqnfO{ ;]G;/ ug]{ sfd o;n]
u/]sf] lyof] . t/, of] n]vdf o; kf6f]af/] ;ª\If]kdf dfq rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
zfg]r;+sf] Oltj[Q vf]tNg k|sflzt ck|sflzt ljleGg ;fdu|L -k':ts,
k'l:tsf, ;dfrf/, n]v, P]g–lgod, k|ltj]bg, cflb_ s]nfOPsf] 5 . clg pQm
;+:yfdf ljleGg txdf /x]/ sfd u/]sf JolQm;Fu lj:t[t s'/fsfgL ul/Psf]
5 . cfk"m ;+nUg P]ltxfl;s 36gfaf/] hfgsf/L lbFbf w]/n } ] cfk"mnfO{ cK7Øf/f]
gkg]{ ljj/0fdfq lbG5g\ -eflG;gf ;g\ !(*%_ eGg] tYonfO{ dgg ub}{
ljjfbf:kb ljifodf PseGbf a9L JolQm;Fu cGtjf{tf{ lnOPsf] 5 . n]vsf]
klxnf] v08df zfg]r;+sf] hGd / d[To'sf] aofg 5, sf/0f vf]tlnPsf] 5 .
bf];f| ] v08df zfg]r;+n] g]kfndf rnlrq pBf]unfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ u/]sf
sfdsf] rrf{ 5 . clGtd v08df lgisif{ 5 .

2
o;/L n]Vg] clwsf+z JolQmx¿ zfg]r;+;uF jf g]kfnL rnlrq pBf]u;Fu ;DalGwt lyP . o;sf
pbfx/0f v/]n -@)@*_, j:Goft -@)@(_, sfsL{ -;g\ !(*@_, zdf{ -@)#*_, cflb x'g\ . oL n]vdf
zfg]r;+sf] tfl/kmdfq kfOG5g\ . rnlrq;Fu c;DalGwt t/ tTsfnLg ;~rf/ dGqfnodf sfo{/t
6]saxfb'/ vqLn] klg cfˆgf k':ts vqL -@)#@_, gjLg -@)$)_ / vqL -;g\ !(*#_ df
zfg]r;+nfO{ ;d]6s] f lyP . …gjLgÚ 6]saxfb'/ vqLs} pkgfd xf] .
 g]kfndf rnlrq pBf]usf] pbo • 137

;+:yfut kIf
d'Vo u/L tLg sf/0fn] ;+:yfg vf]lnG5— Jofkf/, /fh:j j[l4 / ;fjh{lgs
nfe -k|wfg @)$&_ . @)^% sf] ;/sf/L ;+:yfg;Fu ;DalGwt k|ltj]bgn]
g]kfnsf ;/sf/L ;+:yfgnfO{ cf}Bf]lus If]q, Jofkfl/s If]q, ;]jf If]q,
;fdflhs If]q, hgkof]uL If]q / ljQLo If]qdf afF8s] f] lyof] . ;f+:s[lts
;+:yfg, uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg / g]kfn 6]lnlehg h:tf ;~rf/;DaGwL ;+:yfg
;fdflhs If]qdf kb{5g\ -g]kfn ;/sf/ @)^%_ . @)$& df zfg]r;+ klg
;fdflhs tyf hgf]kof]uL If]qdf kYof]{ -k|wfg @)$&_ . lghL If]qn] Wofg
glbPsf] rnlrq pBf]usf] ljsf; ug]{ / To;sf nflu cTofjZos k"jf{wf/
ljsf; ug]{ egL ;/sf/n] zfg]r;+sf] u7g u/]sf] xf] .

zfg]r;+sf] u7g / ljsf;

zfg]r;+sf] @)@* df :yfkgf x'g' cl3;Dd rnlrq agfpg] sfd ;"rgf
ljefun] uYof]{ .3 t/ ;f] ljefusf] Wofg rnlrq pBf]usf] ljsf; ug]{
lyPg . zfg]r;+sf] kl/sNkgf, /fli6«o ;~rf/ ;]jf of]hgf @)@* n] u/]sf]
lyof] . To;cg'¿k ;+:yfg P]g @)@! sf] bkmf # sf] pkbkmf -!_ / bkmf $
sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd o;sf] u7g ul/of] . /fli6«o ;~rf/ of]hgfdf
pNn]v ePcg';f/ of] u7g ul/g'sf] b'O{ cf]6f p2]Zo lyP4 M

s_ >L % dxf/fhlw/fhsf] g]t[Tjdf ePsf / x'g nfu]sf /fli6«o Pj+ ;fd'bflos

ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos ;~rf/ ;]jf k|bfg ug'{ / hg;fwf/0fsf nflu ;'Gb/,
:j:y Pj+ hLjgf]kof]uL dgf]/~hgsf] rnlrqdo ;fdu|L h'6fpg'
v_ ;'Gb/, :j:y Pj+ hLjgf]kof]uL rnlrqsf] lgdf{0f u/L dgf]/~hgsf] nflu
cfjZos :jb]zL rnlrq pBf]usf] :yfkgf Pj+ ljsf;åf/f ljb]zL l;g]dfsf]
xfnsf] cflwkTo sd ug'{ ->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)@*s M ^$_ .5

3
;"rgf ljefusf] lkmNd l8lehgn] tLg cf]6f syfgs rnlrq agfPsf] lyof] — cfdf -@)@!_, lxhf]
cfh ef]ln -@)@$_ / kl/jt{g -@)@&_ . o; ljefusf] Oltxf;sf nflu x]gx{' f];\ o;} hg{ndf k|sflzt
lzj /]UdLsf] n]v . o;n] ljleGg j[Qlrq / ;dfrf/lrq klg agfPsf] lyof] -chLt @)^$_ .
4
o; of]hgfsf] yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu x]gx{' f];\ -dxh{g @)^^_ .
5
@)@* sflQs !^ sf] g]kfn /fhkqdf o;sf] :yfkgf / u7g;DaGwL ;~rf/ dGqfnosf] ;"rgf
5flkPsf] lyof] . /fhkqdf k|sflzt p2]Zo @)@* sf] ;~rf/ of]hgfaf6 lemlsPsf] xf] . t/ ToxfF
pBf]u eGg] zAb x6fOPsf] 5 . ;fob of] xtf/df 5fKg] qmddf nfk/jfxL eP/ o:tf] ePsf]
lyof] . dfly pNn]v ul/Psf b'O{ p2]Zo k"/f ug{ ;+:yfg ;w}F k|oTg/t lyof] .
138 • ldl8of cWoog %

5f]6f]df, of] ;+:yfgsf] p2]Zo g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ rnlrqdfkm{t ;]jf ug]{ /

g]kfndf rnlrq pBf]usf] ljsf; ug]{ lyof] . t/ cGtlg{lxt rfxgf eg]]
ef/tLo rnlrqsf] …b':k|efjÚ nfO{ sd ug'{ klg lyof] . ;+:yfgsf] gLltdf
…u}/;/sf/L rnlrq pBf]unfO{ oyfzSo k|fT] ;fxg Pj+ ;xfotf ug]Ú{ klg
elgPsf] 5 ->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)@*s M ^$_ . o;sf] dtna ;+:yfg cfk}mF n]
dfq rnlrq agfpg] geO{ lghL If]qsf] klg e"ldsf /xf];\ eGg] xf] .
;+:yfgsf] of]hgf agfpg] sfddf cWoIfsf] k|dv ' e"ldsf x'G5 . o;
;+:yfgdf ;'?cftb]lv lgDg JolQm cWoIf ePsf lyP M hubLz zdf{
-@)@*–@)@(_, ofbj v/]n -@)@(–)#@_, pQdnfn >]i7 -@)#@–@)#*_,
6Lsf l;+x -@)#*–@)$%_ uGwj{zdz]/ -@)$%–@)$(_ / gjLg lrqsf/
-@)$(–@)%)_ . @)@* sflQs !^ sf] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;+:yfgsf] cWoIf
g} dxfk|aGws x'g] elgPsf] lyof] ->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)@*v_ . hubLz zdf{
@)@* sf] ;~rf/ of]hgf agfpg] kl/of]hgfsf k|dv ' JolQm lyP . of]
kl/of]hgf ;DkGg ePkl5 pgn] tTsfnLg o'j/fh jL/]Gb|;dIf cfk"m zfg]r;+df
hfg] OR5f JoQm u/] . g]kfnL l;g]dfnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df b]vfP/ k};f
sdfpg] pgsf] ;f]r lyof] t/ rnlrqsf] k|fljlws kIfaf/] pgL cgle1
lyP . zdf{ cWoIf /x]sf] ;~rfns ;ldltdf n}gl;+x afª\bn ] , afns[i0f ;d,
;"on{ fn cdfTo / ofbj v/]n ;b:o lyP . t/ zdf{ eg] sfof{no slxNo}
uPgg\ / s]xL dlxgfd} pgn] /fhLgfdf klg lbP . zdf{nfO{ zfg]r;+ …uÚ
ju{df /fv]sf]df lrQ a'em] sf] lyPg . pgsf cg';f/ ;'?df of] ;+:yfgnfO{
…sÚ ju{sf] agfpg] ;f]r lyof] . @)@* sf] of]hgfdf klg b"/ ;~rf/
;+:yfg;/x g} u0fgf eO{ o;sf] kfl/>lds / cGo Joj:yf ug]{ elgPsf]
lyof] ->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)@*s M ^%_ . csf]{ sfd g} ;'? geO{ ToxfF
sld;gsf] rrf{ x'g yfn]sf]n] ;+:yfgaf6 zdf{n] /fhLgfdf lbPsf lyP .6

6
zdf{;uF @)^^ j}zfv $ df ul/Psf] s'/fsfgL . g]kfndf ;+:yfgsf] juL{s/0f @)@^ d} e};s]sf]
lyof] . ;+:yfgsf] k'h
F L, sfo{If]q / sfdsf] kl/0ffdcg';f/ o:tf] juL{s/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . o;
juL{s/0fn] ;+:yfgsf] >]0fL / sd{rf/Lsf] tna lgwf{/0f uYof]{ -emf @)@^ M %@_ . To; a]nf s, v,
u ju{df ;+:yfg juL{s/0f ul/Psf] lyof]] . @)#) df eg] ;+:yfgnfO{ s, v, u / 3 df juL{s/0f
ul/of] . ;+:yfgsf] ah]6 / ;+:yfgsf sfdbf/n] kfpg] kfl/>lds clg ;'ljwf ;+:yfgsf]
juL{s/0fcg';f/ x'g] ub{5 . o;cg';f/ ;+:yfgsf] ah]6 / sd{rf/Lsf] kfl/>lds s ju{df ;a}eGbf
/fd|f] x'G5 / o;kl5 qmdzM v, u / 3 ju{df x'bF } hfG5 -s'jF / @)$# M !!_ .
 g]kfndf rnlrq pBf]usf] pbo • 139

pgLkl5 ofbj v/]n cWoIf eP . To; ;~rfns ;ldltdf afns[i0f ;d,

dfwj l3ld/], >Lw/ vgfn / 6Lsf l;+x ;b:o lyP . v/]nn] sf]nf]Daf] Knfg7
cGtu{t a]nfotsf] n08g lkmNd :s"naf6 b'O{ jif{sf] l8Knf]df u/]sf lyP .
To;}n] pgnfO{ rnlrqsf] ljleGg kIfsf] 1fg lyof] . zfg]r;+sf] sfof{no
:yfkgf ug]b{ l] v sd{rf/L lgo'Qm ug]n
{ ufot ;a} lhDdf pgs} lyof] . To; a]nf
nflhDkf6sf] Pp6f 3/ ef8fdf lnP/ ;+:yfgsf] sfof{no vf]lnPsf] lyof] .
afnfh' cf}Bf]lus If]qdf Nofasf] lgdf{0f sfo{ pgs} sfo{sfndf ;'? eof] .
ToxL If]qdf kl5 zfg]r;+sf] ;'ljwf ;DkGg ejg ag]sf] lyof] -x]gx{' f];\ tl:a/
!_ . zfg]r;+sf] u'?of]hgf klg pg}n] agfPsf lyP . g]kfndf rnlrqsf]
ljt/0f, k|bz{g / lgdf{0fsf] ;d:of / lg/fs/0fsf] pkfo vf]Hg ul/Psf] b'O{
uf]i7L klg pgs} sfo{sfndf ul/Psf dxŒjk"0f{ sfd lyP .8 o:tf] uf]i7L
zfg]r;+n] o;kl5 slxNo} u/]sf] kfOFbg} . cfk"meGbf slgi7 ;+:yfsf JolQmnfO{
lhPd agfOPkl5 pgn] kbaf6 /fhLgfdf lbP .9 pgL kl5 pQdnfn >]i7
;+:yfgsf cWoIf eP . o;eGbf cl3 pgL …3Ú ju{sf] ;+:yfg /Tg /]sl8{ªsf
cWoIf lyP . >]i7sf] kfnfdf s'df/L / l;Gb"/ rnlrq ag]sf lyP eg] hLjg
/]vfsf] 5fofÍgsf] sfo{ ;'? eO;s]sf] lyof] . l;Gb"/ ;kmn ePsf] lyof] .
>]i7sf] kfnf;Dd klg lghL If]qaf6 rnlrq ag]sf] lyPg . lghL If]qnfO{
rnlrq lgdf{0f;DaGwL pks/0f ;x'lnot b/df lbg] / k|fljlw1 pknAw
u/fpg] sfd >]i7sf] kfnfkl5 ePsf] xf] .

7
v/]neGbf cl3 / kl5 klg sf]nf]Daf] KnfgcGtu{t w]/} JolQmn] rnlrqsf ljleGg kIfaf/] cWoog
/ tflnd lnPsf lyP . of] ;+:yf ;g\ !(%) df blIf0f–k"jL{ Pl;of / blIf0f Pl;ofdf cfly{s /
;fdflhs ljsf; ug{ u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\ !(%@ df g]kfn o;sf] ;b:o ePsf] lyof] .
o;dfk{mt g]kfnn] k|fljlws ;xfotf kfof] . o; ;xfotfsf] qmddf ljleGg b]zsf ljz]if1 Pj+
;Nnfxsf/ g]kfn cfPsf lyP eg] ljleGg b]zdf g]kfnL ljBfyL{n] tflnd / cWoogsf] cj;/
klg kfP ->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)@*u_ .
8
oL uf]i7Ldf ljleGg JolQmn] k|:t't u/]sf ljrf/x¿ k':tsfsf/sf] ¿kdf pknAw 5 . klxnf] uf]i7L
@)@( dª\l;/ !–# ;Dd ePsf] lyof] . To; af/]sf] k':ts g]kfndf rnlrq k|bz{s / ljt/sx¿sf
;d:of tyf ;Defljt ;dfwfg uf]i7Ln] To; a]nf g]kfnL rnlrq If]qsf] Pp6f lrq lbG5 -zfg]r;+
@)@(_ . o;df tTsfnLg cj:yfdf g]kfndf rnlrq k|bz{gL / ljt/0fsf ljleGg ;d:ofsf] rrf{
ul/Psf] 5 . of] uf]i7Ldf ^)–^% hgfn] efu lnPsf lyP . klxnf] uf]i7L ePsf] ^ dlxgfkl5 -@)#)
h]7 @–# ut];Dd_ csf]{ uf]i7L cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . uf]i7Ls} gfdaf6 g]kfnL rnlrq lgdf{0f
uf]i7L k':ts klg k|sflzt 5 -OZj/jNne / e§/fO{ @)#)_ . o; sfo{qmddf zfg]r;+sf kbflwsf/L
/ g]kfndf rnlrq lgdf{0f ul//x]sf JolQmn] cfˆgf] ljrf/ JoQm u/]sf lyP .
9
v/]n;Fu @)^% ebf} #! Dff u/]sf] s'/fsfgL .
140 • ldl8of cWoog %

tl:a/ ! M afnfh'l:yt tTsfnLg zfg]r;+sf] ejg -tl:a/ ;fef/ M vqL @)#@_ .

