Journal of Alternate Energy Sources & Technologies

ISSN: 2230-7982 (Online), ISSN: 2321-5186 (Print)

Volume 11, Issue 2
www.stmjournals.com

Modeling of Overvoltage Protection by Lightning for a

Grid-tied Solar Power System: A case of Vietnam
Ngo Nguyen Dong1,2, Le Thi Thuy Hang3,*
1
Vietnam Electricity Corporation, Vietnam
2
Energy Department, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam
3
Institute of Energy Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Vietnam

Abstract
The solar power system has been widely developed due to its environmental friendliness and
sustainability. Normally, PV panels would be preferable to set up on rooftop of building or
free-standing in unsheltered areas. Therefore, the negative impacts on these systems from bad
weather conditions, like storms and lightning, have been evident. Vietnam is located in the
region of tropical monsoon weather, especially one of the three strongest thunderstorm areas
in the world. And the overvoltage by lightning transient currents on a PV system not only
could fault, damage to electrical/electronic equipments, but also effect adversely on the
human health and economic. In this paper, our team has chosen the lightning strokes of
single-peaked current forms and has simulated it under the equivalent engineering models by
Matlab-Simulink. The obtained results allowed the analysis of overvoltage scenarios in grid-
tied solar power system in Vietnam and the assessment of the surge protective device activities
of Metal Oxide Varistors during overvoltage.

Keywords: Solar power, Metal Oxide Varistors, Overvoltage Protection, Lightning, Vietnam

*Author for Correspondence E-mail: lehang@ies.vast.vn, Tel: +84 946095079

INTRODUCTION foreign organizations because of new policies

The solar power system has been well-known
as a clean solution to generate electricity
from the solar energy. Depending on
operation and configuration of solar power
systems, there are three main technologies,
that is: off-grid, on-grid and hybrid [1, 2, 3].
For an off-grid system, the capacity of solar
panels must be enough to meet power for
loads and recharging batteries, and the
batteries must be large enough to store and
supply power to loads during no sunshine [1,
3, 4]. For a grid-connected system, the grid
runs as a buffer in case of the oversupply by
solar panels and/or supplies power to loads
during periods of insufficient solar power, but
the issues of grid safety need to be considered
carefully [1, 3, 5]. For a hybrid system, the
power for loads is supplied by more than one
source, and this would allow the hybrid
system to be more reliable in producing
electricity [1, 3, 6]. Currently in Vietnam, the
grid-tied solar power system has been
attracting the attention of domestic and
from the government [7, 8, 9, 10]. And even
so, the development of solar power system in
Vietnam is not always convenient. Vietnam is
located in one of three strongest thunderstorm
centers in the world (see Figure 1) with the
average density of lightning up to 14
flash/km2/year [11, 12, 13, 14].
And it is found that these strokes have caused
the disruption of telecommunication and
electricity services, typically the outside power
systems like PV systems. Vladimir A. Rakov
in [15] showed that these overvoltage stresses
by lightning flashes could change the
operating conditions of power system, ignite
combustible materials or cause great damage
to electric equipments. In PV systems, PV
panels and other elements, like inverters,
cables, or boards, could be damaged by these
direct and indirect strokes [16]. Even if the
stresses are not strong enough to damage
electrical equipments in system, they still
could impact negatively on operation of
electrical power system.

