Assesment 2

Course Code : AGR 516

Course Name : Plant Breeding

STUDENT DETAILS

Student Name : Noor Syazwan Bin Nasir

Student Id : 2019508029
Group : M3AT2224A
Program code : AT222 (AGRONOMY)
Submitted on : 13th November 2020 (Friday)

SUBMITTED TO

Lecturer : Madam Nur Suraya binti Abdullah

Comment :
Date : 3.11.2020
Title : Monohybrid cross & Dihybrid cross
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1. Introduction

Monohybrid is a genetic cross between homozygous individuals, except for a single

gene locus of interest, they have different alleles. Meanwhile for two gene loci of interest,
dihybrid cross is a genetic cross between individuals' alleles. In this experiment, a student
must prepare a different colored maize. The color represented by the corn is yellow and
purple. Data will be obtained from the color expressed by the genetic maize and the concept
of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment of alleles in maize can be identified.

2. Objectives

1) To observes the phenotypes of the kernels of the corn.

2) To determines whether Mendelian ratio is achieved.
3) To use corn to study genetic crosses and recognize contrasting phenotypes.
4) To collect data from F2 ears of corn and understand the principle of dominance,
segregation, and independent assortment of alleles in corn.
5) To compare predicted results with results obtained from actual data.

3. Materials and Methods

Materials
 Genetic corn
Methods
1. The number of kernels were counted and record in the different phenotypes.
2. The expected phenotypic and genotypic ratios for F2 seed is calculated.
3. From the phenotypic ration, the expected number of individuals of each phenotype is
calculated.
4. Observation
The image of corn from the F2 generation is below. It consists of yellow and purple as
the color and as the state of the kernel, smooth and wrinkled.

Yellow smooth

Purple wrinkled Purple smooth

5. Discussion

1. Monohybrid cross

 The number of kernels of the corn

Phenotypes Number of Kernels

Purple 135
Yellow 47

 Expected phenotypic and genotypic ratios for the F2 seed.

Allele for purple = R Homozygous dominant = RR

Allele for yellow = r Homozygous recessive = rr

Parental Generation RR rr
Gametes R r
Rr
F1 Generation Gametes Rr × Rr
R r
R R R
R r Genotype Ratio:
r R r 1:2:1 (RR: Rr: rr)
r r
Phenotypic Ratio:
F2 Generation RR Rr Rr rr
3:1 (Purple: Yellow)
  Chi-squared result from a statistics package

Observe (O) Ratio Expected (E) (O-E)2 (O-E)2/E

134 3 135.75 3.06 0.02
47 1 45.25 3.06 0.07
Degree of freedom 1 X2 0.09
Critical value 3.841 Probability 0.05

Chi-squared value < critical value

= Null hypothesis accepted (0.09 < 3.841). No significant difference between observed
and expected of Mendelian ratio 3:1.

 The expected number of individuals of each phenotype

Phenotypes Purple Yellow Total

Observed number of individuals 134 47 181
Expected phenotypic ratio 3 1 4
Expected number of individuals 135.75 45.25 181
 2. Dihybrid cross

 Phenotype of kernel

Ear Phenotypes
Purple & Purple & Yellow & Yellow &
smooth wrinkled smooth wrinkled

Row 1 13 4 8 1
Row 2 15 3 6 1
Row 3 17 7 2 0
Row 4 15 3 7 2
Row 5 17 4 3 2
Row 6 13 6 5 1
Row 7 13 4 6 3
Total 103 31 37 10

Phenotypic ratio

Purple & smooth: 103

Purple & wrinkled: 31

Yellow & smooth: 37

Yellow & wrinkled: 10

 The Inheritance pattern for the traits. Punnet square.

Parental Generation RRSS rrss
Gametes RS × rs
RrSs

F1 Generation Gametes RS rS Rs rs
RS rS Rs rs
RS RRSS RrSS RRSs RrSs
rS RrSS rrSS RrSs rrSs
Rs RRSs RrSs RRss Rrss
rs RrSs rrSs Rrss rrss

F2 Generation phenotype ratio 9:3:3:1

  Chi-squared result from a statistics package

Observe (O) Ratio Expected (E) (O-E)2 (O-E)2/E

103 9 101.81 1.42 0.01
31 3 33.94 8.64 0.25
37 3 33.94 9.36 0.28
10 1 11.31 1.72 0.15
Degree of freedom 3 X2 0.69
Critical value 7.815 Probability 0.05

Chi-squared value < critical

value = Null hypothesis accepted (0.69 < 7.815). No significant difference between
observed and expected of Mendelian ratio 9:3:3:1.

 The expected number of individuals of each phenotype

Phenotypes Purple & Purple & Yellow & Yellow & Total
smooth wrinkled smooth wrinkled
Observed number of 103 31 37 10 181
individuals
Expected phenotypic 9 3 3 1 16
ratio
Expected number of 101.81 33.94 33.94 11.31 181
individuals
6. Conclusion

The significance of the Mendel's laws is that it is possible to determine new combinations in
the progeny of hybrids . In addition, new plant types can be generated with new combinations
of useful characters.

7. Question and Answer

1. What is the phenotype for these genotypes?

RrSs Purple smooth
rrSS Yellow smooth
rrss Yellow wrinkled
RRss Purple wrinkled

2. What is the expected genotype and phenotype of the offspring for this cross: RrSS × rrSs

Parental Generation RrSS rrSs

Gametes RS × rS
RrSS

F1 Generation Gametes RS rS RS rS
RS rS RS rS
RS RRSS RrSS RRSS RrSS
rS RrSS rrSS RrSS rrSS
RS RRSS RrSS RRSS RrSS
rS RrSS rrSS RrSS rrSS

F2 Generation phenotype ratio 12:4 (3:1)

Genotype: 4:8:4 (RRSS: RrSS: rrSS)

Phenotype: 12:4 (Purple smooth: Yellow smooth)