>]i7kl5 ;+:yfgsf] cWoIf 6Lsf l;+x -@)#*–@)$%_ eP . pgL @)#*

kmfu'g !# ut] ;+:yfgsf] cWoIf / dxfk|aGwsdf lgo'Qm ePsf lyP .
o;eGbf cl3b]lv g} pgL zfg]r;+df ;+nUg lyP . pgL @)#) b]lv @)#%
;Dd ;+:yfgsf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] ;b:o eP -l;+x @)$!_ . cWoIf ePsf]
@ jif{ gx'bF } @)#( ;fndf lghL If]qaf6 bf];f| ] rnlrq h'gL aGof] . pgs}
kfnfdf ;+:yfgn] /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o kf6L{÷If]q;Fu rnlrqsf] ;xlgdf{0f
ug]{ gLlt lnPsf] lyof] -l;+x @)$! M &)*_ . To; a]nf;Dd lghL If]qaf6
ag]sf dfOtL3/, sfG5L, s';d ' ] ?dfn, jf;'bj] h:tf rnlrq ;kmn eO;s]sf]
lyP -sfdgf @)$# M @_ .
o:tf] cj:yfdf uGwj{zdz]/ -@)$%–@)$(_ zfg]r;+sf cWoIf eP .
@))( ;fnb]lv g} l;g]df k|bz{gdf nfu]sf pgL ho g]kfn lrq3/sf
dflns lyP . /fli6«o ;~rf/ gLlt tyf sfo{qmd, @)$% df zfg]r;+dfk{mt
6]lnlkmNd / lel8cf] lkmNd agfP/ o;nfO{ cfTdlge{/ agfpg] gLlt lnOof]
->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)$([@)$%]_ . pgs} sfo{sfndf zfg]r;+df ;fp08
:6'l8of] / Nofa agfpg] a]nf @ s/f]8 () nfv ?lkofFsf] e|i6frf/ ePsf]
v'nf;f @)$^ df sfdgfn] u/]sf] lyof] -x]gx{' f];\ tl:a/ @_ .10

10
o:tf] ;+/rgf agfpg ;+:yfg u7g u/]kl5 ljleGg u[x sfo{ ePsf] lyof] . ;/sf/n] @)$^ leq
of] Nofa agfpg] ;f]r /fv]sf] lyof] -sfdgf @)$& M *(_ . cGttM 6Lsf l;+xsf] kfnfdf ;g\
 g]kfndf rnlrq pBf]usf] pbo • 141

tl:a/ @ M zfg]r;+ leqsf] e|i6frf/;DaGwL v'nf;f ul/Psf] l/kf]l6{ª -sfdgf jif{ %,

cÍ *, k[= !%_ .

!(** cS6'a/df b /fOlhª g]kfndf lj1fkg k|sflzt u/L Nofa agfpg cfjZos pks/0fsf
nflu cGt/f{li6«o kf6L{;uF 6]08/ cfXjfg ul/Psf] lyof] . o;df hfkfgsf] Ps sDkgL, xªsªsf]
8]lj8 a]nLh, a]nfotsf] lkmNdNofa l:6d, cd]l/sfsf] kn oË P08 P;f]l;P6\; cflbn] cfj]bg
lbPsf lyP . c¿eGbf !%–@) nfv km/s ePsf] eGb} To; a]nf kn oË P08 P;f]l;P6\;sf]
6]08/ :jLs[t ul/of] . kl5 kn oË P08 P;f]l;P6\;n] k'/fgf] / sfd gnfUg] vfnsf ;fdfg lbg
nfu]sf] yfxf eof] -sfdgf @)$^s_ .
142 • ldl8of cWoog %

ToxL ;dodf g]kfndf k~rfotL zf;gsf] cGTo eO{ ax'bn cfof] .

@)$* ;fnsf] r'gfjdf g]kfnL sfFu; ]| n] lht xfl;n u/]kl5 ul7t sfFu;
]| sf]
;/sf/;Fu uGwj{zdz]/sf] ;DaGw /fd|f] ePg . To;kl5 pgn] zfg]r;+af6
/fhLgfdf lbP . pgLkl5 gjLg lrqsf/ ;+:yfgsf] cWoIf eP . lrqsf/s}
sfo{sfndf Psn g]tT[ jsf] k|fjwfgnfO{ tf]8/] ;fd"lxs g]tT[ jsf] cjwf/0ff
NofOof] . To;cGtu{t zfg]r;+df cWoIf, dxfk|aGws / pk–dxfk|aGws
/xg] Joj:yf eof] . 8f= ;'af]ws'df/ kf]v/]nnfO{ dxfk|aGws / ls/0f
v/]nnfO{ pk–dxfk|aGws agfOof] . o;nuQ} zfg]r;+sf] gfd g]kfn rnlrq
ljsf; ;+:yfg -g]rlj;+_ df kl/0ft ul/of] . @)$( df cfk"m dxfk|aGws
ePkl5 8f= kf]v/]nn] o; ;+:yfgn] rnlrq agfpg gx'g] egL ;/sf/;dIf
;'emfj k]; u/]sf lyP .11 cfk"m dxfk|aGws ePkl5 pgn] Ps cGtjf{tf{sf
qmddf o:tf] eg]sf lyP, æsfd sxfFaf6 ;'? ug]{ s]xL eGg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .
lsgeg] oxfF htftt} oltljlw eb|uf]n /x]5 ls ;DeFmbf klg lbSs nfu]/
cfpF5Æ -sfˆn]] @)$( M & _ . 8f= kf]v/]nsf] p2]Zo g]kfndf ;fp08 :6'l8of]
/ Nofa agfP/} 5f8\g] lyof] . o;sf nflu pgn] ;/sf/;Fu s]xL /sd
lgsf;fsf nflu cg'/f]w u/] .12 To;kl5 tL pks/0f lemsfpg ;/sf/n]
%) nfv lgsf;f u¥of] -;u'g @)$(_ . of] /sd a'emfPkl5 kn oË P08
P;f]l;P6\;n] ;fp08 :6'l8of] / Nofa agfpg cfjZos s]xL pks/0f lbof] .
t/ clGtd lk|G6 lgsfNg cTofjZos s]xL pks/0f eg] To; a]nf cfPsf]
lyPg . To;}n] g]kfndf rnlrqsf] clGtd lk|G6afx]s c¿ ;a} sfd x'g
yfNof] . ;/sf/n] ;+:yfgdfk{mt g]kfnL / g]kfnsf c¿ ljleGg /fli6«o
efiffdf rnlrq agfpg] p2]Zo /fv]sf] lyof] . t/ @)$( d} ;/sf/n]
g]rlj;+nfO{ lghLs/0f ug]{ gLlt agfO;s]sf] lyof] . /fli6«o ;~rf/ gLlt,
@)$( df g]rlj;+sf] ;]o/ lghL If]qnfO{ a]r/] lghLs/0f ug]{ eGg] pNn]v
lyof] ->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)^)[@)$(]_ . g]rlj;+sf] ;Gbe{df o;f] elgP
klg ;~rf/;DaGwL c¿ ;+:yfgx¿ uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg, /fli6«o ;dfrf/
;ldlt, g]kfn 6]lnlehg / g]kfn b"/ ;~rf/ ;+:yfgnfO{ eg] lghLs/0f ug]{
s'/f ;~rf/ gLltdf p7fOPg . To;} gLltcg'¿k @)%) df g]rlj;+sf] ;]o/
laqmL u/L lghLs/0f ul/of] .

11
kf]v/]n;Fu @)^^ df3 @@ df u/]sf] s'/fsfgL .
12
8f= ;'af]w kf]v/]n;Fu @)^^ df3 @@ df u/]sf] s'/fsfgL .
 g]kfndf rnlrq pBf]usf] pbo • 143

lj36g / lghLs/0f
g]rlj;+sf] lghLs/0f g]kfndf ePsf]] bf];f| ] r/0fcGtu{tsf] lghLs/0f lyof] .
g]kfndf lghLs/0f ;g\ !(*%–*^ df ljZj a}s + / cGt/f{li6«o d'bf| sf]ifsf]
bafadf ;'? ePsf] xf] -kf}8n ] ;g\ @))*_ . To; a]nf ;/sf/n] Ps jif{df
!@ cf]6f ;+:yfgnfO{ lghLs/0f ug]{ of]hgf agfPsf] lyof] . oBlk of]hgfcg';f/
To;f] x'g ;s]g . ;g\ !(** kl5 eg] ljZj a}s + , o'P;PcfO8L / o'Pgl8kLn]
g]kfndf lghLs/0fnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ;3fPsf lyP . pgLx¿sf] ;xof]udf
lghLs/0f;DaGwL uf]i7L klg eP . ;g\ !(*( df lghLs/0f;DaGwL ;]n klg
u7g ul/of] . k~rfotL zf;gsf] cGtkl5 ag]sf] ;/sf/n] lghLs/0f;DaGwL
gLltkq g} hf/L u¥of] . o;kl5 g]kfndf lghLs/0fsf] klxnf] r/0f ;'?
eof] . o; r/0fdf e[s6' L sfuh sf/vfgf, xl/l;l4 OF6f 6fon sf/vfgf
/ afF;af/L 5fnf h'Qf sf/vfgfsf] lghLs/0f ul/of] -kf}8n ] ;g\ @))*_ .
To; a]nf ;+:yfgx¿sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQ laqmL u/L lghLs/0f ul/Psf] lyof] .
o; k|lqmofn] ubf{ s]xL ;+:yfg w/fzoL g} eP . o;}af6 kf7 l;s]/ bf];f| ]
r/0fsf] lghLs/0fdf ;+:yfgsf] ;]o/ laqmL ul/of] . o; r/0fdf kfFr13
;+:yfgnfO{ lghLs/0f ul/Psf] lyof] .
g]rlj;+sf] lghLs/0f @)%) sflQs @^ ut]sf lbg ul/Psf] xf] . o;eGbf
cl3 lghLs/0fsf] p2]Zo;lxt @)%) ebf}df o; ;+:yfgsf] lj36g ul/Psf]
lyof] . To;kl5 o;nfO{ sDkgL P]g @)@! adf]lhd g]kfn rnlrq ljsf;
sDkgL lnld6]8df kl/jt{g ul/of] . To; sDkgLsf] cWoIfdf ;"rgf tyf
;~rf/ dGqfnosf sfodd'sfod ;lrj 3gfgfy cf]emf / dxfk|aGwsdf 8f=
;'af]ws'df/ kf]v/]nnfO{ lgo'Qm ul/Psf] lyof] -/f;; @)%) M !÷!!_ . o;kl5
uf]/vfkq / b /fOlhª g]kfndf cy{ dGqfnosf] tk{maf6 g]kfn rnlrq ljsf;
sDkgL lnld6]8sf] %!Ü ;]o/ laqmL ug{ ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/of] . afFsL $(Ü
;]o/dWo] rnlrq;Fu ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ @$Ü, ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ @)Ü /
sDkgLsf sd{rf/LnfO{ %Ü lbg] lg0f{o ePsf] lyof] . %!Ü ;]o/ laqmL ubf{ klg
;s];Dd ToxLFs} sd{rf/LnfO{ u|fXotf lbg] gLlt lyof] . To;}n] c¿n] cy{
dGqfnosf] gfpFdf ?= b'O{ nfv w/f}6L /fVg'kg]d { f ToxfFsf sd{rf/Ln] ?= @)

13
o;df g]kfn rnlrq ljsf; ;+:yfgsf cnfjf afnfh' sk8f pBf]u, sfFrf] 5fnf ;Íng tyf
laqmL s]Gb|, g]kfn No"a cfon / g]kfn lj6'ldg tyf Jof/]n pBf]u lyP . bf];f| ] r/0fdf lghLs/0fsf
nflu !$ cf]6f ;+:yfg 5flgPsf] lyof] -zdf{ ;g\ !((%_ .
144 • ldl8of cWoog %

xhf/ dfq /fv] k'UYof] -x]gx{' f];\ tl:a/ #_ . %!Ü ;]o/sf nflu tLg ;d"x—
;'zLnf >]i7sf] ;d"x, sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;d"x / c¿0f dNnsf] ;d"xn] k|:tfj k];
u/]sf lyP -zdf{ ;g\ !((%_ . k|:tfjsx¿dWo] c¿0f dNn tyf ;fyLx¿14sf]
k|:tfjnfO{ ;/sf/n] 5gf]6 u¥of] . o;afkt %!Ü ;]o/ ;d"xaf6 ? @ s/f]8
@& nfv && xhf/ &&& / $(Ü ;]o/af6 @ s/f]8 !* nfv *$ xhf/ %#!
;/sf/n] kfPsf] lyof] . o;sf] hUuf / ejg eg] sDkgLdf ;fl/Psf] lyPg /
o; sDkgLn] ljutdf agfPsf ;a} j[Qlrq / rnlrq ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/
dGqfnodf a'emfPsf] lyof] -uf]/vfkq @)%)_ .
@)%) df g]rlj;+sf] lghLs/0f x'g] a]nf;Dddf s'g} klg ;/sf/L ;~rf/
;+:yfsf] lghLs/0f ePsf] lyPg . ;/sf/n] uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgnfO{ lghLs/0f
ug]{ xNnf ljleGg ;dodf rn] klg To;f] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . g]rlj;+nfO{
lghLs/0f u/]sf] sl/a !$÷!% jif{kl5 b"/ ;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] lghLs/0f
ul/of] . o;sf] lghLs/0f ubf{ s]xL ;]o/ ;j{;fw/0fnfO{ a]lrPsf] xf] .
@)@) sf] bzsdf ha zfg]r;+ :yfkgf ePsf] lyof], To; a]nf
dxŒjk"0f{ pBf]udf /fHo cfkFm} n] xft xfNg'kg]{ ;f]rfO /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o
¿kdf JofKt lyof] . @)%) sf] bzs;Dd cfOk'Ubf ljZjdf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f
/ lghLs/0fsf] huhuL lgs} al9;s]sf] lyof] . To; qmddf pBf]u Jofj;fodf
xft xfn]/ /fHon] cgfjZos af]em af]Sg'eGbf lghL If]qnfO{ lbg'k5{ eGg]
dfGotf Jofks x'bF } uPsf] lyof] . otf g]kfns} ;Gbe{df klg lghL If]q
lj:tf/} alnof] aGb} uO/x]sf] lyof] . rnlrqs} If]qnfO{ x]bf{ klg g]rlj;+af6
eGbf lghL If]qaf6 w]/} rnlrq alg/x]sf lyP . sfdgfsf] Pp6f n]vdf
pNn]v ePcg';f/ @)%) df lghL If]qaf6 g]kfndf rf}tL; rnlrq lgdf{0f
ePsf lyP -sfˆn] @)%) M !$_ . To;}n] ;/sf/n] rnlrq If]qdf nufgL
ul//xg cfjZos 5}g, lghL If]q g} ;Ifd eO;s]sf] 5 eGg] wf/0ffsf]
ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . oBlk o;df ;a}sf] ;dy{g eg] b]lvFbg} . o;sf]
lghLs/0f ug]{ cj:yf cfO;s]sf] lyPg eGg] ts{ tTsfnLg zfg]r;+sf]
bf];f| ] cWoIf ofbj v/]nsf] 5 . pgsf] ljrf/df @)%) d} klg ;a} s'/f
lghL If]qnfO{ 5f]8g\ ] cj:yf cfO;s]sf] lyPg .15 /Ë kqsf/ e/t zfSo klg

14
c¿0f dNnsf] ;d"xdf gL/ zfx, a;Gt rf}w/L, zlz v]tfg, ljho b'u8, l8aL yfkf, c¿0f dNn,
uf]kfnhL g]kfnL / h]aL cfn] u/L hDdf cf7hgf JolQmx¿ lyP .
15
v/]n;Fu @)^% ebf} #! Dff u/]sf] s'/fsfgL .
 g]kfndf rnlrq pBf]usf] pbo • 145

tl:a/ # M zfg]r;+sf] ;]o/ laqmLsf nflu ul/Psf] lj1fkg -uf]/vfkq, @)%) ebf} !!,
k[= !$_ .
146 • ldl8of cWoog %

;/sf/n] rnlrq lgdf{0f gu/] klg o;sf] k|fljlws ljsf;sf nflu o;

If]qdf xft xfln/fVg cfjZos lyof] eG5g\ .16 t/ /]l8of] g]kfn, uf]/vfkq
;+:yfg ;/sf/;Fu x'bF f p;sf nflu pkof]lutf ltgsf] hlt lyof] g]rlj;+sf]
lyPg . o;n] rnlrq klg agfpg 5f]l8;s]sf] lyof] eg] ;/sf/ jf
;Qfwf/L bnsf] k|rf/sf nflu b[Zo dfWoddf g]kfn 6]lnlehg 5Fb} lyof] .
To;}n] klg of] ;+:yfgsf] lghLs/0fsf ljkIfdf bx|f] cfjfh st}af6 cfpg
;s]g .

