REVIEW EXAM FOR DRRM:
FILL IN THE PARENTHESIS WITH THE CORRECT
ANSWER. NO ERASURES, NO FRICTION PEN!
TROPICAL STORMS
 A ( ) is a very powerful low-pressure
weather system. It has strong winds and
heavy rainfall that can be disruptive and
dangerous.
 ( ), ( ), and ( )are all types of tropical storms,
they are all basically the same thing but are
given different names depending on where
they appear.
 ( )are tropical storms that form over the
north Atlantic Ocean and northeast pacific;
( )are formed over the south pacific and
Indian ocean and; ( )are formed over the
northwest Pacific Ocean.
 They never cross the equator nor do they
occur near it. Hurricanes and cyclones are
born in waters at least eight degrees north
or south of the equator
 The rotation of the earth sends them off on
a track that arcs away from the equator,
this is because of the ( ). Since the earth is
roughly a sphere, the speed of its rotation is
fastest at the equator and slowest at the
poles.
 When air leaves the poles, its speed
increases as it travels towards the equator.
As a result, the air veers and it doesn't go
straight; this is the Coriolis effect, it is
named after the French mathematician and
physicist ( ).
WHY DO TYPHOONS HAVE A NAME?
 You may also have wondered, “why do
typhoons have a name like the typhoons
Yolanda, Ondoy and Ulysses?” Typhoons
last a long time and are given names so
they can be identified quickly in most
places.
 The first storm of the year will have a name
beginning with a and the next one gets a
name beginning with b so they are named
in ( ) order. Names of storms which cause a
lot of damage such as typhoon Yolanda are
never used again.
HOW DO TYPHOONS FORM?
 Typhoons start off as tropical
thunderstorms, the strong winds pull in
moisture from the ocean. The
thunderstorms convert the moisture into
heat. The heat causes more air to flow to
the center of the storm causing evaporation
of water. All the heat and air flow towards
the eye creating a typhoon.
 Several atmospheric ingredients must come
together to favor the formation of a
typhoon. These atmospheric conditions if
met could cause a typhoon to form; a (1)
pre-existing low-level focus or disturbance,
(2) warm ocean water, (3) low atmospheric
stability (4), sufficient Coriolis force, (5)
humid mid atmosphere and upper
atmosphere divergence, are all important
factors for typhoon formation.
MECHANISMS THAT CAUSE A TYPHOON TO
FORM
 The most common mechanism to cause a
typhoon to develop is the ( ). This is an
extension of the intertropical convergence
zone where cyclonic spin has developed.
The ( ) is a zone of wind convergence of the
northeast and southeast trade winds.
TYPHOON FORMATION BASINS
 Typhoons are caused mostly by the
monsoon trough and six of the seven
hurricane or typhoon formation basins of
the world. The western pacific is the most
active and the northern Indian the least
active, this is why the Philippines is visited
by an average of ( ) typhoons every year
since it is located on the western pacific.
HOW LANDMASS AND BODIES OF WATER
AFFECT TYPHOONS
 In the Philippines, the ( ) acts as a typhoon
barrier, weakening incoming typhoons from
the Pacific Ocean before reaching the
central mainland.
SAFETY MEASURES BEFORE, DURING, AND
AFTER A TYPHOON
BEFORE THE TYPHOON:
1. Typhoon-( ): Storm Shutters, Roofs (4-
side roofs can endure strong winds),
Durable materials, Concrete
2. Prepare a first aid kit
 3. Store ‘no cook’ food
4. Prepare the emergency lights
5. Be updated about latest weather
reports
6. Store an adequate supply of clean
drinking water
7. Pack emergency clothes
DURING THE TYPHOON:
1. DON’T PANIC
2. STAY INSIDE
3. Watch the lighted candles and lamps
4. Turn off the main power switch
5. Store appliances and belongings in
( ) ground
6. Don’t go through floodwaters
7. Avoid the river
8. Beware of electrocutions
AFTER THE TYPHOON:
1. Check your loved ones
2. Boil water for ( ) minutes before
drinking
3. Don’t enter your destroyed house until
it’s safe
4. Report damaged electric cables and
posts to authorities
5. Dry the possible ( )-breeding grounds
TYPHOONS THAT OCCUURRED IN THE
PHILIPPINES
1. Typhoon Haiphon
 When: October 8, 1881
 Where: Northern Luzon
 Impact: 20,000 fatalities
- The most devastating typhoon to ever hit
Philippine shores happened even before the
country gained its independence from Spain.
Haiphong went on to hit the port town of
Haiphong in Vietnam, where it decimated the
town almost completely. Eventually, this
typhoon ended up claiming 300,000 lives,
making it the world’s third deadliest tropical
cyclone ever.
