CE 411 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS II

LECTURE 2: SLOPE DEFLECTION METHODS

Yaip K Telue
BEng, BEng(Hons2A), PhD(QUT)
MIE(Aust), MIE(PNG)

Professor and Head Department of Civil Engineering

PNG Unitech
 LECTURE 2: SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

Slope-deflection method

This method is an example of the general stiffness method which will be discussed later. This
method is suitable for the analysis of statically indeterminate plane frames, where the displacement
of the joints is primarily caused by bending of the members. It is assumed that bending can be
considered quite separately from axial forces and shears. This assumption implies that
displacements are small and that the structure is not triangulated. (i.e. suitable for members that are
horizontal and vertical only and not sloping members)
 SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

If we apply unit rotations and unit Deflections (in the y direction) at i and j respectively, we will
get:
y
xj
j
xi
1
yj
yi

i x
j

z
EI  6i 6j 
Mij   4i  2j   
Lij  Lij Lij 
EI  6i 6j 
Mji   2i  4j   
Lij  Lji Lji 
 SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

but   yj  yi

 6  ij 
Mij  EI 4 2 L  ji 
   
Mji  L 2 4 6   
 L  

Force  F   K  U   displacements

K  is the stiffness matrix of the members

SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

EXAMPLE 1

Frame

4 1 2
(EIL)1 (EIL)12
4

(EIL)13

IF AXIAL DEFORMATION IS TO BE NEGLECTED.

D.O.F. = 1 (rotation at Node 1)

SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

M1

M41

4
M14
2
M12
M13

3
 SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

From Earlier Work.

 EI 
M 12  4  
 L 12
 EI 
M 13  4  
 L 13
 EI 
M 14  4  
 L 14
(The above Equations are referred to as Equation 1)

These are the proportions of moments carried by the members. The members exert equal and
opposite moments on the joints.
SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

 Applied moment

M = M12 + M13 + M14

 EI   EI   EI  
M = 4         
 L 12  L 13  L 14 
M
=
 EI   EI   EI  
4        
 L 12  L 13  L 14 

Once  is known the moments can be obtained from Equation given earlier (Equations referred to
as Equation 1).
1
Note M21 = M12
2
1
M31 = 2 M13
1
M41 = 2 M14

We note that the displacement  was obtained by using the Equation of Equilibrium at joint 1
SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

EXAMPLE 2

3 SPAN Continuous Girder

2EI/L

they must have the

same magnitude;
but equal and
opposite.

(a)  Structure with external loads (Mi)

(b)  Internal member forces
c)  Joint equilibrium between external loads and internal forces.
 SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

Bending deformation dominate.

4 DOF, 1, 2, 3 and 4.

2 EI  EI   EI 
M12 = 21 + 2) =   41 + 22); M21=   X (21 + 42)
L12  L 12  L 12
 EI   EI 
M23 =   (42+23); M32 =   (22+43)
 L  23  L  23
 EI   EI 
M34 =   (43 + 24); M43 =   (23+44)
 L 34  L 34
SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

Joint 3.
At joints:

Joint1.

m12 = M1
m32  m34  M 3
Joint 2.
Joint 4.

m21 + m23 = M2 m43  M 4

SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD SPACE GAASS
Software

 EI 
Using Mij =   (4+2j)
 L il

Equilibrium Equations teta 2, subscript

 missing
 4 EI   2 EI 
  1+   2+0x3 + 0x4 = M1 joint 1
 L 12  L 12
 2 EI   4 EI   4 EI    2 EI 
  1+     +   3+0x4=M2 joint 2
 L 12  L 12  L 23   L  23

 2 EI   4 EI   4 EI    2 EI 
0x1 +   2 +      3+   4=M3
 L  23  L 23  L 34   L 34 joint 3

 2 EI   4 EI 
0x1 + 0 x 2 +   3 +   4 = M4
 L 34  L 34 joint 4

Note: Banded Matrix.

zero terms are

lying diognally
 SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

The solution of the above set of Equations (usually by Matrix Operations) will give us 1, 2, 3,4.
After the s have been obtained the bending Moments are determined by
 EI 
Mij=   [4i+ 2j]
 L ij make sure to go
the real structure;
real structure in
Then Mij(Final) = Mij + Mij(Fixed) FEM

Note: The unknowns in this problem were Displacements or Rotations and the equations were
equations of equilibrium.
SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD
Eg if
 EI 
   2  10
6
M1= 0
 L 12
 EI 
   1 10
6
M2= -3x104
 L 23
 EI  6
  =3x10 M3=3x104
 L 34
M4=0

8x106 1 + 4x106 2 + 0 3 + 0 4=0

4x106 1 + 12x106 2 + 2x106 3 + 0 = -3x104
0 1 + 2x106x 2 + 16x106 3 + 6x106 4 = 3x104
0 1 + 0 2 + 6x106 3 + 12x106 4 =0

Solution  1= 1.78 x 10-3 rad.

2= -3.57x10-3 rad;
3= 2.86x10-3 rad:
4= -1.43x10-3 rads.
Finally

 EI   EI 
M12 =   [41 +22] and M21 =   [21 +42] etc
 L 12  L 12

Then M12(Final) = M12 + M12(Fixed)

 SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

The above examples illustrate the Displacement Method.

However the method of solving these equations can be approached from 2 different angles. We
can do an iterative solution by hand which will be called the Method of Moment Distribution or use
matrix operations and solve by using a computer. This will be called the Stiffness Method of
Analysis.
SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

If we study the 3 span continuous beam again and solve using matrices.
 SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD
8 1 + 42 + 0 3 + 04 =0 (a)
4 1 + 122 + 23 + 04 = -3x10-2 (b)
0 1 + 2 2 + 16 3 + 6 4 = 3x10-2 (c)
0 1 + 0 2 + 6 3 + 12 4 = 0. (d)

8 4 0 0 1   0 
4    
 12 2 0   2   3x10 2 
  
0 2 16 6   3  3x10 2 
 
0 0 6 12   4   0 


K     P

  k 1
p

If we solve the above set of equations using matrix methods we are using the stiffness method of
analysis. On the other hand, we can use the Moment Distribution Method (Hardy Cross Method) to
solve the set of Equations by hand calculations.
SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

SOLVE BY ITERATION.

