Differential Equations MTH 242

Book:
A First Course in Differential Equations with
Modeling Applications by Denis G. Zill

SP20-BCS-A section
Lecture Objectives

• Discussion on Problems in Last Lecture Exercises

• Homogeneous Equations with Constant Coefficients
• Examples, Exercises
Homogeneous Differential Equations with
Constant Coefficients
Consider a second order differential equation
OR 𝑦 = (𝑐1 +𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 𝑚1𝑥
Example:
 𝑦 ′′′ + 2𝑦 ′′ − 5𝑦 ′ − 6𝑦 = 0
Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 , 𝑦 ′ = 𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑥 , 𝑦 ′′ = 𝑚2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 , 𝑦 ′′′ = 𝑚3 𝑒 𝑚𝑥

𝑚3 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 2𝑚2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 − 5𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑥 − 6emx = 0

𝑒 𝑚𝑥 𝑚3 + 2𝑚2 − 5𝑚 − 6 = 0

𝑚3 + 2𝑚2 − 5𝑚 − 6 = 0
 𝑚3 + 2𝑚2 − 5𝑚 − 6 = 0

To solve this we use synthetic division

Let 𝑚 = 1 1+2−5−6=8≠0

Let 𝑚 = −1 −1 + 2 − 5 − 6 = −10 ≠ 0

Let 𝑚=2 8 + 8 − 10 − 6 = 0

Then one root is 𝑚 = 2 then we can find other root as:

• 2 1 2 −5 −6
2 8 6
-------------------------------------------
1 4 3 0

𝑚2 + 4𝑚 + 3 = 0
𝑚2 + 3𝑚 + 𝑚 + 3 = 0
𝑚 𝑚+3 +1 𝑚+3 =0
𝑚+3 𝑚+1 =0
𝑚+3=0 ,𝑚+1=0
𝑚 = −3 , 𝑚 = −1

All roots are 𝑚 = 2 , 𝑚 = −3 , 𝑚 = −1 are distinct

𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 −𝑥 (1)
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 − 3𝑐2 𝑒 −3𝑥 − 𝑐3 𝑒 −𝑥 (2)
𝑦 ′′ = 4𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 9𝑐2 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 −𝑥 (3)

𝑦 0 =0
 0 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 + 𝑐3 (4)
• 𝑦′ 0 = 0
0 = 2𝑐1 − 3𝑐2 − 𝑐3 (5)

• 𝑦′′ 0 = 1
1= 4𝑐1 + 9𝑐2 + 𝑐3 (6)

• Subtract (6) from (4) and add (6) in (5)

• −1 = −3𝑐1 − 8𝑐2 (7)

• and 1 = 6𝑐1 + 6𝑐2 (8)
• Multiply (7) by 2 and then add in (8)

−2 = −6𝑐1 − 16𝑐2
1 = 6𝑐1 + 6𝑐2
Adding we get

1
−1 = −10𝑐2 then 𝑐2 =
10
From (7) −1 = −3𝑐1 − 8𝑐2
1
−1 = −3𝑐1 − 8
10
4 1
3𝑐1 = 1 − =
5 5
1
𝑐1 =
15
• From (4),
0 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 + 𝑐3
1 1
0= + + c3
15 10
−1
𝑐3 =
6
From (1)
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 −𝑥

1 2x 1 −3x 1 −x
𝑦= e + e − e
15 10 6

Exercise 4.3 Questions 1-42