DRR (Disaster Risk Reduction) focuses on the application of scientific knowledge and the solution of

practical problems in a physical environment. It is designed to bridge the gap between theoretical science
and daily living.

At the end of our discussion, you are expected to demonstrate understanding of the:

1. Concept of disaster

2. Concept of disaster risk

3. Nature of disasters

4. Effects of disasters

Now, let's talk about the rationale of the course. Why is it included in your curriculum? According to
UNICEF, DRR education is about building students’ understanding of the causes, nature and effects of
hazards while also fostering a range of competencies and skills to enable them to contribute proactively to
the prevention and mitigation of disaster. Knowledge and skills in turn need to be informed by a
framework of attitudes, dispositions and values that propel them to act pro-socially, responsibly and
responsively when their families and communities are threatened. Take note of the term that they used -
nature and effects of hazards, not exactly disaster. The aim of the course is more on the prevention and
mitigation of disaster. The challenge of this course lies on the pedagogy.

To make it more practical, the terms in this course are quite familiar. For example, disaster, risk, hazard
isn’t new to us. Knowledge can be learnt from books but if it is to be internalized it needs to be drawn
upon and tested within real life arenas. Skills need to be practiced if they are to be honed. One would not
trust the driver who had learned to drive from a book.

Basic Concept of Disaster and Disaster Risk

Understanding the Concept of Disaster

 Disaster pertains to anything that disrupts the normal functioning of people, events, and
circumstances.
 It may be predicted or unpredicted.

DISASTER = VULNERABILITY + HAZARD

CAPACITY

 A disaster occurs when a hazard impacts on vulnerable people.

 Disaster is the result of the combination of vulnerability and hazard.
 The result of which will be mitigated by the capacity.
 Vulnerability – it pertains to the weakened capability of a person or group of persons to prepare,
manage, and recover from the impact of a disaster.
 Hazard – pertains to any condition or circumstances that endangers a person, thing or situation.
 Capacity – pertains to the capability of the people to reduce the risk of disasters to mitigate its
devasting effects.
  Reducing vulnerability, decreasing hazard in the community, and strengthening the capacity of
the people is the key towards diminishing the effects of disasters.

 Moro Gulf Tsunami (August 16, 1976-Southern Island Mindanao - 5,000-8,000 casualties)
 Tropical Storm Thelma (November 15, 1991-More than 5,000 casualties)
 Typhoon Bopha (December 3, 2012-Southern Island of Mindanao-About 1,900 casualties)
 July 16 Earthquake 1991 Baguio City (1,621 casualties)
 Typhoon Ike (August 31, 1984-Central Island of the Philippines-1,363 casualties)
 Taal Volcano Eruption (January 30, 1911-Batangas-1,300 casualties)
 Eruption of Mayon Volcano (February 1, 1814-Albay-1,200 casualties)
 Guinsaugon Landslide (February 17, 2006-Guinsgaugon, Leyte-1,126 casualties)
 Typhoone Trix (October 16, 1952-Bicol-965 casualties)
 Super Typhoon Yolanda (November 6, 2014)
- Considered as deadliest
- At least 10,000 casualties
- International name Haiyan

()

 Disaster Risk Reduction – refers to systematic efforts to minimize vulnerability and disaster risk to
avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) the effects of hazards.
 Disaster Risk Reduction Activities:
o Building Code Revision and Implementation
o Hazard and Vulnerability Analysis
o Zoning and Land Use Management
o Public Awareness and Education
o Early Warning Systems
 Components of Disaster Risk Reduction Taken before a disaster happens
o Risk Identification – the stage that identifies the hazards; potential threats are identified
based partly on experience and records.
- Necessary in prioritizing targets of mitigation measures.
o Risk Analysis – aims to establish the magnitude and the likelihood of occurrence the
event.
- Necessary in prioritizing target areas of mitigation measures.
o Risk Prioritization – analyzed and identifies priority subjects (hazards, areas and
elements at risk) requiring treatment.
o Risk Treatment – identifies the cause of the risks, identifies and evaluates treatment
strategies, and prepares and implements treatment plans.
o Monitoring and Evaluation – oversees the implementation progress of the disaster risk
management process.
- Conducts periodic investigation of progress and analysis of impact and achievement.
o TO SUM IT UP
- DRR is the concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyze and
reduce casual factors of disasters.
 Reducing exposure to hazards
 Wise management of land and the environment
 Improve preparedness and early warnings
- Disaster Risk Reduction is everyone’s business!!!