lj36g / lghLs/0fsf] k[i7e"ld

@)$* ;fnsf] cfdlgjf{rgkl5 ul7t g]kfnL sfFu; ]| sf] Psdgf ;/sf/n]
b]zdf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLlt lnPsf] lyof] . To;cGtu{t ;/sf/n]
rnfPsf sltko ;+:yfgx¿nfO{ lghLs/0f ub}{ hfg] gLlt p;sf] lyof] .
o;sf nflu w]/} jif{ cl3b]lv bft[ lgsfosf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf bafa klg
/xFb} cfPsf] lyof] -dfgGw/ / ah|frfo{ ;g\ @))) M !#)_ . oBlk sltko
;+:yfgx¿ ce}m klg lghLs/0f x'g g;s]sf] l:yltdf zfg]r;+ @)%) rflxF
Tolt a]nf lsg lghLs/0f ul/of] eGg] ljifo dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . o; k|Zgdfly
ljrf/ ubf{ ljleGg sf/0f b]lvG5g\ . tL lyP— /fhgLtLs/0f, e|i6frf/ /
cgfjZos sd{rf/Lsf sf/0f ;/sf/n] a]xf]gk{' /]sf] cfly{s ef/ .
k~rfotdf zfg]r;+dfly /fhb/af/sf] x:tIf]k a9L x'GYof] . zfg]r;+df
@)$^ cl3;Dd cWoIf ePsf JolQmx¿ ;a} b/af/sf] rfxgfn] cfPsf
lyP . o:tf s'/fdf cfqmf]z kf]Vb} zfg]r;+df Wjlg lgoGqs /x]sf k|bLk
pkfWofon] sfdgfdf >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ o:tf] ;'emfj lbPsf lyP M

!= zfg]r;+sf] :yfkgf ePkl5, ;+:yfg vfln 7"nf–a8fsf cfˆgf dflg;x¿nfO{

hflu/ Vjfpg] ynf] agfOof] h;n] ubf{ ;+:yfgnfO{ cgfjZos ef/ k¥of] . of]
k|j[lQ x6fOg' k5{{ . === %= ;+:yfgsf] gLlt th'{df u/L To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog u/fpg]
;~rfns ;ldltdf pBf]uklt, xn dflns, >L % sf] ;/sf/sf clws[tx¿, slj,
;flxTosf/, ;ËLtsf/ h'g;'s} If]qaf6 ;b:o dgf]gog ug]{ eP klg rnlrq
pBf]usf] ;+j]bgzLn / k|fljlws kIfsf] 1fg ePsf ;b:osf] cefj /Xof] .
;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj s'g} jl/i7 clws[tsf] dgf]gog ul/P klg

16
zfSo;Fu @)^^ ;fpg !! df u/]sf] s'/fsfgL .
 g]kfndf rnlrq pBf]usf] pbo • 147

cWoIf / dxfk|aGws kbdf a;]sf JolQmsf] hDd} 7Ls–a]7Ls s'/fdf cfFvf lrDn]/
;xL yfKg] vfnsfnfO{ dgf]gog ul/of] . ;+of]ujz ;+:yfgsf] enf] lrtfpg] /
k|fljlws 1fg ePsf] jl/i7 clws[t dgf]gog ePsf] v08df PSnf] a[x:klt
7xl/of] of] l:ylt cGTo x'g'k5{ -pkfWofo @)$& M !!& .

k~rfotkl5 klg of] ;+:yfg /fhgLlts x:tIf]kaf6 d'Qm x'g ;s]g .

emg\ kf6L{ /fhgLltn] zfg]r;+nfO{ ufFHof] . g]kfnL sfFu;
]| sf] Psdgf ;/sf/sf]
kfnfdf tLghgfnfO{ lg0ff{os txdf NofOPsf] lyof] . ltgLx¿dWo] gjLg
lrqsf/ lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf kIfsf / 8f= ;'af]ws'df/ kf]v/]n u0f]zdfg
l;+x kIfsf lyP . g]kfnL sfFu;]| df tTsfnLg cj:yfdf b]lvPsf] b'j} kIfnfO{
;fDo kfg]{ p2]Zon] lrqsf/ / kf]v/]nnfO{ zfg]r;+df NofOPsf] lyof] .
/fhgLlts lgo'Qmdfk{mt aflx/af6 cWoIf / dxfk|aGwssf] Joj:yf ubf{
zfg]r;+sf sd{rf/L lrl9g] 8/n] ls/0f v/]nnfO{ klg ;+:yfg leq}af6
lg0ff{os txdf NofOof] . o:tf af/Daf/sf /fhgLlts x:tIf]kn] zfg]r;+df
cgfjZos sd{rf/Lsf] ;ª\Vof a9\b} uof] . @)$( df zfg]r;+n] rnlrq
gagfpg] 3f]if0ff ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf klg ToxfF rf/ hgf lgb]{zs ljgfsfd
tna vfO/x]sf] lyP . ahf/ / ljt/0fsf sd{rf/LnfO{ klg ;/sf/n] kfln/x]sf]
lyof] -;u'g @)$( M @$–@%_ .
/fhgLlts x:tIf]ksf sf/0f zfg]r;+df df}nfPsf] csf]{ v/fa kIf
e|i6frf/ klg lyof] . Nofa / :6'l8of] agfpg] qmddf ePsf] e|i6frf/df
s;}nfO{ ;hfo lbOPg . ToxfF e|i6frf/ g} ePsf] k'li6 dxfn]vf k/LIfssf]
ljefun] k|tLt–kqsf] zLif{sdf lbPsf] of] hfgsf/Laf6 k'li6 x'G5 M

;+:yfgn] Ps kf6L{af6 Nofa tyf Wjlg pks/0fx¿ vl/b ug{ ? @ s/f]8 * nfv
#& xhf/sf] k|tLt–kq vf]n]sf]df !^ xhf/ &@& 8n/ a/fa/sf] ;fdfg sd k|fKt
ePsf], *@ xhf/ @@@ 8n/ a/fa/sf] ;fdfg g} k|fKt gePsf] / !% xhf/ %&%
8n/ a/fa/sf] ;fdfg k|fKt ePsf] t/ ;f] ;fdfg s] ;Fu ;DalGwt xf] 5'§Øfpg
g;s]sf] sf/0faf6 pQm kf6L{;Fusf] lx;fa ldnfg u/L k|tLt–kq aGb ug{ ;s]sf]
5}g ->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)%@ M #&(_ .

o;n] zfg]r;+sf] sfo{df c;/ kf/]sf] lyof] . zfg]r;+nfO{ ;/sf/n] rnlrq

pBf]usf] ljsf; ug{ u7g u/]sf] xf] . t/ klg ;/sf/n] of] ;]jfd"ns xf]
jf Jofj;flos xf] eGg]af/] :ki6 ¿kdf ;f]rs ] f] lyPg . o;sf/0f of]hgf
148 • ldl8of cWoog %

cfof]u / ;~rf/ dGqfnosf dflg;n] of] ;+:yfgnfO{ ;]tf] xfQLsf] ¿kdf

x]y{] . o; af/]df r]tg sfsL{ eG5g\ M

olb of] ;]jfd"ns xf] eg]b]lv To;n] ;dfrf/, j[Qlrq agfO/fv]sf] lyof] .
===a]nfa]nfdf l;g]df xndf klg k7fO/x]sf] lyof] . ===cyf{t\ o;n] ;]jf u/]s}
lyof] . olb Jofkf/d"ns xf] eg] ;+:yfgn] rfx]h:tf] Jofj;flos rnlrq agfpg]
:jtGqtf lbg'kYof]{ . zfg]r;+ hfg] cl3Nnf] lbg;Dd klg of] ;]jfd"ns xf] ls
Jofkfl/s xf] ;/sf/n] eGg ;s]sf] lyPg . ===hlxn] klg s'/f p7Øf] cy{ dGqfnon]
eGYof] o; ;+:yfgn] t b'O{ k};f klg sdfpFb}g, ;/sf/n] slt lbg;Dd nufgL ub}{
hfg] < cy{ dGqfnosf] /j}of of] x'GYof] . ;~rf/ dGqfnon] rnlrq ;+:yfgsf]
u7g oL p2]Zox¿ lnP/ ePsf] xf] eg]/ cy{dGqfnonfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf eGg klg
;Q}mgg\ . ===b'ef{Uosf] s'/f s] eof] eg] >L % sf] ;/sf/ ;~rf/ dGqfnocGtu{t
/flvPsf] >Job[Zo zfvfdf rnlrqsf] k|s[lt;Fu kl/lrt s'g} klg sd{rf/L cfPg
-/fO{ ;g\ @))$ M !@)–!@! df p4[t_ .

sfsL{sf] dflysf] egfO w]/} xb;Dd ;To g} xf] . ;To csf]{ klg xf] .
zfg]r;+n] ;'?s} cj:yfdf 7"nf] k};f sdfpg] ;Defjgf lyPg . t/ @)$)
sf] bzsdf g]kfndf lghL If]qaf6 rnlrq agfpg yfn]bl] v k};f sdfpg]
;do klg cfPsf] lyof] . o;}n] d'Vo Wofg k|fljlw1 pTkfbg / k|ljlw
leœofpg]df x'gk' Yof]{ . To;} a]nf ;+:yfgdf 7"nf] e|i6frf/ eof] . t/ o;sf
nflu s;}nfO{ ;hfo klg lbOPg . cgfjZos sd{rf/Lsf] af]emn] o;nfO{
lyRof] . ;du|df c¿ ;/sf/L ;+:yfgdf nfUg] /f]u— /fhgLlts x:tIf]k,
e|i6frf/, cgfjZos sd{rf/Lsf] af]em— af6 of] klg u|l;t eof] . o:tf]
cj:yfdf ;/sf/n] csf]{ pkfo b]vg] / o;sf] lghLs/0f g} u¥of] . To;}n]
xfdLn] eGg ;S5f}F zfg]r;+n] rnlrq pBf]usf] ljsf; ug]{ of]hgf t agfof]
t/ sdLsdhf]/L kG5fP/ cfk"m s;/L l6Sg] eGg]df Tolt Wofg lbg ;s]g .

rnlrq pBf]usf] k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf zfg]r;+sf] k|of;

k~rfot zf;gsf] /fhgLlts dfxf]ndf of] ;+:yfgsf] hGd ePsf] lyof] .
To; a]nf lghL If]qn] xft gxfn]sf] If]qdf ;/sf/n] sfd ug'k{ 5{ eGg]
dfGotf lyof] . ToxL dfGotfsf sf/0f /fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldlt, ;f+:s[lts
;+:yfg h:tf ;+:yfg vf]lnP . ;g\ !(&) lt/ ljZjdf ahf/sf] eGbf
/fHosf] a9L e"ldsf vf]lhGYof] . To;}n] k~rfotdf /fHon] g} rnlrq
 g]kfndf rnlrq pBf]usf] pbo • 149

pBf]usf] hu a;fpg e"ldsf v]ns ] f] lyof] . o;sf /fd|f / g/fd|f b'j} kIf
lyP . ;/sf/L ;~rf/ ;+:yf ePsf sf/0f o;sf kbflwsf/L ;/sf/n]
lgo'lQm uYof]{ / ToxfF lg/Gt/ ;/sf/af6 x:tIf]k eO/xGYof] . o;sf] cfo
;|ft] sd lyof] . o:tf kIf x'bF fx'bF } klg o; ;+:yfgn] g]kfndf rnlrq
pBf]usf nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/ tof/ u/]sf] lyof] . o; qmddf rnlrq
pBf]usf nflu rflxg] hgzlQm / k|ljlwsf] ljsf; u/]sf] lyof] . rnlrq;DaGwL
;/sf/sf] gLlt g} kl/jt{g ug{ klg o;n] kxn u/]sf] lyof] . lghL If]qaf6
rnlrq lgdf{0fsf] jftfj/0f agfpg klg o;sf] 7"nf] e"ldsf lyof] .
;/sf/n] @)@* df zfg]r;+sf] u7g ug]{ ;f]r agfpFbf s]xL ;lrjn] o;sf]
lj/f]w klg u/]sf lyP . pgLx¿ rnlrq dfWodnfO{ o;/L dxŒj lbg] a]nf
eOg;s]sf] atfpFy] . pgLx¿sf] lrGtf ;"rgf ljefuaf6 rnlrqnfO{ 5'§ØfP/
rnlrq;DaGwL 5'6} ;+:yfg agfpFbf nfUg] vr{sf] Joj:yf ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ ufx|f]
x'G5 eGg]df lyof] .17 @)@^ df j]bfGt emfsf] cWoIftfdf ag]sf] k|zf;g ;'wf/
cfof]usf] dWofjlw k|ltj]bgn] ;/sf/nfO{ ;~rf/;DaGwL sfd ;+:yfgdfk{mt
gug{ ;'emfj lbPsf] lyof] -emf @)@^ M $*_ . o:tf] ;'emfjsf] a]jf:tf ub}{
;/sf/n] g]kfndf rnlrq pBf]usf] ljsf; ug{ g} zfg]r;+sf] u7g u/]sf]
lyof] . zfg]r;+dfk{mt ;/sf/n] rnlrq dfWodnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ rfx]sf] lyof] .
rnlrq If]qsf] ljsf; tyf g]kfndf rnlrq pBf]unfO{ :yflkt ug{ zfg]r;+n]
v]ns ] f] e"ldsfnfO{ lgDg pkzLif{sdf JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 M

hgzlQmsf] ljsf;
Pp6f rnlrq lgdf{0fdf ljleGg JolQmsf] >d, ;Lksf] k|of]u ePsf] x'G5 .
tL JolQmdf cleg]tf, lgb]z
{ sb]lv k|fljlw1 k5{g\ . g]kfndf k|x;g, gf6ssf]
rng ePsfn] clego ug]{ JolQm lyP . To;}n] oxfF cleg]tfsf] sdL lyPg .
rnlrqsf] k|ljlw a'em] sf JolQmsf] eg] cefj lyof] . Zffg]r;+n] g]kfndf
rnlrq;DaGwL k|fljlws / cGo hgzlQmsf] ljsf; u/]sf] lyof] . @)@( df
zfg]r;+n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] uf]i7Ldf w/fgl:yt u0f]z 6lshsf hubLz
g]kfnLn] o:tf] eg]sf lyP M

17
@)@* sf] ;~rf/ of]hgfsf d:of}bfsf/dWo] Ps lji0f'uf]kfn l/;fn;Fu @)^^ ebf} & df u/]sf]
s'/fsfgL .
150 • ldl8of cWoog %

g]kfnL xl/ZrGb| rnlrq agfPsf] a]nfdf h'g e"ldsf xfdL b]VbYof}F+ To;
a]nf xfdLnfO{ lgs} k|;Ggtf cg'ej x'GYof] / xfdL tfnL 7f]SbYof}F . t/
snfsf/x¿ To; a]nf aËfnLx¿ x'Gy] h;sf] efiff ;'Gbf xfdLx¿nfO{
a8f] crDd nfUbYof], s] g]kfndf o:tf snfsf/x¿ pTkGg x'g ;s]gg\ <
xfdLn] xl/ZrGb| h:tf] lrqsf] lglDt klg ef/tjf;L aËfnL snfsf/x¿nfO{
k|blz{t kfg'{ k¥of] -zfg]r;+ @)@( M $(_ .

rnlrq lgdf{0fsf nflu bIf hgzlQmsf] cfjZostf k5{ . To;}n] zfg]r;+sf]

kl/sNkgf ug]{ qmdd} :jb]z jf ljb]zdf tflndsf] Joj:yf ug]{ ;f]r lnOPsf]
lyof] . To; a]nf rnlrq If]qdf hgzlQm gePdf ljb]zaf6 eP klg lems]/
rnlrq agfpg] p2]Zo lnOPsf] lyof] ->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)@*s M ^%–^^_ .
To;}n] ofbj v/]nsf] sfo{sfndf ef/taf6 k|sfz yfkfnfO{ rnlrq agfpg
af]nfOPsf] lyof] . s]xL o'jfnfO{ ef/tsf] k'gf OlG:6Ro"618 df tflnd lng
k7fOof] . of] qmd kl5;Dd klg /Xof] . k~rfotL zf;gdf ljb]zaf6 tflnd
lnP/ cfPsf JolQmsf] hfgsf/L tflnsf ! df lbOPsf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] klxnf] cfly{s of]hgfn] b]zsf] ;du| ljsf; ug]{ sfddf bIf
hgzlQmsf] cefj /x]sfn] tflndsf] Joj:yf ug]{ eg]sf] lyof] . o;df
k|rf/;DaGwL tLg hgf JolQmnfO{ tflnd lbg] p2]Zo lnOPsf] lyof]
-PrPdhL ;g\ !(%^ M &^–&&_ . bf];f| ] of]hgf -@)!(–@)@@_ ;'? x'g]
qmd;Dddf sf]nf]Daf] KnfgcGtu{t ef/t, a]nfot, c:6«l] nof, Go'lhNof08,
kfls:tfg, adf{ cflbdf s[lif, Ol~hlgol/Ë, :jf:Yo, k|zf;g, pBf]u h:tf ljleGg
ljifodf cWoogsf nflu @!^@ hgfnfO{ k7fOPsf] lyof] ->L % sf] ;/sf/
@)!( M !#&_ . o;df slt hgf k|rf/af6 ;dfj]z eP, clxn] eGg ;Sg]
cj:yf 5}g . oxL of]hgfdf ljb]zdf uO{ lkmNd Pl8l6ª, 8]enlkª / ;fp08
/]sl8{ªsf tflnd lbg] pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] ->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)!( M !##_ .

