Experiment No.

6
LOW PASS FILTER

OBJECTIVE
To study the characteristics and frequency response of passive low passfilter.

THEORY
The impedance of an inductor is proportional to frequency and the impedance of a capacitor is
inversely proportional to frequency. These characteristics can be used to select or reject
certain frequencies of an input signal. This selection and rejection of frequencies is called
filtering, and a circuit which does this is called a filter. If a filter passes low frequencies and
rejects high ones, it is called a low-pass filter. An RC low pass filter is shown in Figure1.

Figure 1: Low Pass Filter

Filters, like most things, aren‟t perfect. They don‟t absolutely pass some frequencies and
absolutely reject others. A frequency is considered passed if its magnitude (voltage amplitude)
is within 70% (or 1/√2) of the maximum amplitude passed and rejected otherwise. The 70%
frequency is called corner frequency, roll-off frequency, break frequency, cutoff frequency or
half-power frequency. The corner frequency for the RC filter is given as:

fC = 1 / 2πRC

At cut off frequency, R=XC i.e. voltage VR=VC and phase angle between input and output
voltage will be 450.
 Figure 2: Amplitude and Phase Response of Low Pass RC Filter

EQUIPMENT
Functiongenerator Jumperwires

Oscilloscope Resistor: 1.2kΩ

Probes Capacitor:Last Digit of your Roll

#(e.g Roll#5602, C=2uF)

Breadboard

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

1.2 kohm

AC Voltage Source
1 micro farad

PROCEDURE
1. Connect the components on bread board according the circuitdiagram.
2. Apply sinusoidal input voltage of 5 V peak to peak with 20 Hz frequency from function
generator and note the peak to peak voltage across capacitor fromoscilloscope.
3. Also measure the phase difference (“θ”) between input and output voltage byoscilloscope.
4. Increase the frequency at regular steps and fill the table shownbelow.
5. Draw the graph between output voltage andfrequency.
6. Mark the cut off frequency on thegraph.
7. Draw the graph between θ andfrequency.
8. Mark the value of θ at cut offfrequency.
 RESULTS
Sr. Peak to peak Frequency of Peak to peak value Phase angle between input
No. value of input input voltage of output voltage and output voltage
voltage (Hz) from oscilloscope (“θ” degrees)
(V0=VC)
1 5 Vp-p 20 6.7 -16.77
2 5 Vp-p 25 6.6 -20.64
3 5 Vp-p 30 6.4 -24.32
4 5 Vp-p 35 6.2 -27.80
5 5 Vp-p 40 6.05 -31.08
6 5 Vp-p 45 5.8 -34.14
7 5 Vp-p 50 5.6 -36.99
8 5 Vp-p 55 5.4 -39.65
9 5 Vp-p 60 5.2 -42.11
10 5 Vp-p 65 5.04 -44.40
11 5 Vp-p 70 4.8 -46.53
12 5 Vp-p 75 4.6 -48.49
13 5 Vp-p 80 4.5 -50.32
14 5 Vp-p 85 4.1 -52.02
15 5 Vp-p 90 4.04 -53.59
Cutt Off Frequency:
My Roll # Is 5602, so I have choose capacitor of 2uF and my cut off frequency will be:
fc=1/2(3.14)(R)(C)
fc=1/2*3.14*1.2*10^3*2*10^-6
fc=1/0.015072
fc=66.34 This is cut off frequency
Circuit Diagram:

Cutt Off Frequency:

(when F=66.34 ,V=5p-p,R=1.2kΩ and C=2uF)

Graph between Output Voltage and Frequency

Graph between θ and Frequency

 DISCUSSION
1. Differentiate between passive and activefilters?
Active Filters uses active components like transistors for filtering of electronic signals While
passive filter uses passive components like Resistor, Inductor to generate a signal.
2. What is the ratio of output and input voltage levels in db at cutofffrequency?

The ration Between Output & Input Voltage level at cut off frequency is 0.001002db.
 3. What do you mean the term frequency octave and frequencydecade?
Octave (symbol oct) is a logarithmic unit for ratios between frequencies, with
one octave corresponding to a doubling of frequency while One decade (symbol dec) is a unit
for measuring frequency ratios on a logarithmic scale, with one decade corresponding to a ratio
of 10 between two frequencies.
4. Write some real applications in which low pass filter isused?
Low pass filters are used to filter noise from a circuit. 'Noise' is a high frequency signal.
When passed through a low pass filter most of the noise is removed and a clear sound is
produced
5. Your viewpoint regarding theresults.
Cut off frequency voltage across the Resistor and Capacitor are same.
 Psychomotor Domain Rubrics
Levels
PLO
Criteria Beginning (1) Developing (2) Accomplished (3) Exemplary (4)
no
With instructor/ supervisor’s With instructor/ supervisor’s Student is able to apply all
Apply Procedural Student is unable to apply
guidance, student is able to guidance, student is able to procedural knowledge to
Knowledge to described procedure to perform
1 apply some of the described apply all described independently perform
perform an activitydespite instructor/
procedure to partially perform procedure to fully perform activity without instructor/
activity supervisor’s guidance.
activity. activity. supervisor’s guidance.
Operational Skills Student has shown little to no
With instructor/ supervisor’s With instructor/ supervisor’s Student can handle/use all
for ability to handle/use
guidance, student can guidance, student can equipment/software and
Hardware/Softwar equipment/software and
5 handle/use some of the handle/use all involved components without
e equipment and involved components despite
equipment/software and equipment/software and instructor/ supervisor’s
involved instructor/ supervisor’s
involved components. involved components. guidance.
components guidance.
Effectively Student is able to effectively
Student is unable to Student is able to partially Student is able to
document/ and independently document/
effectivelydocument/ document/ communicate effectivelydocument/
10 communicate communicate performed
communicate performed performed activitieswith communicate performed
performed activities form without any
activities despite guidance. guidance. activities with guidance.
activities guidance.

Activity Name → Experiment No.6

Group No. → 01
Student Roll No. → 5602
C P Domain +
No. L L Taxonomy Criteria Awarded Score (out of 4 for each cell)
O O
Apply Procedural Knowledge to Assemble, Manipulate the
1 3 1 P4 circuits of different network and display the results
Follow the procedural guideline to build logic circuit with
2 4 5 P3 components by using Multisim.
Effectively Demonstrate/ Report the performed
3 5 10 A3 activity/activities
Total