()

- DRR activities are part and parcel of the whole effort undertaken before and until long after a
disastrous event.
- The entire array of activities aimed at reducing the severity of impact of the disaster-causing event
which undertaken before, during and after a disaster is referred to collectively as DISASTER
MANAGEMENT.
- Activities lumped together as Disaster Management:
o Pre-event – risk assessment, mitigation or prevention, preparedness.
o Syn-event – emergency response.
o Post-event – recovery, rehabilitation, reconstruction.

What do you think is the most challenging period of a disaster?

- The most challenging period is right after it happens.

- Search and rescue operations will be needed for those who are trapped, isolated or missing.
- The aftermath usually yields many injured people and an environment conducive to many kinds of
disease.

Disaster Management Cycle

Mitigation:

- Land Use Planning

- Land Management
- (Non) structural measures

Preparedness:

- Early Warning
- Evacuation
- Emergency Planning

Post Event:

- Recovery
- Reconstruction
- Rehabilitation
 The aftermath of the disaster is the most challenging.
 Recovery, rehabilitation, and reconstruction require tremendous amount of funds and huge array of
human resources.
 Could the response and post-disaster phases be that big if governments and communities pay more
attention to the disaster risk reduction stage?
 Which requires more resources to accomplish?

(January 15, 2021) LET’S RECALL

PACIFIC RING OF FIRE
 Is a major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
occur.
 CIRCUM-PACIFIC BELT
 Direct result of plate tectonics – the movement and collision of lithospheric plates.

Going Back

 The Philippines hosts frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions because of its position within
the “ring of fire” which is at the edge of the most dynamic tectonic plates.

Moreover

 The Philippines lies along the Western edge of the Pacific Ocean.
 The Natural path of the planet’s fiercest typhoons.

Natural events do not automatically become hazards, much less disasters.

Under what circumstances then do natural phenomena can be considered as hazards? – A disaster
happens when the probable destructive agent, the hazards, hits a vulnerable populated area.
  Vulnerability – refers to factors, such as physical, social, economic, and environmental, that
increase susceptibility to the impact of a hazard.
 Disaster Risk = Hazard * Exposure * Vulnerability
 Exposure and vulnerability are part and parcel of the disaster equation.
 Exposure and vulnerability are DETERMINANTS OF DISASTERS

DIMENSIONS OF EXPOSURE AND VULNERABILITY

 Social Dimension
- Covers a wide range of concerns
- Migration, social groups, health and well-being, education, culture, institutions, and governance
aspects.
- Demography is the most important aspect.
 Economic Dimension
- Includes business interruptions due to accessibility problems, loss of jobs and access to work, and
loss of government income.
 Environmental Dimension
- The physical aspects
- Location and built structure

Physical Elements Exposed to Various Hazards

 Essential Facilities
- Educational facilities
- Medical and healthcare facilities
- Emergence response facilities
- Government offices
- Places of worship
- Recreational or tourist facilities
- Banks and financial centers
- Market and shopping centers
- Cemeteries
 Industrial and High Potential Loss Facilities and Facilities Containing Hazardous
- Dams and ponds
- Fuel Reservoirs, pipelines, and pumps
- Power generating plants and lines
- Multi-purpose hydropower plants, water tanks, and lines
- Food processing facilities
 Transportation Lifelines
- Highways, bridges, railway tracks, and tunnels
- Bus facilities
- Port and harbor facilities
- Airport facilities and runways
 Utility Lifelines
- Potable water facilities
- Oil and natural gas systems facilities
- Electric power facilities
- Communication facilities

(Jan 18)

VULNERABILITY OF EACH EXPOSED ELEMENT

 Vulnerability is the degree of loss to each element should a hazard of a given severity occur.
– United Nations Development Program.