18
rnlrqsdL{nfO{ tflnd lbg] p2]Zon] ;g\ !(^! df ef/tsf] k'gfdf lkmNd 6«l] gª OlG:6Ro"6 ckm
Ol08of :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . Pl;ofsf clwsf+z b]zsf rnlrqsdL{n] o; OlG:6Ro"6af6
tflnd lnPsf 5g\ . ;g\ !(&$ df o;nfO{ lkmNd P08 6]lnlehg OlG:6Ro"6 ckm Ol08of gfd
lbOPsf] lyof] -yf]/fen ;g\ @))! M !$!–!$@_ . o;sf] cjlw tLg jif{sf] x'GYof] .
 tflnsf ! M @)%) ;Dd rnlrq;DaGwL cWoog÷tflnd u/]sf JolQmx¿19
qm=;+= Gffd Dffkm{t ljwf vr{ k9\g uPsf] ;+:yf kxn u/]sf]
!= avtaxfb'/ lrqsf/ yfxf gePsf] Sofd]/f yfxf gePsf] yfxf gePsf] yfxf gePsf]
@= j}s'07dfg df:s] sf]nf]Daf] Knfg 5fofÍg cfˆg} vr{df k'gf OlG:6Ro"6 yfxf gePsf]
#= k|]d a:g]t sf]nf]Daf] Knfg k6syf 5fqj[lQ k'gf OlG:6Ro"6 ;"rgf ljefu lkmNd l8lehg
$= Zofddf]xg >]i7 cfk}mF 5fofÍg cfˆg} vr{df k'gf OlG:6Ro"6 yfxf gePsf]
%= tLy{nfn >]7 sf]nf]Daf] Knfg ;Dkfbg cfˆg} vr{df k'gf OlG:6Ro"6 yfxf gePsf]
^= huGgfy ltldlN;gf sf]nf]Daf] Knfg clego 5fqj[lQ k'gf OlG:6Ro"6 ;"rgf ljefu lkmNd l8lehg
&= ofbj v/]n sf]nf]Daf] Knfg lgdf{0f tyf lgb]z
{ g 5fqj[lQ n08g lkmNd :s"n la|l6; sfplG;n
*= nIdLgfy e§/fO{ sf]nf]Daf] Knfg lgb]{zg 5fqj[lQ k'gf OlG:6Ro"6 Zffg]r;+
(= nIdLgfy zdf{ sf]nf]Daf] Knfg lgb]{zg 5fqj[lQ k'gf OlG:6Ro"6 Zffg]r;+
!)= jf;'bj] lji6 sf]nf]Daf] Knfg Wjlg 5fqj[lQ k'gf OlG:6Ro"6 Zffg]r;+
!!= bLks 9sfn sf]nf]Daf] Knfg 5fofÍg 5fqj[lQ k'gf OlG:6Ro"6 Zffg]r;+
!@= g/]Gb| v8\sf sf]nf]Daf] Knfg ;Dkfbg 5fqj[lQ k'gf OlG:6Ro"6 Zffg]r;+
!#= /fdzÍ/ k|wfg sf]nf]Daf] Knfg 5fofÍg 5fqj[lQ k'gf OlG:6Ro"6 Zffg]r;+
!$= k'?iff]Qd v/]n sf]nf]Daf] Knfg ;Dkfbg 5fqj[lQ k'gf OlG:6Ro"6 Zffg]r;+
!%= dw's/ a:g]t sf]nf]Daf] Knfg ;Dkfbg 5fqj[lQ k'gf OlG:6Ro"6 Zffg]r;+
!^= ;tLz sf]O/fnf sf]nf]Daf] Knfg ;Dkfbg 5fqj[lQ k'gf OlG:6Ro"6 Zffg]r;+
!&= /hgLgfy kGt sf]nf]Daf] Knfg ;Dkfbg 5fqj[lQ k'gf OlG:6Ro"6 Zffg]r;+
!*= pQd dfnL sf]nf]Daf] Knfg Wjlg 5fqj[lQ k'gf OlG:6Ro"6 Zffg]r;+
!(= k|bLk pkfWofo sf]nf]Daf] Knfg Wjlg 5fqj[lQ k'gf OlG:6Ro"6 yfxf gePsf]
@)= andfgl;+x :jfF/ sf]nf]Daf] Knfg clego 5fqj[lQ k'gf OlG:6Ro"6 Zffg]r;+
@!= /fh' yfkf sf]nf]Daf] Knfg 5fofÍg cfˆg} vr{df k'gf OlG:6Ro"6 Zffg]r;+
@@= Hffj]b zfx ;f]leot ;/sf/sf] 5fqj[lQ 5fofÍg 5fqj[lQ OlG:6Ro"6 ckm l;g]df6f]uf| kmL, d:sf] :jtGq
@#= bLks /fodfemL ;f]leot ;/sf/sf] 5fqj[lQ 5fofÍg 5fqj[lQ OlG:6Ro"6 ckm l;g]df6f]uf| kmL, d:sf] :jtGq
@$= r}Tob]jL l;+x ;f]leot ;/sf/sf] 5fqj[lQ clego 5fqj[lQ OlG:6Ro"6 ckm l;g]df6f]uf| kmL, d:sf] :jtGq
g]kfndf rnlrq pBf]usf] pbo •

19
151

oxfF b]vfOPsf w]/h

} ;f] tYo zfg]r;+sf g/]Gb| v8\sf / nIdLgfy zdf{sf] ;xof]udf kfOPsf] xf] . of] tflnsfdf sf]xL JolQm 5'6s
] f klg x'g ;S5g\ .
152 • ldl8of cWoog %

xL/fl;+x vqL g]kfn cfPkl520 ;"rgf ljefun] s]xL JolQmnfO{ rnlrq;DaGwL

tflnd lng ef/t k7fof] . o;sf nflu ;"rgf ljefusf tTsfnLg lgb]z { s
gf/fo0fk|;fb af:sf]6fn] klg kxn u/]sf lyP . o;} qmddf ;"rgf ljefusf]
kxndf k|d ] axfb'/ a:g]t / huGgfy ltldlN;gf ef/tsf] k'gf OlG:6Ro"6df
cWoogsf nflu uP . ;"rgf ljefun] rnlrq lgb]z { g tyf clego kIfsf
af/]df cWoog ug{ b'O{ hgfnfO{ ef/t k7fP klg To;n] lgoldttf eg]
kfPg -x]gx{' f];\ tflnsf !_ . a:g]t / ltldlN;gfeGbf cufl8 Sofd]/fsf]
af/]df hfGg] cj;/ avtaxfb'/ lrqsf/n] kfPsf lyP . lrqsf/ @)@)
cl3 g} a]Ënf]/ uPsf lyP .21 rnlrq If]qnfO{ sfd nfUg] tflnd lnP klg
pgL otflt/ gnfuL hgs lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb|df sfd ug{ uP .22 @)@) df
sf]nf]Daf] KnfgcGtu{t j}s0' 7dfg df:s] 5fofÍgdf :gfts k9\g uPsf
lyP . pgsf] o; cWoogsf nflu ;"rgf ljefun] kxn u/]sf] lyPg . To:t}
@)@% df ;"rgf ljefudf sfd ug{ k'us ] f Zofddf]xg >]i7 cfˆgf] vr{df
5fofÍg;DaGwL cWoog ug{ k'gf uPsf lyP . k|wfgsf cg';f/ g]kfndf g}
rnlrq;DaGwL hgzlQmsf] ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zo zfg]r;+sf] :yfkgfkl5 dfq
lnOPsf] xf] .23 @)@$ ;Dddf ;"rgf ljefudf ef/taf6 tflnd k|fKt
l:qmK6 /fO6/, Sofd/fk;{g, ;Dkfbs h:tf yf/} hgzlQm dfq tof/ ePsf
lyP . To;}n] @)@$ df o'g:] sf]sf] lglDt g]kfn /fli6«o cfof]usf] ;xof]udf
;"rgf ljefun] cfof]hgf u/]sf] sfo{qmddf ;"rgf ljefusf] lgb]{zs
gf/fo0fk|;fb af:sf]6fn] lkmNd lgdf{tf, ;Dkfbs / ;fp08 /]sl8{ª
6]lSgl;og;DaGwL cWoogsf nflu 5fqj[lQsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] hfgsf/L
o'g:] sf]sf k|ltlglw /f]KkfnfO{ u/fPsf lyP -/f]Kkf ;g\ !(^*_ .

20
xL/fl;+x vqL ef/tLo gful/s x'g\ . tTsfnLg /fhf dx]Gb|n] rnlrq agfpg af]nfPkl5 @)!&
df pgL g]kfn cfP . t/ g]kfndf lgjf{lrt ;/sf/nfO{ avf{:t u/]kl5 /fhgLlts pynk'ynsf
sf/0f dx]Gb|n] pgnfO{ ef/t kmsf{P . @)!* df vqLnfO{ k'gM g]kfndf lemsfOof] . ;'?sf tLg
cf]6f rnlrqafx]s c¿ j[Qlrq, ;dfrf/lrq klg agfPsf vqL @)@& df ef/t kms]{ -rf}nfufO{+
@)^$_ .
21
a]Ënf]/df To; a]nf Ol~hlgol/ª;DaGwL 6«l] gª lbg] sfd >Lhord/fh]Gb| kf]ln6]lSgs sn]hn]
uYof]{ . of] tflndsf] cjlw tLg jif{sf] lyof] . o;cGtu{t ;fp08 OlGhlgol/ª, l;g]df6f]uf| kmL /
l;g]df ck/]6/ h:tf ljifosf] tflnd x'GYof] -v08k'/ ;g\ !(^)_ . To;}n] avtaxfb'/ lrqsf/n]
l;g]df6f]uf| kmLsf] tflnd lnPsf] x'gk' b{5 .
22
r]tg sfsL{;uF @)^% ;fpg #@ / j}s0' 7dfg df:s];uF @)^^ h]7 !@ df u/]sf] s'/fsfgL .
23
k|wfg;Fu @)^^ sflQs ( df u/]sf] s'/fsfgL .
 g]kfndf rnlrq pBf]usf] pbo • 153

@)@$ d} ;"rgf ljefusf] tk{maf6 b'O{ hgfnfO{ lsi6 /fpl6Ë, l;gf]

kmf]6f]uf| kmL;DaGwL k|fljlws tflnd lng k7fOPsf] lyof] ->L % sf] ;/sf/
@)@^s M @@@_ . ofbj v/]n klg sf]nf]Daf] KnfgcGtu{t a]nfotdf rnlrq
lgb]z{ g;DaGwL cWoog u/]sf lyP . zfg]r;+ aGg] qmddf pgL g]kfn
kms]s { f lyP . pgL ;+:yfgsf] cWoIf lgo'Qm x'bF f g]kfndf rnlrq lgb]z { gsf]
1fg ePsf JolQmsf] cefj lyof] . o;} sf/0f ef/tdf s]xL rnlrqdf
v]ln;s]sf k|sfz yfkfnfO{ v/]nn] g]kfn af]nfPsf lyP . ofbj v/]nsf
cg';f/ yfkfn] ef/tLo rnlrq pBf]unfO{ a'lem;s]sfn] o:tf] ul/Psf] xf] .
v/]nn] s]xL o'jfnfO{ ef/tsf] k'gf OlG:6Ro"6df k9\g k7fPsf klg lyP .
klxnf k9]/ cfO;s]sf j}s0' 7dfg df:s], Zofddf]xg >]i7, huGgfy ltldlN;gf
h:tf JolQmx¿n] cfGtl/s ¿kdf rnlrqsf cfwf/e"t kIfsf af/]df
k|lzIf0f lbPsf lyP . k|lzIf0fsf] d'Vo p2]Zo zfg]r;+sf sd{rf/LnfO{
rnlrqsf] cfwf/e"t ljifosf] hfgsf/L lbg' lyof] . zfg]r;+n] cfˆgf
sd{rf/LnfO{ rnlrq;DaGwL tflnd lng ef/t k7fP/ ;"rgf ljefusf]
rngnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] xf] . @)#) df ef/t, a]nfot / ?;af6 rnlrqsf]
ljleGg kIfaf/] tflnd lnPsf !$ hgf JolQm zfg]r;+df lyP -;fh]0{ 6 ;g\
!(&$ M @%_ .
;"rgf ljefun] rnlrq agfpFbf w]/h } ;f] ef/tLo k|fljlwsnfO{ k|of]u
u/]sf] lyof] . Zffg]r;+sf] klxnf] rnlrq dgsf] afFw -@)#)_ agfpFbf
clwsf+z k|fljlws g]kfnL g} lyP . ef/tLo gful/s b]phL efOn] ;'?sf] b'O{
rnlrqdf 5fofÍgsf] sfd u/]sf lyP . o;kl5sf rnlrq eg] j}s0' 7dfg
df:s], Zofddf]xg >]i7, d~h'sd ' f/ >]i7, d'/fl/ 7fs'/ cflbn] 5fofÍg u/] .
To:t} ;"rgf ljefun] agfPsf] tLg rnlrq ef/tLo gful/s x/Lz kyf/]n]
;Dkfbg u/]sf lyP . zfg]r;+n] agfPsf rnlrq eg] tLy{nfn >]i7, dw's/
a:g]t, ;tLz sf]O/fnf, g/]Gb| v8\sf cflbn] ;Dkfbg u/]sf lyP -gfd
gv'ns ] f] @)^@_ .
o;/L zfg]r;+n] w]/} JolQmnfO{ rnlrq;DaGwL ljleGg ljifo cWoog
ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfPsf] lyof] . 8f= ;'af]wsf] kfnfdf /fh' yfkfnfO{ 5fofÍgsf
nflu zfg]r;+n] k7fPsf] lyof] . yfkf zfg]r;+sf] tk{maf6 rnlrq;DaGwL
tflnd lng uPsf clGtd JolQm lyP . t/ To;/L cWoog u/]sf JolQmn]
l;s]/ cfPsf s'/f lgw{Ss;Fu k|of]u ug{ kfPgg\ . o;sf af/]df df]xg
/fO{;uF sf] cGtjf{tf{df nIdLgfy zdf{n] eg]sf lyP M
154 • ldl8of cWoog %

oxfFsf] kl/j]z g} leGg lyof] . oxfF t xtf/–xtf/df, x]lkP/ sfd ug'kYof]{ . cfly{s
¿kdf klg Tolt /fd|f] lyPg . sfd klg yf]/} kfOg], kfPsf]df klg cfk"mn] l;s]sf]
s'/f k|of]u ug{ gkfpg], clg lsg nflu/xg] < d t u/La lyPF . To;}n] ;Demf}tf
u/]/ eP klg sfd u/]F -/fO{ ;g\ @))$ M ^)_ .

