02 CE 014 - Tension Members - v3 - Part1 - Stu - 02

Principles of
Steel Design
2 ND SEMESTER (2020-2021)
Tension
Members
Principles of Steel Design
Tension Members
Introduction
Tension members are members that

mainly resist axial tension forces
CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN
Tension Members
Introduction
Tension members are members that

mainly resist axial tension forces
Tension members are encountered in steel

structures as:
o Truss members in bridge and roof truss

o Truss members in transmission towers,
billboards
o Wind bracing systems
o Tie rods, sag rods

Tension Members
Introduction
Cross Sections of Typical Tension Members
Tension Members
Introduction

Tension Members
Introduction
Stress
Strength/Capacity:
Where:
Tension Members
M o d e s o f F a i l u r e i n Te n s i o n
A . Te n s i l e N o m i n a l S t r e n g t h
In analysis and design of tension members, the following member limit states are to
be considered:
F a i l u r e M o d e s i n Te n s i o n
1. Yielding at Gross Section (Ag)
2. Fracture or Rupture at Net Section (Ae)
3. Block Shear

Tension Members
be considered:
1. Yielding at Gross Section
The gross section of a tension member refers to
the original cross-section of the tension member.
This limit state is considered to prevent excessive
deformations on the tension member.
member
A member is stretching too much that it is no

longer useful to the structural system.
Tension Members
be considered:
2. Fracture or Rupture at Net Section
The net section of a tension
member refers to the actual cross-
section of the tension member,
considering presence of bolt holes.
holes
This limit state is considered to
prevent rupture or failure of the
tension member.
member
When there if localized yielding

resulting in a fracture through the
effective net area having holes

Tension Members
be considered:
2. Fracture or Rupture at Net Section
The net section of a tension
member refers to the actual cross-
section of the tension member,
considering presence of bolt holes.
holes
This limit state is considered to
tension member.
member
When there if localized yielding

resulting in a fracture through the
effective net area having holes
Tension Members
be considered:
3. Block Shear
This limit state is also considered to
tension member.
member
P
However, the manner in which the
member fails due to block shear is
different compared to rupture at net
section.
This is combination of shear failure

along a plane through the welds or
bolt holes and a simultaneous
tension failure along a perpendicular
plane
Tension Members
be considered:
3. Block Shear
tension member.
member
P
section.

plane
Tension Members
be considered:
3. Block Shear
tension member.
member

section.

plane
Tension Members
Net Area
B. Net Area
Rupture at net section includes the determination of the effective net area of the
tension member, which considers the presence of bolt holes and the mechanism of
shear lag.
Net Area is the gross cross-sectional area of a tensile member taken along a transverse line less
the area taken up by the holes.
holes
For Design purposes:
For design purposes, the effective bolt diameter to be used, which is equal to the
nominal bolt diameter plus 1/8 / inch,
inch added to take account workmanship or
construction issues..
Where: (non-staggered holes)
Tension Members
Net Area
L o a d Tr a n s f e r M e c h a n i s m
It should be noted that in calculating
net area, load transfer mechanism
must also be considered.
For bolted connections arranged

symmetrically with respect to the
longitudinal centroidal axis of the
tension member, it is assumed that the
load carried by the connection is
equally distributed for each bolt.
bolt

Tension Members
Net Area

bolt
Tension Members
Net Area

bolt

Tension Members
Net Area

bolt
Tension Members
Net Area

bolt

Tension Members
Net Area

bolt
Tension Members
Net Area

bolt

Tension Members
Ef fective N et A r ea
Example 1
Determine the critical effective net area of the given tension member. Consider the load transfer
mechanism at the connection.
Tension Members
Example 1
At first glance, the critical net area would be

selected to be at the section passing
through three holes. However, the load
transfer mechanism must also be
considered.

Tension Members
Example 1
At first glance, the critical net area would be

selected to be at the section passing
through three holes. However, the load
transfer mechanism must also be
considered.
First, it is to be assumed that the load P is to

be carried equally by the bolts. It should be
noted that this distribution is only valid for
symmetric bolt arrangements.
Tension Members
Example 1
Then, two failure net sections will be

considered for this example.
example (Staggered net
sections will not be considered for now.)
Consider section B:

Tension Members
Example 1

Consider section B:
Tension Members
Example 1

Consider section B:
However, taking the expected load distribution into

account, An should be adjusted such that only 60% of
the load will be carried. Thus,

Tension Members
Example 1
Then, two failure net sections will be Considering the load transfer mechanism, the critical
example (Staggered net net section would be at section B since it gives less
sections will not be considered for now.) effective net area. Therefore, the critical net area of the
member is 3.1875
1875 in2.
in2
Consider section B:
Tension Members
C . Ef fe c t i ve N e t A r e a
The net area may not correctly reflect the true strength of a member. This is true
when the member has a profile consisting of elements not in a common plan and
where the tensile load is transmitted at the end of the member by connection to
some, but not all, of the elements.
Example: An angle having connection to one leg only.
For such cases the tensile force is not uniformly distributed over the net area.
ASIC-D3-1 provides that the effective net area, Ae , be computed as:
For bolted connections, the effective net area:
For welded connections, the effective area:

area
Where:
Where

Tension Members
Shear Lag Factor or Reduction Coefficient, U
For some tension members, such as rolled
shapes, which do not have all elements of
the cross section connected to the
supporting members, the failure load is less
than the product An Fu.
This phenomenon to which the situation is

attributed is called shear lag.
Shear lag is a phenomenon in which there

is a lag or delay in transmitting tensile
stresses from the connectors or fasteners
(e.g. bolts) to the cross-section
cross of the
member itself.
The stress distribution across the width of

the plate is nonuniform. This leads to a
concentration of stress along the
connected leg while the unconnected leg
has very little stress.
Tension Members


cross of the
member itself.