2. Typhoon Yolanda
 When: November 8, 2013
 Where: Visayas region
 Impact: 6,300 fatalities, 1,061 missing; USD
$4.55 billion damage
- Super Typhoon Yolanda had 10-minute
sustained wind speeds of 230 km/h, and 1-
minute sustained wind speeds of up to 315
km/h, causing widespread destruction and
storm surges. The provinces of Samar and Leyte
reported the largest number of fatalities, with
5,877 alone taking place in Eastern Visayas.
3. Typhoon Uring
 When: November 4, 1991
 Where: Visayas region
 Impact: 5,000-8,000 fatalities, 3,000
missing; USD $27.6 million damage.
- Although not technically a typhoon, Tropical
Storm Uring ranks third in the deadliest storms
to ever hit the Philippines. Although its winds
were far from the strongest on record, it did
cause torrential rainfall in many areas of the
Visayas.
4. Typhoon Pablo
 When: December 3, 2012
 Where: Mindanao
 Impact: 1,901 fatalities; USD $1.04 billion
damage
- Typhoon Pablo stands out for being the
strongest recorded tropical cyclone to ever hit
the island of Mindanao, which is often known
for its lack of extreme weather events. It made
landfall as a super typhoon with wind speeds of
up to 280 km/h.
5. Typhoon Angela
 When: 1867
 Where: Philippines
 Impact: 1,800 fatalities
- The next typhoon on our list also has the
particular distinction of being the oldest,
deadliest typhoon to hit the Philippines in
recorded history. Though not much is known
about Angela Typhoon besides the number of
fatalities caused by its arrival, its impact was
large enough on Philippine history to keep the
dubious honor of being the fifth deadliest
typhoon to ever hit our shores.
6. Tropical Depression Winnie
 When: November 27, 2004
 Where: Luzon, Visayas
 Impact: 1,593 fatalities, USD $14.6 million
damage
- While also not technically a typhoon, Tropical
Depression Winnie had the disastrous power of
one due to its rainfall intensity. The heavy  Landslides are caused by disturbances in
rainfall caused by this tropical depression the natural stability of a slope. They can
triggered massive floods and landslides around accompany heavy rains or follow droughts,
the Quezon and Aurora provinces, resulting in
earthquakes, or volcanic eruptions.
huge losses of life and ranking it one of the
deadliest storms to ever hit the country.  The causes of landslides are usually related
LANDSLIDES to instabilities in slopes. Landslide causes
( ) is a movement of mass of rock, debris, or are listed in the following table, and include
earth down a slope. Landslides are a type of geological factors, morphological, physical
“( )”, which denotes any down-slope movement factors and factors associated with human
of soil and rock under the direct influence of activity.
gravity. o ( ) causes:
WHAT ARE THE 4 MAIN TYPES OF LANDSLIDES?  Weathered Materials e.g. heavy rainfall
1. ( )- is a forward rotation out of the slope of  Sheared materials
a mass soil or rock about a point or axis  Jointed or fissure materials
below the center of gravity of the displaced  Adversely orientated discontinuities
mass.  Rainfall
2. ( )- This happens when a section of soil or  Earthquakes
rock suddenly gives a way and moves down o ( ) causes:
a slope. The material moves as a single  Slope angle
mass along a slippery zone.  Uplift
- There are TWO types of slides:  Rebound
o ( ) - A type of slide that move along a flat  Fluvial erosion
slippery zone.  Wave erosion
o ( ) - A type of slide that the surface of  Erosion
rupture is curved upward and the slide is  Erosion of lateral margins
roughly rotational about an axis that is
parallel to the ground.  Slope loading
 Vegetation change
3. ( )- Is a lateral spread or a movement of o ( ) causes:
material sideways. This happens when an  Intense rainfall
earthquake, makes the ground move  Soil Erosion
quickly.  Prolonged precipitation
4. ( ) - Is a slow, steady, downward movement  Rapid drawdown
of slope-forming soil or rock.  Earthquake
 Volcanic eruption
 In the Philippines, landslides are ( )  Ground water changes
common. In mountainous areas, heavy  Soil pore water pressure
rainfall has often triggered landslides in the  Surface runoff
past.  Seismic activity
CAUSE OF LANDSLIDE o ( ) causes:
 Cutting Tree
  Excavation
 Land use (construction of roads)
 Water management
 Mining
 Quarrying
 Water leakage
 Deforestation
 Pollution
LANDSLIDES IN THE PHILIPPINES
 On the night of August 3, 1999, a
massive landslide caused by heavy
rains occurred in Cherry Hills
subdivision in Antipolo, Rizal
province, Philippines that resulted to about
60 death toll and 378 houses buried. This is
one of the deadly landslide that happened
in the Philippines
 Panaon Island, Southern Leyte. Due to
heavy rain on the eve of 19 December 2003,
three simultaneous landslide-events
occurred in three barangays About 154
people died and hundreds of residents were
left homeless.
