Introduction to Astronomy

Earth and Moon

* Earth Spin
.Day and Night
.One day
.Diurnal Motion of Sun and Stars
* Earth Orbital Motion
.Ecliptic
.Season
.Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn
.Equinox.
.Precession
 Introduction to Astronomy

Earth and Moon

*Moon
.phase
.eclipse
.tide
.earth shine
.strange moon
.libration
.origin of the moon
Earth and Moon

Earth

Apollo 17

© nasa
 Earth and Moon

Earth Spin: Day and Night

 Earth and Moon

Earth Spin: One Day

Sun

Earth seen
from North
Pole
 Earth and Moon
Earth Spin: Sun's Apparent Motion

apparent
sun
movement
figure

Diurnal Motion
@r
 Earth and Moon
Earth Spin: Star Apparent Motion

apparent star
and sun
movement
figure

Diurnal Motion © cseligman.comr

 Earth and Moon

Earth Spin: Star Apparent Motion

Diurnal Motion

© Chris Christner
 Earth and Moon

Earth Spin: Star Apparent Motion

VLT time lapse

movie

© Chris Christner
 Earth and Moon

Glossaries related to Diurnal Motion

*Horizon:
*Zenith:
*Meridian:
*Celestial Pole:
*Celestial Equator:
 Earth and Moon

Earth Spin-> Star Diurnal Motion

latittude=+35

apparent star
and sun
movement
figure

© cseligman.comr
 Earth and Moon
Earth Spin: Star Diurnal Motion

latittude=0°
=@equator

apparent star
and sun
movement
figure

© cseligman.comr
 Earth and Moon

latittude=0°
Earth Spin--> Star Diurnal
Motion

apparent star
and sun
movement
figure

© cseligman.comr
Earth and Moon

Earth Orbital Motion

www.nationonline.org
 Earth and Moon
Earth Spin+Earth Orbit--> Sidereal Day
vs. Solar Day

Length Spin
Solar Day ~ 24 h ~361°

Sidereal Day ~ 23 h 56 m 04 s ~360°

 Earth and Moon
Earth Orbit+Earth Spin --->Sidereal
Day vs. Solar Day

Sun

Earth seen
from North
Pole
 Earth and Moon
Earth Spin + Earh Orbit -->
Siderial Day vs. Solar Day
 Earth and Moon
Siderial Day vs. Solar Day
Earth and Moon

apparent movement of the sun wrt to

the star

Orbital Motion
 Earth and Moon
Sun's Daily Motion wrt Stars
Earth and Moon

apparent movement of the sun wrt to

the star

Orbital Motion
Earth and Moon
Earth Orbit: Ecliptic
Earth and Moon

apparent movement of the sun wrt to

the star

Orbital Motion
Earth and Moon
Earth Orbit: Ecliptic

apparent movement of the sun wrt to

the star

Orbital Motion
 Earth and Moon
Earth Orbit: Ecliptic

apparent movement of the sun wrt to

the star

©Dr Shepheerd Simpson

Earth and Moon
Earth Orbit:
Ecliptic

pic of sun's movement in

zodiac
Earth and Moon

Earth Orbit: Axial Tilt

tilted axis
Earth and Moon

Earth Orbit

figure skate player

Earth Orbit

Earth Orbit

Wrong Idea!
 Earth and Moon
Earth Orbit+Axial Tilt: Season

Season Movie

www.nationonline.org
 Earth and Moon
Earth Orbit+Axial Tilt: Season

www.nationonline.org
 Earth and Moon

Earth Orbit+Axial Tilt=Season

precession

Seasons
 Earth and Moon
Earth Orbit+Axial Tilt: Season

apparent
sun
movement
figure

@r
 Earth and Moon
Glossaries related to Earth Orbital Motion

●
Summer solstice -- the longest daytime of the year, when the Sun is at its
most northern point in the sky. (Northern Solstice, June Solstice)
●
Winter solstice -- the shortest daytime of the year, when the Sun is at its
most southern point in the sky. (Southern Solstice, December Solstice)
●
Spring (Vernal) equinox --day and night are each 12 hours long and the
Sun is at the midpoint of the sky and rises in the east. (in March)
●
Autumn (Autumnal) equinox -- day and night are each 12 hours long and
the Sun is at the midpoint of the sky and rises in the east. (in September)
 Earth and Moon
Earth Orbit+Axial Tilt: Season