zdf{sf] egfOaf6 zfg]r;+df cfk"mn] l;s]/ cfPsf] s'/f nfu" ug]{ jftfj/0f
lyPg . k'gfaf6 ;fp08 /]sl8{ª / OlGhlgol/ª k9]/ cfPsf pQd dfnL]n] t
b/aGbLsf] cefjdf zfg]r;+df sfd ;d]t ug{ kfPgg\ h;sf sf/0f pgL
Do"lhs g]kfndf ;fp08 sG;n6]G6 x'g afWo eP -/fO{ ;g\ @))$ M $*–
$(_ .
olt x'bF fx'bF } klg xfdLn] dfGg s/ nfU5 zfg]r;+n] rnlrqsf ljleGg
kIfsf] hgzlQm lgdf{0f u¥of] . tL hgzlQm ;+:yfgleq / aflx/sf rnlrq
lgdf{0f sfo{df nfuL g} /x] . pgLx¿n] g} g]kfnL rnlrq pBf]unfO{ wfg] .
of] zfg]r;+ ;/sf/L nufgLdf rn]sfn] g} x'g ;s]sf] xf] . lghL If]qn] o;/L
hgzlQmsf] j[lQljsf;df To;/L nufgL ug]{ cj:yf lyPg . k]ml/ of] ;+:yfg
;/sf/L ePs} sf/0fn] sf]nf]Daf] KnfgcGtu{t o'jfnfO{ lzlIft ug{ ;s]sf]
lyof] .
;"rgf ljefun] rnlrqsf ljleGg kIfsf] hgzlQm ljsf; ug]{ ;f]r
agfPsf] lyPg . ljefun] s]xL JolQmnfO{ rnlrqaf/] a'‰g ef/t k7fP klg
To;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPg . o;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] sfd zfg]r;+n] u/]sf]
lyof] . zfg]r;+n] 7ØfSs} slt hgfnfO{ k7fof] eGg] tYofÍ kfpg ufx|f] 5 .
ljleGg JolQmaf6 kfPsf] hfgsf/Lcg';f/ agfOPsf] tflnsf ! nfO{ Wofg
lbg] xf] eg] zfg]r;+n] rnlrqsf] lgb]z { g, clego, ;Dkfbg, Wjlg, 5fofÍg
h:tf kIfdf bIf hgzlQmsf] ljsf; u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

rnlrqsf] k|ljlw / pks/0fsf] Joj:yf

rnlrq dfWod dxËf] / hl6n x'gs ' f] sf/0f g} o;sf] k|ljlw xf] . o;sf
nflu ljleGg pks/0fsf] 1fg x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . o:tf pks/0fx¿
g]kfndf aGb}gg\, To;}n] tL aflx/af6 cfoft ug'kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf pks/0f,
rnlrq;DaGwL ljleGg j:t'nfO{ xf8{jo] / elgG5 h;df sfFrf] lkmNd, Sofd]/f
h:tf ;fgf pks/0fb]lv :6'l8of], Nofa h:tf 7"nf ;+/rgf klg k5{g\ .
rnlrq;DaGwL ;fgf] pks/0f / ;fdfg lghL If]qn] klg Nofpg;SYof] . t/
 g]kfndf rnlrq pBf]usf] pbo • 155

To; a]nfdf g]kfndf lg/Gt/ rnlrq agfpg] hgzlQm klg lyPg . k]ml/
o:tf ;fdfg ljb]zaf6 NofpFbf ljb]zL d'b|f cfjZos kYof]{ . of] Joj:yf
Tolt a]nf lghL If]qaf6 x'g ufx|f] lyof] . o;sf/0f ;fgf pks/0f / 7"nf]
;+/rgf agfpg /fHon] g} nufgL ug'k{ g]{ x'GYof] . ptf ef/tsf] lkmNd
l8lehgn] g} g]kfnsf nflu cfjZos j[Qlrq, ;dfrf/lrq lgdf{0f ul/lbg]
ub{Yof] .24 To;}n] Tolt a]nfsf] cj:yfdf rnlrq;DaGwL cfjZos pks/0f
/ k"jf{wf/df /fHon] Wofg} lbPg . ha g]kfnleq} k|rf/k|;f/ ljefucGtu{t
rnlrq agfpg] ;f]rfO eof], cfjZos pks/0fsf] cefj Tolt a]nf
dx;'; eof] . /, la:tf/} rnlrq;DaGwL pks/0fx¿sf] hf]xf] o; ljefun]
ug{ yfNof] . zfg]r;+ u7g ePkl5 t d'Vo Wofg o;}df uPsf] lyof] .
;/sf/n] klg bf];f| ] of]hgf -@)!(–@)@@_ d} rnlrq;DaGwL s]xL
pks/0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{ ;f]r agfPsf] lyof] . oxL of]hgfsfnd} rnlrq;DaGwL
dfn;fdfg cfoft ug]{ elgof] . To:t} @)@@ ;fnlt/ lkmNd Nofa agfpg]
of]hgf ->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)!( M !##_ eP klg Tolt a]nf aGg ;s]g .
@)@# kl5 eg] ;"rgf ljefun] rnlrq;DaGwL s]xL pks/0f lsg]sf] lyof] .
Sofd]/fk;{g j}s0' 7dfg df:s] ef/tsf] k'gfdf cjl:yt lkmNd OlG:6Ro"6af6
5fofÍgsf] tflnd lnP/ @)@# df kms]s { f lyP . To; a]nf;Dd xL/fl;+x
vqLn] ef/taf6} Sofd]/fnufot c¿ pks/0f NofpFy] . df:s]n] ;"rgf
ljefudf sfd ug]{ qmddf PlnˆnfS; Sofd]/f / gfu|f 6]k /]s8{/ cfoft
u/]sf lyP .25 To;kl5 sf]nf]Daf] KnfgcGtu{t a]nfotaf6 ld; xf]D; cfPsf
lyP . pgs} kxndf a]nfotaf6 csf]{ PlnˆnfS; Sofd]/f kfOPsf] lyof] .26
Tolt a]nf;Dddf ;"rgf ljefu;Fu !^ / #% PdPdsf] Sofd]/f / gfu|f 6]k
/]s8{/ lyP -/f]Kkf ;g\ !(^* M @^–@&_ .
rnlrq lgdf{0fsf nflu yk pks/0f / :6'l8of]sf] cfjZostf b]lvPsfn]
bft[ lgsfo;Fu ;xof]u dfUg] k|of; klg ;/sf/n] u/]sf] lyof] . @)@$ df
ePsf] ;~rf/;DaGwL tflnd / uf]i7Ldf ;"rgf tyf k|;f/ dGqfnosf
;lrj /fdaxfb'/ /fjnn] j[Qlrq lgdf{0fnfO{ ;/sf/n] tLj| agfpg] lg0f{o

24
@))& df /fhf lqe'jg g]kfndf kms{b+ fsf] k'm6]h ;f]xL lkmNd l8lehgn] agfOlbPsf] xf] . tTsfnLg
ef/tLo ;/sf/n] c¿ s"6gLlts e|d0fsf] ;dfrf/lrq klg ag]sf 5g\ . :jtGq ePkl5 ;g\
!($*–!($( df n3' rnlrq / j[Qlrq agfpg lkmNd l8lehgsf] :yfkgf u/]sf] lyof] .
25
Dff:s];uF @)^^ h]7 !@ df u/]sf] s'/fsfgL .
26
Zofddf]xg >]i7;Fu @)^^ sflQs ( df u/]sf] s'/fsfgL .
156 • ldl8of cWoog %

u/]sf] atfP . lkmNd k|f8] S;g :6'l8of] agfpg o'g:] sf]n] ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u
ug{ cfu|x ;d]t u/] -/f]Kkf ;g\ !(^* M !^_ . To; sfo{qmddf o'g:] sf]sf
k|ltlglw /f]Kkfn] klg o'g:] sf]n] ;xof]u ug'k{ g]{ atfPsf lyP . ;'emfjsf
¿kdf pgn] of] s'/f o'g:] sf];dIf klg /flvlbP -/f]Kkf ;g\ !(^* M @^–@&_
t/ pgsf] ;'emfj sfof{Gjog ePg . To;kl5 ;/sf/n] cfk}mF n] g]kfndf
:6'l8of] / Nofa lgdf{0f ug]{ of]hgf agfof] . rf}yf] of]hgf -@)@&–@)#@_ df
o:tf] ;+/rgf agfpg] pNn]v lyof] ->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)@& M #!!_ . :6'l8of]
/ Nofasf nflu !@ sf]7fsf] Pp6f ejgsf] Joj:yf ug]{ tyf cfjZos
k|fljlws hgzlQmnfO{ ljb]zdf tflnd lng k7fpg] s'/f klg ;f] of]hgfdf
pNn]v lyof] . gofF ejg agfpg ;do nfUg] ePsfn] k'/fg} 3/df o:tf
;+/rgf agfpg] ;f]rfO ;/sf/sf] lyof] .
ljleGg of]hgfdf o;/L 7"nf ;+/rgf;lxtsf] k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug]{ hgfOP
klg zfg]r;+sf] :yfkgf x'g' cufl8;Dd Tof] sfd x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . @)@*
sf] ;~rf/ of]hgfdf zfg]r;+sf] :yfkgfkZrft\ o;n] Nofa, :6'l8of] /
sfof{no ejg lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstfdf kfl/of] . cfly{s jif{
@)@(÷#) leq :6'l8of] agfpg] egL ;f] of]hgfdf pNn]v lyof] . Nofa /
:6'l8of] sf7df8f}aF f6 w]/} 6f9f x'g gx'g] eGb} sfof{no xftfd} 5fofÍg ;d]t
ug{ ;lsg] u/L #) /f]kgLsf] hUufdf agfpg] ;f]r To; of]hgfsf] lyof]
->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)@*s M ^%_ . ;f]xLcg'¿k zfg]r;+n] afnfh' cf}Bf]lus
If]qleq o:tf] ;+/rgf agfPsf] lyof] .
ofbj v/]nsf] sfo{sfndf sf]nf]Daf] KnfgcGtu{t a]nfotaf6 lj1
cfPsf lyP . pgn] tL lj1sf] ;Nnfx / ;xof]udf :6'l8of], Nofa h:tf]
;+/rgf;lxtsf] zfg]r;+sf] u'? of]hgf agfP . ToxL u'? of]hgfcGtu{t
zfg]r;+ kl5;Dd rn]sf] lyof] . pgs} kfnfdf Nofa ejgsf] sfd clGtd
r/0fdf k'lu;s]sf] lyof] . :6'l8of]sf] hu klg pgs} kfnfdf xflnof] .27
@)#) df zfg]r;+n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] rnlrq lgdf{0f uf]i7Ldf lghL If]qn]
h'dn]G;, /]sl8{ªsf] ;fdu|L, Kn] Aofs d]l;g h:tf ;fgf pks/0f lemsfpg
rfx]df zfg]r;+n] ;xof]u ug'k{ g]{ ;'emfj lbOPsf] lyof] -OZj/jNne /
e§/fO{ @)#) M ^)_ . @)#& leqdf sfof{no ejg / /]sl8{ª :6'l8of] ejg
alg;s]sf] 5}6f}F of]hgf -@)#&–@)$@_ df pNn]v 5 . To; of]hgfn] @)$@

27
v/]n;Fu @)^% ebf} !# df u/]sf] s'/fsfgL .
 g]kfndf rnlrq pBf]usf] pbo • 157

leq /ËLg rnlrq agfpg cfjZos ;'l6ª :6'l8of] ejg agfpg] / Wjlg
Pj+ pks/0f lemsfpg] nIo agfPsf] lyof] ->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)#& M ^@@_ .
6Lsf l;+xsf] kfnfdf @)$! Dff dfq afnfh'df 8laª–/]sl8{ª :6'l8of]sf]
lgdf{0f k"/f ePsf] lyof] . To; a]nfb]lv /]sl8{ª, k|8S;g, 8]enlkª, lkmNd
lk|lG6ª h:tf k|fljlws sfd klg g]k] fnd} ;Dej x'g yfNof] -l;+x @)$! M
&)*_ .
6Lsf l;+xsf] kfnfdf Nofasf] ejg alg;s]sf] lyof] . Nofasf lglDt
lgsf;f ul/Psf] /sd e|i6frf/sf sf/0f ck'u ePkl5 ;/sf/n] yk /sd
lgsf;f ug'{ k/]sf] lyof] -;u'g @)$(_ . o;kl5 eg] g]kfnd} rnlrqsf]
clGtd lk|G6 lg:sg yfn]sf] lyof] / rf]vf] dfof g]kfnleq} k"/} k|fljlws sfd
ul/Psf] klxnf] rnlrq lyof] eGg] bfaL 8f= ;'af]w kf]v/]nsf] 5 . pgsf
cg';f/ g]rlj;+n] *–!) cf]6f rnlrqsf] ;a} sfd g]kfnd} u/]sf] lyof] .28
uf]kfnhL g]kfnL — h;n] g]rlj;+sf] lghLs/0f ePkl5 o;nfO{ vl/b u/]sf
lyP — sf] egfOdf lghLs/0f x'g] a]nfdf rnlrq;DaGwL clGtd ld>0fsf]
sfd g]kfndf x'g ;s]sf] lyPg .29 @)%^ k';df cy{ dGqfnosf] lghLs/0f
;]nn] lghLs/0f ul/Psf ;+:yfgsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ qmddf klg lghLs/0f x'g]
a]nf 8laª / clGtd ld>0fsf] nflu cfjZos pks/0f zfg]r;+;uF gePsf]
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 -PrPdhL ;g\ !(((_ . o; tYonfO{ Wofg lbg] xf] eg]
kf]v/]nsf] bfaL unt ;flat x'G5 . zfg]r;+df lghLs/0f cl3 / kl5 sfd
u/]sf gf/fo0fWjh kGtsf cg';f/ yk /sd kfpFbf klg ;fp08 clK6sn
lsGg ;s]sf] lyPg . lghLs/0f ePsf] b'O÷{ tLg jif{kl5 kGtn] ef/taf6
ef/tLo ?lkofF !! nfvdf of] lsg]sf lyP . To;}n] rf]vf] dfof nufotsf
rnlrqsf] clGtd lk|G6sf] sfd ef/td} ePsf] lyof] .30
olt x'bF fx'bF } klg zfg]r;+n] rnlrq agfpg cfjZos ;fgfb]lv 7"nf
d]l;g tyf pks/0f NofPsf]df s;}sf] ljdlt x'g ;Sb}g . clxn] klg ;/sf/n]
rnlrq If]qsf nflu rflxg] gofF–gofF pks/0f / k|ljlw Nofpg ;xof]u
ul//x]sf] 5 . lghL If]qn] o:tf k|ljlw NofpFbf ;/sf/n] ;x'lnot lbg] u/]sf]
5 . To:t} s]xL rnlrqnfO{ cª\uh ]| L efiffdf ;a6fO6lnª ug{ / 5fofÍg ug{

28
kf]v/]n;Fu @)^^ df3 @@ df u/]sf] s'/fsfgL .
29
g]kfnL;Fu @)^% c;f]h # df u/]sf] s'/fsfgL .
30
kGt;Fu @)^& h]7 ! df u/]sf] s'/fsfgL .
158 • ldl8of cWoog %

;xof]u u/]sf] 5 -lg/f}nf @)^% M %_ .31 lghL If]qn] k|ljlwdf nufgL ubf{
klxn] gfkmf / 3f6fsf] lx;fa u5{ . o;f] x'bF f sd k|of]u x'g] k|ljlw / pks/0f
g]kfndf Nofpg] ;Defjgf sd} x'G5 .32 zfg]r;+sf] lghLs/0f ePkl5 o;/L
pkof]uL k|ljlw / pks/0f g]kfndf Nofpg] ;+:yfsf] cefj ePsf] 5 .

rnlrq, j[Qlrqnufot b[Zo k|rf/;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0f

zfg]r;+sf] kl/sNkgf ug]{ qmddf jif{sf] Pp6f syfgs rnlrq agfpg]
of]hgf lyof] . sl/a tLg jif{ nufP/ o;n] klxnf] rnlrq agfPsf] lyof]—
dgsf] afFw — of] rnlrq @)#) kmfu'g ( ut]bl] v xnx¿df k|bz{g ul/Psf]
lyof] -x]gx{' f];\ tl:a/ $_ . zfg]r;+n] sl/a @# jif{ leqdf hDdf !! cf]6f
rnlrq dfq agfpg ;Sof] . To;df klg cfˆgf] Psn k|of;df ag]sf
rnlrqsf] ;ª\Vof ^ cf]6f lyP— dgsf] afFw -@)#)_, s'df/L -@)#$_, l;Gb"/
-@)#&_, hLjg/]vf -@)#(_, ablnFbf] cfsfz -@)$)_ / dfof -@)$&_ . afFsL
kfFr cf]6f— s] 3/ s] 8]/f -@)$@_, ljZjf; -@)$#_, ;Gtfg -@)$$_,
k~rj6L -@)$$_ / zflGtbLk -@)$^_—;x–lgdf{0fdf ag]sf rnlrq lyP
-v/]n @)$( M !)_ . zfg]r;+n] agfPsf] oL rnlrqx¿df /fhgLlts ;Gb]zsf
¿kdf st} g st} k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] k|rf/ x'GYof] . ;fy}, logLx¿sf] z}nL
/ syfj:t'df tTsfnLg cj:yfdf ag]sf lxGbL rnlrqsf] k|:6 5fk e]l6GYof] .
o:tf rnlrqnfO{ rnlrq;DaGwL cWo]tf cg'ej chLtn] ¿l9a4 l;g]df
eg]sf 5g\ . ef/tsf ;dfh j}1flgs cflzif gGbLsf] ljrf/ ;fk6L lnFb}
chLt o:tf l;g]dfsf] tLg rl/q x'g] ts{ u5{g\ . klxnf], o:tf rnlrqsf]
syf s[lqd x'G5 h;df ;+of]u / b'36{ gfsf] y'kf| ] kl:sPsf] x'G5 . bf];f| ,] o:tf
rnlrqsf] cGTo ck]lIft g} x'G5 . t];f| ,] o:tf rnlrq cP]ltxfl;s x'G5
-chLt @)^^ M !%%–!%^_ . zfg]r;+ u7g x'bF f g]kfndf lxGbL rnlrqsf babaf