 Large volumes of eroded soil, rocks,
boulders and vegetative debris materials
filled-up and clogged upstream segment of
rivers, which created an impounding dam
consequently putting pressure on the
ground.
 On the 17th of February 2006, an excessive
amount of rain fell in the days before the
massive rock slide-debris avalanche
occurred in the Philippine province of
Southern Leyte, causing widespread
damage and loss of life. The
deadly landslide. The official death toll was
1,126.
 Landslide in Banue Seven bodies were
recovered while 4 people remain missing a
day after a landslide wiped out a
bunkhouse. So far, there is a survivor who is
in stable condition. Among those who were
initially missing were two engineers of the
Ifugao 2nd District Engineering Office, John
Limoh and Julius Gulayan Jr (November 13,
2020)
 In Camarines Sur, at least 50 houses were
buried in a landslide in the mountainside
town of Sagnay due to flooding, where
emergency workers have recovered 30
bodies, and 22 deaths according to the
municipal disaster office. (Jan 5, 2021)
 The most damaging landslide occurred at a
place called Little Kibungan in La
Trinidad, Benguet province, where 85
people lost their lives when typhoon
“Pepeng” dumped heavy rains that
unleashed landslides (11 October, 2009)
 On 20 September 2018, a
massive landslide devastated Naga City, Ceb
u due to heavy rains.
The Naga City Landslide claimed the lives of
78 villagers and injured 18 while six people
remained missing and are presumed dead.
THINGS TO DO BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER
THE LANDSLIDES
BEFORE LANDSLIDES:
1. ( ) build near steep slopes, close to
mountain edges, near drainage ways, or
natural erosion valleys.
2. Get a ( ) of your property.
3. Contact local officials and request a
professional referral for a very detailed site
analysis of your property.
4. Watch the patterns of ( ). These are areas to
avoid during a storm.
5. Learn about the emergency-response and
evacuation plans for your area. Develop
your own emergency plan for your family or
business.
6. Minimize home hazards
DURING LANDSLIDES:
1. Stay alert and awake. Listen to a Weather
Radio for warnings of intense rainfall.
2. If you are in areas susceptible to landslides
and debris flows, consider leaving if it is
safe to do so. Remember that driving during
an intense storm can be hazardous.
3. Listen for any ( ) that might indicate moving
debris, such as trees cracking or boulders
knocking together.
4. If you are near a stream or channel, be alert
for any sudden increase or decrease in
water flow and for a change from clear to ( )
water.
5. Be especially alert when driving. Bridges
may be washed out, and culverts
overtopped. Do not cross flooding streams,
Watch the road for collapsed pavement,
mud, fallen rocks, and other indications of
possible debris flows.
6. Be aware that strong shaking from
earthquakes can induce or intensify the
effects of landslides.
AFTER THE LANDSLIDES:
1. Stay away from the slide area. There may
be danger of additional slides.
2. Listen to local radio or television stations
for the latest emergency information.
3. Watch for flooding, which may occur after a
landslide or debris flow.
4. Check for injured and trapped persons near
the slide, without entering the direct slide
area. Direct rescuers to their locations.
5. Help a neighbor who may require special
assistance - infants, elderly people, and
people with disabilities.
6. Look for and report broken utility lines and
damaged roadways and railways to
appropriate authorities.
7. Check the building foundation, chimney,
and surrounding land for damage.
8. ( ) damaged ground as soon as possible
since erosion caused by loss of ground
cover can lead to flash flooding and
additional landslides in the near future.
9. Seek advice from a geotechnical expert for
evaluating landslide hazards or designing
corrective techniques to reduce landslide
risk.
EFFECTS OF LANDSLIDE
 Landslides cause property damage, injury and
death and adversely affect a variety of
resources.
 The negative economic effects of landslides
include the cost to repair structures, loss of
property value, disruption of transportation
routes, medical costs in the event of injury, and
indirect costs such as lost timber and lost fish
stocks.  
Additional Info:
 Landslide is a general term referring to all types
of movement, particularly those involving the
mass downhill movement of soil, rock, or snow
due to gravity, including land form that results
from such movement.
 It is a sudden geologic hazard, which can occur
in an instant, as the stability of the slope of the
terrain changes to an unstable condition.
 When we say ( ), these are geologic processes
that may cause the loss of lives, injuries,
damage to property, social and economic
disruption as it may result in the loss of
livelihood, or environmental damage.
 Geologists study two major types of geologic
hazards - sudden and slow. ( ) if it happens very
quickly and with little or no warning. Going back
to landslide, it is a sudden geologic hazard.
Landslides often travel a horizontal distance
that is at most twice the height from where the
material has fallen.
