“ Digitization and Preservation of Manuscript (LIBRARY

AND INFORMATION
SCIENCE)”

A
PROJECT REPORT

Submitted to the Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati in the Partial Fulfilments Of the
requirement for the Degree of Master of Library and Information Science

Submitted By

Mr . Shivshankar J. Lahudkar

(M. L. I. Sc. Student)

Under the Guidance of

Dr. Vaishali P. Gudadhe

HOD

Department of Library and Information Science SantGadge Baba

Amravati University, Amravati.

Department of Library and Information Science Sant Gadge

Baba Amravati University, Amravati.
2019- 2020

ii
 CERTIFICATE

This is certify that Mr . Shivshankar J. Lahudkar has submitted the project Report entitled
“Digitization and Preservation of Manuscript” Department in Sant Gadge Baba Amravati
University, Amravatiin a partial fulfilment of the award of degree of Master of Library and
Information Science.
He carried out this project work under my supervision and guidance.

Date: Guide
Place: Amravati Dr. Vaishali P. Gudadhe
HOD

P.G.Department of Library and Information Science

Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati.

iii
 CERTIFICATE

This is certify that Mr . Shivshankar J. Lahudkar studying in the master of library

and information science (M.L.I.SC.) in the year 2019- 20 in the Department of Library and

Information Science. She has Successfully Completed this Project Report entitled,

“Digitization and Preservation of Manuscript” at Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University,

Amravati.

Based on the syllabus and given satisfactory account of it in his project report.

Date: Head
Place: Amravati Dr. Vaishali P.Gudadhe
Departmentof Libraryand Information science, Amravati.
 DECLARATION

I hereby, declare that this Project Report is the result of my own research work entailed

“Digitization and Preservation of Manuscript”is an outcome of my original Research work under

the guidance of Dr. Vaishali P.Gudadhe, P.G Teaching Department of Library and Information

Science, SantGadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati and I am submitted the same as a requirement

for the award of the degree of Master of Library Science.

I also declare that this research project report or the part of the work has not been

previously published or submitted anywhere for the same degree of any university.

Place: - Amravati Mr . Shivshankar J. Lahudkar

(M.L.I.Sc.Student)
Date: -
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I should express my deep and sincere thanks to respected Guide Dr.
Vaishali P.Gudadhe P.G .Teaching Department of library and information science, Sant
Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati for encouraging, positive and constructive
guidance without which the completion of this project report would not have been possible
She continuously supervised my work with utmost care and she spared her valuable time
for guiding me whenever, I approached her.

With respect, I am highly thankful to Dr. Vaishali P. Gudadhe, Head of Library and
Information Science department. Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, and Amravati for
providing necessary facilities.

I also indebted to Mr. Ravindra D. Sarode, Assistant Professor, Library and

Information Science, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati for his help and moral
support.

I give my sincere thanks to all the lecturers of department of library &

information science C.H.B. for their kind co- operation.

I am grateful to each and every member of my family for giving inspiration and
helping me for the completion of the work.

I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all my friends especially for providing their timely
and needed help. I am equally grateful to all who remember their valuable services, directly or
indirectly in assisting me to complete my research project report.

Place: Amravati Mr . Shivshankar J. Lahudkar

(M.L.I.Sc. Student)
Date: / /
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Items Description Page No.

PRELIMINARY ITEMS i-v
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1- 8
1. 1 Concept Of E- Learning 1
1. 2 Definition 2
1. 3 What Is E- Module? 2
1. 4 Characteristics Of E- Learning 3
1. 5 Benefits Of E- Learning 3
1. 6 Advantages Of E- Learning 4
1. 7 Disadvantages Of E- Learning 5
1. 8 J- Gate Concept 5
1. 9 E- Resources 5
1. 10 Need Of E- Resources 6
1. 11 Utilities of E- Resources 6
1. 12 Objectives of the Study 7
1. 13 Statement of Problem 7
1. 14 Scope of the Study 7
1. 15 Research Methodology 8
1. 16 Reference Style Use in the Project Report 8
1. 17 Chapterization Scheme 8