precession
 Earth and Moon
Earth Orbit+Axial Tilt: Season
Earth and Moon

ª©Tom Ruen
 Earth and Moon
Earth Orbit+Axial Tilt: Season

summer@
polar region
sun path at different
lattitude on earth

Sun Path @ polar region

 Earth and Moon

latitude=+90

north pole

variations of apparent sun path on latitude

www.physics.csbsju.edu
 Earth and Moon

latitude=+45

variations of apparent sun path on latitude

www.physics.csbsju.edu
 Earth and Moon

latitude=0

variations of apparent sun path on latitude

www.physics.csbsju.edu
 Earth and Moon

latitude=-45

variations of apparent sun path on latitude

www.physics.csbsju.edu
 Earth and Moon

latitude=-90

south pole

variations of apparent sun path on latitude

www.physics.csbsju.edu
 Earth and Moon

latitude=-90

South polar region

variations of apparent sun path on latitude

www.physics.csbsju.edu
Earth and Moon
Tropic of Cancer

s taiwan map

©
Earth and Moon
Tropic of Cancer

s taiwan map

©
Earth and Moon
Tropic of Cancer

s taiwan map

©
Earth and Moon
Tropic of Cancer

s taiwan map

©
 Earth and Moon
Tropic of Cancer

latitude=+23.5°
=@tropic of cancer
Earth and Moon
Tropic of Capricorn

s taiwan map

©
 Earth and Moon
Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn

s taiwan map

©
 Earth and Moon
Tropic of Cancer

latitude=+23.5
=@tropic of cancer
 Earth and Moon

latitude=0
=@equator W

S N

www.physics.csbsju.edu
 Earth and Moon
Tropic of Cancer

latitude=-23.5
=@tropic of capricorn

S N
Analemma Astrology

globe

analemma on globe

© Phil Wherry
Astrology

sundial

analemma on globe

Analemma ©Pete Swanstrom

Earth and Moon
Analemma

analemma picture
Earth and Moon
Earth Elliptical Orbit

movie of elliptical orbit

 Earth and Moon
Earth Orbit+Axial Tilt+Elliptical Orbit: Analemma

apparent
sun
movement
figure

@r
 Earth and Moon
Earth Orbit + Axial Tilt + Circular Orbit : No Analemma

s
 Earth and Moon
Earth Orbit + Axial Tilt + Elliptical Orbit : Analemma

s
 Earth and Moon
Earth Orbit + Elliptical Orbit + Tilted Axis: Analemma

elliptical orbit
Earth and Moon
Analemma

©
Earth and Moon
Analemma on Mars

elliptical orbit
Earth and Moon
Precession of a Top

precession
 Earth and Moon
Precession of the Earth

period=25771.5 yr

precession
 Earth and Moon
Effects of Earth Precession
Moves apparent positions various things
w.r.t. the background stars
*Polaris will not be 'Polaris', any more
*Equinoxes will be shifted
*Zodiac will be different
 Earth and Moon
Polaris will not be 'Polaris', any more.

Diurnal Motion
© Chris Christner
 Effects of Earth Precession
Polaris will not be 'Polaris', any more.

