Test Bank Chapter 12: Followership: Ultiple Hoice

Northouse, Leadership 8e
SAGE Publications, 2019
Test Bank
Chapter 12: Followership
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Studying followership helps to ______ our understanding of leadership.

A. negate
B. complete
C. reverse
D. simplify
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Description
Difficulty Level: Easy
AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge
2. The study of followership is meant to ______.

A. identify and root out destructive employees in organizations
B. replace the study of leadership in organizational contexts
C. acknowledge the central role followers play in the leadership process
D. galvanize researchers around one universally accepted theory of leadership
Ans: C
Difficulty Level: Moderate
AACSB Standard: Analytical thinking
3. The impact of followers on organizations ______.

A. has not been studied or scrutinized until recently
B. has been empirically proven to drive organizational outcomes
C. has resulted in many volumes of published literature
D. has historically received more attention than the impact of leaders
Ans: A
AACSB Standard: Contexts of organizations
4. Author Susan Cain suggests organizations need to downplay the glorification of

______ skills and that the world needs more ______.
A. technical; visionaries
B. social; introverts
C. research; leaders

D. leadership; followers
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
5. The definitions of leadership and followership in the textbook have elements in

common. Which of the following is not a common element in the two definitions?
A. process
B. common goal
C. power
D. influence
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Followership Defined
6. Like the concept of leadership, followership is presumed to have a/an ______

dimension as it relates to responsibility for the group.
A. moral
B. trait
C. individual
D. situational
Ans: A
AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
7. The two types of perspectives that are used when studying followership are ______.
A. in-group and out-group
B. technical and adaptive
C. role-based and relational-based
D. character and conduct
Ans: C
Answer Location: Role-Based and Relational-Based Perspectives
8. Your marketing team decides to include Jared in a current project because he is

known for always challenging the leader’s ideas. This is an example of using which
perspective of followership?
A. transformational

B. role-based
C. relational-based
D. servant
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Application
9. In the relational-based approach to followership ______.

A. followership is explained by roles people tend to play
B. followership is tied to interpersonal behaviors
C. followership is only relevant to in-group members
D. followership is defined through the eyes of the leader
Ans: B
10. Zaleznik’s early typology of followership was designed to ______.

A. help managers identify and punish bad followers
B. provide 10 different ways to describe followers
C. refute the way followers were conceptualized in transformational leadership
D. help followers become leaders themselves
Ans: D
Answer Location: The Zaleznik Typology
11. In Zaleznik’s typology of followers, follower behaviors can be charted along which
two scales?
A. dominant-submissive and active-passive
B. competent-incompetent and committed-uncommitted
C. task-technical and relationship-adaptive
D. critical-uncritical and supportive-unsupportive
Ans: A
12. Zaleznik assumed that followers behaved in certain ways based on their responses
to inner and sometimes unconscious tensions involving ______.
A. moral development

B. authority
C. peers
D. personal values
Ans: B
13. A follower typed as compulsive, according to Zaleznik, could be described as

______.
A. having a high need to control and a high level of engagement
B. having a low need to control and a low level of engagement
C. having a high need to control and a low level of engagement
D. having a low need to control and a high level of engagement
Ans: C
14. The most recognized followership typology has been offered by ______.
A. Kelley
B. Kellerman
C. Heifetz
D. Chaleff
Ans: A
Answer Location: The Kelley Typology
15. One of the key differences between Zaleznik’s and Kelley’s approach to followership
is ______.
A. Zaleznik’s typology includes six types of followers while Kelley’s includes four types
B. Zaleznik wanted to explain the dynamics of conflicts while Kelley was highlighting
followers’ importance
C. Zaleznik’s typology included and active/passive dimension while Kelley’s did not
D. Zeleznik’s typology discredited Kelley’s prior work
Ans: B
Answer Location: The Zaleznik Typology | The Kelley Typology