Social Factor of Vulnerability

 Certain population groups may be more vulnerable than others.

 Health, economic growth, and mobility issues.

Vulnerable Population

- People with disabilities

- Children
- Seniors
- Medication-dependent individuals
- Ethnic minorities
- Incarcerated individuals

Environmental Factor of Vulnerability

 Inability to adapt to changes and to create wealth that may enhance resilience
 Rapid urbanization in hazardous areas.

Economic Factor of Vulnerability

 Susceptibility of individuals, communities, businesses, and governments to absorb or cushion the

effects of a hazard event.

Classifications of Vulnerabilities

 Physical Vulnerability – pertains to the physical aspect of the community, the people, and the
infrastructures.
- Physical Aspect of the community – Pertains to the location of the community. Ex: Located on
Low-lying areas.
 - Physical Aspect of the People – pertains to demographic profile of the people living on a certain
community. It is diverse.
- Physical Aspect of Infrastructures - pertains to the type of houses, building compositions of
bridges and buildings etc.
 Social vulnerability – pertains to the incapability of the community to survive the hostile effects of
threats and disasters.
- Aspects of Social Vulnerability:
o Awareness of the people to disasters.
o The existence of emergency preparedness plan.
o Access to basic social services.
o Customs and traditions.
o Leadership of government officials.
o Optimism in Life.
 Economic Vulnerability – associated with the financial status of people.
- Economic status
 Environmental Vulnerability – the environment and natural resources are truly vulnerable to disasters.

The Magnitude of the Disaster depends on:

 The severity of the natural event.

 The quantity of exposure of the elements at risk which includes lives and properties
 Vulnerability level or quality of exposure

CHARACTERISTICS OF DISASTERS

Those which can hurt you are those which you do not see coming.

 Inherently unexpected or come quickly with little or no warning.

 Create widespread death, injury and property damage.
 Demand beyond the capacity of a government.
 Know no political boundary.
 Require restructured and new responding organization.
 Create new tasks and require more people as disaster responders.
 Render useless routine emergency response equipment and facilities.
 Expose lack of disaster planning, response and coordination.

IMPACTS OF DISASTERS

 Medical effects – traumatic injuries, emotional stress, epidemic diseases.

 Damage to critical facilities
 Disruptions of transportation
 Economic impact
 Global environmental change
 Social and political impact

(Jan 19)