31
Zffg]r;+sf] lghLs/0f ul/Psf] sl/a ^–& jif{kl5 ;/sf/n] @)%& c;f/ !^ df rnlrq ljsf;
af]8{ u7g u/]sf]] lyof] . o;n] s]xL rnlrqnfO{ ;xof]u ul//x]sf] 5 . t/ o;n] u/]sf] ;xof]u
lgikIf ¿kdf x'g g;s]sf] cf/f]k nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . efg'eQm, jL/ u0f]zdfg, g'dfk'mª, a;fOF,
d'gfdbg, uf]/6] f], aGwsL cflbnfO{ ;a6fO6lnªsf nflu oxL af]8n{ ] ;xof]u u/]sf] lyof] . To:t}
ls:dt, nfn ;nfd, klv{ a;]F cflbnfO{ :jb]zL rnlrqsf] k|fljlws u'0f:t/ j[l4sf nflu ?= %÷%
nfv cfly{s cg'bfg lbOPsf] 5 .
32
Gff/fo0fWjh kGt;Fu @)^^ c;f/ #! df ul/Psf] s'/fsfgL .
 g]kfndf rnlrq pBf]usf] pbo • 159

tl:a/ $ M dgsf] afFw rnlrq k|bz{gLsf] lj1fkg -uf]/vfkq, @)#) kmfu'g &, k[= *_ .

lyof] / g]kfnL bz{sdf To;sf] 5fk al;;s]sf] lyof] . o:tf bz{snfO{ tfGg]
pkfosf ¿kdf zfg]r;+n] lxGbL l;g]d ] fs} h:tf] syfj:t'nfO{ g]kfnL efiffdf
agfPsf] lyof] . chLtn] ts{ u/]emF} zfg]r;+n] agfPsf] l;Gb"/n] ¿l9a4 lxGbL
rnlrqsf] emNsf] k|z:t dfqfdf lbGYof] -chLt @)^$ M ^*_ . To;}n] of]
rnlrq Jofkfl/s lx;fan] ;kmn klg eof] . zfg]r;+n] kl5;Dd o:t} ¿l9a4
l;g]df agfO/Xof] . o;n] g]kfndf ¿l9a4 l;g]df agfpg] ;+:s[ltsf] /Iffdfq
u/]g To;nfO{ k|j4{g ug{ ;3fof] .
160 • ldl8of cWoog %

rnlrqsf cnfjf zfg]r;+n] j[Qlrq / ;dfrf/lrq, agfpg] / b]vfpg]

lhDd]jf/L klg kfPsf] lyof] . tL j[Qlrq / ;dfrf/lrq l;g]df xndf
rnlrqeGbf cl3 b]vfOGYof] . zfg]r;+sf] kl/sNkgf ubf{ g} jif{df !@ cf]6f
j[Qlrq agfpg] p2]Zo lnOPsf] lyof] ->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)@*s M ^^_ .
@)@^ df ag]sf] rnlrq lgdf{0f, k|j4{g tyf ljt/0f P]gn] xndf rnlrq
b]vfpg'cufl8 o:tf ;dfrf/lrq, j[Qlrq b]vfpg clgjfo{ u/]sf] lyof]
->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)@^v_ .33 of] lgod sf7df8f}d F f nfu" ePsf] lyof] .
sf7df8f}aF flx/ eg] @)@( ;Dd klg zfg]r;+n] o:tf ;dfrf/lrq jf
j[Qlrq k7fpg ;s]sf] lyPg -zfg]r;+ @)@(_ .
@)$) sf] bzskl5 g]kfndf b]zJofkL rnlrq k|bz{gLsf] lj:tf/;Fu}
rnlrq b]vfpg'cufl8 zfg]r;+sf] j[Qlrq jf ;dfrf/lrq b]vfpg] sfo{n]
klg Jofkstf kfof] . ljifoj:t'sf cfwf/df oL ;dfrf/lrq÷j[QlrqnfO{
lgDg k|sf/df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG534 M

/fhkl/jf/sf] ;df/f]x tyf ;Daf]wg, e|d0f / pb\3f6g ;dfrf/lrq

k~rfotsfndf /fhf / /fh;+:yfnfO{ /fli6«o Pstfsf] k|tLs / b]z ljsf;sf]
afxssf ¿kdf k|rf/ ul/GYof] . To;qmddf /fhf, /fgL, o'j/fh, a8fdxf/fgL,
clw/fhs'df/, clw/fhs'df/Lx¿sf] hGdf]T;j, cGgk|fzg, ljjfx, /fHof/f]x0f,
d[To' cflb ;df/f]x / 36gfsf cnfjf pgLx¿sf ;Daf]wg, e|d0f / pb\3f6gnfO{
lgs} dxŒj lbOGYof] . ;dfrf/lrqsf ¿kdf o:tf cj;/x¿sf k|rf/;fdu|L
zfg]r;+n] agfpFYof] .35 >L % a8fdxf/fgLsf] @* cf}F hGdf]T;j, >L % clw/fhs'df/
lg/fhgsf] z'e cGgk|fzg -@)#^_, >L % jL/]Gb|sf] z'e/fHofleif]s -@)#!_, >L
% wL/]Gb|sf] z'eljjfx, >L % jL/]Gb|sf] /fHof/f]x0f -@)@*_, >L % dx]Gb|sf]
sfhlqmof -@)@*_ cflb o:tf ;fdu|Lsf pbfx/0f x'g\ .

33
zfg]r;+ lghLs/0f x'g] qmddf o;n] agfPsf rnlrq, j[Qlrq ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnodf
a'emfpg] elgPsf] lyof] . kl5 dGqfnon] eg] ltgLx¿ g]kfn 6]lnlehgdf k7fpg cfu|x u/]sf]
lyof] . w]/} jif{ ;"rgf ljefudf /x]sf tL ;fdu|L cGtdf rnlrq ljsf; af]8d{ f nluof] / clxn]
klg ToxLF 5g\ . ToxfFaf6 pknAw hfgsf/Lcg';f/ af]8d{ f sl/a @%))–@^)) Sofgdf rnlrq
5g\ . tL Sofgdf zfg]r;+n] agfPsf ;a} syfgs rnlrq klg pknAw 5g\ .
34
oL ;dfrf/lrq÷j[Qlrqsf] hfgsf/L rnlrq ljsf; af]8a{ f6 lnOPsf] xf] . af]8s { f] ;"rLdf /x]sf
;a}sf] ldlt lbOPsf] 5}g .
35
To:tf ;df/f]xdf ljleGg tx / tKsfaf6 JoQm ul/Psf awfO / ;dj]bgf;DaGwL ljifoj:t'
kqklqsfx¿df klg 5flkGy] .
 g]kfndf rnlrq pBf]usf] pbo • 161

k~rfotdf ljleGg ;df/f]x, kl/of]hgf jf sfo{qmdsf] pb\3f6g ug]{

sfddf /fhkl/jf/sf ;b:osf] klg ;+nUgtf x'GYof] . d'Vo ¿kdf /fli6«o
dxŒjsf] ljsf; cfof]hgfsf] pb\3f6g, gofF /fhgLlts 3f]if0ff cflb cj;/df
/fhf cfk}mF n] ;Daf]wg ug]{ uy]{ . dlxnf / afnaflnsfsf sfo{qmddf /fgL
/ o'jfsf sfo{qmddf o'j/fhsf] pkl:ylt dxŒjk"0f{ dflgGYof] . o:tf ljleGg
sfo{sf] ;Daf]wg / pb\3f6gaf/] klg zfg]r;+n] k|z:t ;dfrf/lrq agfPsf]
lyof] . pbfx/0fsf nflu /fli6«o ljsf; kl/ifb\sf] gjf}F a}7snfO{ ;Daf]wg
-@)#^_, >L % dxf/fhaf6 s' n ] v fgLsf] pb\ 3 f6g -@)#(_, >L %
d'dfa8fdxf/fgLaf6 afn dlGb/ pb\3f6g cflb ;dfrf/lrqx¿nfO{ lng
;lsG5 . To:t}, /fhf/fgLn] g]kfn jf ljb]zdf /fhsLo e|d0f ubf{ jf
ljb]zLn] g]kfndf s"6gLlts e|d0f ubf{ klg ;dfrf/lrq agfOGYof] . h:t} M
>L % af6 k"jf{~rn e|d0f -@)#)_, >L % jL/]Gb|af6 ldq/fi6« ef/tsf] e|d0f
-@)#)_, ef/tLo k|wfgdGqL OlGb/f ufGwLsf] g]kfn e|d0f, k|mfG;sf /fi6«kltsf]
g]kfn e|d0f -@)$)_ cflb ;dfrf/lrqsf yk pbfx/0f x'g\ .

g]kfnsf cfly{s, /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs cflb kIfaf/]sf j[Qlrq

g]kfnsf] cfly{s, ef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts cflb ljifoaf/] lj:t[tdf
hfgsf/L lbg] vfnsf j[Qlrq klg zfg]r;+n] agfPsf] lyof] . uf]kfnhL
g]kfnLn] agfPsf] g]kfndf cf}Bf]lus ljsf;, nIdLgfy zdf{n] agfPsf]
;'v / ;Gtf]if o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\ . g]kfnLsf] j[Qlrqdf g]kfndf eO/x]sf]
cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf ljleGg kIf lyP . zdf{sf] ;'v / ;Gtf]if eGg] j[Qlrq
hg;ª\Vof j[l4 / o;n] Nofpg] ;d:ofsf af/]df lyof] . zfg]r;+n] agfPsf
c¿ j[Qlrqx¿df c;+nUg g]kfn, k/f]ksf/sf] /ht hoGtL, ljsf;sf
kfOnfx¿, ;]jf g} wd{ xf], cfd lgjf{rg -@)$#_, b]z ljsf;df gf/Lsf]
e"ldsf, ;+/If0f u/f}+F, g]kfnL ufpFx¿, sf]zL s6fg -@)#&_, ljsf;zLn
g]kfn, k~r¥ofnL, cw{bzsleq klZrdf~rn -@)$^_ cflb x'g\ .

rnlrq x]g{] ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;

rnlrqsf] Oltxf;nfO{ s]nfpg] xf] eg] ;+;f/el/ rnlrq ;'?df ;x/
s]lGb|t lyof] . o;sf] ljsf; g} ;x/df ePsf] lyof] -ef;] ;g\ !((& M %#_ .
ufpFsf dflg;nfO{ rnlrqtk{m cfslif{t ug]{ sfd eg] 3'dGt] rnlrq
k|bz{sx¿n] u/]sf x'Gy] . ef/tdf To:tf] 3'dGt] k|bz{snfO{ 6'l/ª 6lsh
162 • ldl8of cWoog %

elgGYof] . ;g\ !(#( ;Dddf ef/tdf !@^% l;g]df xn / %)) 6'l/ª 6lsh
lyP -rf}w/L ;g\ @))) M !%_ . oL 6lshx¿ ef/tsf] l;dfgf glhssf
g]kfnsf ufpFdf klg k'us ] f lyP . rnlrq lgb]z
{ s nIdLgfy zdf{n] klg
cfˆgf] afNosfndf o:t} 6'l/ª 6lshn] b]vfPsf] rnlrq Onfdsf] lkmSsndf
@)!! ;fnlt/ x]/s ] f lyP .36
lghL If]qaf6 g]kfndf o:tf] k|of; ePsf] pbfx/0f Pp6f dfq kfOPsf]
37
5 . o;sf] d'Vo sf/0f ef}uf]lns sl7gfO / ljB'tsf] cefj g} xf] . To;}n] ufpF
ufpFdf rnlrq k|bz{g ug]{ sfddf lghL If]q cfslif{t gx'gfn] ;'?df ;"rgf
ljefudfk{mt / kl5 zfg]r;+dfk{mt g]kfndf ;/sf/n] g} of] sfd u¥of] . o;/L
3'DtL 6f]nL k7fpg] sfd dxËf] eP klg pkof]uL eg] lyof] . nIdLgfy zdf{sf
cg';f/ o:tf] k|bz{gn] ufpF3/lt/ rnlrq dfWodnfO{ lrgfpgdf lgs} d2t
u¥of] -zdf{ @)#* M @!^_ . @)@$ ;fn;Dd ;"rgf ljefusf] o:tf] 3'DtL 6f]nLdf
!^ hgf k|f]hS] ;lg:6, Pp6f ljln; Eofg, Pp6f lhk lyof] . sf7df8f}F pkTosf
/ cf;kf;df Eofg / lhkdfk{mt k'Ug] ul/GYof] eg] sf7df8f}aF flx/ x]lnsf]K6/ /
xjfOhxfhaf6 uOGYof] . sxLF–sxLF lx8\g' klg kYof]{ . sf7df8f}aF flx/ hfg]
qmddf k|fh] S] 6/, kfj/ o'lg6 / lkmNd el/ofnfO{ af]sfOGYof] .
o:tf] k|bz{gL lgoldt lyPg -/f]Kkf ;g\ !(^* M !)_ t/ g]kfndf @)@@
;fndf cfdf alg;s]kl5 k~rfotL ;/sf/n] of] sfd cln Jofks ¿kdf
u/]sf] lyof] . cfdf k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] k|f]kf]uf08fsf nflu agfPsf] x'gfn]
p;} klg o;nfO{ b]zJofkL ¿kdf k|bz{g ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf tTsfnLg
;/sf/n] b]vs ] f] lyof] . To; a]nf g]kfndf rnlrq lgdf{0fsf] ev{/ ;'?cft
ePsf] lyof] . g Go'hl/n g} kof{Kt dfqfdf lyof] . rnlrq xn klg lgs}
Go"g ;ª\Vofdf / ;x/s]lGb|t lyP .
@)@* df zfg]r;+ ag]kl5 ;"rgf ljefusf] lkmNd l8lehgsf ;a}
sd{rf/L zfg]r;+df ;fl/Psf] lyof] . o;df 3'DtL 6f]nLsf sd{rf/L klg
kb{y] . zfg]r;+n] o; 6f]nLsf] sfdnfO{ lgoldt u/]sf] lyof] . @)#) ;Dddf
zfg]r;+df o:tf tLg cf]6f 3'DtL 6f]nL lyP . pgLx¿n] ;]tL, e]/L, /fKtL,
n'lDagL, u08sL, dxfsfnL, ;u/dfyf, sf]zL, d]rL / afudtL c~rnsf

36
zdf{;uF @)^% c;f]h @* df u/]sf] s'/fsfgL .
37
ofbj v/]n zfg]r;+df cWoIf x'bF f ul/Psf] cWoogn] @)#! Dff g]kfndf Pp6f 6'l/ª 6lsh /x]sf]
pNn]v u/]sf] lyof] . o;af/] lj:t[tdf rrf{ ul/Psf] ;fdu|L s'g} kfOPg .
 g]kfndf rnlrq pBf]usf] pbo • 163

ljleGg ufpFdf rnlrq, ;dfrf/lrq b]vfPsf lyP . zfg]r;+n] :s"n Pj+ ufpF
k~rfotaf6 cg'/f]w cfPsf a]nfdf klg j[Qlrq b]vfpg] uYof]{ . @)#) df
g]kfndf hDdf @& xn / !^ ljt/0f ;+:yf dfq lyP -ljsf;rGb| @)#) M &_ .
tL lglZrt ;x/x¿df dfq ;Lldt ePsfn] o:tf xnsf] dfq e/ kbf{
hg;ª\Vofsf] 7"nf] lx:;f;Dd k'Ug ;Dej lyPg . To;}n] @)#) d} zfg]r;+n]
g]kfnel/ !@% lkmNd k|fh] S] ;g ;]G6/ agfpg] of]hgf agfPsf] lyof] -;fh]0{ 6
;g\ !(&$ M !@–!#_ . t/ ;f] of]hgf cfjZos /sdsf] cefjdf ;kmn ePg .
ofbj v/]nsf cg';f/ 3'DtL 6f]nLn] /fhfsf] ljleGg 7fpFdf x'g] ;jf/Lsf]
qmddf ToxfF l;g]df b]vfpg] uYof]{ hxfF dflg;x¿n] lgs} pT;fxsf ;fy
;xeflutf hgfpFy] -/fO{ ;g\ @))$ M ^( df p4[t_ . l;g]df b]vfpg] o:tf]
3'DtL 6f]nL slxn];Dd cl:tTjdf /Xof] olsg;Fu eGg ufx|f] 5 tyflk
zfg]r;+ lghLs/0f x'g] a]nf;Dd of] lj36g eO;s]sf] lyof] . @)$) sf]
bzsdf g]kfndf xnsf] ;ª\Vof a9];uF } o:tf] 3'DtL 6f]nLsf] cf}lrTo klg
la:tf/} sd eP/ uPsf] k|:6 x'G5 .