 In the Philippines, ( )% of the land mass is
landslide-prone. That data came from Mines
and Geosciences Bureau of DENR. In the
Philippines landslides become disasters because
 of the high population of Filipino's residing in
landslide prone-areas, partly because these
lands have a lower cost, compared to land in
safer places. As people cannot afford to live
anywhere else, they continue to live in
dangerous places such as steep mountainsides.
 This situation is further aggravated by real
estate developers who continue to build on
these unsafe places, and attract people to avail
of the low-cost housing.
 One unfortunate event is in the Cherry Hills
Subdivision land slide tragedy in Antipolo City in
Rizal Province, in the outskirts of Metro Manila.
Cherry Hills situated in a cut along the Sierra
Madre mountains, approximately 26 meters
into the mountains at its deepest. Cherry Hills
encompassed five hectares with paved roads
and had low-cost housing of hundreds of
families built on it.
 In August 1999, the houses from uphill and its
foundations suddenly slid down the
mountainside killing more than 60 people as the
landslide buried those below in rubble and
mud. In this case, the torrential rainfall of
Typhoon Ising (with International name Olga)
caused a large volume of water to flow down
the mountains, aggravated by deforestation. At
the same time, not only did the cliff collapse but
also the entire foundations of the subdivision
because of the saturated clay that was used
under the foundations.
 ( ) was also an economic activity in the area,
found by geologists to also have contributed to
the landslide. This is also an example of a
geologic hazard of a landslide, caused by a
typhoon hydrometeorological hazard and man-
induced dangers.
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
 A ( ) is a mountain where lava (hot and
liquid rock) comes from a magma chamber
under the ground. Most volcanoes have a
volcanic crater at the top. When a volcano
is active, materials come out of it. The
materials include lava, steam, gaseous
sulfur compounds, ash and broken pieces.
 Where there is enough pressure, it causes
the volcano to erupt. The pressure blows off
the top of the volcano. The magma comes
out, sometimes quickly and sometimes
slowly.
PROCESS OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION
• Volcano is mostly a curve along destructive
and constructive plate boundaries where
plates push together and drag a path.
• ( ) or weaknesses allow magnetic rise up
from the lowest crust, pressure builds
which then releases something, causing the
magma to explode, called volcanic eruption
• Magma reaches to surfaces is called ( ). This
molten lava eventually cools to form new
rock
• After more eruption, every time magma
builds up and form the cone shape volcano
which have the key structure.
• Collection of magma underneath the
volcano forms a hot bubbling furnace called
( ).
• The main vent allows this magma to escape
and secondary vents are the small holes
from which the magma can flow.
• The caved in surface is called the ( ). It
created after eruption blows the top of the
volcano.
• Eruption occurs when pressure forces
magma from the chamber up the main vent
towards crater.
TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION
1. ( ) Eruptions
• these are short meter tall.
• Explosive bursts accompanied by booming
sounds.
• Caused by bursting gas bubble.
2. ( ) Eruptions
• These are much stronger and more
destructive with time.
• Their dome gets damaged.
• Leads to a more continuous lava flow
instead of short bursts of lava.
3. ( ) Eruptions
• The most effective of all eruptions
• These eruptions are caused by very viscous
magma with a high gas content.
• Forming tall columns of gas.
• These eruptions often occur abruptly,
remaining inactive for centuries.
4. ( ) Eruptions
• Its major damage comes from landslides of
ash flowing slopes at high speeds.
• Plinian eruption has tall columns of ash and
smoke.
• It is almost similar to Plinian eruption.
Reasons - There are three dominating theories
to explain what causes a volcano to erupt:
1. ( ) - Due to heat and pressure in the Earth’s
mantle, solid rocks melt, to from magma.
Magma has the same mass as the solid rock, but
more volume, making it lighter. So, it will
attempt to rise, if this magma continues to
encounter high-density material till it reaches
the Earth’s crust, volcanic eruption occurs. It
can either be in the form of lava-flow or maybe
explosive.
2. ( ) - magma contains dissolved substances
such as water, sulfur dioxide and carbon
dioxide. The solubility of magma decreases with
the decrease in pressure as it rises up towards
the crust, the gases get released in form of
bubbles. When the volume of gas bubbles in
magma reaches around 75%, magma
disintegrates into pyro clasts, a mixture of
partially molten and solid fragments. The
bursting of some of the most violent eruptions
on the surface of earth.
3. ( ) - when new magma enters a chamber
already overflowing with magma, the volcano
erupts due to additional pressure exerted by
the injection of new magma. This type of
eruption can be placid or violent.
EFFECTS
 Eruptions occurring close to human
settlements may destroy lives and property.
People often have to be evacuated.
Example: chaparrastique volcano in El Salvador
started erupting on December 23, 2013. Anyone
living with 2 miles of the volcano is evacuated.