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 9- 25

2. 1 Introduction 9
2. 2 Source of Information 9
CHAPTER 3 INTRODUCTION ABOUT J- GATE 31- 45
3. 1 Concept And Terminology Of J- Gate 31
3. 2 J- Gate Features And Benefits 31
3. 3 Benefits To User And Library 32
3. 4 J- Gate Products And Services 33
3. 5 J- Gate@Consortia 34
3. 6 Screenshots On Searching J- Gate Database 35- 45

CHAPTER 4 Conclusion 46- 47

Bibliography 48- 52
 INTRODUCTION Traditional libraries were only store house of books. The books were kept in
locked cupboards and access to them was limited. The traditional libraries were static in the
aspect of development. Open access system and preparation of catalogue cards
revolutionized the library and its services. Computers were used in the early sixties by
the libraries for their various operations. Libraries currently have experienced
technological change in information storage and its retrieval. The medium of information
storage has changed from clay tablets, palm leaves to paper and now to electronic and
optical media.

The traditional preservation method constitute of all form of direct actions aimed at the life
expectancy of undamaged or damaged elements of manuscript like mechanical cleaning
solvent cleaning etc .Machine made paper made of wood pulp containing harmful acidic
ingredients that caused deterioration was used.
Preservation ensures that people present and future will have access to the information that
constitutes the documentary heritage. In terms of preservation, digital conversion can
certainly extend the life of a particular artifact. The use of original can be restricted and a
high quality surrogate can be provided. Digitization enhances access to the artifact. as its
image can be seen on the web by users all over the world. In addition to this it can be sent for
offline viewing using a higher resolution uncompressed master file.

I.

India has a rich culture which lies in the ancient manuscripts. An information which is
hand written is called manuscript, it can be created by one or more people. Manuscripts have
the basic historical proof and have great value of innovation. Libraries and manuscripts play
a significant role in convening, maintaining and providing access to the heritage of the
country. It is all possible only through with the introduction of digital technologies. To meet
the technological challenges and to cope up with the information explosion, libraries,
archives, museums and other heritage institutions have to take responsibility of digitization
work available at cheaper rates .
Nowadays important scientific and cultural information resources are originate, stored, managed in order
and accessed digitally. Most of the cultural and heritage materials are being digitized to provide
immediate accessibility anywhere in the world. But the threat of losing the digitized material is so high
for long term preservation. Hardware and software technology begins to germinate at a fast track. Being
old fashioned, formats, hardware, software, carriers, strategies and standards, digital information may be
lost unless we take care of it. Hence, digital preservation is most crucial for the benefit of the present and
forthcoming generations to access the information. Changes in organizations and their cultural priorities
add risk to continue the approachability and long term preservation of digital resources. Like print based
materials, digital resources cannot sustain until gaps in preservation care. Despite the evidence is
increasing, we need to safeguard and preserve our heritage material but our repositories have been
responding slowly

OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

ix
The objectives of the study are-

To acquire knowledge about the manuscripts and how to preserve them for future use.
a. To facilitate the long term management and preservation of manuscripts.
b. To facilitate new forms of access and use
c. To enhanced access for improving services to an expanding user group.
d. To reduce the handling and use of fragile or heavily used original material and create a backup copy for
endangered material.