16. Rafi is on a website development team. She is the teammate who helps to maintain
the status quo but will support an idea once she sees that others are supporting it.
According to Kelley’s followership typology, Rafi is a follower best described as ______.
A. conformist
B. passive
C. exemplary
D. pragmatic
Ans: D
AACSB Standard: Interpersonal relations and teamwork
17. Joshua is a member of a local nonprofit organization that works to beautify the
community. He often has excuses for not coming to events and when he does come, he
keeps to himself and complains to others around him about how he has a better way of
doing things. According to Kelley’s followership typology, Joshua can best be described
as ______.
A. alienated
B. exemplary
C. pragmatic
D. conformist
Ans: A
18. Lulu has recently been hired to lead the communications division of a regional bank.
She calls a meeting of her management team and tells them about her leadership style.
She describes how much she really values relationships and co-workers who are highly
engaged, who bring a positive attitude, and who are not afraid to offer her new ideas
and constructive criticisms. Using Kelley’s typology, Lulu is asking her managers to be
______.
A. diehard followers
B. impulsive followers
C. exemplary followers
D. alienated followers
Ans: C
19. Chaleff studied the role of followers because he was impacted as a young person
when ______.

A. he took on the role of leader to his younger sisters when his parents died
B. his father was seriously injured in a workplace riot
C. he was routinely bullied at school and left out of peer groups
D. he learned about Hitler and the horrors of the World War II holocaust
Ans: D
Answer Location: The Chaleff Typology
AACSB Standard: Ethical understanding and reasoning
20. Chaleff argues that followers ______.

A. serve leaders
B. become leaders
C. serve a common purpose along with leaders
D. have a duty to follow the leader
Ans: C
21. According to Chaleff, followers need to have the ______ to support and to challenge
the leader.
A. skills
B. intelligence
C. critical mass
D. courage
Ans: D
22. The approach to followership offered by Chaleff ______.

A. is prescriptive
B. is amoral
C. is limited
D. provides no typology
Ans: A

23. Your co-worker, Michael, does just the minimal amount of work to keep his job. He
neither supports nor challenges the boss. Chaleff would describe Michael’s followership
style as ______.
A. resource
B. individualist
C. implementer
D. partner
Ans: A
24. Chaleff’s follower style called “partner” is most similar to ______.

A. Uhl-Bien’s powerful follower
B. Kellerman’s participant follower
C. Zaleznik’s compulsive follower
D. Kelley’s exemplary follower
Ans: D
Difficulty Level: Difficult
25. Sarah has a very visible job in her company. She supports her CEO, and wherever
she goes she speaks highly of her boss, even when her boss has made bad decisions
that have negatively impacted others. In Chaleff’s model, Sarah would best be
described as what type of follower?
A. partner
B. resource
C. implementer
D. individualist
Ans: C
26. In Chaleff’s model of followership, an individualist exhibits ______.

A. high challenge and low support for the leader
B. low challenge and low support for the leader
C. uncritical thinking and low engagement
D. high dominance and high activity
Ans: A

27. Chaleff advocates that followers ought to do all of the following except ______.
A. champion the need for change when necessary
B. support the leader and the organization
C. assume the responsibility for the common purpose
D. protect the leader under all circumstances
Ans: D
28. Kellerman’s typology identifies ______ levels of follower behaviors.

A. three
B. four
C. five
D. six
Ans: C
Answer Location: The Kellerman Typology
29. This scholar used her experience as a political scientist to inform her thinking about
the importance of followers.
A. Kelley
B. Kellerman
C. Uhl-Bein
D. Lipman-Bluman
Ans: B
30. The main distinction between Kellerman’s typology of followers and those of
Zaleznik, Chaleff, and Kelley is ______.
A. Kellerman does not take engagement level into consideration while the other
scholars do
B. Kellerman surveyed thousands of business executives to arrive at her empirical
model
C. Kellerman views followers along a single continuum while other scholars use two
dimensions
D. Kellerman’s typology includes more types of followers than the models of all others