 Ash discharged very high into the
stratosphere can have negative
consequences on the ozone layer
 Ash and mud can mix with rain and melting
snow forming lahars. ( ) are mudflows
flowing at very fast velocity
 Landscape and natural sceneries can be
destroyed.
TOP 10 DEADLIEST VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS:
1. Mt. Tambora, Indonesia
Date: April 10th – 15th , 1816
Death Toll: 92,000
2. Mt. Unzen, Japan
Date: 1792
Death Toll: 12,000 – 15,000
3. Mt. Vesuvius, Italy
Date: August 24th Ad 79
Death Toll: 10,000+
4. Mt. Pelée, West Indies
Date: April 25th – May 8th , 1902
Death Toll: 40,000
5. Mt. Krakatoa, Indonesia
Date: August 16th – 28th ,1883
Death Toll: 36,000
6. Nevado Del Ruiz, Columbia
Date: November 13th ,1995
Death Toll: 23,000
7. The Laki Volcano, Iceland
Date: June 8th 1783 – 8th February 1784
Death Toll: 9,350
8. Mt. Vesuvius, Italy
Date: 1631
Death Toll: 6,000
9. Mt. Galunggung, Java Indonesia
Date: 1882
Death Toll: 4,011
10. Mt. kelud, Indonesia
Date: May 19th , 1919
Death Toll: 5,110
 SAFETY TIPS
 Stay away from active volcanoes
 If you live near an active volcano, keep
goggles and a mask in emergency kit,
along with a flashlight.
 Know your evacuation route. Keep gas
in your car.
 Before you leave the house, change into
long – sleeved shirts and long pants.
 If you are not evacuating, close
windows and doors and block chimneys
and other vents, to prevent ash from
coming into the house.
Additional Info:
 The ( ) is a specialized agency of the
Department of Science and Technology
(DOST) that monitors volcano-earthquake-
tsunami-related events in the Philippines.
PHIVOLCS is the primary and reputable
source of information about volcanology in
the country. Moreover, PHIVOLCS is at the
forefront of mitigating the hazards posed
mainly by volcanic eruptions, earthquakes,
and tsunamis. Part of mitigation initiatives
of PHIVOLCS is assigning permanent danger
zones around volcanoes. PHIVOLCS strictly
prohibits settling in permanent danger
zones within a four-to-six-kilometer radius
from the summit of volcanoes. In this way,
loss of lives can be prevented. Apart from
danger zones, PHIVOLCS also developed
criteria for several alert levels that indicate
the current state of an impending volcanic
eruption. The alert system not just gives
insight on the situation but also triggers the
public to immediately take appropriate
actions. Specifically, the alert system ranges
from Alert Level 0 (lowest) to Alert Level 5
(highest):
 Alert Level 0: No Alert
 Alert Level 1: Abnormality observed. There
is ow seismic activity and no imminent
eruption.
 Alert Level 2: There is an increasing unrest.
Moderate levels of seismic activity are
observed and probable magma movement
could eventually lead to eruption.
 Alert Level 3: There is an increasing
tendency towards eruption. Relatively high
and increasing unrest are recorded and
there can a possible eruption within two
weeks.
 Alert Level 4: Hazardous eruption is
imminent. There is an intense unrest which
includes earthquakes. Moreover, there is
possible eruption within 24 hours.
 Alert Level 5: Hazardous eruption is in
progress.
 Undeniably, volcanoes pose various hazards
that should be taken into account when
assessing associated risks. Communicating
volcanic risk among experts, local
governments, and the public is very crucial.
( ) are an essential tool used in assessing
volcanic risk. Volcanic hazard maps are used
to explain the distribution of hazards, risks,
and anticipated areas to be affected. To
deepen your understanding about the
hazards brought by volcanic eruptions, we
are going to discuss various volcanic
hazards including the science behind, the
 dangers of, and actual occurrences of
volcanic eruptions.
Volcanic Hazards:
1. ( )- is mildly explosive when released. It is
not a major threat to human lives because
of its slow rate of movement, a property
called low viscosity. Moreover, the speed
and location of lava flows depend on
topography. The steep slopes encourage
faster and longer flow than gentle slopes or
terrain. Lava flow poses several potential
damages. Any idea about its potential
damages? Included potential effects are:
fire threat, destruction of infrastructures
and vegetation
2. ( ) - are extremely hazardous and
destructive type of volcanic activity,
especially when there are simultaneous
blasts. Pyroclastic flow is composed of rock
material, hot gas and ash that move above
ground surface at high velocities. It can
burn and suffocate people because of its
rock material, hot gas, and as that can reach
up to 700 Degrees Celsius. Also known as
nuee ardente, pyroclastic flow and surge
can bury sites because of hot rocks debris
and can burn forests and other vegetation
areas.
