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Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
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Procedia Manufacturing 44 (2020) 189–196

1st International Conference on Optimization-Driven Architectural Design (OPTARCH 2019)

1st International Conference on Optimization-Driven Architectural Design (OPTARCH 2019)

The
The Use
Use of
of aa GIS
GIS System
System as
as aa Decision
Decision Support
Support Tool
Tool for
for Municipal
Municipal
Solid
Solid Waste Management Planning: The Case Study of Al Nuzha
Waste Management Planning: The Case Study of Al Nuzha
District, Irbid, Jordan.
District, Irbid, Jordan.
Hatamleh
Hatamleh R.
R. I.
I.a*,
a
*, Jamhawi
Jamhawi M.
M. M.
M.b,, Al-Kofahi
b
Al-Kofahi S.
S. D.
D.c,, Hijazi
c
Hijazi H.
H.d
d

a
Department of Civil Engineering; Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
a
Department of Civil Engineering; Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
b
Department of City Planning and Design; Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
b
Department of City Planning and Design; Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
c
Department of Land Management and Environment; Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan.
c
Department of Land Management and Environment; Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan.
d
Unit of Disaster and risk management; Greater Irbid Municipality, Irbid, Jordan.
d
Unit of Disaster and risk management; Greater Irbid Municipality, Irbid, Jordan.

Abstract
Abstract
Effective collection and transport of solid waste reduces time, efforts and cost required from municipalities for such services. The
Effective collection and transport of solid waste reduces time, efforts and cost required from municipalities for such services. The
current system used to collect and transport solid waste in Irbid-Jordan lacks of routing plans and depends only on the experiences
current system used to collect and transport solid waste in Irbid-Jordan lacks of routing plans and depends only on the experiences
of the truck drivers. This work focuses on developing systematic, well-studies routes for collecting solid wastes in Al- Nuzha
of the truck drivers. This work focuses on developing systematic, well-studies routes for collecting solid wastes in Al- Nuzha
District as a pilot study with three subareas. Geographic information system (GIS) tools are used to simulate network and perform
District as a pilot study with three subareas. Geographic information system (GIS) tools are used to simulate network and perform
routes for collecting trucks. The results of the model show reduction in travelling distance by 2880.2 m in each round and in the
routes for collecting trucks. The results of the model show reduction in travelling distance by 2880.2 m in each round and in the
percent of abandoned bins from 25% to zero. The distances between two successive points were analyzed to test the hypothesis
percent of abandoned bins from 25% to zero. The distances between two successive points were analyzed to test the hypothesis
whether the mean value of that distance for the proposed routes is less than that for the current routes. The results were evaluated
whether the mean value of that distance for the proposed routes is less than that for the current routes. The results were evaluated
by using one tailed t test, P=0.004 < 0.05. This study can assist in improving the current situation with the limited resources of
by using one tailed t test, P=0.004 < 0.05. This study can assist in improving the current situation with the limited resources of
Jordanian Municipalities.
Jordanian Municipalities.
©
© 2019 The Authors.
2020 The Authors. Published
Published by
by Elsevier
Elsevier B.V.
B.V.
© 2019
This is The
an Authors.
open accessPublished
article by Elsevier
under the CC B.V.
BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review
Peer-review under responsibility of
under responsibility scientific committee
of the scientific committee ofof the
the 1st
1st International
International Conference
Conference on
on Optimization-Driven
Optimization-Driven
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Optimization-Driven
Architectural
ArchitecturalDesign
Design
Architectural Design
Keywords: Kewords: Waste collection, Route planning, GIS, Network analyst, Bin location
Keywords: Kewords: Waste collection, Route planning, GIS, Network analyst, Bin location

* Corresponding author. E-mail address: randahi@yu.edu.jo

* Corresponding author. E-mail address: randahi@yu.edu.jo
2351-9789 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
2351-9789 © 2019
This is an open Thearticle
access Authors. Published
under by Elsevier B.V.
the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is an open
Peer-review access
under article under
responsibility the scientific
of the CC BY-NC-ND license
committee (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
of the 1st International Conference on Optimization-Driven Architectural Design
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Optimization-Driven Architectural Design

2351-9789 © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Optimization-Driven Architectural Design
10.1016/j.promfg.2020.02.221
190 Hatamleh R. I. et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 44 (2020) 189–196
2 Hatamleh et al./ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000