North Pole Shift

Precession of the Earth

 Effects of Earth Precession
Celetial Pole Shift

South Pole Shift

Precession of the Earth

 Earth and Moon
Equinox Shift

(Verenal) Equinox
©
 Equinox Shift

Shift of Vernal Equinox

Earth and Moon
Moon

picture of moon
Earth and Moon
Moon (real scale)
Earth and Moon
Moon (Phase)

picture of moon
Earth and Moon
Moon (Phase)
 Earth and Moon
Moon
(Phase)
 Earth and Moon
Moon
(Phase)
Earth and Moon
Moon

Tide
Samuel Wantman
Earth and Moon
Moon

Tide (1 day variations)

Earth and Moon
Moon

Tide (1 month variations)

Earth and Moon
Moon

Tide (1 year varations)

Earth and Moon
Moon

Tide (1 day variations)

Earth and Moon
Moon

Tide (1 day variations)

Earth and Moon
Moon

tide

Tide (1 month varations

© noaa
Earth and Moon
Moon

Tide (1 month variations)

Earth and Moon
Moon

Elliptic Earth Orbit (exaggerated)

Earth
Sun

Tide (1 year variations)

Earth and Moon
Moon

Earth Moon

Tide (1 year variations)

Earth and Moon
Moon

Tide (1 year varations)

 Earth and Moon
Eclipses
Lunar Eclipse Solar Eclipse
Earth and Moon
Eclipses (Lunar Eclipse)
Earth and Moon
Eclipse (Solar Eclipse)

Stefan Seip
Earth and Moon
Eclipse (Solar Eclipse)
Earth and Moon
Eclipse (Solar Eclipse)
 Earth and Moon
Eclipse (Solar Eclipse)

Shadow from Wether Satellite

Earth and Moon
Eclipse (Solar Eclipse)
Earth and Moon
Eclipse (Solar Eclipse)
Earth and Moon
Eclipse (Solar Eclipse)
Earth and Moon
Eclipse (Solar Eclipse)
Earth and Moon
Moon (Earthshine)
Earth and Moon
Moon (Earthshine)
 Earth and Moon
Moon is strange: It's not rotating ?

picture of moon
 Earth and Moon
Moon is strange: Synchronous Rotation

The Moon is in synchronous

rotation: it keeps the same face
turned toward the Earth at all
times.
 Earth and Moon
Moon: Synchronous Rotation?

pic of synchro orbit

 Earth and Moon
Moon: Synchronous Rotation

pic of synchro orbit

http://physics.uoregon.edu/~jimbrau
 Earth and Moon
Moon: Synchronous Rotation

figure skate player

 Earth and Moon
Moon: Synchronous Rotation

Cannot see
the other side of the
moon, easily
 Earth and Moon
Moon is strange: Moon is sometimes looks bigger ?

Moon (Elliptical Orbit)

 Earth and Moon
Moon looks bigger in Autumn ?

Elliptic Moon Orbit (exaggerated)

Earth Moon
Earth and Moon
Moon (Libration)
 Earth and Moon
Moon is strange: Moon is too big?

Ratio=0.27

picture of moon size wrt earth and other plane

 Earth and Moon
Moon is strange: Moon is too big?

Diameter ratio to the largest moon of each planet

Venus: no satellite
Earth: 0.27
Mars: 0.0044
Jupiter: 0.037
Saturn: 0.043
Uranus: 0.031
Neptune: 0.055
 Earth and Moon
Moon is strange: Moon is too big?

Diameter ratio to the largest moon of each planet

Venus: no satellite
Earth: 0.27
Mars: 0.0044
Jupiter: 0.037
Saturn: 0.043
Uranus: 0.031
Neptune: 0.055
 Earth and Moon
Moon Origin: How was the moon created

pic to explain moon capture origin

Earth and Moon
Moon: Apollo Mission
Earth and Moon
Moon: Apollo Mission
Earth and Moon
Moon: Apollo Mission

Collecting Moon Rock and Soil

 Earth and Moon
Moon Origin: How was the moon
created ?

pic to explain moon capture origin

 Earth and Moon
Moon Origin: How was the moon created?
 2009
Water on Moon !
Water discovered on
Moon

Green=More Water (1 tons of soil --> 1 litter of water)

A11 etc = Apollo landing sites