3. ( )- Volcanic gas is one of the basic
components of a magma or lava. Active and
inactive volcanoes may release gases to the
atmosphere in the form of water vapor,
hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, carbon
monoxide, hydrogen chloride, and
hydrogen fluoride. Volcanic gas when
associated with the atmosphere can result
in volcanic fog or acid rain that can
contaminate water and damage vegetation.
Even in a relatively small amount, it can also
affect the respiratory system of animals.
4. ( )- Volcanic ash is made up of rock, mineral,
and fragments created during explosion and
separation of magma into smaller pieces.
Ashfall can cause the collapse of roofs and
damage houses if accumulated ash will not
be cleared immediately. When there is
rainfall, ashfalls can be the source of lahars.
It affects the respiratory system of people
as well as animals causing livestock
problem. It also contaminates water
sources and damages agricultural
landscapes.
5. ( )- refers to fragments of volcanic rock
ejected into air by explosions. It consists of
different rock particles that vary in size,
shape, and composition, among others. can
irritate eyes, throats, and cause respiratory
problems due to fine particles when
inhaled. It can also burn and destruct
buildings and infrastructure. Moreover, it
causes disruptions in road and air traffic.
6. ( ) - It is an Indonesian term for mudflows or
flows of volcanic debris. It is a flowing
mixture of volcanic debris and water. It is
formed due to pyroclastic flow mixed with
water and rainfall on ash. It is classified into
two: First is the primary or hot lahar which
is caused by direct volcanic eruptions. The
other is called secondary or cold lahar
which is caused by rainfall on. It can be
produced by the sudden draining of a crater
lake, caused by either an explosive eruption
or collapse of a crater fall. It can also be
caused by the mixture of pyroclastic flow
into a river or lake water. Lahar can bury
infrastructures and trap people to their
homes. It can also clog river which further
contaminate water sources. Lahar is indeed
known to become one of the deadliest
volcanic phenomena.
7. ( )- It is typically a landslide that was
triggered by intrusion of magma,
earthquakes, heavy rainfall, or explosion
from volcanoes. It can generate tsunamis
 when entering the ocean and bury river
valleys with debris.
8. ( )- Tsunami is a series of high-water waves
triggered by disruption of the seafloor. It
can occur even without volcanic eruption.
For instance, lahar or landslide which
entered the ocean can trigger the huge
waves. Tsunamis can also cause floods that
damage buildings and other infrastructures.
FLOOD
 Believe it or not, flooding is the ( ) type of
severe weather. There’s probably a lot
about floods and flooding you don’t know.
 A ( ) is an overflow of water that submerges
land that is usually dry. Floods are an area
of study in the discipline of hydrology.
TYPES OF FLOOD:
1. ( ) Flood - It occurs when water levels rise
over the top of river banks. This includes
everything from small streams to the
world’s largest rivers.
2. ( ) Flood -It is the inundation of normally dry
land areas along the coast with seawater.
3. ( ) - It is an abnormal rise in water level in
coastal areas over and above the regular
astronomical tide.
4. ( ) Flooding - It is a flooding that occurs
inland or not in a coastal area. Inland floods
are often worse in urban areas because
there isn’t anywhere for the water to go.
5. ( ) Flood - It is a flooding that begins within
6 hours, and often within 3 hours, of heavy
rainfall.
CAUSES OF FLOOD:
1. Heavy Rains
2. Overflowing Rivers
3. Broken Dams
4. Urban Drainage Basins
5. Channels with Steep Sides
6. A Lack of Vegetation
7. Melting Snow and Ice
FLOODING EVENTS THAT HAPPENED IN THE
PHILIPINES:
1. Typhoon Ulysses - Typhoon Vamco, known
in the Philippines as Typhoon Ulysses, was a
powerful and deadly Category 4-equivalent
typhoon that struck the Philippines and
Vietnam. The typhoon made its first landfall
in the PH near midnight on November 11 in
the Quezon province. The typhoon brough
heavy rains in Central Luzon, and the
nearby provinces, including Metro Manila.
The heavy rains caused by typhoon resulted
to overflowing rivers that causes severe
flooding in Marikina City. Dams from all
around Luzon neared their spilling points,
forcing the dams to release large amounts
of water into their impounds. In response to
the typhoon’s effects, the entire landmass
of Luzon was placed under a state of
Calamity. As of December 2, the Philippines
NDRRMC had stated that the typhoon had
111 casualties and the damages caused by
Typhoon Ulysses reached P20.3 billion.
