Assignment on:

MIS in 21st Century

Submitted To:
S. M. Sayem
Lecturer
Faculty of Business Studies
Bangladesh University of Professionals
Submitted By:
Group-2
Md. Samin Adnan Enan; ID: 19231007
Raida Jaheen Karim; ID: 19231027
Masrur Mohammad Shihabuddin; ID: 19231029
Sabian Ishtiak; ID: 19231037
Ajmaeen Ahab; ID: 10231043
Section: A
Faculty of Business Studies
Bangladesh University of Professionals
 MIS in 21st Century
Information Systems
Information system, an integrated set of components for collecting, storing, and processing data
and for providing information, knowledge, and digital products.
An information system contains information about an organization and its surrounding
environment. The three basic activities—input, processing, and output—produce the
information organizations need. Feedback is output returned to appropriate people or activities in
the organization to evaluate and refine the input. Environmental actors, such as customers,
suppliers, competitors, stockholders, and regulatory agencies, interact with the organization and
its information systems.

Business firms and other organizations rely on information systems to- Carry out and manage
their operations, Interact with their customers and suppliers, Compete in the marketplace.

Major companies are built entirely around information systems. These include eBay, a largely
auction marketplace; Amazon, an expanding electronic mall and provider of cloud computing
services; Alibaba, a business-to-business e-marketplace; and Google, a search engine company
that derives most of its revenue from keyword advertising on Internet searches. Governments
deploy information systems to provide services cost-effectively to citizens.

Activity:
Information Systems mainly performs four activities which are- Data Collection, Data Store, Data
Processing, Communicate Data
By doing all these activities, Information systems helps to reach an informed decision in a lot of
activities.

Components:
The main components of information systems are computer hardware and software,
telecommunications, databases and data warehouses, human resources, and procedures. The
hardware, software, and telecommunications constitute information technology (IT), which is now
ingrained in the operations and management of organizations.

Dimensions of Information Systems:

Information systems support operations, technology, and management in organizations. Functional
information systems that support a specific organizational function, such as marketing or
production, have been supplanted in many cases by cross-functional systems built to support
complete business processes, such as order processing or employee management. Such systems
can be more effective in the development and delivery of the firm’s products and can be evaluated
more closely with respect to the business outcomes.

Information Technology:
Information technology is the study, design, development, implementation, support or
management of computer-based information systems. In short information technology definition
is that it is the application of technology to solve business or organizational problems on a broad
scale.
Now, there might be a little confusion regarding the difference between Information technology
and Information systems. The terms information technology and information systems are
sometimes used interchangeably, but that is a misnomer. There are similarities and differences in
the two fields. The differences are as follows:

Information Technology Information System

Information technology definition is that it is the An information system is a type of platform or

application of technology to solve business or collection of platforms that exist to manage a set
organizational problems on a broad scale. of information or a technology product.

It deals with the technological components that It deals with the hardware and software used to
are used in the information systems create, maintain, and access an electronic health
record.

IT encompasses hardware, software, databases, IS encompasses computers, hard drives and other
and networks. electronic devices used to store, keep, and
distribute records.

The emphasis of IT is to manage technology and IS is the bridge between technology and the user.
help users make the most of its functionality.
Types of IT Services:
There are a few types of IT services- Hardware- Laptop, workstations, printers or
servers. Software- Software Asset Management. Network Infrastructure- Internet
connectivity, internal networking. Mobile Device Management- Mobile Device Management.
Cyber Security- Firewall, Encryption, authentication.

Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services over the internet rather than having local
servers or personal devices handle applications. Computing services can include servers, storage,
databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence. The concept of Cloud Computing
came into existence in the year 1950 with implementation of mainframe computers, accessible
via thin/static clients. Since then, cloud computing has evolved from static clients to dynamic
ones and from software to services.

Characteristics of Cloud Computing

According to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), all true cloud
environments have five key characteristics. On-demand self-service- Cloud customers can
quickly sign up, pay for, and start using cloud resources on their own without help from a sales
agent. Broad network access- Customer’s access cloud services via the internet. Resource
pooling- Different types of customers (individuals, organizations, or different departments
within an organization) all use the same servers, storage, or other computing resources. Rapid
elasticity or expansion- Cloud customers can easily scale their use of resources up or down as
their needs change. Measured service- Customers pay for the number of resources they use in a
given period of time rather than paying for hardware or software upfront.

