Ericson J.

Panes Art Appreciation

BSIT 3-1 Prof. Maria Corazon Constantino

Part VIII- Art and Anthropology

Lesson 26- Cultural Relativism in Aesthetics
ASSESSMENT 1: (27 points)

1. Explain the meaning of Cultural Relativism in Aesthetics.

Cultural relativism refers to the idea that the values, knowledge, and behavior of
people must be understood within their own cultural context. This is one of the most
fundamental concepts in sociology, as it recognizes and affirms the connections
between the greater social structure and trends and the everyday lives of individual
people.
2. What is “grotesque” meaning by Western Society?
In its most limited sense, it refers to a type of decorative art combining human
features with lithe beasts and fantastic birds in a filigree of vines and curlicues - the
style developed in ancient Rome and imitated by such Renaissance artists as Raphael
and Pinturicchio. This, somewhat surprisingly, is the only sense in which the grotesque
is discussed in the fifteenth edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica. On the other hand, in
colloquial usage, it can mean almost anything unseemly, disproportionate, or in bad
taste, and the term is routinely applied to everything from a necktie to a relationship.
In general, the word grotesque is used as a vague term to describe weird, ugly,
fantastic, ridiculous yet terrifying, demonic, absurd, distorted or unfamiliar shapes and
forms, among other things.
3. What factors affect the perception of your beauty?
The factors that affect the perception of beauty are ingrained
evolutionary factors, media influences, individual personalities, and cultural beliefs.
Research suggests that formulas were used to describe universal
attractiveness as early as Plato's period. Although the hypothesis that certain
features which reflect hereditary strength is supported by more recent studies,
making those who possess them appear more desirable, other factors can alter our
perception of beauty. This include the media and the representations that are put
forth by a society to reflect physical perfection. Characteristics of personality, such as
kindness, sense of humor, and intellect, can also affect the way we evaluate
attractiveness when engaging with others.
 In conclusion, depending on several different factors, beauty is perceived. It goes
beyond an individual's physical characteristics and progresses through values,
society, media, and personalities.
a. Is ingrained evolutionary factor included in the perception of beauty?
Why?
Yes, ingrained evolutionary factor included in the perception of beauty because
according to what I have read, all factors including culture, family, and friends may
have an impact to us on how we perceive beauty.
4. Explain the relationship between aesthetics, sexual attraction and
reproduction by Arthur Schopenhauer.
The aesthetics of Arthur Schopenhauer flow from his doctrine of the primacy of
the Will as the thing in itself, the basis of life and all being; and from his view that the
Will is bad. Schopenhauer argued that art provided a way for people to momentarily
escape the Will's servitude and the pain involved in such servitude.
The aesthetics of Schopenhauer, in essence, make art a replacement for
religion. The aesthetic of Schopenhauer is an effort to break out of the pessimism that
comes naturally from this worldview. What differentiated aesthetic experiences from
other experiences, Schopenhauer claimed, is that contemplation of the object of
aesthetic appreciation temporarily gave the subject a respite from the struggle of
desire, And allowed the subject to reach a purely mental pleasure realm.
Schopenhauer studied the influence of art, both on the artist's personality and on the
viewer's personality.
Introducing the topic of sexuality into Western philosophy, Schopenhauer
innovates. Naturally, his evaluation of it is not an encouraging one. It represents the
will to live more intensely for him than any other impulse or desire; therefore, more
than anything else, it is responsible for the suffering of the human condition. Nothing
but a mental addition or excuse for the innate need for sex and the ability of the
species to sustain itself is even the highest level of romantic love. After succumbing
to our sexual impulses, he says, we realize that the impulse of survival that seeks
procreation through us has once more deceived us. As a liberation, the decline in
sexual desire with age is also to be accepted. Needless to say, throughout his life,
Schopenhauer remained celibate.
a. What are the criteria for sexual attraction among men and women
according to Schopenhauer? Why?