Ans: C
31. Monique is an immigrant to the United States who became a citizen two years ago.
She does not participate in elections or keep track of current events. Kellerman would
classify Monique as what type of follower?
A. diehard
B. pragmatist
C. bystander
D. isolate
Ans: D
32. These types of followers, according to Kellerman, demonstrate a medium level of

engagement in the group’s goal and may support or oppose the leader.
A. participants
B. diehards
C. aliens
D. individualists
Ans: A
33. Cameron is on a five-person team at work tasked with creating a branding strategy
for the company’s newest product. He attends the team meetings and knows all about
the features of the new product, but when it comes time for the team to make a decision
Cameron claims he does not have an opinion. According to Kellerman’s typology,
Cameron is what type of follower?
A. participant
B. bystander
C. conformist
D. diehard
Ans: B

34. President Obama brought on Rahm Emanuel as his chief of staff due to his
aggressive style and ability to be an agent of change. Emanuel supported Obama and
his policies and oftentimes acted on his own accord to shake things up. During this time,
Emanuel would best be classified under Kellerman’s typology as what kind of follower?
A. resource
B. participant
C. isolate
D. activist
Ans: D
35. Juanita is deeply committed to the conservation of natural resources. She currently
works for a national organization whose executive director is recommending to its
50,000 members that they bargain with lawmakers by agreeing to allow development on
a very small protected forest area in Vermont in order to save their political resources to
fight harder for the protection of a major national park in Colorado. Juanita disagrees
with her executive director’s strategy and rallies a few of the extreme members to camp
out in the Vermont forest for days on end as a show of protest. Juanita is what
Kellerman would call a ______ follower.
A. bystander
B. participant
C. diehard
D. activist
Ans: C
36. The typologies in the textbook that describe followers can best be thought of as
______.
A. a starting point for further research and theory building
B. a unified, comprehensive theory of followership
C. direct rebuttals to the major leadership theories
D. underscoring the importance of leaders in the leadership process
Ans: A
37. There are commonalities among the major followership typologies such that all of
the following are general follower “types” except ______.

A. leader-follower
B. submissive-compliant
C. independent-assertive
D. active-engaged
Ans: A
38. Uhl-Bein and her colleagues were the first to propose ______.
A. a structured typology of followership
B. a formal theory of followership
C. a more modern leadership theory
D. a role-based perspective on followership
Ans: B
Answer Location: Theoretical Approaches to Followership
39. A recent conceptualization of followership proposed by Uhl-Bein and colleagues

suggests that followership is a process that includes how followers and leaders interact
to ______ leadership and its outcomes
A. accomplish
B. study
C. explain
D. construct
Ans: D
40. Which of the following is not one of the four constructs proposed in Uhl-Bein’s
theory of followership?
A. followership characteristics
B. leader characteristics
C. environmental context
D. followership outcomes
Ans: C

41. Which of the following leader characteristics is a variable in Uhl-Bein’s theoretical
model of followership?
A. leader power
B. intelligence
C. charisma
D. leader ethics
Ans: A
42. A theory of followership discussed in the textbook explicitly includes which of the
following elements in the model?
A. situations, tasks, and relationships
B. characteristics, behaviors, and outcomes
C. skills, culture, and ethics
D. context, interactions, and support
Ans: B
43. Reversing the lens means ______.

A. studying followership by considering how followers impact leaders and organizations
B. putting leaders in followership roles for a period of time to get perspective
C. taking a sharper focus on how leaders impact the entirety of the organization
D. removing leaders completely from the followership equation
Ans: A
Answer Location: Reversing the Lens
44. When one individual’s following behaviors interact with another individual’s leading
behaviors to manifest leadership and its resulting outcomes, this approach is known as
the ______.
A. outcome driven approach
B. followers first process
C. leadership co-created process
D. role-based followership approach
Ans: C
Answer Location: The Leadership Co-Created Process