lghLIf]qnfO{ ;xof]u / gLlt lgdf{0fdf kxnsbdL

g]kfndf ;/sf/L:t/af6 rnlrq lgdf{0f k|lqmof ;'? ePsf] lyof] . To;
a]nf rnlrqsf nflu cfjZos k|ljlw, ;Lk / hgzlQmsf] cefj lyof] .
g]kfndf rnlrqsf] ahf/ klg ;fgf] lyof] . To;}n] g]kfndf lghL If]qn]
rnlrq agfpg] cj:yf lyPg . ;"rgf ljefusf] Wofg lghL If]qnfO{ s;/L
rnlrq If]qdf cfslif{t ug]{ eGg] lyPg . t/ zfg]r;+sf] Pp6f p2]Zo
u}/;/sf/L rnlrq pBf]usf] ljsf; ug]{ klg lyof] ->L % sf] ;/sf/
@)@*s M ^%_ . @)@^ sf] P]gn] g]kfndf lghL:t/af6 rnlrq agfpg]
sfg"gL af6f] vf]ns
] f] lyof] ->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)@^v_ . zfg]r;+ u7g x'g]
a]nf;Dddf g]kfndf lghL If]qaf6 Pp6f rnlrq— dfOtL3/ alg;s]sf]
lyof] . oBlk, o; rnlrqdf ;/sf/sf] tk{maf6 klg ;xof]u lyof] .
dfOtL3/sf lgdf{tfdWo]sf Ps g/zdz]/sf cg';f/ To; a]nf ;/sf/n]
cTofjZos sRrf lkmNdsf] dx;'ndf 5'6 lbPsf] lyof] -wd{:ynL @)$& M
&& df p4[t_ . tTsfnLg /fhf dx]Gb|;UF f g/zdz]/sf] JolQmut ;DaGwsf
sf/0fn] of] ;Dej ePsf] lyof] . of] rnlrq ;'l6ª ug{ ;lhnf] xf];\ eg]/
tTsfnLg /fhf dx]Gb|n] cfˆgf] lhk;d]t lbPsf lyP -/f0ff @)%* M !!%_ .
dfOtL3/ g]kfndf w]/} rn]sf] eP klg o;af6 lgdf{tfn] 3f6f a]xf]g{' k/]sf]
164 • ldl8of cWoog %

lyof] . hDdf !! nfv vlr{Psf] eP klg o;sf] k|bz{gLaf6 Tolt a]nf #–

$ nfv dfq p7]sf] lyof] -wd{:ynL @)$& M &&_ . rnlrqsf] xf8{jo] / /
;ˆ6j]o/ b'js } f nflu ef/tdf e/ kg'k{ /]sfn] dfOtL3/sf] nfut w]/} lyof] .
of] rnlrq ag]sf] ;f]x| jif{kl5 dfq lghL If]qaf6 csf]{ rnlrq h'gL ag]sf]
xf] .
zfg]r;+n] kfFr tl/sfn] lghL If]qnfO{ rnlrq lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . klxnf], o;n] g]kfndf rnlrq agfpg cfjZos k|ljlw, pks/0f
/ k"jf{wf/df nufgL u/]sf] lyof] h;sf] lj:t[t rrf{ o;cl3 g} ul/;lsPsf]
5 . zfg]r;+n + ] lghL rnlrq lgdf{tfnfO{ rnlrq;DaGwL pks/0f, k|fljlws
ef8fdf lbP/ / sRrf lkmNd pknAw u/fP/ ;xof]u u/]sf] lyof] . @)$^
df g]kfnL rnlrq lgdf{tfnfO{ oGq, pks/0f / lgdf{0f ;fdu|L ef8fdf lbFbf
!)–#) k|ltzt 5'6 lbg] gLlt lnOPsf] lyof] . ;/sf/n] ;+:yfg;Fu ldn]/
rnlrq agfpg] g]kfnLnfO{ #) k|ltzt 5'6 lbGYof] . cfkFm} rnlrq agfpg]
g]kfnLnfO{ @) / blIf0f Pl;ofsf b]znfO{ !) k|ltzt 5'6 lbg] gLlt
;/sf/sf] lyof] . To:t} :6'l8of] k|of]u u/]afkt lnOg] k|To]s lbgsf] z'NsnfO{
?= !,#)) af6 36fP/ ?= !,))) agfPsf] lyof] -sfdgf @)$^ M ^_ .
bf];f| ,] zfg]r;+n] rnlrqsf ljleGg kIfsf] 1fg ePsf] hgzlQm lgdf{0f
u/]sf] lyof] . Tof] hgzlQm ;/sf/n] cfk"mn] rnlrq lgdf{0f ug{ agfPsf]
xf] . t/ zfg]r;+n] rnlrq agfpg rfxg] lghL If]qnfO{ cfˆgf bIf hgzlQm
pknAw u/fpFYof] . lghL If]qaf6 ag]sf w]/} rnlrqdf zfg]r;+sf sd{rf/L
klg ;+nUg lyP . o;/L x]bf{ zfg]r;+sf bIf hgzlQmljgf lghL If]qaf6
;fob} s'g} rnlrq ag] . oxL bIf hgzlQmn] g]kfnL rnlrq pBf]unfO{
wfg]sf] lyof] .
t];f| ,] zfg]r;+n] rnlrq;DaGwL ;/sf/sf] gLltdf kl/jt{g Nofpg
;3fPsf] lyof] . zfg]r;+n] rnlrq;DaGwL ljleGg uf]i7L u/]kl5 @)$!÷$@
df ;/sf/n] g]kfnL rnlrqnfO{ %) k|ltzt dgf]/~hg s/ 5'6 lbPsf]
lyof] . o;af/]df cfly{s jif{ @)$@÷$# sf] ah]6df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
ah]6sf] k|fjwfgcg';f/ Tof] g]kfnL efiffdf agfOPsf] rnlrqdf nfu"
x'GYof] . t/ of] ;'ljwf g]kfnL efiffdf 8laªdfq ul/Psf] ljb]zL rnlrqn]
kfpFbg} Yof] ->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)$@v M !*_ . o;af/] sfdgfn] ;DkfbsLodf
o:tf] pNn]v u/]sf] lyof] M
 g]kfndf rnlrq pBf]usf] pbo • 165

g]kfndf ev{/} afd] ;g{ nfu]sf] rnlrq pBf]unfO{ 6]jf lbgsf] nflu >L % sf]
;/sf/n] o; cfly{s jif{b]lv %) k|ltzt dgf]/~hg s/ 5'6 lbg ul/Psf] lg0f{o
:jfutof]Uo s'/f xf] . o;n] ubf{ rnlrq pBdLx¿df lgSs} xf};nf a9]sf] b]lvG5 .
t/ >L % sf] ;/sf/n] s:tf] lsl;dsf] rnlrqnfO{ %) k|ltzt dgf]/~hg s/
5'6 lbg] / s:tf]nfO{ glbg] eGg] s'/f :ki6 ¿kdf gtf]lsPsf] b]lvG5 -sfdgf
@)$@ M @_ .

sfdgfn] g]kfn / g]kfnaflx/ ag]sf g]kfnL rnlrqnfO{ of] ;'ljwf lbg'kg]{

/fo JoQm u/]sf] lyof] . of] ;x'lnotaf6 lghL If]qn] rnlrq agfpFbf
;xg'kg]{ 3f6f sd u/]sf] lyof] -/]UdL ;g\ !(** M #_ . o;sf sf/0f rnlrq
agfpg] qmddf a9f]Q/L eof] -bfxfn / kl/jfu @)$(_ .
kl5 of] 5'6nfO{ ^^ k|ltzt agfOof] . clxn] ;/sf/n] rnlrq lgdf{0f
sfo{nfO{ pBf]usf] bhf{ lbPsf] 5 . /, o;nfO{ cfjZos pks/0f cfoft ug{
;x'lnot klg lbPsf] 5 -/fO{ ;g\ @))$ M *(_ . %) k|ltzt 5'6sf] kxn
zfg]r;+n] g} u/]sf] lyof] . Zofddf]xg >]i7sf cg';f/ 5'6sf] k|fjwfg
Nofpg, cy{dGqfnosf] lrQ a'emfpg' kYof]{ . o;sf nflu $–% jif{ nfu]sf]
lyof] . of] sfd pQdnfns} kfnfb]lv ePsf] xf] . To; a]nf lghL If]qaf6
rnlrq aGg] ;Defjgf sd lyof] . g]kfndf xn kof{Kt lyPg . xnaf6
p7]sf] k};fn] rnlrqsf] nfut p7fpg c;Dej lyof] . To;sf/0f zfg]r;+n]
;/sf/nfO{ dgf]/~hg s/df %) k|ltzt 5'6 lbg cg'/f]w u/]sf] lyof] .38
rf}yf], zfg]r;+n] 6Lsf l;+xsf] kfnfdf @)$! ;fnb]lv ;xlgdf{0f
sfo{nfO{ hf/L /fv]sf] lyof] . nfut gp7\g] sf/0f rnlrq lgdf{0f ug{
cfgfsfgL ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf zfg]r;+n] NofPsf] ;xsfo{sf] gLltn] lghL
If]qsf nflu af]em sd u/fOlbPsf] lyof] .39 ;xlgdf{0fsf] klxnf] rnlrq
s] 3/ s] 8]/f lyof] h'g hoclhdf lkmNd\; k|f=ln=;Fusf] ;xsfo{df @)$!
Dff agfOPsf] xf] -x]gx{' f];\ tl:a/ %_ . s'n !% nfv nfut /x]sf] o;
rnlrqdf zfg]r;+sf] %! k|ltzt / clhdfsf] $( k|ltzt nufgL lyof] .

38
Zofddf]xg >]i7;Fu @)^^ sflQs ( ut] u/]sf] s'/fsfgL .
39
x'g t @)#( d} lghL If]qaf6 rnlrq h'gL alg;s]sf] lyof] . h'gLsf] d'Vo e"ldsf ldgfIfL cfgGbsf]
lyof] . /Ë kqsf/ e/t zfSosf cg';f/ cfgGbn] l;Gb"/af6 cfh{g u/]sf] Voflts} sf/0f lghL If]qn]
of] rnlrq agfpg] ;fx; u/]sf] lyof] . h'gLdf ef/taf6 lgb]z
{ s NofOPsf] lyof] . o;sf] k|fljlws
kIfdf ef/tLon] g} w]/h
} ;f] ;xof]u u/]sf lyP . zfSo;Fu @)^^ ;fpg !! df u/]sf] s'/fsfgL .
166 • ldl8of cWoog %

o;kl5 klg ;xlgdf{0fsf] oxL gLltnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOof] -l;+x @)$! M

&)*_ . To;cg';f/ zfg]r;+n] k|ult lkmND;;Fu ljZjf; -@)$#_, cf]d
k|f8] S;g k|f=ln=;Fu ;Gtfg -@)$$_, ;'hftf k|f8] S;g k|f=ln=;Fu zflGtbLk
-@)$^_ agfPsf] lyof] . zfg]r;+n] ef/tLo nufgLstf{;uF ldn]/ k~rj6L
-@)$$_ agfPsf] lyof] . t/ of] rnlrq ef/tdf b]vfOP klg o;df
b]j/efph"sf] k|d ] ;DaGw b]vfOPsfn] g]kfnsf] ;+:s[ltdf ckfRo x'g] eGb}
k|bz{g ul/Pg .
zfg]r;+n] cfˆgf] sdhf]/ cfly{s l:yltdf klg rnlrq agfO/xg] ;f]rfOn]
;xlgdf{0f k|lqmof cFufn]sf] lyof] . ;'?b]lv g} jif{df Pp6f rnlrq agfpg]
zfg]r;+sf] ;f]rfO eP klg ah]6sf] cefjsf sf/0f tLgrf/ jif{df dfq Pp6f
rnlrq aGg ;s]sf] lyof] . To;}n] ;xlgdf{0faf6 To; nIonfO{ k"/f ug]{
;f]rfO /x]sf] b]lvG5 . @)$@ ;fnkl5 t zfg]r;+ cfk}mF n] jf ;xlgdf{0fdf
jif{sf] sDtLdf b'O{ rnlrq agfpg'kg]{ /fli6«o gLlt g} ag]sf] lyof] ->L % sf]
;/sf/ @)$@u M %%–%^_ . oBlk Tof] nIo klg k"/f x'g ;s]g . zfg]r;+n]
g]kfnL lghL If]q;Fu ldn]/ rnlrqsf] ;xlgdf{0f ul//xFbf lghL If]qn] eg]
g]kfnaflx/sf nufgLstf{;uF klg ldn]/ rnlrq agfO/x]sf lyP .40 o;df
klg ;/sf/n] s/ 5'6 lbO/x]sf] lyof] . lghL If]qsf] of] cEof;nfO{ ofbj
v/]nn] 7uLsf] ¿kdf x]/s ] f 5g\ . v/]nsf] ljrf/df k~rj6Lafx]s c¿
rnlrqx¿ cf+lzs ¿kdf dfq g]kfndf ;'l6ª ul/Psf lyP / tL g]kfnL
efiffdf 8a dfq ul/Psf rnlrq lyP . o;af6 g]kfnLn] eGbf kfls:tfgL,
aËnfb]zL lgdf{tfn] kmfObf lnP . g]kfnL rnlrq pBf]unfO{ s'g} klg kmfObf
ePg .41 To;f] ePkl5 ;/sf/n] klg To;/L ;xlgdf{0f u/L agfOPsf rnlrqnfO{
;x'lnot glbg] lg0f{o u¥of] . kmn:j¿k ljb]zL lgdf{tf;Fusf] ;xlgdf{0fdf
rnlrq agfpg] qmd aGb eof] -v/]n @)$( M !#_ .
kfFrf},F zfg]r;+n] l;g]df xnsf] ;ª\Vof a9fpg klg ;xof]u u/]sf]
lyof] . zfg]r;+ cfpg'cufl8 ;/sf/sf] Wofg l;g]df xnsf] ;ª\Vof a9fpgdf
lyPg . xndf ef/tLo rnlrq g} w]/} k|bz{gL ul/g] ePsfn] xnsf] ;ª\Vof
a9fP g]kfndf ef/tLo k|efj kg]{ ;f]r ;/sf/sf] lyof] . o;n] ubf{ g]kfndf

40
o;sf pbfx/0f hLjg Hof]lt, xfdL Ps xf},F+ ddtf, k|folZrt, OG;fkm, ;fx;, w/tL / cfsfz,
cleofg, dfnf, ;+hf]u, k|ltzf]w, dha't, 6fOu/, kLkn 8fF8f cflb x'g\ -v/]n @)$( M !&_ .
41
v/]n;Fu @)^% ebf} #! Dff u/]sf] s'/fsfgL .
 g]kfndf rnlrq pBf]usf] pbo • 167

tl:a/ % M s] 3/ s] 8]/f rnlrq k|bz{gLsf] lj1fkg -sfdgf, jif{ ! cÍ *, k[= (_ .