1. Introduction

Population inflation, higher living standards in cities, expansion of urban areas, and changes in consumption
behavior have led to a considerable increase in the volume of the generated solid wastes in urban areas [4, 17, 20, 29,
35]. This made it extremely important to effectively manage the municipal solid waste (MSW) because inefficient
management of MSW will negatively impact the natural resources and degrade the environment [1, 10, 11, 27, 33, 38,
39]. In developing countries, solid waste management is a complex process [3, 15, 21, 25, 37], where the generated
waste is increasing [7, 38], with limited financial support, and lack of knowledge dealing with different waste handling
phases [19]. Solid waste collection may become a challenge task especially when some difficulties appear on the
surface such as throwing waste outside of the proper location because of improper location of collection bins, long
distances between them and from houses, and inadequate distribution and small capacities of bins [28, 30, 34]. In
addition, improper location of bins and collection routes hinders and reduces the efficiency of waste collection and
transport process [22, 29]. This situation becomes more sever in poor countries with high population growth like
Jordan [2, 29]. Municipalities are the responsible party of managing the solid waste collection [12, 23, 26, 37]. A
considerable portion of municipal solid waste management cost goes for waste collection and transport phases as fuel
consumption and wages [12, 18, 25]. However, this service needs to be provided to residents with minimal cost.
Planning the truck routes plays an important role in solid wastes collection. The trucks should pass through all bins in
the area with minimum travelling costs. In order to reduce the cost, time, efforts and distance traveled, several
amendments could be done such as relocate waste collection bins, change the size and the number of bins. Alternative
routes should be investigated [5, 8, 12, 36]. Selection of the routes will help in improving the collection efficiency as
well as reduces the cost. In addition, the placement of storage bins, accurate estimate of the waste generated, and
sufficient storage space within the target area will maximize the efficiency [37]. In routes optimization, spatial and
temporal analysis gives the best truck routes with minimum fuel consumptions. The time required to collect wastes
from busy areas may affect fuel consumption and increase the cost of the process. Geographic Information System
(GIS) provides a strong base to plan truck routes and is considered a valuable decision support system [6, 8, 9, 14,
16]. ArcGIS Network Analyst was used to administer and improve the efficiency of collection process and transport
of waste [31]. Building the model by using ArcGIS Network Analyst requires accurate spatial data including location
of waste bins and transportation network information such as streets directions, restrictions, and turns. Literatures
shows reduction in travelling distance, time and number of trips by using GIS [5, 9, 36]. This is a preliminary study
conducted to a small area in the Irbid city (Al Nuzha District). The current waste collection system in the city is based
only on the experience of the truck drivers without any kind of evaluation or planed operation. The objective of this
research is to conduct a pilot study for evaluating the current collection routes and developing new routes based on
geospatial data that could help to improve the efficiency of the collection process within the limited resources of Great
Irbid Municipality (GIM). This study is based on the distance between two successive bins assuming the time of
collection is in off-peak hours.

2. Study area

Jordan is one of the developing countries with an area of 90,000 km2 and arid to desert climate. The government
of Jordan considered managing the MSW within the country among the pillars to achieve sustainable development.
The municipal solid waste generation in Jordan is 2,077,215 tons/year with per capita waste generation of 0.9 kg/day
in urban areas (Solid Waste Exchange of Information and Expertise network [23]. Fast growing cities just like Irbid
have a great challenge in collecting and managing solid wastes. This is caused by dramatic demography change in the
city as high percent of the Syrian refugee settled down in Irbid. Based on the department of statistics of Jordan, the
estimated population density was the highest in Irbid city compared to other Jordanian cities and that was 1216.2
persons/km2 [13]. So, the latest estimation of growth-rate of waste generation of 3% annually [23] underestimated
the recent waste generation rate. Irbid consists of 23 districts; Al Nuzha District is one of Greater Irbid Municipality
(GIM) Districts (Fig.1) with an area of 5,447 km2. Al-Nuzha District considered an important district as it contains
around 35 government institutions such as the governorate Building, Health Ministry building, Education Ministry
Building, Agriculture Ministry building, the Chamber of Commerce and educational institutions such as government
and private universities and many commercial markets. The district also has residential areas with single and
 Hatamleh R. I. et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 44 (2020) 189–196 191
Hatamleh et al./ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000 3

multistory buildings. The orthophoto of the study area is given in Fig. 2 showing three subareas of the districts. The
estimated population is more than 30,000 in 2009 excluding Syrian refugees. Unfortunately, this estimation is not
accurate enough. The unavailability of current information about the population density and distribution is among the
obstacles to achieve proper management plans [6]. Jaradat and Al-Khashman [24] reported that inadequate or not up
to date information adds more difficulties to planning and managing solid wastes in cities. Therefore, some minor
assumptions and careful estimations probably will help achieve proper planning.