Disaster

Hazard Exposure Vulnerability Risk

Earthquake, storms, People, physical assets, Resistance against It is used
landslides etc. livelihood, environment. hazards (unpreparedness interchangeably
or preparedness) with hazard.
A process, phenomenon The situation of people, The conditions It is different from
or human activity that infrastructure, housing, determined by physical, hazard.
may cause loss of life, production capacities social, economic and
injury or other health and other tangible environmental factors or
impacts, property human assets located in processes which increase
damage, social and hazard-prone areas. the susceptibility of an
economic disruption or individual, a community,
environmental assets or systems to the
degradation. impacts of hazards.
May be single, “Measures of exposure Is multi-dimensional in its It is the product of
sequential or combined can include the number nature, and next to the hazard and
in their origin and of people or types of four dimensions above, vulnerability.
effects. assets in an area. These some authors also include
can be combined with cultural and institutional
the specific vulnerability factors.
and capacity of the
exposed elements to any
particular hazard to
estimate the quantitative
risks associated with that
hazard in the area of
interest.”
Is characterized by its Thus, we can say
“location, intensity or that as the
magnitude, frequency, probability of
and probability hazard increases,
so does the risk
increase. Further,
as the degree of
vulnerability
increases, so does
risk also increases.
  A natural hazard is a natural event that has the potential to harm people and their property.
 A natural disaster is the realization and impacts of a natural hazard, (deaths, injuries, disruption
and damage.)
 What do we know? Some natural hazards will cause a major disaster when they occur.
 Global Natural hazards
1. Floods
2. Severe windstorms
3. Earthquakes
4. Tsunamis
5. Droughts
6. Volcanic Eruptions
7. Landslides
8. Wildfires
 Pacific Ring of Fire Hazards
1. Severe Windstorms
2. Floods
3. Earthquakes
4. Tsunamis
5. Volcanic eruptions
 Asia’s Hazards: China
1. Floods
2. Earthquakes
3. Typhoons
4. Eruptions
5. Landslides
6. Droughts
7. Environmental Impacts
 Asia’s Hazards: India
1. Floods
2. Earthquakes
3. Cyclones
4. Landslides
5. Droughts
 Asia’s Hazards: Japan
1. Floods
2. Earthquakes
3. Tsunamis
4. Typhoons
5. Volcanic Eruptions
6. Landslides
7. Droughts
 Those are some of natural hazards in our region. They are either by rapid or slow onset events which
can be geophysical (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis and volcanic activity), hydrological
(avalanches and floods), climatological (extreme temperatures, drought and wildfires), meteorological
(cyclones and storms/wave surges) or biological (disease epidemics and insect/animal plagues).
 Geological hazards are hazards driven by geological (i.e., Earth) processes, in particular, plate
tectonics. This includes earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. In general, geological extreme events are
beyond human influence, though humans have a large influence on the impacts of the events.
 Meteorological hazards are hazards driven by meteorological (i.e., weather) processes, in particular
those related to temperature and wind. This includes heat waves, cold waves, cyclones, hurricanes,
and freezing rain. Cyclones are commonly called hurricanes in the Atlantic and typhoons in the
Pacific Ocean.
 Hydrological hazards are hazards driven by hydrological (i.e., water) processes. This includes floods,
droughts, mudslides, and tsunamis. Floods and droughts can cause extensive damage to agriculture
and are among the main contributors to famine. The deadliest natural disaster in world history (not
counting pandemics) was the 1931 Central China floods, killing three or four million people.
 Biological hazards are hazards driven by biological processes. This includes various types of disease,
including infectious diseases that spread from person to person, threatening to infect large portions of
the human population.
 Many discussions of natural hazards exclude biological hazards, placing them instead within the
realm of medicine and public health. If biological hazards are counted, then they include the deadliest
disasters in world history, including the Black Death outbreak of bubonic plague in the 1300s, killing
75-100 million people, and the 1918 "Spanish" flu pandemic, a global affair (the name "Spanish" is
due to historical coincidence) killing 50-100 million people. A more recent example is the COVID-19
pandemic.
 An understanding of geographic concepts has been integral for answering questions like where the
virus is more prevalent, where it is more deadly, how fast it moves, and how do we prevent its
spreading? It helps us to see that natural disasters are not always purely natural. Human actions have
been important for both the spread and containment of the virus.
 we cannot prevent hazards from happening. However, we have a control over sa ating demands as
well as capabilities. For a disaster not to happen, a balance between these two is imperative.
(March 22, 2021)

 All of you have been introduced to the various aspects of each hazard, including its prevention,
mitigation, and preparedness measures. However, the fact that casualties and losses continue to
incurred means that inadequacies persist.
 One school of thought suggests that DRRMs effectiveness will always be limited so long as the root
cause of disasters namely POVERTY remains. Our understanding of hazards has gone a long way
but we are definitely far from being able to use the full potential science and technology can offer to
deal with hazards.
 The truth is, science and technology alone will not do the job of risk reduction. A more holistic
approach involving reducing exposure and vulnerability is the key. Remember that the aim of
disaster risk reduction and disaster management is to minimize casualties and other effects of hazards,
in other words, to avoid disasters from happening.
 The huge losses and casualties that had been incurred in past disasters tell us that the level of
mitigation capabilities and level of preparedness of a country are related to the level of its resources.
For a vulnerable country with limited resources like the Philippines. it then becomes a matter of
exploring viable and cost-effective mitigation and preparedness options.
 Traditionally, communities had been perceived as mere victims whose actions are irrelevant during
different stages of disasters. However, this perception had been changed. Thus, we have the so-called
CBDRRM.
 CBDRRM stands for Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management. CBDRRM
empowers the people by recognizing and emphasizing the value of communities and local
organization.
 There are issues with leaving disaster preparedness solely to National Government Agencies. First of
all, NGAs are limited by budget and organizational capability. NGAs cannot also be in a disaster area
right away. Aside from physical presence in potential disaster areas, the people and organizations
recognize and therefore can respond to local problems and needs.
 The community is an endless pool of human resources. CBDRRM can thus tap teeming local
knowledge and expertise readily. Cost-effectiveness and sustainability of activities should be
expected when plans of actions are conducted by the local people.
 Who are the participants in CBDRRM? CBDRRM engages communities not only in DRR but also in
all phases of the disaster management cycle. The task of decision-making and activity implementation
rest primarily on local people and organizations with the national government assuming a supportive
partner's role.