45. The followership approach that suggests leadership results from an interaction of
leading and following is reminiscent of which major leadership approach?
A. trait approach
B. leader–member exchange
C. authentic leadership
D. behavioral approach
Ans: B
46. Which of the following is the best synopsis of the leadership co-created process
model?
A. leaders co-opt the work of followers and highlight it for themselves
B. situations create the opportunities for leaders to emerge and then followers come
along
C. leader characteristics attract certain follower motivations which produce results
D. following and leading behaviors interact to create leadership which produces
outcomes
Ans: D
47. Carsten and colleagues offer several practical perspectives on followership intended
to ______.
A. solve increasing numbers of subordinate conflicts in political organizations
B. advance a complex predictive model of followership with statistical power
C. help people in organizations understand the positive aspects of being a follower
D. teach followers how to capture leadership positions
Ans: C
Answer Location: New Perspectives on Followership
48. An awards committee contacted Robin, the head coach of a collegiate sports team,
to let her know she had been selected for a top honor due to the winning record her
team posted this season. Robin told the committee she was uncomfortable accepting
the award and instead asked if her whole team could be awarded the honor instead.
Robin deeply understands which of Carsten and colleagues’ perspectives on followers?
A. followers get the job done

B. followers challenge leaders
C. followers support the leader
D. followers expose the truth
Ans: A
49. According to Carsten and colleagues, proactive followers ______.

A. are high in the conscientiousness trait
B. place leader goals ahead of company mission
C. support the leader under all circumstances
D. put the organization’s goals ahead of the leader’s goals
Ans: D
50. Before Damon became a high school science teacher this year, he operated a large
landscaping company. The school board was about to spend several thousand dollars
for a new type of grass to be planted in an athletic field. Damon approached the
chairperson of the school board and told her about the limitations of the recommended
grass type and explained how the investment would be unwise. Damon was embodying
which of Carsten and colleagues’ perspective on followers?
B. followers support the leader
C. followers challenge leaders
D. followers learn from leaders
Ans: C
51. You are in a staff meeting when your boss mentions an idea he’s been thinking
about for a while. You love his idea and feel it would benefit the organization. So you
are the first staff member speak up and agree with the boss’s strategy. You are
demonstrating which of Carsten and colleagues’ perspective on followers?
B. followers support the leader
C. followers challenge leaders
D. followers band together
Ans: B

52. Marcia must complete a management trainee program at the financial company at
which she was just hired. As part of the 18 week program, she shadows Ming who is an
experienced project manager. Although Marcia is not directly responsible for the
workload, she is inspired by Ming’s style. Marcia is experiencing which benefit of being
a follower, according to Carsten and colleagues?
A. followers first prove their worth
B. followers challenge leaders
C. followers support leaders
D. followers learn from leaders
Ans: D
53. Which of the following is most accurate about followers?

A. followers can play a harmful role in organizations
B. organizational harm is always the result of leader actions
C. by definition, followers cannot defy leaders
D. followership is an amoral concept
Ans: A
Answer Location: Followership and Destructive Leaders
54. What is the name of the 2005 book by Jean Lipman-Blumen that explored the
question ‘why do people follow bad leaders’?
A. first followers
B. leaders eat last
C. the art of followership
D. the allure of toxic leaders
Ans: D
55. Lipman-Bluman argues that unhealthy followership is caused by subordinates’

needs to feel all of the following except ______.
A. safe
B. unique

C. goal-driven
D. a sense of community
Ans: C
56. Lipman-Bluman argues that a person with a very strong need to have a reassuring
authority figure in their life ______.
A. will certainly rise to a leadership position
B. is vulnerable to following abusive leaders
C. becomes an exemplary follower
D. is a pragmatic follower
Ans: B
57. Without much warning, Carla’s parents sent Carla to a boarding school 400 miles
away. Carla felt completely off balance and unsure in her new environment, knowing
none of the other students or the norms of the school. She followed along with the
rigorous work schedule, unreasonable rules, and constant criticism from teachers.
Caroline was susceptible to this abusive environment due to which psychological factor
outlined by Lipman-Bluman?
A. need for security and certainty
B. need to feel special
C. need for inspiring leaders
D. fear of failing
Ans: A
58. Which of the following is not one of the psychological factors that contributes to
follower susceptibility to toxic leaders, as outlined by Lipman-Blumen?
A. fear of ostracism
B. fear of powerlessness to challenge a bad leader
C. knowledge of what inspiring leadership should feel like
D. need for membership in the human community
Ans: C
59. According to Lipman-Blumen, leaders who have dysfunctional personal