2. Cagayan Flood - In Cagayan Valley, in the
northeastern Luzon, at least 10 died due to
landslide, drowning, and electrocution,
houses and agricultural lands were
swamped in flood, families including elderly
and children still were stranded on the roof
of their houses, bridges and roads remain
impassable after Typhoon Vamco hit last
Wednesday, November 11, 2020. The
flooding worsened when Magat Dam
opened its seven gates to release water
after it reached its spilling level, directly
affecting several municipalities in the
province. This city, the provincial capital of
Cagayan, has been tagged by experts as one
of the most vulnerable areas in the region
during the rainy season for being flood-
prone and a catch basin of water from
 tributaries. CARE has ongoing programs
across the Philippines, including in the areas
affected by Typhoon Vamco. CARE has
activated its emergency response protocol
and has assessment and response teams on
the ground providing assistance in
coordination with partner organizations and
local government units.
FLOOD SAFETY PREPAREDNESS:
BEFORE A FLOOD:
 Be Alert
 If a flash flood warning is issued for your
area, climb to safety immediately
 Assemble disaster supplies
• Drinking water – Fill clean containers.
• Food that requires no refrigeration or
cooking.
• Cash.
• Medications and first aid supplies.
• Clothing, toiletries.
• Battery-powered radio.
• Flashlights.
• Extra batteries.
• Important documents: insurance papers,
medical records, bank account numbers.
 Be prepared to evacuate
 Review you ( )
 Protect your property
DURING A FLOOD:
 Be Alert
 Don’t drive unless you have to, if its
needed, travel with care.
 NEVER drive through flooded roadways.
 Get to high ground – Climb to safety!
 Evacuate immediately, if you think you are
at risk or are advised to do so
 Never try to walk or swim through flowing
water
 Shut off the ( ) at the circuit breakers
If someone falls in or is trapped in flood water:
• Do not go after the victim!
• Use a ( ) device. If possible, throw the victim
something to help them float, such as a
spare tire, large ball, or foam ice chest.
AFTER A FLOOD:
 Wait until it is ( ) to return
 Travel with care
 If a building was flooded, check for safety
before entering
 Use extreme caution when entering
buildings
 Take pictures of the damage for ( ) claims
 Get professional help
 Your home may be infected with dangerous
bacteria
 When making repairs, protect your property
from future flood damage.
• Call ( ). Call for assistance and give the
correct location information
EARTHQUAKE
• ( )- refers to the region around the Pacific
Ocean that is commonly hit by earthquakes
and volcanic eruptions.
• ( )- Is one of the most horrifying
phenomena that anyone can ever
experience. Is the shaking or trembling
caused by the sudden release of energy.
This occur when rocks along a fault
suddenly move.
• ( )- is a break in the Earth’s crust along
which significant movement has taken
place.
HOW DO FAULTS PRODUCE QUAKES?
FOCUS AND EPICENTER
 ( ) is the place where the first break
happens, where the fault starts to slip,
where first movement takes place. It is the
starting point of the earthquake.
 ( ) is the spot directly above the focus on
the surface of the Earth
SEISMIC WAVES
 As an earthquake occurs, seismic waves
move out in all directions from the focus.
 The energy released during an earthquake
is carried by vibrations called ( ).
 ( ) – are fastest waves; travel through solids,
liquids, or gases; compressional wave
 ( ) – slower than P waves; travel through
solids only; shear waves
 ( ) – slower waves than P and S waves, but
usually produce larger ground movements
and greater damage
STRENGTH OF AN EARTHQUAKE
 ( ) is the effect on people or surroundings.
Described in Roman Numerals.
 ( ) is the energy released. Described in
Hindu-Arabic Numerals.
 The intensity of an earthquake gives us an
idea of how strong or weak the shaking is
MEASURING EARTHQUAKE
 ( )/ ( ) is the device that can detect and
record seismic waves.
 ( ) rates earthquakes based on
measurement of the times and amplitudes
of seismic waves by certain seismograph.
 ( ) gives measure of the amount of energy
released by an earthquake.
 ( ) rates the effects of earthquakes, which
ranges from 1 to 12, is based on
observations of the intensity pf ground
shaking and damage in the areas affected
by an earthquake.
WHAT SHOULD WE DO BEFORE, DURING, AND
AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE?
BEFORE AN EARTHQUAKE:
1. Make sure you have a fire extinguisher, first
aid kit, a battery-powered radio, a
flashlight, and extra batteries at home.
2. Learn first aid.
3. Learn how to turn off the gas, water, and
electricity.
4. Make up a plan of where to meet your
family after an earthquake.
5. Don't leave ( ) objects on shelves (they'll fall
during a quake).
6. Anchor heavy furniture, cupboards, and
appliances to the walls or floor.
7. Learn the earthquake plan at your school or
workplace.
DURING AN EARTHQUAKE:
1. Stay calm! If you're indoors, stay inside. If
you're outside, stay outside.