x
 I. MANUSCRIPT
The documents that are hand written called manuscripts. In India, there is a tradition to
create manuscript in every part of our country in many languages. The word manuscript has
originated from the Latin word “manus” meaning hand. According to Oxford English
Dictionary, old English has the word “manuscribe” to denote writing with one’s own hand, as
opposed to printing. Manuscripts indisputably are priceless resources for the rebuilding of a
unique national culture of the country. This shows their current society and provide important
link to knowledge that comes from culture. Manuscripts exist in various forms apart from
stone, iron and copper encarvings. These are also on parchment, papyrus, vellum, cloth and
paper [4].
For centuries, information has travelled through human beings in various forms. Earlier
information was passed on orally, through handwritten records. After print technology,
manuscripts have been allowing for distribution, eventually evolving into the electronic format
that has revolutionized and come to define the present era of communication and information
technology. Writing of manuscript is a hard and time consuming task that would take many
months to complete. Some manuscripts were considered valuable because they are enriched
with photographs. These pages were usually set with multi colored ink borders, boldly written
or image insertion on full page, enriched with illustrations. Manuscripts may be in loose,
bound or codex form. ‘Paleography’ is used for the study of writing in manuscripts and
manuscript logy is used for the study of manuscripts .

1. Why we need Digitization of Manuscript

In the globalization the world has witnessed rapid changes over the last decade, increased
competition and technological advances. The development of information technology and
communicating system has brought revolutionary changes in the organization and
management of information. Digitization is a process through which extension and
enhancement of information storage and retrieval systems that manipulates digital data in any
medium (text, images, sounds, static or dynamic images) and exist in distributed networks.
Digitization is necessitated for both accessibility and preservation. In this sense, we can say
that, digitization of manuscripts is the only way to exchange cultural heritage to the
communities.
1. Area of the Study

Considering the importance of digitization in the present day context, the study is intended to
show the prospects of digitization in Riddhapur Library.

It is essential to carry out the preservation and conversation works of manuscripts in

Riddhapur Library for future posterity.

1. Factors Responsible for Digitization:

According to Becker, seven technological advances have created the environment for
digitization.
a. PCs are much more cost effective and powerful in comparison to a few years ago.
 b. Scanning technologies have become cheaper and better, allowing computers to convert manuscripts,
pictures and color photos into digital files.
c. Storage technologies have improved in terms of price and physical space required.
d. The rapid growth of internet, which provides ever widening access to the digitized information.
e. The emergence of more widely accepted standard protocols.

2. Presently, libraries are linked through networks of various types. The changes brought by
advancement in technology have been so extensive that it is difficult to assess their total
effect but it is clear that libraries are in state of fundamental transformation from
manual to electronic, digital and virtual library.
9.1 Advantages of Digitization

 Remote access: Digitization facilitates any where access to its collections according to the users need.

 Multiple accesses: - One of the most important advantage digitization is multiple access documents. If a
book is in physical format, then it can be handled by only one person in the specific period, but through the
digitization process, it can access the specified document by several users at a time.

 Preservation and Conservation: Digital reproduction and visually immortal, minimizes handling of
originals, reconstruction using image processing techniques, use of life size print reproductions for
conservation.

 Dissemination and promotion: Dissemination of knowledge & culture via the internet is a 21st century
phenomenon.

DIGITAL PRESERVATION
Digital preservation strategies and practices address, contribution of information, integrity
and preservation. Different ways of preserving information in a variety of data formats and
structures are office documents, e-books, databases, e-mail, websites, images, engineering
drawings, and scientific datasets. Preservation formats should be free of any cryptography
and compression techniques. Their details should self contained, and also should be as
independent storage media In the present scenario, digital preservation has two aspects
i.e. preservation of materials that came into being in a digital
form and the other is preservation of printed documents and rare manuscripts through
digitization. Digital preservation provides global approachability to any form of documents.
Two processes are generally followed for digital preservation- first one is making an image file
of the document and the second one, is to scan the document and then use Optical Character
Recognition process for creating the error free text file. After that these files may be stored in
secondary storage devices [4].
Digital Preservation is a set of procedures and activities that ensure continued approach to
information, existing records, scientific and cultural heritage which are available in digital
formats. This include the preservation of materials which is the outcome of digital formatting,
but information that came into being in digital form has no analog pattern. Certain difficulties
are present in the way which came into being in digital form. A digital object requires
preservation on continuous basis because this material does not show advanced degradation
signs, as print or other material like books and hard copies. The processes that are invisible
such as bit rot can lead to un-repairable damage [2].