characteristics and engage in destructive behaviors are known as ______ leaders.
A. alluring
B. toxic
C. charismatic
D. authoritarian
Ans: B
60. Destructive leaders such as Hitler and those who lead White supremacy groups
gain followers because they prey on people’s psychological need to ______.
A. become well-known
B. feel secure
C. feel powerless
D. feel chosen or special
Ans: D
61. Brandon is a volunteer leader on his church’s human relations committee which is
charged to oversee staff job performance. Over the past year, Brandon has watched the
senior pastor make selfish decisions, spread ill-will about the music leaders, and
demand that education groups read only certain books. Brandon is very uncomfortable
with the pastor’s behaviors, but when it comes time for his committee to submit an
annual evaluation of the senior pastor, Brandon gives the pastor a glowing report.
Brandon is likely falling prey to which psychological factor that make him susceptible to
dysfunctional leadership?
A. fear of ethical backlash
B. fear of ostracism and social death
C. need to feel chosen
D. need for security
Ans: B
62. Jacki works as a corporate engagement specialist at an exclusive art gallery. She
reports to Sean, the executive director who is a renowned artist and well-recognized in
the community. For years, Sean been sexually harassing the women who work at the

gallery. Jacki has suffered the treatment for a long time while promoting the gallery and
increasing its funding. One day Sean’s behavior goes beyond what Jacki can handle so,
despite how uncomfortable she is with the risk, she reports him to the board. Jacki is
overcoming which psychological factor that makes people susceptible to dysfunctional
leaders?
A. fear of powerlessness
B. need to feel chosen
C. need for certainty
D. fear of conformity
Ans: A
63. In exclusive clubs and ritualistic groups like fraternities and sororities, followers can
become vulnerable to bad leadership when they are unable to regulate their own
personal need for ______.
A. respect
B. authority
C. belonging
D. power
Ans: C
64. The psychological need followers have for membership in the human community is
most closely aligned with the notions of ______.
A. purpose in Authentic Leadership
B. individualized Consideration in Transformational Leadership
C. achievement-orientation in Path Goal Theory
D. in-groups and out-groups in LMX
Ans: D
65. Followership as an area of study is considered ______.

A. in its early stages
B. fully developed
C. unnecessary due to robust leadership models
D. controversial
Ans: A

Answer Location: How Does Followership Work?
66. One of the key benefits of studying followership is that ______.

A. it reaffirms the importance of leaders
B. it elevates the importance and value of followers
C. it explains the necessary power differential between leaders and followers
D. existing leadership theories can now be debunked
Ans: B
67. The textbook makes the argument that ______.

A. the study of followership is less important than the study of leadership
B. the study of followership is just as important as the study of leadership
C. the study of followership is a 21st Century fad that will soon end
D. the study of followership is more important than the study of leadership
Ans: B
68. Followers will oftentimes become passive and inactive around toxic leaders because
______.
A. followers in a toxic leader situation are simply waiting for the right time to take over
B. the majority of all followers are bystanders according to Kellerman
C. followers fear losing their security and sense of community with the group
D. most followers are not energetic by definition
Ans: C
69. Followers can most accurately be described as ______.

A. people who have less power than the leader but are critical in the leadership process
B. people who do not innately have the capacity to become leaders themselves
C. people who are not motivated to step up into leadership roles
D. more passive and introverted than leaders
Ans: A

