HEAT TRANSFER OF NANOFLUIDS THROUGH

DOUBLE PIPE HEAT XCHANGER

ABSTRACT:
Due to the various speculated uses of nanofluids, it has become important to
know more about their properties hence the objective of the present study is to investigate the
forced convection of nanofluids.

The investigation was conducted by using double pipe heat exchanger in counter flow
arrangement and the flow was turbulent. Water based nanofluids containing Al2O3 nanoparticles
of various concentrations will be tested.

INTRODUCTION:

 Nanofluids are dispersions of nanometer sized metal/metal oxide, carbon nanotubes,

diamond or any other nanoparticles in a liquid medium.

 These fluids have shown a significant increase in the thermal conductivity compared to
the base fluid.

These fluids have a great potential to replace current coolants and heat transfer fluids in a
variety of applications.

Heat-Transfer Challenges:
 The heat rejection requirements are continually increasing due to trends toward smaller
features (to <100 nm) for microelectronic devices, more power output for engines.

 Cooling becomes one of the top technical challenges facing high-tech industries such as
microelectronics, transportation, manufacturing, and metrology.

 Conventional method to increase heat flux rates:

 extended surfaces such as fins and micro-channels

 increasing flow rates increases pumping power.

  Nanofluids are promising to meet and enhance the challenges

Materials for nanoparticles and base fluids are diverse:

1. Nanoparticle materials include:
Oxide ceramics – Al2O3, CuO
Metal carbides – SiC
Nitrides – AlN, SiN
Metals – Al, Cu
Nonmetals – Graphite, carbon nanotubes
Layered – Al + Al2O3, Cu + C
PCM – S/S
Functionalized nanoparticles
2. Base fluids include:
Water
Ethylene- or tri-ethylene-glycols and other coolants
Oil and other lubricants
Bio-fluids
Why use nanoparticles?
Polymer solutions

 The concept of dispersing solid particles in fluids to enhance thermal conductivity is not
new-it can be traced back to Maxwell

 The major problem is the rapid settling of these particles (mm or micro) in fluids.

 The small size of nanoparticles should markedly improve the stability of suspensions

 The agglomeration of nanoparticles into larger particles that are found in liquids is a
serious challenge.
Solids have thermal conductivities
that are orders of magnitude larger
than those of conventional heat
transfer fluids.

Pioneering nanofluids research in ANL has inspired

physicists,
chemists, and engineers around the world.
Nanofluids have an unprecedented combination of
the four characteristic features desired in energy
systems (fluid and thermal systems):
Increased thermal conductivity (TC)
at low nanoparticle concentrations
Strong temperature-dependent TC
Non-linear increase in TC with nanoparticle
concentration
Increase in boiling critical heat flux (CHF)
These characteristic features of nanofluids make
them
suitable for the next generation of flow and
heat-transfer fluids.
 Figure .1

DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER:

A double pipe heat exchanger, in its simplest form is just one pipe inside another larger pipe.
One fluid flows through the inside pipe and the other flows through the annulus between the two
pipes. The wall of the inner pipe is the heat transfer surface. The pipes are usually doubled back
multiple times as shown in the diagram at the left, in order to make the overall unit more
compact.
The term 'hairpin heat exchanger' is also used for a heat exchanger of the configuration in the
diagram. A hairpin heat exchanger may have only one inside pipe, or it may have multiple inside
tubes, but it will always have the doubling back feature shown. . Some heat exchanger
manufacturers advertise the availability of finned tubes in a hairpin or double pipe heat
exchanger. These would always be longitudinal fins, rather than the more common radial fins
used in a crossflow finned tube heat exchanger. The actual double pipe heat exchanger is as
shown in the figure.2

Figure.2
 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

1 2 3

15 5

14
6

16 17

AC AC AC AC

13 Drainase
18 10

12
11

1 Valve 1 8 DT 9806
2 Pump 1 9 Computer
3 Reservoir 1 10 Flow meter 2
4 Heater 11 Pump 2
5 Double Pipe Heat Exchanger 12 Reservoir 2 9
6 Thermometer T2 13 Waste 15 Flow meter 1 17 Thermometer t2
7 Wheatstone Bridge 14 Thermometer T1 16 Thermometer t1 18 Valve 2
 Figure.3

WORKING:
The experimental setup is as shown in the figure.3 consist of double pie heat exchanger,
computer, two reservoirs, one heater, wheatstone bridge circuit, two pumps, valves etc. The
second reservoir consisting of the nanofluid which is passed through the pum2 through the
flowmeter2 when valve2 is opened. First the nanofluid passthrough the double pipe heat
exchanger through inner pipe of diameter 17mm.The reservoir consisting of the water based
nanofluids AL2O3 nanoparticles. The nanoparticles are of different concentrations like
1%nanofluid and 4%nanofluid is used. The fluid is heated in reservoir2 by using heater and then
send to the double pipe heat exchanger of another side through the pump1, flowmeter1 when
valve1 is opened.

The water is used as the fluid in heat exchanger then the operation is carried out at 40˚c then
the calculations are done by the computer through data transmitter with the required inputs. The
nusselt number and then heat transfer coefficient or film coefficient are determined by using the
Reynolds number and other parameters. Like this at 50˚c and60˚c the values are determined.

The nanofluid1% and 99% water is next used as the fluid of the heat exchanger and then the
properties of the fluid are determined, and then with different concentrations of the nanofluids
are used and then heat transfer rate is determined. The flowmeters are used to find out the flow
of the fluid and then pumps are used to circulating the fluid with the required velocity.

Finally by observing the results the heat transfer rate is increased by using the nanofluids with
different concentrations of nanoparticles with base fluids.

MEASUREMENT OF CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER

COEFFICIENT:
By using the below relation we determine the overall heat transfer coefficient .

1 1 ln ( D o / D i ) 1
= + +
UA hi . A i 2 π kL ho . A o
 Isolator
(1) Convection
on the tube
(3) convection on the
annulus

(2) conduction
in the tube wall

1 2 3

1 ln(Do / Di ) 1
hi . Ai 2kL ho . Ao

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:

1. 40 oC
2. 50 oC

3. 60 oC
TEMPERATURE DEPENDANCE:

 Xuan and Li proposed new correlation concerning forced convection of nanofluids

flowing in the tube by considering the microconvection and microdiffusion effects of the
suspended nanoparticles:

Nu=0.0059(1. 0+7. 6286 φ0 . 6886 Pe0d . 001 )Re0nf.9238 Pr 0.4

nf

um d p um D υnf
Ped = Renf = Prnf =
α nf υ nf α nf
 160
150
140
Nusselt Number, Nu 130
120
110
Nano 1% 40 C
100 Nano 1% 50 C
Nano 1% 60 C
90
80
70
10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000
Reynolds number, Re

CONCLUSION:

 nanofluids have a bright future to be used as an effective heat transfer fluids,

 nanofluids with relatively small concentration of solid particle can give meaningful
enhancement of convective heat transfer coefficient

 the enhancement of heat transfer convective coefficient compared to the base

fluids: 6-10% for 1% particles concentration and 7-17% for 4% particles
concentration

 The use of Al2O3 nanoparticles as dispersed in water can enhance the convective heat
transfer coefficient in the turbulent regime and the enhancement increase with Reynolds
number, particles volume concentration, and temperature as well under the condition of
experiment.