The ultra-intolerant view of women contrasts with the typically liberal opinions
of Schopenhauer on other social issues, including the treatment of slavery in Africa.
Since then, this female-nature polemic has been vigorously attacked as misogynistic.
In any event, many, from Nietzsche to feminists of the nineteenth century, were
affected by the controversial literature. Although the hostility of Schopenhauer to
women may tell us more about his biography than philosophy, his biological
interpretation of the difference between the sexes and their separate positions in the
struggle for survival and reproduction anticipates some of the arguments that
sociobiologists and evolutionary psychologists later ventured in the twentieth century
In that sense, Schopenhauer is also one of the first thinkers to briefly discuss
the topic of male homosexuality since the days of Greek philosophy. Schopenhauer
adds an appendix to his chapter on the' Metaphysics of Sexual Love' in the third,
enlarged edition of The Universe as Will and Representation (1856).Because, for him,
procreation is the only object of sex, he describes pederasty (the affection of elderly
men for young boys) as a way of tricking them away from intercourse with women,
because the offspring born to the elderly and the excessively young are usually not
healthy. For him, this describes the persistence in all societies of that vice, including
those who strongly disapprove of it. Schopenhauer makes no reference to
homosexuality other than as a common old age trend; He doesn't discuss female
homosexuality, either. Finally, since it does not even offer the perspective of potential
emancipation by procreation, he shows disdain for those who give in to the distortion
of the sex drive.
5. How does culture influence our perception of beauty?
Beauty is in the Beholder's Eye. Cultural influences and concepts of aesthetics
dictated by fashion dictates of that period direct our understanding of beauty. To
attain the elusive beauty dream, women, and sometimes men, sometimes go to
insane lengths and a lot of pain. Culture plays a major role in our ideas of beauty,
though. "Youthfulness" is the beauty goal in America, on the other hand, the beauty
standard in Europe is naturally flawless skin. In most Asian countries, justice is
coveted. In Brazil, a voluptuous body, long bouncy hair and tanned skin is regarded
as attractive. Having a slender figure is considered an important beauty criteria is
most parts of the world. . However in Africa, a filled-out larger figure is considered
beautiful. As the world becomes smaller and connectivity increases, people have
started to equate happiness and success with beauty.
Times have changed, but there remains the drive and urge to still remain
youthful and appealing. The laws of beauty are determined by culture and the whims
of fashion and cosmetic industry giants. The purpose of this article was to bring to
your attention that in the eyes of the beholder, beauty is ultimately perceived. When
society changes, so does our perception of beauty.

ACTIVITY 1: (29 points)

1. Differentiate the concept of beauty in the paintings of the following:
a. Venus of Willendorf
In the absence of writing, art historians rely on the objects themselves to learn
about ancient peoples. The form of the Venus of Willendorf—that is, what it looks like—
may very well inform what it originally meant. The most conspicuous elements of her
anatomy are those that deal with the process of reproduction and child rearing. The
artist took particular care to emphasize her breasts, which some scholars suggest
indicates that she is able to nurse a child. The artist also brought deliberate attention to
her pubic region.
b. Paintings of Women by Rubens
Women appear as representations of classical deities (such as Venus), as
embodiments of ideas (such as Victory), as depictions of the Virgin or "young,
beautiful, desirable and fruitful" representations of Hélène. In general, the
comparisons of these female subjects are positive, and Dr. Rosenthal states the
relation between the political and religious subjects of the artist's persuasiveness and
the sensual force of his painting, which sometimes exceeds the dry programs he was
commissioned to demonstrate.
To deal with complex allegories, historical and mythological subjects, Rubens
was well prepared. However, also supposedly unambiguous imagery reveals
contradictions between the intended interpretations and deeper issues in the social
construction of gender in this writer's opinion.
c. Pictures in the Contemporary Magazines
The idea that exposure to idealized body images in traditional forms of media
(e.g. magazines) affects perceptions of beauty and appearance concerns by leading
women to internalize a very slender female body type as ideal or beautiful. There is also
support for the idea that exposure to the thin ideal is associated with body
dissatisfaction in the moment among women.

1. Which concept of beauty do you prefer? Explain the basis of your

preference.
The concept of beauty I prefer is the concept of beauty of “Painting of Women by
Rubens”, it shows how sacred and precious the body of woman and it also says that the
female body is part of nature, and nature is now perceived as the embodiment of divine
thought. There is nothing more divine than the beauty of the female body thus, we must
take good care of it and respect it.
2. How do symmetry and mathematical proportions influence our perception of
beauty. Give example.
Physical attraction depends on ratio, and in particular symmetry. If the body is
symmetrical and in proportion, our attraction to the body of another person increases.
Similarly, we are more likely to note it and find it attractive when a face is in
proportion. Scientists assume that to be healthier, we perceive proportional bodies.