70. Categorizing followers into different types is helpful because ______.

A. followers of the same type can be placed on teams together
B. leaders use follower types to justify destructive behavior
C. it helps us understand the ways people act when they are in followership roles
D. the typologies, taken together, provide a consistent predictor of organizational
performance
Ans: C
71. The fact that recent leadership literature has now focused more explicitly on
followership than ever before is considered ______.
A. a weakness of followership studies
B. a strength of followership studies
C. a conflict with leadership studies
D. a scholarly trend on the decline
Ans: B
Answer Location: Strengths
72. Some of the current followership literature challenges us to take leadership ______.
A. to a global level
B. in a new direction
C. more seriously
D. off its pedestal
Ans: D
73. From a relational-based perspective, the new followership literature encourages us

to view leadership as ______.
A. a process where power differentials should be underscored
B. a position that more followers should strive toward
C. a co-constructed process wherein followers and leaders share equally
D. the vantage point from which follower roles are determined
Ans: C

74. A weakness of the study of followership is ______.

A. leadership scholars and followership scholars will never see eye to eye
B. its extreme focus on predictive statistical models
C. followers are not important in real world organizations
D. little empirical research has been conducted on the topic
Ans: D
Answer Location: Criticisms
75. The leader-centric orientation of our world is considered ______.

A. a strength of followership studies
B. a weakness of followership studies
C. irrelevant to followership studies
D. important only in non-Western contexts
Ans: B
Answer Location: Criticisms
76. Followership research is about ______.

A. how and why followers respond to leaders
B. how followers can acquire traits to become leaders
C. challenging the validity of leadership theories
D. helping corporations achieve better bottom line results
Ans: A
Answer Location: Application
77. Which of the following is not accurate about the study of followership?
A. it expands our understanding of what contributes to organizational success
B. it helps us appreciate the critical and complex role followers play
C. it has a longer, richer history than the study of leadership
D. it can help us understand why some people follow toxic leaders
Ans: C

78. Training and development programs in followership are ______.

A. widely available in the consulting industry
B. currently more popular than leadership training programs
C. all based on the work of Barbara Kellerman
D. are not popular programs currently but are predicted to become more important
Ans: D
79. When applied to organizational life, knowledge about followership can help leaders
by viewing each follower uniquely and adjusting the leadership style accordingly. Put
this way, studies of followership are closely aligned with all of the following leadership
theories except ______.
A. transformational leadership
B. leader–member exchange
C. behavioral approach
D. adaptive leadership
Ans: C
80. Early research on followership resulted in a series of ______ which form the building
blocks for additional theory building.
A. case studies
B. typologies
C. autobiographies
D. psychometric instruments
Ans: B
Answer Location: Summary
True/False
1. The literature on followership offers elegant theories of how the followership process
works.
Ans: F

2. Kelley framed notions of followership in a negative light.

Ans: F
3. In the proposed theoretical model of followership by Uhl-Bein, follower traits are

included.
Ans: T
4. The followership approach is both descriptive and prescriptive in nature.

Ans: T
Answer Location: Strengths | Summary
5. Effective followers recognize their relative powerlessness but do not let that prevent
them from challenging a leader when necessary.
Ans: T
6. A recently proposed theory of followership includes followership characteristics,

leader characteristics, followership and leadership behaviors, and followership
outcomes.
Ans: T
7. Followers can create contexts for the rise of destructive leaders.

Ans: T

8. According to Kelley’s model, a “star” follower is both active and dependent.

Ans: F
9. The “reversing the lens” theoretical framework highlights the impact of followers on
the followership process.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Reversing the Lens
10. A follower’s degree of activity or engagement has been one of the most consistent
constructs to examine in multiple followership studies.
Ans: T
Answer Location: The Zaleznik Typology | The Kelley Typology | The Kellerman
Typology
Short Answer
1. Give the definition of followership as presented in your textbook.

Ans: Followership is the process whereby individual(s) accept the influence of others to
accomplish a common goal.
2. Name the types of followers according to Kelley’s typology.

Ans: Alienated, Passive, Conformist, Pragmatist, and Exemplary

3. Name two psychological factors that explain why some people are susceptible to
following destructive leaders.
Ans: Students should name two of the following: Need for reassuring authority figures;
need for security and certainty; need to feel chosen or special; need for membership in
human community; fear of ostracism, isolation, and social death; fear of powerlessness
to challenge a bad leader.
4. Carsten and colleagues offered new perspectives on followers that cast followers in a
positive light. Name three of those positive facets of being a follower.
Ans: Students should answer with three of the following: Followers get the job done;
followers work in the best interest of the organizational mission; followers challenge
leaders; followers support the leader; followers learn from leaders.
5. What are the two ways of theorizing about followership?