IX. BENEFITS OF DIGITAL PRESERVATION

By digital preservation one may access through internet and this will be available 24x7. The
main benefit of digital preservation of manuscripts are that, the information can be retrieve by
using keywords and there will be no space problem for storage of collection. Also online
resource sharing is possible through digital preservation [4].

IX. THREATS TO DIGITAL PRESERVATION

The threats to digital preservation are due to lack of trained staff, proper funds, resources
and concerned department have no desire to learn about the digitization of manuscripts. Lack
of information of library staff about the digitization is another threat to digital preservation
[4].
IX. GUIDING PRINCIPLE OF NATIONAL MANUSCRIPT MISSION
To preserve manuscripts for future is the main objective of the National Manuscript
Mission. To fulfill this objective National Manuscript Mission is applying Information and
Communication Technology to convert all manuscripts and rare books in digital form. But the
problem faced by this group is digitization standards. To improve the digitization standards
National Manuscript Mission joined hands with National Information Centre, A premier Govt.
of India IT organization and studied digitization projects that are undertaken by world
libraries. The guidelines affecting image quality file format, storage and access standard for
images [7] are being considered.
IX. PROCESS OF DIGITIZATION Digitization requires a basic process which involves
different sets of hardware and software technologies at each step. The process of converting
documents into electronic format includes the below mentioned steps:
 Acquiring Documents: Digitization work for the collected documents.
 Registration of Documents: Registration of documents should be track down and assign a filename to each
document.
 Scanning: Transforming hardcopy into digital format. There are a few methods of image capturing that are
used within the educational community. The equipment ranges from scanners to high quality digital
cameras, manual book scanners and even robotic book scanners. The most common and accessible image
capture solutions are flatbed scanners, book scanners, high resolution cameras and robotic book scanners.
 Optical Character Recognition: Modifying documents from image to any text version.
 Proofreading and formatting: Refinement and formatting of the document.
 Final version: Adding data and other factors to complete the product [1].
 1. Tools for Digitization
The Hardware and Software tools for digitization are as follows.

3.1 Hardware
a. A Computer with the following Minimum Configuration

Pentium 4 class processor running at 2.0 GHz or higher

512MBminimum memory 160GBHard drive
18"or larger monitor 128MBvideo card
CD-RWand/or DVD-R optical drive
 b. Scanners

Scanners are of various types. Flat bed scanner is the most commonly used.

c. Digital camera
A digital camera uses a light sensitive processor chip to capture photographic images in
digital form on a small diskette inserted in the camera or on flash memory chips. Digital
cameras snap pictures by providing a real digital bit map to read directly into application.

3.2 Soft ware

4 The soft ware required is as follows HTML editor
5 XML editor OCR software Image editor
6 Page layout and design software PDF software
7 OCR:
8
9 The most important software is optical character recognition. OCR or text recognition is
the process of electronically identifying text in a bit mapped page image or set of images
and then creating a file containing that text in ASCII code or in specified word
processing format. OCR is performed in order to make every word in the scanned
documents computer readable and fully searchable without having to key every thing into
the computer manually. OCR technology successfully permits the reading of
documents containing a mixture of fonts in different sizes and styles

10 Image editor
11
12 This program allows saving images in multiple file formats, resizing images, cropping etc.
The best example of this software is adobe Photoshop.

13 PAGE layout and design software. This software has more design features than word
processors. Adobe page maker is one of the software available for this purpose.

14 PDF software
 15
16 PDF is a widely used format .It provides a quick and easy solution for viewing and
downloading the online files. This software is freely available on internet. This formats
popularity can be gauged from the files available on internet.