For example, this is suggested in the following famous drawing by da Vinci showing an
idealized human body within a square and a circle.
 Leonardo da Vinci's "Vitruvian Man",
showing the navel proportion

Leonardo da Vinci's drawings of the human body emphasized its proportion. Many have
claimed the ratio of the following distances in the above Vitruvian Man image is the
Golden Ratio:
(foot to navel): (navel to head) ≈ 1.618:1

However, it's not that close at 1.505:1.

Similarly, it is believed buildings may be more attractive to some people if the

proportions used follow the Golden Ratio.
3. Is beauty biological or cultural? Explain your answer.
Beauty is not a cultural construct from the point of view of evolutionary
psychology, and it is not taught to enjoy beauty, but rather a biological adaptation, a
part of universal human nature: the desires for certain physical characteristics
represent adaptations for mate choice because they signify aspects of mate quality.
4. Compare your culture with another culture with regards to the perception of
beauty?
The expectations of appearance set by the society in which we live have a
profound impact on the styles and trends we are attracted to.
Here's an example: We see tan skin as beautiful in America. To get a golden
glow, we strip down and get our bodies sprayed and contoured. By contrast, in many
parts of Asia, a creamy complexion is considered stunning. In other parts of Asia, like
South Korea, Philippines desire for a milky, smooth complexion is also common.
Although pale skin was originally a signifier of wealth and prestige, youthfulness is
now synonymous with the desire for white skin.
5. How does media influence our idea of beauty? Give examples.
Images of what is found beautiful are regularly displayed by the media. Such
photos have a significant influence on culture and also change the way people
perceive themselves. The media creates the illusion of distorted representations of
the body, generating a perception that body weight achieves beauty. One of the ways
in which the media influence beauty standards is by using very slim and desirable
models, known as the thin ideal, which strengthens the concept of 'thin is beautiful'.
Out of more than 1,000 teenage girls surveyed, 88 percent of girls agree that
the media puts a lot of pressure on them to be slim and 65 percent believe that the
body image reflected in the fashion industry in the media is too thin, according to a
report by the Girl Scouts of America in 2010, and 60 percent said they equate their
body to what they see in magazines. Now that teenagers have easy access to social
media sites such as Twitter and Instagram to see celebrities, the pressure has
increased. These unattainable expectations of appearance are constantly seen in the
media and can do a lot of damage to young girls.

Lesson 28- The Art of Pleasure in Hindu Culture and Religion

ASSESSMENT 1: (19 points)
1. How have the Indian Arts influence other culture?
In ancient times, Indian religion and art spread to other parts of Asia through
trade. Today, Indian culture continue to influence our modern world. India's arts have
shaped the world strongly. In many Southeast Asian nations, for instance, people
perform plays based on the Mahabharata, the ancient Sanskrit epic. The Bhagavad
Gita has been translated and read all over the world in many languages. Other
cultures have been influenced by Indian art and architecture.
2. How did the religions of India affect other cultures? Give examples.
On a political, cultural and economic basis, religion has influenced Indian
society historically. As the traditions of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism all
originated from India, there is a sense of pride associated with the rich religious
history of the country. In addition, though a majority of people in India identify as
Hindu (79.8 percent), contemporary society is continually influenced by the medley of
religions that exist within the country.
Religion is more publicly noticeable in India than it is in most Western countries
which speak English. When considering the various spaces that are considered to be
sacred and holy, this becomes clear. 'Ashrams' (monasteries or congregation sites)
consisting of large groups of scholars or monastics, temples (mandir), shrines, and
particular landscapes such as the River Ganges are examples. In architecture, there
is a rich religious tradition, and it is not unusual to find different places of worship next
to each other, such as the Hindu temple, the Muslim mosque and the Christian
church.
3. What are India’s Artistics Legacy?
India is like a vast ocean of art forms that have been beetling for centuries now. We are
talking about the generations of artists here who have been nourishing creativity by hatching
new ideas and following the conventional forms to continue the inheritance.