168 • ldl8of cWoog %

rnlrq pBf]usf] ljsf; ug{ afwf kl//x]sf] lyof] . o;}nfO{ Wofg lbP/
zfg]r;+n l;g]df xnsf] ;ª\Vof a9fpg ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj lbPsf] lyof] .42
To;kl5 ;/sf/n] gofF xnsf] nfOG;]; lbPsf] lyof] . @)@)÷@! Dff g]kfndf
!^ cf]6f xn lyP -/fO{ ;g\ @))$M !#)_ . zfg]r;+n] kxn u/]kl5 @)#! df
of] ;ª\Vof @( ePsf] lyof] -zfg]r;+ @)#!_ . @)$$ df eg] g]kfndf
l;g]df xnsf] ;ª\Vof %) k'Uof] -8An'cfOPkm ;g\ !(**_ .

lgisif{
g]kfndf rnlrq pBf]u s'g} of]hgfljgf ;'? ePsf] xf]Og eGg] tYo of]
cWoogn] klg phfu/ u/]sf] 5 . k~rfotL zf;gdf zf;ssf] :jfy{ /
?lrn] ubf{ g} lsg gxf];\ of] pBf]usf] hu a:g k'Uof] . lghL If]q sdhf]/
/x]sf] Tolt a]nfsf] l:yltdf rnlrq pBf]usf] ljsf; ug{ /fHo gnfuL
;Dej klg lyPg . To;}n] of] pBf]unfO{ :yflkt u/fpg /fHon] of]hgfa4
lx;fan] sfd u¥of] . oxL pBf]usf] cTofjZos k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug{ zfg]r;+sf]
u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . of] ;+:yfgsf] kxndf g]kfndf rnlrq agfpg cfjZos
bIf hgzlQm, k|ljlw clg pks/0fsf] ljsf; x'g k'Uof] . zfg]r;+s} ;'emfjsf
cfwf/df ;/sf/n] g]kfndf rnlrq If]qnfO{ Jojl:yt / Jofj;flos
agfpg] gLlt klg Nofof] . zfg]r;+ ;w}F g]kfndf rnlrq pBf]usf] :yfkgf
ug{ k|oTgzLn g} /Xof] / o;df w]/} xb;Dd ;kmn klg eof] . ;fy}, lghL
If]qnfO{ rnlrq pBf]uk|lt cfslif{t u/fpg o;n] dxŒjk"0f{ sfd u¥of] .
olt ubf{ klg clGtd ;dolt/ cfP/ o; ;+:yfgnfO{ ;]tf] xfQLsf
¿kdf x]gk{' g]{ kl/l:ylt cfof] . kl5Nnf] ;dodf ljgfpknlAw o;nfO{ kfNg'
k/]sfdf cy{ dGqfnosf kbflwsf/Lx¿ o;nfO{ af]em ;DemGy] . ;+:yfgnfO{
;w}F ;/sf/n] cfTdlge{/ x'gk' g]{ kf7 k9fof] . t/ Tof] cfTdlge{/ s;/L x'g]
eGg]af/] eg] kof{Kt u[xsfo{ ul/Pg . zfg]r;+nfO{ s;/L cfTdlge{/ agfpg]
eGg] of]hgf ;/sf/;Fu klg lyPg . zfg]r;+sf] sfd Jofkf/ xf] jf ;fj{hlgs
;]jf xf] eGg] s'/f ;w}F ljjfbsf] ljifo alg/Xof] . h;/L Ps b'O{ cf]6f
rnlrq agfP/ / rnlrqsf] pks/0f tyf ;+/rgf ef8fdf lbP/ zfg]r;+nfO{
cfTdlge{/ agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] ;f]lrof] Tof] ;f]rfO g} unt lyof] .
zfg]r;+n] g]kfndf rnlrq pBf]usf] nflu u/]sf] k|of;nfO{ Wofg glbP/

42
Zffg]r;+sf ofbj v/]n;Fu @)^% ebf} !# df u/]sf] s'/fsfgL .
 g]kfndf rnlrq pBf]usf] pbo • 169

gfkmf gf]S;fgsf] lx;fasf cfwf/df o;sf] d"NofÍg ug'{ unt lyof] .

To:tf] d"NofÍgsf cfwf/df lj36g / lghLs/0f ug]{ lbzflt/ hfg'eGbf
;+:yfgdf /x]sf ljleGg JolQmn] ljb]zaf6 rnlrqsf] af/]df xfl;n u/]sf]
1fg, o;n] ljsf; u/]sf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ / ;du| ;+/rgfnfO{ s;/L
pBf]usf] yk ljsf;df nufpg] eGg]af/] ;f]lrg' kb{Yof] . ;fy}, gofF–gofF
wf/sf rnlrq lgdf{0f— h;df lghL If]qsf] kof{Kt Wofg hfg ;s]sf] 5}g
—df o;nfO{ nufpg' kb{Yof] . o;/L xtf/df ul/Psf] ;+:yfgsf] lghLs/0fkl5
g]kfndf rnlrq If]qsf nflu cTofjZos k"jf{wf/df nufgL ug]{ ;+:yfsf]
cefj ePsf] 5 .

wGojfb
of] n]v dfl6{g rf}tf/Ln] @)^^ r}t !@–!# df sf7df8f}Fdf cfof]hgf u/]sf]
…ldl8of cg';Gwfg ;Dd]ng @)!)Ú df k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm cj;/df
;'emfj lbg] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ wGojfb 5 . o; cWoogsf qmddf rnlrq;DaGwL
dxŒjk"0f{ ;fdu|L h'6fOlbg] lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf sfG5f du/, dbgk'/:sf/
k':tsfnosf bLks cof{n, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt k':tsfnosf k'ik l/dfn, sfdgf
k|sfzg ;d"x k':tsfnosf od'gf sF8n ] , ;]s0] 8 Xof08 k':ts ljqm]tf ch'g{ vqL,
rnlrq ljsf; af]8{sf l8hg e§/fO{ / xl/l;+x /}snf, cWo]tf lzj /]UdL / /Ë
kqsf/ e/t zfSonfO{ wGojfb . zfg]r;+sf ljleGg kIfaf/] cGtjf{tf{ lbg] JolQmx¿
/ of] n]v k9]/ ;'emfj lbg] o; hg{nsf ;Dkfbs d08n, cWo]tf cg'ej chLt,
rnlrq lgb]{zs nIdLgfy zdf{nfO{ klg wGojfb . of] n]v n]Vg] qmddf ;xof]u
ug]{ dfl6{g rf}tf/Lsf cGo ;a} ;xsdL{x¿nfO{ klg wGojfb .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
chLt, cg'ej . @)^$ . g]kfnL rnlrqsf] cf/De . ldl8of cWoog @ M #%–&# .
chLt, cg'ej . @)^^ . g]kfnL l;g]df M oyfl:yltjfbL ;f+:s[lts /fhgLlt .
ldl8of cWoog $ M !$(–!*$.
OZj/jNne / bfdf]b/ k|;fb e§/fO{, ;+ . @)#) . g]kfnL rnlrq lgdf{0f uf]i7L .
sf7df8f}F M zfxL g]kfn rnlrq ;+:yfg .
pkfWofo, k|bLk . @)$& . rnlrqdf Wjlgsf] k|of]u . sfdgf %) M !!$–!!( .
sfˆn], slkn . @)$( . rnlrq ;+:yfg . sfdgf ^& M & .
sfˆn], slkn . @)%) . @)%) M gSsnL rnlrqn] ahf/ lnPsf] jif{ . sfdgf
*@ M (–!$ .
sfdgf . @)$@ . rnlrq pBf]u / dgf]/~hg s/ . !-^_ M @ .
170 • ldl8of cWoog %

sfdgf . @)$# . s';'d] ?dfnsf] /ht hoGtL / ;/sf/L C0f ;xof]usf]

cfjZostf . @-!%_ M @ .
sfdgf . @)$^ . rnlrq lgdf{tfnfO{ ;x'lnot lbOg] . %-$_ M ^ .
sfdgf . @)$^s . rnlrq ;+:yfgdf tLg s/f]8sf] e|i6frf/ < rnlrq pBf]usf]
eljio cGwsf/ . sfdgf %-*_ M !%–@! .
s'jF /, s[i0faxfb'/ . @)$# . g]kfndf ;+:yfgsf] sfg"gL l:ylt . u'NdL M ldgf s'jF / .
vqL, 6]saxfb'/ . @)#@ . g]kfndf rnlrq pBf]u . g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ;~rf/,
k[= $*–%# . sf7df8f}F M ;"rgf ljefu .
v/]n, ofbj . @)@* . rnlrq pBf]usf] lznfGof; . uf]/vfkq, @^ ebf},
k[= %÷* .
v/]n, ofbj . @)$( . g]kfnL syfgs rnlrq lgdf{0fsf] Oltxf; M Ps ;ª\lIfKt
l6kf]6 . cleofgsf] klxnf] cfof]hgf g]kfnL rnlrq k'/:sf/ ;df/f]x, k[= (–!& .
sf7df8f}F M cleofg ;d"x .
uf]/vfkq . @)%) . g]kfn rnlrq ljsf; sDkgL lnld6]8 M ;]o/ x:tfGt/0f
;Demf}tf ;DkGg . @& sflQs, k[= !÷!! .
rf}nfufO{,+ od . @)^$ . rnlrqsf ;f/ly . sf7df8f}F M n]vs :jo+ .
emf, j]bfgGb, cWoIf . @)@^ . k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]usf] dWofjlw–k|ltj]bg . sf7df8f}F M
k|zf;g Joj:yf ljefu .
bfxfn, s]zj / xf]d kl/jfu . @)$( . g]kfnL rnlrq M ;+:sf/ g} o:tf] eP
eljio s:tf] < sfdgf (-@_ M !)–!# .
wd{:ynL, cf/= s]= . @)$& . cfDbfgL t nufgLsf] Ps–ltxfO{ dfq=== —g/zdz]/ .
sfdgf %) M &^–&& .
gjLg, 6]saxfb'/ . @)$) . g]kfnL ;~rf/ If]qsf] lrgf/L . sf7df8f}F M >L % sf]
;/sf/ ;~rf/ dGqfno, ;"rgf ljefu .
gfd gv'ns ] f] . @)^@ . g]kfn rnlrq Oltxf;b]lv jt{dfg;Dd . /fli6«o rnlrq dxf]T;j
@)^@ . ljb'/ lu/L, ;+=, k[= ^*–!)& . sf7df8f}F M rnlrq ljsf; af]8{ .
lg/f}nf, cg'kd . @)^% . rnlrq ljsf; af]8{ / af]8{af6 ;~rflnt of]hgfx¿sf]
kl/ro . rnlrq d~r #-#_ M !–@# .
g]kfn ;/sf/ . @)^% . ;/sf/L ;+:yfgx¿sf] jflif{s k|ult ;dLIff . sf7df8f}F M
cy{ dGqfno .
k|wfg, k/z'/fd . @)$& . ;/n ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg . sf7df8f}F M /Tg k':ts e08f/ .
a:Goft, k|]daxfb'/ . @)@( . gofF ;~rf/ ;]jfcGtu{t zfxL g]kfn rnlrq
;+:yfgsf] hGd . g]kfn @-@_ M #$–#& .
 g]kfndf rnlrq pBf]usf] pbo • 171

dxh{g, xif{dfg . @)^^ . k~rfotL zf;gdf …ljsf;sf] nflu ;~rf/Ú cjwf/0ffsf]

/fhgLlt . ldl8of cWoog $ M !!#–!$* .
/fO{, df]xg . ;g\ @))$ . hS:6fkf]lhzg . sf7df8f}F M zflGt r]Dhf]ª .
/f0ff, x]dGtzdz]/ . @)%* . hg/n g/zdz]/ hËaxfb'/ /f0ffsf] hLjgL M pxfFs}
h'jfgL . sf7df8f}F M /fgL O{Zj/L /fHonIdL b]jL /f0ff .
/f;; . @)%) . rnlrq ljsf; ;+:yfg lj36g . uf]/vfkq, * ebf}, k[= !÷!! .
ljsf;rGb| . @)#) . ljsf;sf kfOnfdf zfxL g]kfn rnlrq ;+:yfg . uf]/vfkq,
( j}zfv, k[= & .
Zfdf{, nIdLgfy . @)#* . rnlrq snf . sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg .
zfg]r;+ . @)#! . g]kfn clw/fHosf rnlrq ejgx¿sf tYofÍ tyf ljj/0f efu ! .
sf7df8f}F M zfxL g]kfn rnlrq ;+:yfg .
zfg]r;+ . @)@( . g]kfndf rnlrq k|bz{s / ljt/sx¿sf ;d:of tyf ;Defljt
;dfwfg uf]i7L @)@( . sf7df8f}F M zfxL g]kfn rnlrq ;+:yfg .
>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)!( . lqjifL{o bf];f| ] of]hgf -@)!(–@)@@_ . sf7df8f}F M /fli6«o
of]hgf kl/ifb\ .
>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)@^s . ;"rgf tyf k|;f/ ;]jf ljsf; . t];|f] of]hgfsf] k|yd
tLg jif{sf] k|ult ljj/0f, k[= @@!–@@& . sf7df8f}F M /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u .
>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)@^v . rnlrq -lgdf{0f k|bz{g tyf ljt/0f_ P]g, @)@^ .
g]kfn /fhkq, v08 !(, cltl/QmfÍ @%, !( ebf} .
>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)@& . ;"rgf tyf k|;f/ . rf}yf] of]hgf -@)@&–@)#@_,
k[= #!)–#!@ . sf7df8f}F M /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u .
>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)@*s . /fli6«o ;~rf/ ;]jf of]hgf . sf7df8f}F M >L % sf]
;/sf/ .
>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)@*v . ;~rf/ dGqfnosf] ;"rgf . g]kfn /fhkq, v08
@!, cltl/QmfÍ #(, !^ sflQs .
>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)@*u . g]kfn / sf]nf]Daf] of]hgf M sf]nf]Daf] of]hgfsf] aL;f}+
jflif{sf]T;jsf] pknIodf Ps ;dLIff . sf7df8f}F M /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u .
>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)#& . cGo ;~rf/ . 5}6f}F of]hgf -@)#&–@)$@_, k[= ^!*–^@# .
sf7df8f}F M /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u .
>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)$@s . k|rf/k|;f/ . ;ftf}F of]hgf -@)$@–@)$&_, k[=&@(–
&#& . sf7df8f}F M /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u .
>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)$@v . cfly{s jif{ @)$@–@)$# sf] ah]6 . sf7df8f}F M
cy{ dGqfno .
>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)$@u . /fli6«o d"n gLlt @)$@ . k|sfzs gv'n]sf] .
172 • ldl8of cWoog %

>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)$([@)$%] . /fli6«o ;~rf/ gLlt tyf sfo{qmd, @)$% .
k|sfzgsf] lbUbz{g, k[= @*!–#!@ . sf7df8f}F M k|;] sfplG;n .
>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)%@ . zfxL g]kfn rnlrq ;+:yfg . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s
k|ltj]bg @)%@ -efu @_, k[= #&^–#*) . sf7df8f}F M dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefu .
>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)^)[@)$(] . /fli6«o ;~rf/ gLlt @)$( . k|sfzgsf]
lbUbz{g . xl/x/ lj/xL, ;+=, k[= !&^–!(# . sf7df8f}F M k|]; sfplG;n g]kfn .
;u'g . @)$( . ce}m klg rnlrq ;+:yfg e|i6frf/Lx¿s} Ozf/fdf rln/x]sf] 5—
Zofddf]xg >]i7 . sfdgf &) M @#–@% .
;fodL, k|sfz . ;g\ @))$ . rnlrq M snf / k|ljlw . sf7df8f}F M k}/jL a'S;
P08 :6];g/L ;]G6/ .
l;+x, 6Lsf . @)$! . zfxL g]kfn rnlrq ;+:yfg M Ps emns . h'g]nL !$-%_ M
&)&–&)( .

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rf}tf/L k':ts z[ªv

\ nf– %@

clxn] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ljifo k|fl1s rf;f], jftfj/0fLo d'2f / ;+/If0fsf]

ljifoj:t' dfq /x]g . of] w]/} lsl;dsf JolQm, ;d"x / lgsfosf ;fdflhs,
/fhgLlts, cfly{s tyf jftfj/0fLo ;DaGw / :jfy{x¿ hf]l8Psf] Ps
dxŒjk"0f{ t/ hl6n ljifo ag]sf] 5 . t;y{ o; k':tsdf h}ljs ljljwtfsf]
;+/If0f, Joj:yfkg tyf pkof]usf] ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts cfofdx¿, g]kfndf
o;;DaGwdf ePsf k|of; tyf Jofjxfl/s cg'ejsf cltl/Qm gofF
r'gf}tLx¿ ;d]t ;d]l6Psf] 5 . h}ljs ljljwtfsf] dfgjLo kf6f]sf ljifoj:t'
/ o;sf] hghLljsf;Fusf] cGt/;DaGw o; k':tssf] d'Vo ljifo xf] .
h}ljs ljljwtfsf] cy{ / dxŒj, o;;DaGwL ljZjJofkL¿kdf ePsf
;dsfnLg ax; / ljZn]if0f, g]kfnsf] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] n]vfhf]vf tyf
o;sf] ;+/If0f k|of; / cg'ej;DaGwL hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ of] k':ts
;xfosl;4 x'g]5 . k':ts h}ljs ljljwtfaf/] cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{,
cg';Gwfgstf{, gLltlgdf{tf tyf s[ifs, :yfgLo ;d'bfonufot ;Dk"0f{
;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;xof]uL x'g5] .