Types of Cloud Computing

There are certain services and models working behind the scenes making the cloud computing
feasible and accessible to end users. And based on these models, cloud computing can be of
different types. Following are the working models for cloud computing:
• Deployment Models
• Service Models
Deployment Models
Deployment models define the type of access to the cloud. Cloud can have any of the four types
of access: Public, Private, Hybrid, and Community. Public Cloud- Public clouds are owned and
operated by a third-party cloud service provider who offers services to the general public. Private
Cloud-A private cloud is a cloud environment used exclusively by one organization and can be
physically located on the organization’s on-site data center. Hybrid Cloud- The hybrid cloud is a
mixture of public and private cloud, in which the critical activities are performed using private
cloud while the non-critical activities are performed using public cloud. Community Cloud- It
allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of organizations.

Uses of Cloud Computing

The first cloud computing services are barely a decade old, but already a variety of organisations
are embracing the technology for all sorts of reasons. These uses are; Create cloud-native
applications- Quickly build, deploy and scale and take advantage of cloud-native technologies
and approaches. Test and build applications- Reduce application development cost and time by
using cloud infrastructures that can easily be scaled up or down. Store, back up and recover
data- Protect your data more cost-efficiently by transferring your data over the Internet to an
offsite cloud storage system. Analyze data- Cloud services, such as machine learning and artificial
intelligence, can be used to uncover insights for more informed decisions. Stream audio and
video- Connect with your audience anywhere, anytime, on any device with high-definition video
and audio with global distribution. Embed intelligence- Use intelligent models to help engage
customers and provide valuable insights from the data captured. Deliver software on demand-
Also known as software as a service (SaaS), on-demand software lets you offer the latest software
versions and updates around to customers—anytime they need, anywhere they are.

Cloud Based Product and Services

As we are advancing throughout the age of science and technology, one of the things that is very
transparent, is the significance of data and data processing. Data science is one of the pillars of
today’s tech-based society.

Cloud based products and services are basically anything running in the Cloud. If you require an
internet connection to properly run a service, it is probably cloud-based. Cloud based services and
products have several common attributes: Virtualization- cloud computing utilizes server and
storage virtualization extensively to allocate/reallocate resources rapidly. Multi-tenancy-
resources are pooled and shared among multiple users to gain economies of scale. Network-
access- resources are accessed via web-browser or thin client using a variety of networked devices
(computer, tablet, smartphone) On Demand- resources are self-provisioned from an online
catalogue of pre-defined configurations Elastic - resources can scale up or down automatically.
Metering/Chargeback- resource usage is tracked and billed based on service arrangement.

Among the many types of cloud-based services delivered internally or by third party service
providers, the most common are: Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) – software runs on computers
owned and managed by the SaaS provider, versus installed and managed on user computers. The
software is accessed over the public Internet and generally offered on a monthly or yearly
subscription. Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) – compute, storage, networking, and other
elements (cloud security, tools) are provided by the IaaS provider via public Internet, VPN, or
dedicated network connection. Users own and manage operating systems, applications, and
information running on the infrastructure and pay by usage. Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) – All
software and hardware required to build and operate cloud-based applications are provided by the
PaaS provider via public Internet, VPN, or dedicated network connection. Users pay by use of the
platform and control how applications are utilized throughout their lifecycle.

Benefits of Cloud Computing

Cost- Cloud computing eliminates the capital expense of buying hardware and software and setting
up and running on-site data centers. Speed- Most cloud computing services are provided self
service and on demand, so even vast amounts of computing resources can be provisioned in
minutes. Global scale- The benefits of cloud computing services include the ability to scale
elastically. Productivity- IT can speed time on achieving more important business goals by
automating most of the business processes. Performance- Cloud computing offers several benefits
over a single corporate datacenter, including reduced network latency for applications and greater
economies of scale. Reliability- Cloud computing makes data backup, disaster recovery and
business continuity easier and less expensive. Security- Many cloud providers offer a broad set of
policies, technologies and controls that strengthen your security posture overall, helping protect
your data, apps, and infrastructure from potential threats.

Cloud Based Platforms

All the cloud-based software and services need a cloud-based platform to function properly. Based
on proprietorship, we can broadly divide cloud-based platforms into three categories:

i. Platforms Based on Public Cloud: Public cloud computing platforms make their services
widely available. They are user-friendly and cost less than other cloud programs. It has one of the
largest industries among cloud computing platforms today. This is because the public cloud is
usually free, freemium, or subscription-based which costs less. Amazon web services, Microsoft
Azure, Google Cloud etc are examples of public cloud platforms.
ii. Platforms Based on Private Cloud: A private cloud is a cloud that is used by a single
organization. Private clouds are more secure than public clouds as they are not shared with another
entity. Only one entity or a few shares a private cloud. Whereas, in public clouds, the platform is
shared by multiple entities and users. However, they are usually expensive.

iii. Platforms Based on Hybrid Cloud: A hybrid cloud is a type of cloud computing that
combines a private cloud with a public cloud. This allows data and apps to move seamlessly
between the two environments. Hybrid clouds can be convenient for businesses that want to make
use of strong security and cheaper solutions. These businesses will take strong security from a
private cloud. Then, they will draw solutions that cost less in public clouds.