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Modeling of Overvoltage Protection by Lightning
Fig. 1: World Lightning Density of NASA [14].
In fact, the overvoltage surges from external
causes must be prevented by protection tools,
especially when the line insulation level is low
like in PV systems [15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21].
The atmospheric overvoltage surges are
described by standard IEC 61643 including
wave shapes of 10/350 µs, 8/20 µs, and 1.2/50
µs [15, 17, 18, 22].
Therefore, although Vietnam has a high
solar potential with the average intensity up
to 5kWh/m 2, protecting overvoltage by
lightning strikes for solar power systems still
has been a big challenge here and now [23].
Normally, using Surge Protective Devices
(SPDs) are a basic solution for overvoltage
protection from lightning strokes. G. B. Lo
Piparo et al. in [24] mentioned that these
SPDs must self-extinguish the electric arc
quickly and not discharge when there is an
internal overvoltage. Popular technologies
today are Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) and
Spark Gap/Gas Discharge Tube [18, 24, 25].
Spark Gap/Gas Discharge Tube is widely
used in overvoltage protection due to its
simplicity, and often placed in parallel with
other SPDs to provide back-up protection in
JoAEST (2020) 27–40 © STM Journals 2020. All Rights Reserved
Dong and Hang
case of primary protection device failed [24,
25]. MOVs often have higher on capacitance
and resistance than other SPDs for the same
application, but they could fail if the
operating voltage is in a continuous
maximum due to thermal overloading [24,
25, 26]. The requirements of insulation or
reinforcement would be under IEC standard
“Protection against electric shock” like IEC
60364-4-41 in [27]. The voltage of the
protection device should be lower than the
voltage of the equipment protected at least
20%, and the SPDs should be set up in
parallel with the protected systems, referred
to CLC/TS 50539-12 in [28]. Depending on
the complexity of power system and
weather conditions at site, the SPDs could
be used independently or in combination to
ensure the high reliability in overvoltage
protection for the electric-electronic
systems [15, 18, 21].
Our study focuses on analysis of overvoltage
scenarios in grid-tied solar power system in
Vietnam and assessment the behaviours of
MOVs during overvoltage by simulation and
the equivalent engineering models. The tested
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Journal of Alternate Energy Sources & Technologies
Volume 11, Issue 2
ISSN: 2230-7982 (Online), ISSN: 2321-5186 (Print)

PV system was set up at a building in Hanoi
(Vietnam).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The experimental PV system was a grid-tied
solar power system on the rooftop of a
building of Vietnam Electricity (EVN) in
Hanoi shown in Figures 2 and 3.
In PV system, the major components included
64 PV panels (4 arrays), a inverter, distribution
board and controller. The MOVs were selected
to protect inverters from overvoltage, and
placed at inverter and MDP-PV board.
Some main characteristics of the considered
PV system, MOVs and inverter SMA were
given in Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3.

(b)

(a) (c)
Fig. 2: Rooftop Solar Power System at EVN Building. (a) PV panels, ( b) Inverter SMA,
(c) MDP-PV board.

Fig. 3: Equivalent Diagram of a PV System.

Table 1: Characteristics of PV System at EVN.

Module
Characteristics Array System
STC NOCT
Maximum Power (Pmax, W) 310 226 4,960 19,840
Maximum Current (Imp, A) 8.40 6.66 6.66 26.6
Maximum Voltage (Vmp, V) 36.91 33.95 543 543
Short Circuit Current (Isc, A) 8.90 7.12
Open Circuit Voltage (Voc, V) 45.77 42.57
(Note: At STC: Air Mass AM 1.5, Irradiance 1000 W/m2, Cell Temperature 25oC, At NOCT: Wind Speed 1m/s, Irradiance
800 W/m2, Cell Temperature 45oC, Ambient Temperature 20oC).

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Modeling of Overvoltage Protection by Lightning Dong and Hang

Table 2: Characteristics of Experimental MOVs.

Characteristics MOV1 MOV2
Maximum continuous operating voltage (UC) 585 V DC 275 V (50/60 Hz)
Nominal discharge current (8/20 s) (In) 15 kA 20 kA
Maximum discharge current (8/20 s) (Imax) 40 kA 40 kA
Voltage protection level (Up)  1.9 kV  1.5 kV
Open circuit voltage UOCSTC ≤ 485 V DC
Short-circuit current rating ISCPV 2000 A
Response time (tA)  25 ns  25 ns

Ideal photovoltaic cell

IL I I
+ +
RS REqual
Photovoltaic cell
+ ID ISh RSh V V
-

- -

Fig. 4: Equivalent Circuit of a Solar Cell [29].

Table 3: Characteristics of Inverter SMA.