(March 23, 2021)

 HYOGO Framework for Action

- The Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) was the global blueprint for disaster risk reduction
efforts between 2005 and 2015.
- The HFA was adopted in 2005 at the World in Conference on Disaster Reduction, held in Kobe,
Hyogo, Japan.
- Its goal was to substantially reduce disaster losses by 2015 – in lives, and in the social, economic,
and environmental assets of communities and countries.
 RA No. 10121 (2010) – Philippines Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010
- Repealed PD No. 1566 (1978)
- Consolidation of Senate Bill No. 3086 and House Bill No. 6985
- Provides for the development of policies and plans and implementation of actions and measures
which pertain to all aspects of disaster risk reduction and management.
- Focuses on good governance; risk assessment and early warning; knowledge building….
- DRRM Act seeks to adopt “a disaster risk reduction management approach that is holistic,
comprehensive, integrated and proactive in lessening the socio-economic and environmental
impacts of disaster, including climate change, and promoting the involvement and participation of
all sectors and stakeholders concerned at all levels, especially the local community”
 NDRRMC’s
- Backbone of disaster management
- Underlying task is to develop a comprehensive NDRRM Plan and Framework
- Requires DRR programs to be incorporated in development plants at various levels of
government, from national level down to the barangay level
- The DRRM Act revised the National DRRM Fund, which “shall be used for disaster risk
reduction or mitigation, prevention, and preparedness activities” with “30% to be allocated as
quick response or standby fund for relief and recovery programs”
- NDRRM Framework adopted on June 16, 2011
- NDRRM Plan 2011 – 2028 has been released
 - Serve as the primary guide of the country on disaster preparedness.
 Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (LDRRM) Plans
- Developed by the LDRRMOs at the provincial, city and municipal levels, and the Barangay
Development Councils.
- Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (LDRRMO) is created in every province,
city, and municipality and a Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Committee
(BDRRMC) in every barangay.
- LDRRMOs and the BDRRMCs are mandated to organize, train, and directly supervise the local
emergency response teams and the accredited community disaster volunteers (ACDVs).

(Apr 5, 2021)

 Asia Pacific Alliance for Disaster Management (APADM)

- Asia Pacific Alliance for Disaster Management (APADM) is a trans-national disaster aid alliance
that works to facilitate cooperation and understanding between governments, private sectors and
NGOs in the Asia Pacific Region.
- Transfer of knowledge, increasing capacity, sharing of information and best practices for good
governance in preparedness, emergency response and disaster risk reduction will obviously
strengthen the capacity and resilience of individual countries in Asia Pacific as a whole. One of
the features is to strengthening the local capacity in Disaster Management.
 CBDRM
- Community Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM) is an approach of promoting the
involvement of grassroots community disaster risk management at the local level.
- For this, a series of efforts are required that include community self-interpretation of hazards and
disaster risk, reduction and monitoring and evaluation of their own performance in disaster risk
reduction. However, the key to both is optimal mobilization of resources that community has and
has control over and become the integral part of community daily lives (Paripurno, 2006a).
- Understanding is important because grassroots community living with hazards are not helpless
people as the technocrats would refer them. Failure in such understanding will lead to
unsustainable disaster risk reduction at the grassroots level. If disaster risk reduction agendas do
not come from the awareness of local community capacity and community priority, the effort
will not be sustainable.
- CBDRM as a process of disaster risk management that involves active participation of
community at risk in the identification, analysis, management, monitoring, and evaluating
disaster risk in order to reduce their vulnerability and increase capacities.
- CBDRM as the framework of inclusive and sustainable disaster management where community
is involved or facilitated to be actively involved in disaster management (planning,
implementation, monitoring, evaluation) using the most optimal local resources possible and the
least external resources possible.
- CBDRM is also defined as the efforts in empowering community to be able to manage disaster
risk with some levels of involvement of stakeholders or community groups in the planning and
use of local resources for the implementation by the community themselves.
 - A community can constitute of a group and order that is called “association” that hold the values
of “kinship” such as solidarity, commitment, mutuality, and trust (Koentjaraningrat, 1987);
community can also be approached as a descriptive category or set of variables: place, interest,
and attachment or communion (Frazer, 1999). These variables contrast community symbolically,
making it a resource and repository of the meaning and reference to their identities (Cohen,
1985).