4.1 Availability
The CDs along with the list is been handed over to the library by the digitization centre. The
cds are checked with the list provided. The manuscripts will soon be available on web opac.
The work has been started. University library is using New Gen Lib software for its library
operations and web opac. The data entry for Sanskrit manuscripts (paper) has been started
the availability can be checked by logging into library’s opac.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Ross (2012) has opined that for the free availability of rare manuscripts, digital
preservation is a valuable source and this will be beneficial for the coming generations [12].
Arora (2009) digital preservation and digitization both are the same in many ways. Main
goal of digital preservation is to preserve the rare manuscripts so that users can get the access
easily. In India, since 1980, the main goal of libraries is digitization and preservation of rare
manuscripts so that these may subscribe the e-resources and other services [3].
Devi (2008) in Manipur, because of rot and inappropriate handling they are losing rare
manuscripts. With the help of latest technology, we can solve these problems. Through
digitization, libraries not only store and preserve rare manuscripts but also make them
accessible to the users [3].
Varatharajan and Chandrashekara (2007) in India, Digital library activities have been
initiated by many libraries and other such centers. In India, it has developed and preserved the
cultural heritage and traditional resources in many ways, lot of manuscripts and rare books
still remain on palm leaves which needs urgent digitization [3].
Maniatis, Roussopoulos, Rosenthal, Baker (2005) in LOCKSS peer to peer digital
preservation system stressed that rare document should be digitally preserved so that we can
prevent them from damage and with the help of latest techniques keep them in their original
form [6].
Sahoo and Mohanty in Government magazine of Orissa, described that herbs and natural
products used in previous years for the preservation of rare manuscripts, should be used in
future also [9].
About Riddhapur
Shrikshetra Riddhapur is not only the abode of Mahanubhav sects, but also the abode of Marathi literature. The first
manuscript in Marathi, 'Lilacharitra' has been written in this land. Books like Smritisthala, Govindaprabhu Charitra,
Drishtantapath, Sutrapath, Murti Prakara were written here along with Lilacharitra.

This is the holy land where Marathi Sarita originated. Marathi literature is in full swing. This is the land where every
writer, not just a writer, but every Marathi man should put this earthen buck on his head and rest his head on this
sacred historical earthenware.

This soil has been sanctified by the reality of great men like Shri Govindprabhu, Shri Chakradhar Swami, Shri
Nagdevacharya. The genius of wise men like Mahim Bhatt, Keshiraj Vyas, Mahadaisa sprouted in this soil. The idea
of equality was introduced by Govind Prabhu who was born in this soil in the 13th century. Shri Govindprabhu was
the pioneer saint reformer of Maharashtra. He was the guru of Shri Chakradhar. Mr. Chakradhar did not approve of
such things as untouchability in Hinduism, female slavery, meat eating. Since he did not accept the values of the
soul of ethics, Shri Chakradhar founded the Mahanubhav sect in the land of Ridhpur.

Nagdevacharya wrote Lilacharitra Adyagranth not only in Marathi, but also in Marathi Varhadi dialect and gave the
dialect the importance of classical language. He made Sanskrit Pandits speak in dialect. The Varhadi dialect became
the language of the Adyagrantha. Shri Chakradhar carried out literary, spiritual, religious and social revolution in
this village. This was the first attempt to give women equal status with men. He gave the status of scriptural
language to Marathi language from this ground. It was a great literary revolution.

The 14 Sign Scripts of the Mahanubhavas is a great linguistic and calligraphic revolution. He was the pioneer of
non-violence. Mr. Chakradhar created a Marathi language discussion column. Marathi was used for folklore. The
first ancient poetess, Mahdaisa, composed this land. Many wise Pandits like Bhaskar Bhatt, Borikar, Narendra
Pandit, Vishwanath Pandit, Damodhar Pandit, Kashinath Vyas have created stories and poems in this sect. It
produced stories, poems, characters, autobiographies, classical texts, grammar, linguistics, calligraphy, etc. By
rendering philosophy in a scientific way in Marathi, he rejected ritualism and tendencyism and rewarded asceticism.

The flag of Marathi language reached Punjab, Afghanistan from here. This land is sacred and should be revered by
Marathi language lovers.