Ans: Reversing the lens and leadership co-created process
Essay
1. The word “leader” is not used in the textbook’s definition of followership. Why not?
Explain your thinking.
Ans: The term “leader” is not explicitly used in the definition of followership as presented
in the textbook to recognize the notion that when people are in groups, leadership can
emerge from anywhere. In this sense, a single person can be a follower in the group in
one context and in another context may step up and take a leadership role. The
flexibility in the definition allows for these leader/follower roles to be played dynamically
versus viewing group members in fixed positions.
2. Think of a workplace or organization within which you have been a follower recently.
Using one of the followership typologies from the text and its associated dimensions,

name what type of follower you are. Use examples of your behavior and a leader’s
behavior to support your claim.
Ans: Answers will vary. Students should describe a scenario that highlights their
follower role in a specific organizational context. Within the example, they should
describe both the leader’s behavior and their own behaviors. Students should choose
one of the major typologies in the text (Zaleznik’s, Kelley’s, Chaleff’s, or Kellerman’s)
and match the behaviors they described to the associated follower types. The
appropriate dimensions (axes) should be somehow described in their answer (e.g., if
choosing Kelley, the student’s answer should include their level of passivity/activity and
dependence/independence; likewise for the other typologies).
Answer Location: The Zaleznik Typology | The Kelley Typology | The Chaleff Typology |
The Kellerman Typology
AACSB Standard: Self reflection
3. Create your own original typology of followership. How many dimensions would it
include, and what are those dimensions? Name and describe each of the resulting
types of followers.
Ans: Answers will vary. Students will likely create one, two, or even three dimensions
along which to chart follower behaviors. Most likely those dimensions will include
concepts such as level of activity, level of engagement, frequency of communication,
presence in the group, degree of input, relationship, etc. Other (opposing) dimensions
may include concepts such as level of challenge, creativity, analysis, reflection, critique,
and evaluation. Other unique dimensions might be degree of constructive (good) or
destructive (bad) leadership, other situational or contextual factors outside the follower’s
own behavior. Likewise, the various plot points along the continuum, two-dimensional
grid or three (or more) dimensional matrix should be named, briefly described and
accurately applied.
Answer Location: Followership Typologies
4. The Leadership Co-Created Process model has four elements. Describe those
elements and describe how the elements are related.
Ans: The leadership co-created process model is really meant to describe the
importance of followers. The four elements include leading behaviors, following
behaviors, leadership, and outcomes. The model starts with following behaviors and
leading behaviors in mutual or reciprocal interaction together. Leading behaviors are
attempts to influence and use various types of power. Following behaviors involve
giving power to another, complying, and/or challenging. These leading and following
behaviors have a mutual influence on each other and leadership is what occurs as a
result of that interaction. This ‘leadership’ process is then said to produce outcomes.

5. What conditions will it take for research on followership to become as popular as

research on leadership? Consider global, cultural, or societal conditions.
Ans: Answers will vary. Students may acknowledge that followership research is in its
infancy and, unlike leadership research, lacks formal theories based on empirical data.
However, interest in followership is growing. Students may discuss various changes
occurring in society that are putting followership in a brighter spotlight. Those changes
include the evolution of organizational hierarchies into flatter dimensions where
positional, authoritative leadership is falling out of fashion and leadership is shared.
That is, with the rise in our knowledge that ‘good’ leadership is relational (with
contemporary follower-focused frameworks such as Transformational, Servant,
Authentic, and Adaptive leadership), it is more likely that the other side of the leadership
equation--followership--is next to be studied. Another factor is globalization and the
mixture of various cultures inside organizations, especially cultures with a collective ‘we’
orientation that value the good of the group and those cultures that may be less leader-
centric. Finally, students may discuss the rise in our awareness of toxic leaders in
various domains around the globe and how fields such as politics, business, athletic
administration, and others will be examining the phenomenon of people following
destructive leaders and how followers can influence change.
Answer Location: Chapter 12
AACSB Standard: Written communication
6. Leaders will always be more powerful than followers. Defend or refute.