Fig. 1. Location of the study area Al-Nuzha in Northern Jordan

Fig. 2. The orthophoto of the study area.

3. Waste collection in Al-Nuzha District

The study area is located in the central of GIM where it has a busy traffic during day time and less traffic during
night time. The waste is collected by four trucks, two large capacity trucks and two small capacity trucks. There are
101 bins distributed in the district as shown in (Fig.3). The collection process is completely based on the driver’s
experience lacking of any systematic studied plans. Higher management in GIM does not interfere in the selecting
collection routes except in some situation when such services in some areas are enquired due to up normal situation
or events. Therefore, choosing the routes of the trucks is the responsibility of the drivers and/or the waste collectors.
The study area was divided into three subareas; eastern area, western area and southern area (Fig. 2). These divisions
supposed to consider the distribution and the schedule of the trucks that serve the three subareas. The routes in each
area were tracked by the GIS team and the number of bins and the time required to empty each bin was recorded. The
average time which was required to empty the bins ranged between 30 to 160 seconds. The time was affected by many
192 Hatamleh R. I. et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 44 (2020) 189–196
4 Hatamleh et al./ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000

factors such as the volume of waste outside the bins and the state of the bins. Two large trucks and two small trucks
were used in the area.

Fig. 3. Current routes in Al-Nuzha area and location of abandon bins.

4. Data collection

The analysis in this study required collecting recent and reliable geospatial data. The data can be divided into two
types existing data which is provided by GIM and field data collected by GIS team. For existing data, most digital
maps and spatial data were obtained from GIS section in GIM. Transportation map including streets directions,
restrictions, and turns were obtained in a GIS format. The data was updated based on the field survey by the GIS
team. The orthophoto of the study area also was used and employed to update the maps by digitizing the new roads
and adding them as new attributes to the data. Other data was used such as population distribution, GIM boundary,
districts boundary, land use and landmarks in Irbid city. Field survey creates new data including the number and
location of the bins. The team also tracked the routes of the trucks in each area for each round in two successive days.
Because GPS devices are not available, the GIS team from GIM surveyed the area and recorded the data on a paper
map. Although this reduced the integrity and accuracy of the collected data, it was the best choice within the limited
resources of the project.

5. Methodology

The methodology if this study can be summarized in four steps. The first step is data collection and update. The
data as described in the previous section is divided into existing and collected data. The data should be updated every
time the model is used as some streets’ directions and constrains changed with time based on the administration of the
city. In addition, bins’ locations are also subjected to change due to availability of waste collectors. Unfortunately,
transportation network is not available, so the second step was to build the network using ArcGIS Network Analyst.
The Global turns were selected to model the turns also the conductivity policy of the street group was selected at any
vertex. This was an essential step that makes the simulation of the current routes more flexible. In order to evaluate
the present situation, tracking the routes of the collecting trucks was simulated and then the distance of each route was
calculated. Finally, shortest distance was the main constrain for route optimization to cover all bins in the district. In
order to evaluate the quality of the results and the validity of their conclusions, a statistical analysis was performed
using hypothesis testing.

6. Results

To evaluate the current routes, the districts were divided into three areas; eastern, western and southern area. The
routes in each area were tracked by the GIS team for evaluation. The results are described in the following paragraphs.
 Hatamleh R. I. et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 44 (2020) 189–196 193
Hatamleh et al./ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000 5

There were five routes in the eastern area. Each route has starting and ending points where the last might be the start
point of the next route. As the tracking process was made for two days in a row for each route, it was clear that the
trucks left some abandon bins in the area without unloading them (Fig.3). Therefore, the number of collected bins
was less than the total number of the bins (Table 1). The truck left the area either to unload the waste in the landfill or
some maintenance and management reasons. The total distance in the subarea is 21081.7 meter. In the western area,
the truck travels long distance to unload few bins. Waste accumulation rate during day time was high at the north part
of the western area due to high residential and commercial activity which required more attention. Two routes were
tracked in the southern area one of them extends outside the boundary of al-Nuzha area. These routes abandon large
number of bins located at the west and east of the southern area as shown in Fig.2. It is necessary to installed more
bins in the southern area as the wastes accumulates in piles without bins. These piles were loaded to the truck manually.
All the current routes are listed in table 1 that summarizes the length of each route, number of bins close to each route,
number of abandon bins and number of stops. There were two trips for each truck, the first in the early morning and
the second at the end of the day. During these times the traffic is slow compared with the rash hours. For that reason,
the analysis was conducted based on the shortest distances, assuming cost reduction is not affected by the time of
collection.
Table 1: Current routes in Al-Nuzha area