Here are some of the public cloud options companies can use to build and manage their IT
infrastructure:

i. Amazon Web Services: Amazon Web Services provides on-demand cloud computing platforms
like storage, data analysis, etc. and lends its services to individuals, companies, and governments.
Amazon Web Services allow their subscribers to enjoy a full-fledged virtual cluster of computers,
at any time, based on their requirements.

ii. Google Cloud Platform: Google offers its public cloud computing solutions with the name of
Google Cloud Platform, or GCP. It offers services in all major spheres including compute,
networking, storage, machine learning (ML) and the internet of things (IoT). It also includes tools
for cloud management, security, and development.

iii. Microsoft Azure: Microsoft Azure (formerly Windows Azure) is the cloud computing service
from Microsoft. Like the above solutions, it supports the development, test, deployment, and
management of applications and services. For web development, it offers support for PHP,
ASP.net, and Node.js. Overall, it is a complete package that supports development, management
as well security of applications.

iv. Digital Ocean: DigitalOcean is an American cloud hosting company that has pushed the idea
of using a Solid-State Drive (SSD) to create a developer-friendly platform that allows DO
customers transfer projects and increase production easily and efficiently.

v. Alibaba Cloud: Alibaba Cloud is the cloud initiative of the Chinese eCommerce giant – Alibaba
Group. Alibaba Cloud began as a private cloud which was meant to support the internal
infrastructural needs of the Alibaba Group, but it soon scaled to a public cloud solution provider.
The Alibaba Cloud computing services cover all the major cloud services like elastic computing,
hosting, object storage, relational database (SQL) etc.
Green IT

Green IT refers to the study and practice of using computers and IT resources in a more efficient
and environmentally responsible way. It aims to minimize the negative impact of IT operations on
the environment by designing, manufacturing, operating, and disposing of computers and
computer-related products in an environmentally friendly manner. The motives behind green IT
practices include reducing the use of hazardous materials, maximizing energy efficiency during
the product's lifetime, and promoting the biodegradability of unused and outdated products.
Sam Murugesan has explained a holistic approach addressing the environmental impacts of
Information Technology, which consists of four steps to gain the environmental sustainability:

Green Use- which aims in minimizing the energy consumption of the computer systems and the
products using them in an efficient manner, Green Disposal- where reusing of systems and
refurbishing takes place and the proper disposing, unwanted recycling of computers and other
equipment takes place. Green Design- where designing the energy efficient and environmentally
sound computers and accessories such as servers and cooling devices. Green manufacturing-
which targets to manufacture the computer systems and its components with minimal effect on the
environment.

This is most commonly achieved by- Making data centers and computing devices more energy
efficient, Using more renewable energy sources, Using less hazardous materials in computing
devices, Promoting device longevity, and making devices and other IT equipment better
recyclable.

This means that the main benefits of green computing are- Reduced environmental impact (less
GHG emissions, less e-waste, fewer virgin resources needed for manufacturing new devices),
Lower energy costs, Longer lasting computing devices, Reduced health risk for computer workers
and recyclers.

It is better to raise the awareness in the people about the danger or the impact that threatens
the earth if they continue to use the same traditional methods and computers and to teach the
benefits of green IT. Green computing or Green IT is popular in note and it is not only
considered as an organizational responsibility that must be undertaken by all the computer
users. Home computer owners must also follow the Green IT practices to make the
environment sustainable.
Reference:
1. https://www.britannica.com/topic/information-system/Computer-software
2. https://www.newgenapps.com/blog/top-5-cloud-platforms-and-solutions-to-choose-from/
3. https://thinkitsolutions.com/cloud-computing-platforms/
4. https://customerthink.com/top-cloud-computing-products-and-services-used-by-data-
scientists/#:~:text=The%20most%20popular%20cloud%20computing,Cloud%20Platfor
m%20and%20Microsoft%20Azure.
5. https://builtin.com/cloud-computing/cloud-computing-examples
6. https://www.logicmonitor.com/blog/what-is-the-difference-between-saas-based-and-
cloud-based
7. https://www.delltechnologies.com/en-in/learn/cloud/cloud-based-services.htm