1. Let 2=3=4=0
1=? From Equation (a) 1=0
2. 1=0, & Assume 3 = 4= 0.
2=?  2= -2.5x10-3 radians from Equation (b)
3. 1=0, 2=2.5x10-3, 4=0
From Equation (c) 3= 2.19 x 10-3 radians
4. 1=0, =-25x10-3, 3=2.19x10-3
node 3 and 4
From Equation (d)  4= 1.1 x 10 -3
locked; teata = 0

Steps 1 to 4 is one (1) cycle

first remember it as
pin, if u want to
make teta is zero;
you clamp it or
make it become
fixed

when assume
teata 2 & 3 = 0
we make it become
fixed.

Lock 1, 2 & 3 at current values & release support 4 & let it rotate
SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

   
1 2 3 4
0 0 0 0
Initial Value
0
First cycle -2.5x10-3 2.19x10-3 -1.1x10-3
2nd cycle 1.25x10-3 -3.3x10-3 2.7x10-3 -1.35x10-3
3rd cycle 1.67x10-3 -3.51x10-3 2.82x10-3 -1.43x10-3
TRUE SOLUTION 1.79x10-3 -3.57x10-3 2.86x10-3 -1.43x10-3

True solutions probably after 4 or 5 cycles

SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD
Example 3:

equilibrium at node 1
equation w.r.t teata 1
Note: in all the above operations the further end of every member is fixed. If the rotations are the
true values at joints 1, 2 and 3, the total moment at joint 1 will be:
First Figure moments multiplied by 1
2nd Figure moments multiplied by 2
3rd Figure moments multiplied by 3

equilibrium at node 2
equation w.r.t. teata 2

leave node 1 & 3 and rotate on node 2

equilibrium at node 3
equation w.r.t teata 3
SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD
At joint 1.

 4 EI   2 EI 
  1+   2+0x3 = M1
 L 12  L 12

At joint 2.

 2 EI   4 EI   4 EI    2 EI 
  1+      2 +   3 = M2
 L 12  L 12  L  23   L  23

At joint 3.

 2 EI   4 EI  
0x1 +   2 +  L   3 = M3
 L  23   23 

 4 EI   2 EI  
    0 
 L 12  L 12   1  M 1 
 2 EI   4 EI   2 EI   2 EI      
         X  2  = M 2 
 L 12  L  21  L  23  L  23    M 
  3   3
 2 EI   4 EI  
0     
  L  23  L  23 
SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

 K11 K12 K13 

K  1  M 1 
 21 K 22 K 23     
X  2  = M 2 
 K 31 K 32 K 33    M 
 3   3

Kij = is called the stiffness coefficient. It is the force required at joint I as a result of a unit
displacement at joint j

 4 EI 
K11 =  
 L 12

 2 EI 
K12 =   etc
 L 12
SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

If M1 = 0, M2 = 3 kNm and M3 = 1 kNm

EI
L12 = L23 and  104, Determine 1, 2 and 3
L

4 2 0  1  0 
   3
104 2 8 2   2  = 3 x10 
0 2 4  3  1x103 
 

4 1 + 22 = 0 (1)
2 1 + 82 + 23 = 3x10-1 (2)
2 2 + 43 = 1x10-1 (3)

0.5
 rads
1 = 24
0.5
rads etc
2 = 12
SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

Substitute into Equations below to obtain Bending Moments

 2 EI 
Mij =   (2i+2j)
 L il

 2 EI 
M12 =   [21 +22] = 0
 L 12
 2 EI 
M21 =   [1 +22]
 L 12
 2 EI 
M23 =   [21 +3]
 L  23

Then
draw the BMD with the moments obtained
M12(Final) = M12 + M12(Fixed)

M21(Final) = M21 + M21(Fixed)

M23(Final) = M23 + M23(Fixed)

EXAMPLE 4: WHEN LOADS ARE ON SPAN. (DO IN TUTORIAL CLASS)

+ (anti clockwise)
& - (clockwise)
always make it
know in the
beginning

principle of
superposotion

20*4*4/8=40
 EXAMPLE 5: SWAY IN FRAMES (DO IN TUTORIAL CLASS)

make the
slab thick
to
minimize
rotation;
however
it will
in
slide
settleme
nts will
cause
tensile
strata in
the
structure
TUTORIAL 3: SLOPE DEFLECTION PROBLEMS
Q1.
Use the stiffness method (slope-deflection) to analyse the frame shown in Figure 1 and draw the
bending moment diagram. What are the support reactions? (2 dof). (6 marks)

200
24 kN
kN/m
2E 2E

4m
I I
100 kN

EI

6m
10 m 5m 5m

Figure 1

Q2. Analyse the 2 span beam shown in Figure 2 below using the stiffness (slope-deflection)
method and draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams. EI is constant for all members. (4
marks)

120 kN
50
kN/m

4 6m 10 m
m

Figure 2
TUTORIAL 3: SLOPE DEFLECTION PROBLEMS CONTINUES……

Q3. Analyse the frame in Figure 3 below using the stiffness (slope-deflection) method (3 dof; 2
rotations and 1 translation). Draw the bending moment diagram and determine the reactions at the
supports. (EI is constant for all members). (10 marks)

15
kN

EI

5m
EI

3 5m
m

Figure 1