Parameters Rated power And the output equivalent resistance of a solar
Input (DC) 20,440 W cell could be determined as in (2).
Output (AC) 20,000 W (at 230 V, 50 Hz)

Methods
In order to observe, monitor and evaluate the
behaviors of MOVs in overvoltage protection
for the system, MATLAB software was used
to simulate their activities under overvoltage
conditions.
In fact, PV system has operated on signals at
various frequencies: 50 Hz for output AC
signals, switching frequency of inverter at
several kHz, and especially overvoltage
signals at 50 kHz of a pulse 0.02ms.
Therefore, an equivalent circuit of PV system
has been considered under the influence of
high frequency overvoltage signal, and its
structure was presented in Figure 4. (R1.2)
The current produced by a solar cell could be
expressed as in (1).
I = IL – ID – ISh (1)
where: I - output current, A/m2; IL –
photogenerated current, A/m2; ID- diode
current, A/m2; ISh- shunt current, A/m2.
1 1 1
= + (2)
R equal R Sh R S
where: RSh - shunt resistance, /m2; RS - series
resistance, /m2; Requal - equivalent resistance,
/m2.
Moreover, the assumption was that IGBTs are
ideal, the impedance was zero in conducting
mode, and the internal resistance of source
was extremely small. And the equivalent
circuit of an inverter could be determined as in
Figure 5 below (R1.2).
The overvoltage scenarios in our study were
the fabricated solar power system with or
without SPDs, and the SPDs were installed at
the start and end points of inverter for
protection itself in fabricated PV system (see
Figures 6, 7, and 8). The behaviors of SPDs,
inverter, and load would be observed during
overvoltage phenomenon.
where: the parameters of elements of fabricated
model was showed in Table 4 below.

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Journal of Alternate Energy Sources & Technologies
Volume 11, Issue 2
ISSN: 2230-7982 (Online), ISSN: 2321-5186 (Print)

C
EQUIVALENT
CIRCUIT
A

C
B

Fig. 5: Equivalent Circuit of Inverter.

D5

D2
IGBT5

IGBT2
D3

D6
IGBT3

IGBT6
D1

D4
IGBT1

IGBT4
C

-
+

VDC

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Modeling of Overvoltage Protection by Lightning Dong and Hang

Fig. 6: Simulation of Fabricated Model on MATLAB without MOVs.

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Journal of Alternate Energy Sources & Technologies
Volume 11, Issue 2
ISSN: 2230-7982 (Online), ISSN: 2321-5186 (Print)

Fig. 7: Simulation of Fabricated Model on MATLAB without MOV2.

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Modeling of Overvoltage Protection by Lightning Dong and Hang

Fig. 8: Simulation of Fabricated Model on MATLAB with SPDs.

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Journal of Alternate Energy Sources & Technologies
Volume 11, Issue 2
ISSN: 2230-7982 (Online), ISSN: 2321-5186 (Print)

Table 4: Parameters of Elements of constant, k - the amplitude correction factor,

Fabricated Model. and nk - an exponent controlling a steepness of
Element Value each current waveform k.
Resistance of 16 PV panels in series (RPV, ) 81.56
Cable resistance (Rcable, ) 0.25
Table 5: Parameters for Subsequent Current
DC link capacitor (Cinverter, F) 0.210-6
Strokes.
consumption resistance (RLoad, ) 22.72
MSS_SUB MCS_SUB
capacitor of low-pass filter (Cfilter, F) 12.510-6 k
I0k (kA) nk 1k (s) 2k (s) I0k (kA) nk 1k (s) 2k (s)
resistance of a low-pass filter (Rfilter, ) 1.6
1 10.7 2 0.25 2.5 15.4 3.4 0.6 4.0
2 6.5 2 2.1 230 7.2 2 4.0 120
The overvoltage signal was simulation via (3)
and (4) with input data in Table 5 [30, 31]. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
(R1.2) The overvoltage signal was a lightning stroke
  t  nk  of base single-peaked current function in (3)
    with a waveform 8/20 μs, a peak value of 2
m 
i 0k   t    1k  
i( t ) =    exp −    kV, and a hit time of 50 μs shown in Figure 9.
k =1   k   1k    t  
n k