Although a lot of these aesthetic art forms have been lost in time, a few of these
appalling craftworks still exist. Since Indian art forms are so diverse, I am going
precisely to the Indian folk art and its long legacy.

The elegance, grace, and exquisiteness of Indian folk art enable it to stand the
test of time; even for thousands of years. These paintings are known to showcase the
beauty of religious epics, Gods and Goddess mostly. Still, each one of them is unique,
laudable, and peerless in its own way. Modernism has captivated a few of these forms
of paintings and made them more mainstream, but there are few that still hold the
original skill and reflection.

Let’s take a gander at the survivors of the Indian folk paintings that have stood
long to entice the interest of art collectors:

Madhubani Painting
The origin of this form of painting goes back to the 7 th century! 7th century, in
Nepal, King Janak accredited the local painters to murals in the palace to celebrate his
daughter Sita’s wedding to Ram. Yes, Madhubani paintings are said to be as old as
the mythological story of Ramayana. Since then, these paintings became an
inseparable part of the culture. Whenever a couple is married, artists used to craft these
paintings on the wall of kohbar Ghar or the nuptial room.
 Kalighat Painting

Kalighat paintings or Kalighat Pat are also known to present images of Hindu
Gods and mythological characters. Originated in the 19 th century in Bengal, these
paintings transformed the theme from devotion to social reform.

Artists in that era used to protest the autocracies of the British Empire with
alluring, bold and simple drawings. Crafted to uplift the awareness about the social
conditions, painters represented what’s wrong with the society in their artworks.
4. What is India’s greatest contribution to Mathematics?
The most important mathematical contribution of ancient India is the invention of
the decimal system of numeration, including the number zero. The unique feature of this
system is the use of nine digits and a symbol zero to represent all the integral numbers
by assigning a place value to the digits. In 1912, Professor G. B. Halstead remarked,
'The importance of the creation of the zero mark can never be exaggerated. This giving
to airy nothing, not merely a local habitation and a name, a picture, a symbol but helpful
power, is the characteristic of the Hindu race whence it sprang. It is like nirvana into
dynamics. No single mathematical creation has been more potent for the general on-go
of intelligence and power' (p. 20). A few years later (1926), he showed that zero existed
in India before 200 BC.
5. Differentiate Hinduism to Buddhism.
Hinduism and Buddhism share a lot of the same terminology and concepts but
have some rather different interpretations of these shared terms and concepts. The
fundamental belief in both Hinduism and Buddhism is that there is a continuing cycle of
life, suffering, death and rebirth called samsara, and that this cycle is based on karma,
i.e. actions and subsequent reactions. Both Hinduism and Buddhism also share the
belief that liberation from samsara can be attained, but both pursue a different path to
achieve this. In Hinduism, this liberation from samsara is called moksha, whereas in
Buddhism it is known as nirvana.
ACTIVITY 1: (25 points)
1. Mahabharata forms one of the pillars of Hindu Dharma and it’s moral values
have a huge impact over millions of people. Among Mahabharata’s seven
important lessons, which lesson/ lessons have a moral impact to you? Why?
Among Mahabharata’s seven important lessons, the lesson/lessons that have
a moral impact to me is, despite of all the hurdles that comes into our way, we must
not give up. I am still one of those people who still believe that there are rewards that
are waiting for us if we will not give up. After all, challenges and painful experiences
make this life worth living. We should always try to look at the positive side of
everything and find reason to hold on. Keep going.

