16/02/2016

Compendium 2
How do cells do what they
do?
Lecture 2 of 4 – Epithelial
tissue
HUMB1000 Human Structure & Function
Dr Ajanthy Arulpragasam
Building 308, room 208
9266 3358
hsf100@curtin.edu.au

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Compendium 2 learning outcomes

• List the major cell organelles and briefly describe their functions.
• Distinguish between the cytoplasm, cytosol, and cytoskeleton.
• Describe the structure of the cell (plasma) membrane.
• Define the four different types of primary tissues.
• Define the main characteristics of epithelial tissue.
• Describe the different cell shapes of epithelia.
• Define simple, stratified, pseudostratified and transitional epithelia
and give an example where each is found including an understanding
of why (functionally) it is found in this location.

Recap from compendium 1

Smooth muscle tissue

Wall of urinary bladder

Epithelium

Connective tissue
Urinary bladder
Smooth muscle tissue

Connective tissue

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Histology
• Study of tissues

Preparation of tissue
(1) Removal of tissue from the body via a biopsy or autopsy
(2) Fixation of tissue
(3) Embedding of the tissue
(4) Slicing of the tissue and mounting tissue on a slide
(5) Staining and viewing using a microscope

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Haematoxylin and Eosin

• Abbreviated to H & E
• Nuclei are stained purple (from haematoxylin) whereas other cell
structures, including the cytoplasm, are stained pink (eosin)

Points to consider when viewing histological

images:
1. The plane the tissue has been cut in

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Points to consider when viewing histological

images: the brain
1. The plane the tissue has been cut in

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http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/kinser/BrainInfo.html

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Frontal or coronal Transverse or horizontal Sagittal or median

Points to consider when viewing histological

images:
1. The plane the tissue has been cut in

2. The magnification of the image

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Points to consider when viewing histological

images: magnification - skin

100 x

2x 10 x 20 x
http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/

Points to consider when viewing histological

images: magnification - ileum

2x 4x 40 x 100 x
http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/

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Primary tissues
• All organs in the body contain all four primary tissue types:
• Epithelial tissue covers
• Connective tissue support
• Muscle tissue movement
• Nervous tissue control

Epithelial tissue 1
• Also known as epithelium (ep-ee-thee-lee-um)

Characteristics of epithelial tissue:

• Covers and protects
• Covering and lining epithelium
• Glandular epithelium
• Distinct cell surfaces
• Free surface
• Lateral surface
• Basal surface a.k.a. basement membrane or basal lamina
• Avascular but innervated
• Ability to regenerate

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Epithelial tissue 2

Epithelial tissue classification

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Simple squamous epithelium 1

Simple squamous epithelium 2

• Squamous (skwa-muss)
• Single layer of flattened cells with sparse cytoplasm

Functions:
• Diffusion, filtration and some secretion

Some locations:
• Air sacs of lungs, kidney
glomeruli, serous membranes of
pleura, pericardium and peritoneum

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Simple cuboidal epithelium 1

Simple cuboidal epithelium 2

• Single layer of cubed-shaped cells. Some of these cells have microvilli
or cilia

Functions:
• Absorption, secretion and movement

Some locations:
• Kidney tubules and terminal
bronchioles

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Simple columnar epithelium 1

Simple columnar epithelium 2

• Single layer of column-shaped or tall cells with round to oval nuclei.
Some cells have cilia

Functions:
• Absorption, secretion and movement (similar to simple cuboidal!)

Locations:
• Intestines, stomach, fallopian tubes
and lungs

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Transitional epithelium 1

Transitional epithelium 2
• Resembles stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal cells
depending on its state

Functions:
• Accommodate changes in fluid volume of the
organs

Locations:
• Urinary bladder, ureter and upper
part of urethra

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Stratified squamous epithelium 1

Usually a
protective role

Stratified squamous epithelium 2

• Basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and become progressively flatter
(i.e. squamous) as you move to the surface. Several layers of cells
• Keratinized (care-ruh-tin-iced)
• Non-keratinized
Functions:
• Protection against abrasion and loss of water

Locations:
• Keratinized: sole of feet, palm of hands, skin
• Non-keratinized: mouth, oesophagus, anus
and vagina

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Stratified cuboidal epithelium 1

Stratified cuboidal epithelium 2

• Several layers of cubed-shaped cells. Rare tissue

Functions:
• Absorption, secretion and protection

Locations:
• Ducts of sweat glands, ducts of salivary
glands and developing ovum

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Stratified columnar epithelium 1

Stratified columnar epithelium 2

• Several layers of column-shaped cells. Also a rare tissue

Functions:
• Secretion and protection

Locations:
• Ducts of mammary glands, larynx and part of
the male urethra

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Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium 1

Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium 2

• Single layer of column-shaped cells with differing heights
where some cells may not extend all the way to the surface.
Nuclei are all over the place and cells are ciliated

Functions:
• Secretion and movement

Locations:
• Pharynx, trachea, male’s sperm carrying ducts

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Exceptions to the rule

• These cells do not exist….
• Simple transitional

• Stratified transitional

• Pseudostratified squamous
• Pseudostratified cuboidal
• Pseudostratified transitional

Compendium 2 questions
• What makes up the environment of a cell?
• What are the main organelles inside a cell and what is their function?
• What happens to a cell if an organelle stops working?
• Are all cells in the body the same?
• What are the four primary tissue types?
• What are the general characteristics and functions of epithelia?
• Where are epithelial tissues found?
• What are the types of cell surface modifications found in epithelia and what functions do these have?
• What are the 3 types of simple epithelia? Give an example of where they are found and how are they adapted for their specific functions?
• What are the two main types of stratified squamous epithelia? Give an example of where they are found and how are they adapted for
their specific functions?
• What are the general characteristics of connective tissue?
• How do the general characteristics of connective tissues compare with those for epithelia?
• Name the 3 types of muscle found in the body and briefly describe their functions?
• What are the general characteristics of nervous tissue?

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