MARC JULIUS CAEZAR II

I. LEGAL MAXIMS

1. Falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus – False in one, false in all.

2. Nemo dat quod non habet – No one can give what de doesn’t have.
3. Salus populi est suprema lex – The welfare of the people is the highest law.
4. Actio personalis moritur cum persona – Personal action terminates or dies
with the person.
5. Diligentissimi patris familias – Diligence of a good father of a family.
zz
II. HOW A BILL IS PASSED INTO LAW.

Except for certain bills which are required to originate from the House of
Representatives, a bill may originate from either House. The Bill is signed by the author
and filed with the Secretary of the House where the author is a member of. The
Secretary of the House then reports the bill for first reading, where its number and title is
read and followed by its referral to the appropriate Committee for study and
recommendation. The Committee may hold public hearings and submits its report and
recommendation for second reading. On Second Reading, the bill shall be read in full,
including any amendments proposed by the appropriate Committee. The reading of its
full text may be dispensed with if copies thereof are distributed to the members of the
House. It will be subject to debates, motions, amendments and will be voted upon. If it is
approved, it will be included in the Calendar of bills for third reading. On third reading,
the bill as approved on second reading will be submitted for final vote by yeas and nays.
The approved bill will then be transmitted to the other house for concurrence.

In the other House, the bill will substantially undergo the same route as a bill originally
filed with it. Meaning, the bill will have to go through three readings again. If the other
House approves the bill without amendment, the bill shall be considered passed by
Congress upon authentication by signature of the Speaker of the House and Senate
President. Thereafter, the authenticated bill will be transmitted to the President for
appropriate action.

Meanwhile, if the other House introduces amendments and the originating House does
not agree with them, the differences will be settled by the Conference Committees of
both House. The Conference Committees will make a report or recommendation. If this
report or recommendation, the amended bill will be considered passed by Congress it
will be transmitted to the President for appropriate action.

Finally, the President may either approve or veto the bill. If he approves it, the bill
passes into law; otherwise, he shall veto the bill and return it with his objections to the
originating House for reconsideration. If after reconsideration, two-thirds (2/3) of all the
members of the originating House shall agree to pass it, the bill with the objections will

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be transmitted to the other House for reconsideration. If two-thirds (2/3) of all the
members of the other House approves it, the bill shall likewise pass into law. Moreover,
the bill also becomes a law if the President does not sign it or fails to communicate his
veto within thirty (30) days after his receipt thereof.

Below, is an illustration of the process of how a bill passes into law.

FILING

FIRST
READING

SECOND
READING

THIRD FIRST
READING READING
Transmittal to other House

SECOND
READING

THIRD
READING

Approved
Settlement by the
Conference Committees with amendment without
of both Houses amendment

Approved report or
recommendation of the President’s
Conference Committees of approval or veto
both Houses

Approve (LAW)
VETO

Return to
originating House
for approval

Approved by 2/3
of all the
members = LAW
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