Bài giảng: TRƯỜNG ĐIỆN TỪ (CT361)

(ELECTROMAGNETICS)

Chapter 1: Waves and Phasors

(Sóng và Phức vector)

Giảng viên: GVC.TS. Lương Vinh Quốc Danh

Bộ môn Điện tử Viễn thông, Khoa Công Nghệ
E-mail: lvqdanh@ctu.edu.vn

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 Examples of EM Applications

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Electromagnetic waves
• Produced by the movement of electrically charged
particles
• Can travel in a “vacuum” (they do NOT need a medium)
• Travel at the speed of light
• Also known as EM waves
Electric field

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 The Nature of Electromagnetism

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 Electric fields – Coulomb’s Law

Electrical force acting on charge q2 Electric field intensity:

due to charge q1:

ε0 : Electrical permittivity of free space, equal to 8.854 x 10-12 F/m

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 Magnetic fields – Biot-Savart Law
- Discovered as early as 800 B.C. by the Greeks.
- A certain stone attracts pieces of iron, called magnetite (Fe3O4).

Magnetic field induced by a

current in a long wire

Magnetic permeability of free space

Magnetic field intensity H:

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 Velocity of Light
Velocity of light in free space:

µ = µr µ0 ; µr : Relative magnetic permeability of the material

ε = εr ε0 ; εr : Relative electric permittivity of the material

Velocity of light in non-vacuum:

1 Example: speed of light
v= in glass: ~ 2 x 108 (m/s)
µε
Usain Bolt: world
record holder at the
2009 Berlin World
Championships. His
top speed is 12.27
m/s!

Source: http://www.planet-science.com 10
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 Static and Dynamic Fields

A static distribution of charges produces an electric field.

Charges in motion (an electrical current) produce a magnetic field.
A time-varying electric field will generate a time-varying magnetic field, and
vice versa.

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 Material Properties

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 Traveling Waves
Waves are a natural consequence of many physical processes: waves and
ripples on oceans and lakes, sound waves traveling through air, electromagnetic
waves that constitute light, earthquake waves...

Sinusoidal waves in a lossless medium:

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 Traveling Waves (cont.)

Phase velocity (propagation velocity):

ω: angular velocity of wave

β: phase constant

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 Phase Lead & Lag

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 Traveling Waves (cont.)
Sinusoidal waves in a lossy medium:

Attenuation factor

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Energy Decay of the 2004 Sumatra Tsunami in the World Oceans

http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/science/oceans/tsunamis/documents/PAG-2011_Rabinovich_et_al.pdf 17
 Electromagnetic Spectrum

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 Light Spectra

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 Review of Complex Numbers

Complex number z is written in the form:

z = x +jy (1.35) Rectangular
coordinates
Where x = Re(z)
y = Im(z)
jθ
z is written in POLAR form: z = z ∠θ = z e
Euler’s identity:

Complex conjugate of z:

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 Properties of Complex Algebra

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 Properties of Complex Algebra (cont.)

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 Phasors
Phasor analysis is a useful mathematical tool for solving problems
involving time-periodic sources.

Phasor counterpart of

Phasor Vs, contains amplitude and phase information but is independent

of the time variable t.
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 Time & Phasor Domains

It is much easier to
deal with
exponentials in the
phasor domain than
sinusoidal relations in
the time domain

Just need to track

magnitude/phase,
knowing that
everything is at
frequency ω
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