(Apr 6, 2021)

 Remember that every local government unit has to present LDRRMP, which covers disaster
management, namely: disaster preparedness, response, prevention, mitigation, rehabilitation, and
recovery at their respective areas. These LDRRMPs are developed at the provincial, city, and
municipal levels and the Barangay Development Councils. It shall be consistent with the DRRM plan
at the national level and other local planning programs.
 The key components of LDRRMPs are assessment of disaster risks, early warning systems,
enhancement of community resilience capacity, reduction of hazards and risks, and preparedness
strategies and activities at all levels.
 Ultimately, a well-prepared plan shall be able to:
1. identify risks and vulnerabilities and correspondingly design interventions to reduce the impact
should the need arise;
2. strengthen the capacity of the communities to understand the disaster management efforts;
3. prepare for and respond to the impact of disasters;
4. reduce their vulnerabilities from identified risk situations;
5. categorize any emergency, factoring in scale, speed of onset, and typology of causal factors; and
6. recognize its own capacity and limitations to response to disastrous events.

 Let's have now the Step-by-Step Guide in Creating LDRRM Plans.

 The DRRM is a systematic management process which identifies and assesses key components
relevant to the continuum of disaster management. It involves identifying organizational resources,
determining roles and responsibilities of involved players, developing policies and procedures, and
planning preparedness activities aimed at ensuring appropriate disaster preparation and effective
emergency response. The planning process, by itself, is a work-in-progress. It attempts to put in place
mechanisms and strategies that strengthen the local capacity of communities to prepare and respond
to the threats of disasters.

Step 1: Establish an information base

- You should have a comprehensive information base to lay out all important references for
disaster planning. The information that you will collate in the initial planning phase will
substantially aid your decision-making and assessment needs along the way. For example,
among the most common information sets present in a municipal DRRM plan (MDRRMP)
include population density, groups of people (i.e., senior citizen, children, and women),
livelihoods, assets, natural resources, and infrastructure. Physical data, which provides an
 overview of the geography and topography of the area, land area, land use, and even profile of
barangays is equally relevant.
- In a nutshell, you may use the following approaches to come up with a comprehensive
information base:
1. Community level assessment — Through participatory vulnerability assessment, you may
obtain first-hand knowledge about local experiences, losses, coping strategies, capacities, and
resilience to the impact of hazards. Since it may be impossible to visit every community, you
may utilize representative sample of communities. The information you will collate shall be
interpreted as your planning starts.
2. Data collection using municipal records — Relevant information may be available from
existing municipal records and published documents. Among these data may be the socio-
economic profile of the municipality, the past hazards and impacts, and event community
discussions about disaster planning.
3. Planning workshop —The planning workshop constitutes the progressive stages of developing
and crafting the LDRRMP. This is aimed at convening key participants who play vital roles in
the planning process. Among them are DRRM officers of the MDRRMC in the case of
municipal level disaster planning.