2. If you're indoors, stand against a ( ) near the
center of the building, stand in a doorway,
or crawl under heavy furniture (a desk or
table). Stay away from windows and outside
doors.
3. If you're outdoors, stay in the ( ) away from
power lines or anything that might fall. Stay
away from buildings (stuff might fall off the
building or the building could fall on you).
4. Don't use matches, candles, or any flame.
Broken gas lines and fire don't mix.
5. If you're in a car, stop the car and stay ( )
the car until the earthquake stops.
6. Don't use elevators (they'll probably get
stuck anyway).
AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE:
1. Check yourself and others for injuries.
Provide first aid for anyone who needs it.
2. Check water, gas, and electric lines for
damage. If any are damaged, shut off the
valves. Check for the smell of ( ). If you
smell it, open all the windows and doors,
leave immediately, and report it to the
authorities (use someone else's phone).
3. Turn on the radio. Don't use the phone
unless it's an emergency.
4. Stay out of damaged buildings.
5. Be careful around broken glass and debris.
Wear boots or sturdy shoes to keep from
cutting your feet.
6. Be careful of chimneys (they may fall on
you).
7. Stay away from beaches. Tsunamis and
seiches sometimes hit after the ground
have stopped shaking.
8. Stay away from damaged areas.
9. If you're at school or work, follow the
emergency plan or the instructions of the
person in charge.
10. Expect aftershocks.
Additional Info:
 Earthquakes, widely-recognized as a threat
to mankind, undoubtedly pose numerous
hazards.
 Earthquake hazards create other hazards in
the built environment. Here are some
examples of earthquake-related hazards:
1. ( ) - It is one of the most common hazards of
earthquakes. Shaking of the ground causes
the most damage during an earthquake. It
varies on the topography, geologic,
conditions, and bedrock type of an area. In
general, loose sediment has more tendency
to intense quakes than solid bedrock.
Ground shaking can also vary depending on
the location of the fault and instance to the
epicenter. Simply the shaking of the ground
is more intense when the site is near the
epicenter and the earthquake is strong. Due
to ground shaking, infrastructures such as
buildings, roads and bridges can be
destroyed. Indeed, ground shaking has
multiple consequences including injuries
and loss of lives due to collapsed
infrastructures and landslides.
2. ( ) - This is a process in which soft and sandy
soils can behave like a fluid. It is a direct
effect of ground shaking which makes
particles of soil less compact and makes it
flow. According to the Pacific Northwest
Seismic Network before an earthquake,
water pressure is low and the weight of the
buried soil lies on the framework of the
grain contacts comprising it. But the
earthquake can alter the structure. The Soil
particles no longer support all the weight,
and the groundwater pressure begins to
rise. This separates the soil particles from
each other and become drained by water.
Because of this, the soil stars to flow.
Liquefied soil will then open ground cracks
in order to escape to the surface. The
ejected material leads to flooding and may
leave cavities in soil, leaving large areas
covered with deep layer of mud. Because of
this phenomenon, buildings and structures
can sink or tilt over, while underground
pipes and tanks may rise up to the surfaces.
3. ( ) - This is an offset of the ground surface
when fault rupture extends to the earth’s
surface. Any structure built across is at risk
of being taken apart because the two sides
of the fault slip past each other. Buildings
and other structures should not be built in
areas with surface ruptures.
4. ( ) - is a huge series of waves generated by
an earthquake, it can rise up to 10 feet and
can cause severe damage to the coastline
communities. However, the height of
tsunamis differs depending on the sea
floor’s depth and shape. One of the areas
susceptible to tsunamis is New Zealand, as
well as other areas surrounding the
coastline of the Pacific Ring of Fire where
the Philippines is located. Meanwhile,
seiches are described as small tsunamis that
often occur on lakes.
5. ( ) can be found on areas where rocks below
the land are composed mostly of limestone,
carbonate rock, salt beds, or rocks that can
naturally be dissolved by ground water
circulating through them. Thus, a sinkhole is
a depression in the ground that has no
natural external surface drainage. Sinkholes
are dramatic because the land usually stays
intact for a period of time until the
 underground spaces just get too big. If
there is not enough support for the land
above the spaces, then a sudden collapse of
the land surface can occur. Earthquakes
trigger these kinds of collapses.
6. Because of shaking of the ground, cliffs and
steep sloping areas tend to collapse,
causing ( ). Fractured rocks when disturbed
by large earthquakes can damage and block
major roads.
7. ( )is the phenomenon in which the ground
surface is lowered. This is due to the
downward vertical motion on one side of
the fault. Meanwhile, ( )occurs when the
sloping grounds goes downhill, opening
cracks on the ground. This can be observed
along hill crests and river banks.
8. ( )often follow after an earthquake because
of knocked down power lines and broken
gas lines. This can be a major problem
especially when water lines are also
affected.