1 +    In a scenario without any overvoltage

  1k   protection (see Figure 6), all main equipments
(3) had to catch the full overvoltage signal as in
 1  Figure 10. And this could cause serious
   n k t 2 k  nk  consequences for operating the system and
 k = exp − 1k    (4) reduce profits significantly. The PV system
  1k
  2k   could be destroyed by overheats for metal
 
structure, distorted by pressure of expanding
air, or damaged on insulation. This overvoltage
Where: i0k - controls the amplitude, 1k - the could ignite combustible materials or damage
front-time constant, 2k - the decay-time electric equipments in inverter and load.

Fig. 9: Overvoltage Waveform in Simulation.

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Modeling of Overvoltage Protection by Lightning Dong and Hang

Fig. 10: Voltages on MOV1, Inverter and Load without MOVs.

Fig. 11: Voltages on Inverter and Load with only MOV1.

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Journal of Alternate Energy Sources & Technologies
Volume 11, Issue 2
ISSN: 2230-7982 (Online), ISSN: 2321-5186 (Print)
Fig. 12: Voltage Profiles on MOV1, Inverter and Load.
In a scenario with only MOV1 (see Figure 7),
the overvoltage signal hit on cable near PV
modules. Only PV panels were under the full
overvoltage signal as showed in Figure 11.
The voltage of MOV1 has quickly reached 585
V, and then slowly decreased to 535 V. Under
MOV1 operation, the voltage on the inverter
and the load has gradually increased to about
500 V. It is clear from Figure 11 that the
voltage signal on load was much lower than
the input overvoltage signal, but this voltage
level was still very dangerous for the electrical
devices with a rated voltage of only 220 V.
In a scenario of overvoltage protection with
both MOV1 and MOV2 (see Figure 8), the
lightning hit on cable near PV modules.
Similar to the scenario of only MOV1, only
PV panels were affected fully by this
overvoltage signal. The MOV1 voltage has
climbed to 585 V in just 6 μs, and then kept at
535 V from 45μsth as displayed in Figure 12.
The protection mode of MOV has been
activated to dissipate the overvoltage signal to
ground. Following the MOV1 change, the
JoAEST (2020) 27–40 © STM Journals 2020. All Rights Reserved
voltage on inverter increased to the protection
voltage level of MOV2, and was fixed at 286
V after 45μsth. The voltage on load has
fluctuated within 230 V as soon as the inverter
voltage was in a stable.
CONCLUSION
All overvoltage stresses by lightning could
cause a severe damage. And the overvoltage
protection in solar power system appear to be
very significant, especially in tropical
countries like Vietnam.
Due to the advantages of capacitance and
resistance higher than other SPDs, MOVs
should be chosen for overvoltage protection in
electrical systems, including grid-tied solar
systems, especially at locations in
thunderstorm areas like Vietnam. Depending
on weather conditions and system structure,
the quantity and installation position of SPDs
should be carefully considered to ensure the
cost and safety requirements.
In our study, due to the small system
structure and the short distances from the
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Modeling of Overvoltage Protection by Lightning
main equipments, only two MOVs have been
selected and installed at two locations for
protecting the inverter and ensure the
operation voltage on load. The simulations
were performed to understand the effects on
PV panels, MOVs, inverter, and load
following a lightning strike. The results
showed that lightning strikes to a fabricated
system could cause high overvoltage signals
at sites without surge arresters. Short
distances from terminals also were
advantageous for reducing the number of
SPDs and limiting damages from lightning
strikes to small and medium-sized power
systems in urban areas in Vietnam.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are grateful to Vietnam
Electricity, University of Science and
Technology of Hanoi, and Institute of Energy
Science had sponsored for our study.
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Dong and Hang
Cite this Article
Ngo Nguyen Dong, Le Thi Thuy Hang.
Modeling of Overvoltage Protection by
Lightning for a Grid-tied Solar Power
System: A case of Vietnam. Journal of
Alternate Energy Sources & Technologies.
2020; 11(2): 27–40p.
Page 40