Step 2: Assess Risks and Vulnerabilities

- Given the pool of information obtained from the exhaustive community-level assessment and
data collection, you must be able to carry out and risk assessment at the local level. There are a
number of mechanisms to organize your analysis. One of the most helpful tools is using a risk
assessment matrix. You may outline your matrix following these steps:
1. List all prevail hazards
2. Provide a historic overview of disasters that hit the area
3. Categorize the severity and frequency of disasters
4. Classify the impact of the disaster into High, Medium, Low, Zero
5. Develop hazard maps

Step 3: Analyze the Capacity of the Community

- Following the exhaustive assessment of the hazards, you should outline the capacities of the
community in coping with disasters and managing disaster needs. You must be able to identify
the gaps of the disaster management at the local level through the level of its capacity or lack
thereof.
- Human capacities, as one of the key points to analyze, refer to the qualities and resources an
individual or community can use and develop to anticipate, cope with, resist, and recover from
the impact of a hazard.
- Human capacities include material resources (i.e., food, animals, cash, tools); social and
organizational capacities (i.e., leadership, previous organizing experience, community-based
organizations and networks); and attitudinal capacities (i.e., beliefs, motivations, work values,
ideas, creativity, and efficacy).
- Among the key indicators of capacity assessment are the following:
1. Early warning and communication;
 2. Rescue equipment and tools (boat, life jacket, ambulances, fire extinguisher etc.);
3. Trained rescue and first aid workers, and fire fighters;
4. Access to natural resources water, forest, and land;
5. Temporary shelter & food storage facilities;
6. Relief materials and distribution mechanisms;
7. Diversified options for livelihoods of people vulnerable to, disasters;
8. Access to service providers, ambulance, security posts, and markets;
9. Present cooperatives, committee, and organizations, among others;
10. Community barren land for temporary shelter;
11. Disaster awareness of community members and political leaders; and
12. Access road to vulnerable communities

- You may assess these capacity indicators using assessment categories such as:
1. Sufficient — shows that the community has the capacity to support itself. For example, they have
adequate number of rescue tools or huge land area for evacuation.
2. Medium — the community has existing capacity, but reinforcement or support may still be
required.
3. Low — the community has existing capacity but is either of poor quality and or insufficient
supply.
4. Zero — the community has no capacity.
5. Not Applicable — the capacity indicator does not apply to the community. For example, supply
of rubber boats does not apply to the needs of a community in a mountainous area. Overall, an
inventory of the capacities of the community is relevant in planning process.

Step 4: Prepare the Disaster Management Work Plan

- After you have laid out an extensive situation analysis and capacity assessment, a work-plan for
disaster management should be laid out. The work-plan should elaborate the hazards and risks
present in the communities, underscore the priority areas based on their vulnerabilities, and
address their identified capacity gaps.
- The work-plan shall take into account relevant measures in the different stages of the disaster
management cycle, essentially: pre-disaster phase, disaster phase, and post disaster phase.

Step 5: Provide the Procurement Plan

- To fully support your work-plan, costs and estimates of projects, programs, and activities that
may require funding must be detailed in the plan.
- Seventy percent of the LDRRM fund, which is intended for disaster prevention and mitigation,
preparedness, response, rehabilitation, and recovery, may also be utilized to procure early
warning systems, preparedness equipment, and other equipment for floods, earthquake, volcanic
eruptions, landslide, and other natural and man-made calamities.

Step 6: Conduct Stakeholder Consultation and Plan Verification

 - The draft plan may be disseminated to relevant government agencies and civil society
organizations at the local level for comment and feedback A consultation workshop can be held
for this purpose. The final plan should incorporate all the relevant comments and feedback that
have been received.

Step 7: Endorse the Final LDRRMP for Approval and Implementation

- The final LDRRMP should be endorsed for approval to the municipal council at the municipal
level. The plan should be approved for inclusion in the local development plans.
- The LGU should submit the plan to the Regional Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council
(RDRRMC) through the Regional Office of the Civil Defense; copy furnished the Regional
Offices of the DILG and the Department of Budget and Management. The plan should be a live
document subject to regular monitoring, review, and testing. Modifications and updates are
necessary to strengthen the local disaster management plan.

