Protein synthesis 

is a process of
creating protein molecules.

STEP 1: TRANSCRIPTION

NUCLEIC ACID

.
DNA in the nucleus partially unwinds and
allows a strand of hnRNA that will turn into
mRNA Essential to all known forms of
life
STEP 2: TRANSLATION

Process by which mRNA codons are

deciphered and a particular protein
molecule is synthesized
GENETIC CODE

The genetic code is the set of

rules used by living cells to
translate information encoded
within genetic material (DNA
or mRNA sequences) into
proteins. ... The code defines
how sequences of nucleotide
triplets, called codons, specify
which amino acid will be
added next during protein
synthesis.

ANTICODON

Anticodons are found on

molecules of tRNA. Their Group 1:
function is to base pair with Marajas, Dwight Micheal
the codon on a strand of Balanoyos, Angeline
mRNA during translation. This Flores, Angelica
action ensures that the correct Agudos, Jonalyn
Cuartelon, Mencherryl
amino acid will be added to
Fernandez, Nicole Khaila
the growing polypeptide chain. Bautista, Shyrichna
A tRNA molecule will enter the
ribosome bound to an amino
acid.
NUCLEIC ACID
-are the biopolymers, or
small biomolecules, essential to all
known forms of life. The term nucleic
acid is the overall name for DNA and
RNA. They are composed of nucleotides,
which are the monomers made of three
components: a 5-carbon sugar,
a phosphate group and a nitrogenous
base. If the sugar is a compound ribose,
the polymer is RNA (ribonucleic acid); if
the sugar is derived from ribose
as deoxyribose, the polymer
is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
 DNA( deoxyribonucleic acid)
–found only inside the nucleus of
the cell. Contains the organism’s
genetic information, including
instructions for how to make
proteins.
 RNA( ribonucleic acid) –
found both inside and outside of
the nucleus. Directs the building
of proteins. -primarily concerned
with the synthesis of protein.
 POLYPEPTIDES are the
building blocks of nucleic acids.
DOUBLE HELIX  Kinds of RNA
 is the description of the structure of a 1. Transfer RNA – 10 tO 15% -small,
DNA molecule. A DNA molecule about 80 nucleotides long. -transport
consists of two strands that wind amino acids to site of protein synthesis.
around each other like a twisted -exhibits extensive inter chain of bonding
ladder. Each strand has a backbone represent by clover leaf structure.
made of alternating groups of sugar
2) Ribosomal RNA – 75 to 80% -several
(deoxyribose) and phosphate groups.
kinds –variable in size -combines with
proteins to form ribosome's, the site oh
CHON synthesis. - molecules to be quite
large.
DNA ENZYMES
3) Messenger RNA -variable size(its size
Helicases are enzymes that bind and may
varies with the size of CHON) -directs
even remodel nucleic acid or nucleic acid
amino acids sequence of proteins - extent
protein complexes.
of it bonding is very little. - in most cells
Primase is an enzyme that synthesizes short it constitutes not more than 5% to 10% of
RNA sequences called primers. These the total cellular RNA
primers serve as a starting point for DNA
synthesis
DNA Polymerase is an enzyme that
synthesizes DNA molecules from
deoxyribonucleotides, the building blocks
of DNA.
DNA Ligase is a specific type of enzyme,
a ligase, that facilitates the joining of DNA
strands together by catalyzing the formation
of a phosphodiester bond.