2. Lotus is a national flower of India. Do you think you have the same
characteristics of a Lotus flower? Why?
The Lotus Flower grows in the deep mud, far away from the sun. But, sooner or
later, the Lotus reaches the light becoming the most beautiful flower ever. The Lotus
flower is regarded in many different cultures, especially in eastern religions, as a symbol
of purity, enlightenment, self-regeneration and rebirth. Its characteristics are a perfect
analogy for the human condition: even when its roots are in the dirtiest waters, the Lotus
produces the most beautiful flower.
I think I have the same characteristics of lotus flower, in some aspects. Even
I’m rooted in the dirtiest waters or even if I don’t have the good environment and
complete family when I was younger, I was still able to grow with kindness in my
heart, I could still give love to people around me especially those people who are
important to me, and I could still show compassion and respect to people. I must say
that I was able to produce kindness despite of all the things that I’ve been through
and with that, I think I have the same characteristics of lotus flower.
3. Paintings and curvings in ancient Indian temples challenge Western ideas of
the relationship of SPIRITUALLITY and SEXUALITY says writer and historian
William Dalrymple. Why?
The obsession of Indian art with the sensual body was always a block for the
colonial British to understand Indian art. Indian sculpture was considered immoral,
and moral sensitivity was assumed to be compromised by interaction with it.
European travelers were railing against temples filled with "much immodest, heathen-
style fornication and other abominations and so full of lascivious figures of Monsters,
that one cannot enter them without horror" as early as the 17th century and so full of
lascivious Monster figures that one cannot enter them without horror. Even in the
liberal 18th century, one gentleman complained that "the figures of Gods and
Goddesses are shown in such obscene Postures, that it would puzzle the Covent
Garden nymphs to imitate them."
 But there was no connection of women with sin for pre-colonial Indians, and
there is no Eve in all the voluminous Indian scriptures, taking the fall for the fall.
Women have been identified with fertility, wealth and prosperity rather than
temptation, and there is an open acceptance of sexuality as one way to the divine.A
man forgets the entire world, everything both within and without, in the embrace of his
beloved,"In the embrace of his beloved, a man forgets the whole world, everything
both within and without," "In the very same way, he who embraces the Self knows
neither within nor without."
For this reason, the arts of India - both visual and literary - have continuously
celebrated the beauty of the human body throughout its long history. Indeed, the
entire practice of yoga was intended to perfect and transform the body, with a view to
making it transcendent, omniscient, even god-like, among the higher adepts.The
sensuous and the sacred, in this tradition, are not opposed. They are one, and the
sensuous is seen to be part and parcel of the sacred. The gods were often portrayed
as superhumanly beautiful, for the deities could not be convinced to occupy the
statue if the image was not beautiful.
4. What is the Indian’s concept about the images of beautiful, bare, breasted
palace women. Why?
Women wore sari-like clothing from Palmyrene (Greco-Roman) or pure Roman
dress (a draped-over garment worn over a long gown) that appears to have evolved.
The beginning of the sari, one of the earliest attempts to cover the breasts, shows
this time. Since Vedic times, women have used the breast-band, as with Greeks,
primarily for protection rather than coverage.
5. Explain the meaning of Yoga and Tantra in Kama Sutra.
Many of the physical postures seem to have origins in yoga, although the
history of tantra is unclear. In this way, erotic yoga for liberation, or sacred sexuality,
is also considered. Imagine acro-yoga naked through erotic touch, breath, shared
physical poses and inventive sexual positions with the intention of achieving pure
ecstasy. The central text for the tantra teachings is the Kama Sutra. Kama is one of
the four objectives of Hindu life in Sanskrit and it means lust, or sexual desire. Sutra
means the thread of attachment, the one that keeps things together. While
Westerners often directly equate Kama Sutra with sex, it is intended to be more of a
guide to living graciously in family, love, and relationships. Only purchasing a copy of
the book and performing sexual roles is just a shallow way of addressing this deeper
collection of personal improvement concepts and instruments.
Kama Sutra would be fun to learn, even if you don't have a companion. The Kama
Sutra provides a fresh cultural viewpoint on the art of sexuality if you come from a
primarily Christian culture that sometimes shames desire, attraction and sexuality.The
Kama Sutra also stresses the importance of paying careful attention to the desires
and enjoyment of the woman, coming from a patriarchal society where the pleasure of
men was the focus of love-making. Mock fights, such as scratching and biting to
enhance passion, are also suggested.
a. Do you agree with Slavoj Zizek view about our biological body? Why?
Yes, because now you can unleash your genuine ability. Your kundalini energy
resides in your root chakra, coiled like a serpent. The gift of transformation and
enlightenment is provided by this beautiful and powerful spiritual force. It takes years
of committed self-discovery practice to awaken it is no simple process. It can happen
in a moment as well. You will begin meditating on your chakras and spark the
awakening of your kundalini energies when you develop a safe and open relationship
with your mind, body, soul, and spirit. To help you to awaken and harness this force,
you may learn Tantra Yoga, Chakra Healing, and Kundalini Yoga.
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