(Apr12, 2021)

 At the barangay level, a Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Committee (BDRRMC)
is established under the lead of the barangay chairman. This office serves as the local DRRMC
(LDRRMC) in each barangay, and takes the lead in preparing for, responding to, and recovering from
the effects of the hazards and disasters at their area of jurisdiction.
 Although, the city/municipal DRRMCs are mandated to take the lead should the hazard affect two or
more barangays, the BDRRMCs remain as the forefront in disaster management at their respective
communities. That's the reason why a comprehensive DRRM Plan shall be crafted to address the
needs of each barangay for disaster prevention and mitigation, preparedness, response and
rehabilitation, and recovery. However, the written BDRRM Plan, should not be the main goal of the
community planners.
 Although a well-documented plan will be instrumental in the presentation and of the disaster
management plan, you should focus on the exhaustive planning process. The written plan should
summarize the key decisions, actions, and information you have set out during the process.
 The baseline content of the BDRRM Plan have four components:
1. Executive Summary
- This provides the context of the plan and the overview of the disaster planning the BDRRMC has
undertaken.
2. Analysis and Planning
- Analysis of the barangay's situation including its vulnerabilities and risks and its capacities shall
form part of the plan. Planning which includes the conduct of scenarios and the possible
responses of the barangay should also be discussed.
3. Operation and Management
- The BDRRM Plan should show operational capacity and management procedures of human
resources and assets, supply of relief requirement, logistics, and support.
4. Action Plans
 - The projects, activities, and programs that are proposed to address the gaps raised in the analysis
and planning phase.

Step by step process that will outline the development of a BDRRM Plan:

1. Organize the roles within the community.

- The participation of barangays in the whole of disaster management is underscored in Republic
Act 10121 or the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010.
- Through the Barangay Development Councils (BDCs), the national and LGUs can coordinate at
the barangay level in the event of hazards or stresses. The BDCs, to this end, are mandated to
strengthen its efforts on DRR.
- To realize this, the community should be organized to function with their assigned roles. The
following stakeholders and institutions are identified with the community:
1. Barangay DRRM Council
o The BDRMMC is the planning and implementing arm of the barangay council in disaster
management. It is responsible in developing their respective barangay DRRM Plans
which spell out important activities, programs, and projects for disaster management.
o A BDRRMC should be composed of committees that function in response to key
components of DRRM. For example, Barangay Central Bicutan in Taguig has identified
core committees under its BDRRMC, namely: security, supply, transportation,
communication, warning, rescue, fire brigade, evacuation, camp management, relief,
security, and medical.
o A structured BDRRMC should streamline the responsibilities and deliverables of each
committee. This is aimed at organizing the workflow and strengthening the delivery of
aid in the event of a disaster.
2. Barangay Captain
o Barangay Captain should lead the BDRRMC, the coordination among stakeholders, and
direction and supervision of disaster risk reduction efforts.
3. Barangay Council
o They are the pool of officers responsible for enacting appropriate barangay ordinances
that promote the overall welfare and well-being of its constituents.
4. People’s Organization
o They are responsible for organizing and mobilizing the residents to participate in disaster
preparedness and risk reduction activities.
5. NGOs (Non-governmental Organizations)
o NGOs may facilitate training and capacity building of people's organizations on disaster
preparedness and risk reduction.
6. Residents of the Community
o They are the necessary human resources (less vulnerable groups to comprise disaster
teams) for disaster response activities, such as search and rescue operations, and
evacuation, among others.

2. Assess Hazards and Vulnerability

- To draw a barangay level preparedness plan, you should initially assess the hazards and risks that
prevail in the community, as well as the capacity of the residents to cope and withstand its
impacts.
- There are many mechanisms that can be used to assess the risks and vulnerabilities of a
community. For example, a Geographic Information System (GIS) serves as a risk assessment
tool designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of spatial or
geographical data. A planning workshop that will convene community planners is recommended
in order to conduct exhaustive hazard and assessments.
- Through accurate vulnerability assessments, the barangay council will have relevant information
for decision-making can see capacity gaps that need to be addressed, groups that need support,
and specific areas that need priority. These plans of action should be used in designing the
BDRRMC Plan.
3. Design Community Disaster Plan
- Community-level disaster planning should identify realistic, attainable, and measurable activities
and projects. This encompasses disaster phases such as preparedness, mitigation, emergency
assistance, recovery, and rehabilitation.
4. Disaster Preparedness
- The barangay's disaster preparedness refers to the measures taken to prepare for and reduce the
effects of the disaster to the community. It is measured through their adaptive capacity and
resilience to disasters and hazards.