Ans: Answers will vary. Students who believe leaders are more powerful may point to
just how ingrained most cultures are in putting leaders on a pedestal, perhaps even
invoking human’s relationship with spirituality and religions that are monotheistic.
Students may claim that, by definition, a leader has power over a follower. Students
may further point to evidence of volumes of theories and published research and
popular literature on leadership, leadership training, leadership development--that
leadership is what many societies value. Students may argue that a leader makes a
final decision and is thus more powerful in the end and give examples of coaches,
professors, presidents, and other positional officials who can--with one decision--impact
the lives of dozens or thousands. On the other hand, some students may argue that
followers are more powerful because they are, typically, larger in number than leaders
and hold much more potential for influence. Students may point to emerging theories of
followership that view followers themselves as creating leadership, such that the two
concepts begin to overlap to the point that they may become indistinguishable. Students
may also argue along the lines of various grassroots movements that have caused
major social change in the face of strong or authoritative leaders, using examples such
as the civil rights movements, women’s movement, non-violent independence
movement led by Gandhi, health care for all movement in Obama-era U.S., and so on.

Answer Location: Chapter 12
AACSB Standard: Written communication

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Northouse, Leadership 8e

SAGE Publications, 2019

1. Studying followership helps to ______ our understanding of leadership.

2. The study of followership is meant to ______.

3. The impact of followers on organizations ______.

4. Author Susan Cain suggests organizations need to downplay the glorification of

SAGE Publications, 2019

5. The definitions of leadership and followership in the textbook have elements in

6. Like the concept of leadership, followership is presumed to have a/an ______

8. Your marketing team decides to include Jared in a current project because he is

SAGE Publications, 2019

9. In the relational-based approach to followership ______.

10. Zaleznik’s early typology of followership was designed to ______.

SAGE Publications, 2019

13. A follower typed as compulsive, according to Zaleznik, could be described as

SAGE Publications, 2019

SAGE Publications, 2019

20. Chaleff argues that followers ______.

22. The approach to followership offered by Chaleff ______.

SAGE Publications, 2019

24. Chaleff’s follower style called “partner” is most similar to ______.

26. In Chaleff’s model of followership, an individualist exhibits ______.

SAGE Publications, 2019

28. Kellerman’s typology identifies ______ levels of follower behaviors.

SAGE Publications, 2019

32. These types of followers, according to Kellerman, demonstrate a medium level of

SAGE Publications, 2019

SAGE Publications, 2019

39. A recent conceptualization of followership proposed by Uhl-Bein and colleagues

SAGE Publications, 2019

43. Reversing the lens means ______.

SAGE Publications, 2019

SAGE Publications, 2019

49. According to Carsten and colleagues, proactive followers ______.

SAGE Publications, 2019

53. Which of the following is most accurate about followers?

55. Lipman-Bluman argues that unhealthy followership is caused by subordinates’

SAGE Publications, 2019

SAGE Publications, 2019

59. According to Lipman-Blumen, leaders who have dysfunctional personal

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65. Followership as an area of study is considered ______.

SAGE Publications, 2019

66. One of the key benefits of studying followership is that ______.

67. The textbook makes the argument that ______.

69. Followers can most accurately be described as ______.

SAGE Publications, 2019

70. Categorizing followers into different types is helpful because ______.

73. From a relational-based perspective, the new followership literature encourages us

SAGE Publications, 2019

74. A weakness of the study of followership is ______.

75. The leader-centric orientation of our world is considered ______.

76. Followership research is about ______.

SAGE Publications, 2019

78. Training and development programs in followership are ______.

SAGE Publications, 2019

2. Kelley framed notions of followership in a negative light.