Route Area Number Number of Number of Length (m) Notes

of Bins Unloaded stops
Bins
1 Eastern area  96 82 49 8184.1
2 Eastern area  33 18 15 4590.9
3 Eastern area  9 7 7 1743
4 Eastern area  62 41 29 5160.3
5 Eastern area  10 1403.7
Total 200 148 100 21081.7
5 Western area 12 12 6 6129.6
6 Western area 88 77 41 10303.3 Overlap between route 5 and 6
7 Western area 33 32 19 3962.6
Total 133 121 66 20395.5
7 Southern area 45 25 28 5193.8 Piles of waste without bins
8 Southern area 51 33 36 4349.7 Unloaded manually,
Piles of wastes without bins
8 Outside Al- Nuzha area 5 5 5 1418.5
Total 101 58 64 10962.0

This study proposed different routes for the trucks that help to modify, control and manage the process of collecting
the solid waste in the three subareas. The current routes were used and modified in a way that grantee the collection
process cover the whole bins. In addition, increasing the efficiency was a target of this process by reducing the distance
between two successive stops. The current and optimized routes for the east, west and south areas are shown in Fig.
4, Fig. 5, and Fig. 6 respectively. Table 2 shows the differences between current and optimized routes in Al-Nuzha
area. The total reduction in the distance is 2880.2 m for one round. As a result, the reduction in the distance for two
rounds will be 5760.4 m each day. It is clear that the number of stops increased in the southern area to pass all the
waste bins there. The distances between two successive points were analyzed to test the hypothesis whether the mean
value of that distance for the proposed and current routes are different. The log transformation was used to normalize
the data as shown in Fig. 7 and 8. The null hypothesis H0: μproposed = μcurrent and the alternative hypothesis H1: μproposed
< μcurrent (the mean value of the distance between two successive points in the proposed routes is less than the mean
value of that distance in the current routes). The results show that the non-equal variance two tailed t test succeeded
to reveal a statistically reliable difference between the mean distance in the proposed routes with (mean = 160.3 m,
standard deviation =112 m) and that in the current routes with (mean = 169.6m and standard deviation = 184.6 m), t
(615) =2.679, p=0.008, α =0.05. Therefore, for one tailed t test, P=0.004 < 0.05 which means the null hypothesis is
rejected and there is enough evidence to support that the mean distance between two successive points in the proposed
routes is less than the mean of that distance in the current routes.
194 Hatamleh R. I. et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 44 (2020) 189–196
6 Hatamleh et al./ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000

Table 2: Comparison between current and proposed routes in Al-Nuzha area

Area Proposed Length (m) Current length (m) Difference (m) Percent of abandoned bins
Eastern 21460.9 21081.7 379.2 26 %
Western 12861.2 20395.5 -7534.3 1%
Southern 15236.9 10962 4274.9 43%
Total 49559 52345.7 2880.2 25%

Fig, 4. Current and optimal routes in east area.

Fig, 5. Current and optimal routes in west area.

Fig, 6. Current and optimal routes in south area.

Fig.7. Normal Q-Q Plot for current distance between two successive points.
 Hatamleh
Hatamleh et R.
al./I. Procedia
et al. / Procedia Manufacturing
Manufacturing 44000–000
00 (2019) (2020) 189–196 1957

Fig. 8 . Normal Q-Q Plot for optimal distance between two successive points.

7. Conclusion

GIS system was used as a decision support tool for the optimization of waste collection routes in northern Jordan.
Geospatial data including maps, restrictions, turns, orthophoto, and population distribution were used as input for
ArcGIS Network analysis tool. This study provides an effective means to deal with complex decision making and
improve waste collection performance with limited resources. The techniques reduced the driving distance and
enhanced waste collection process. Travelling distance was reduced by 6% (2880.2 m) with a very low chance for
bins abandonee. Public awareness is an important factor toward successful waste collection process.

Acknowledgement

European Union (EU)-funded project ‘‘Improving the local governance processes through exchange of good
practices, pilots and training in geospatial technologies/LOCAL- SATS.’’ The LOCAL-SATS Project is co-funded
by the ENPI CBC MED Programme, which is the financing instrument of the new European Neighborhood Policy
(ENP). The authors

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