Tension Members


cross of the
member itself.

Tension Members
The reduction
coefficient U
considers the
phenomenon
known as shear lag.
It reduces the net
area to an effective
net area.
The shear lag

coefficient can be
calculated using
Table 504
504.3.1,
Chapter 5, 5 2015
NSCP Vol.
Vol 1.

Tension Members
The reduction
coefficient U
considers the
phenomenon
known as shear lag.
It reduces the net
area to an effective
net area.
The shear lag

coefficient can be
calculated using
Table 504
504.3.1,
Chapter 5, 5 2015
NSCP Vol.
Vol 1.
Tension Members
For commonly used tension members except plates, Case 2 of Table 504.3.11 is
used (Munse & Cheeson, 1963).
Where:

Tension Members
For channels and angles, look up

xbar directly in the manual.
manual
For W-shape web, treat as if it was

four angles.
For W-shape flange, treat as if it

was two WT shapes.
Tension Members
For length, L

Tension Members
Example 2
Determine the effective net area for the tension member shown in Figure 3.12
12
Tension Members
Example 2
12
Solution

Tension Members
Example 2
12
Solution
Tension Members
Example 2
12
Solution
Note: Only one element (one leg) of the cross-

section is connected, so the net area must be
reduced.

Tension Members
Example 2
From the properties tables in Part 1 of the AISC Manual, the
distance from the centroid to the outside face of the leg of
an L6x6x1/2 is:
Tension Members
Example 2
an L6x6x1/2 is:

Tension Members
Example 2
12
an L6x6x1/2 is:
The alternative value of U could also be used. Because this

angle has 3 bolts in the direction of the load, the reduction
factor U is:
Tension Members
Example 2
12
an L6x6x1/2 is:
The alternative value of U could also be used. Because this

angle has 3 bolts in the direction of the load, the reduction
factor U is:

Tension Members
Example 3
If the tension member in the previous example is welded, determine the effective area.
Tension Members
Example 3
Note:: Only one element (one leg) of the cross-section

section
is connected, so the net area must be reduced.

Tension Members
Example 3
Note:: Only one element (one leg) of the cross-section

section
is connected, so the net area must be reduced.
Tension Members
Example 4
Determine the reduction factor U to be applied in computing the effective net area for a W14x82
14x82
14x
section connected by plates at its two flanges, as shown. There are 3 bolts along each connection
line.

Tension Members
Example 4
14x82
14x
line.
For W-shape
shape flange connection, treat as if it
was two WT shapes.
shapes
The half W shape corresponds to a structural
tee WT 7x41
7 41
7x
Tension Members
Example 4
14x82
14x
line.

Tension Members
Example 4
14x82
14x
line.
Tension Members
Example 4
14x82
14x
line.

Tension Members
Example 4
14x82
14x
line.
Tension Members
Net Area
C. Staggered Bolted Connections
Due to constructability issues, some fasteners may be arranged such that they are
staggered. Due to this, more possible failure patterns must be considered in
calculating the effective net area of the section.
For failure planes considering staggered bolt arrangements, the net area is
calculated as follows (Cochrane, 1922):
Where:

Tension Members
C. Staggered Bolted Connections
It should be noted that the summation term in NOTE: The gage g for the holes in opposite
the equation is expanded depending on the adjacent legs shall be the sum of the gages from
number of staggers present on a given failure the back of the angle less the thickness.
plane.
s =
(
)
g=
(
)
Tension Members
Example 5
Determine the critical net area for the given member. Neglect load transfer mechanism (i.e.
assume that each failure pattern resists 100% of the load).

Tension Members
Example 5
Solution:
Solution
First, draw all possible failure patterns.
patterns It is best to
label each bolt as letters.
letters
Tension Members
Example 5
Solution:
Solution
First, draw all possible failure patterns.
patterns It is best to
label each bolt as letters.
letters
Fa
Failure
LLine
A
B
C
A-C
B-C
A-B
A-B-C
Tension Members
Example 5
Consider A:
This particular failure pattern is a single-bolt
single bolt failure
pattern. No stagger is observed here.
pattern here
Failure
re
Line
A
B
C
A-C
B-C
A-B
A-B-C
Tension Members
Example 5
Consider A:
This particular failure pattern is a single-bolt
single bolt failure
pattern. No stagger is observed here.
pattern here
Failure
re
Line
A For failure patterns B & C, since these are
also single-bolt
single failure patterns, it can be
B
said that the net areas at these patterns
C are the same as that of A.
A-C
B-C
A-B
A-B-C
Tension Members
Example 5
Consider A-C:
In this failure pattern, one stagger is observed.
Failure
Line
A
B
C
A-C
B-C
A-B
A-B-C
Tension Members
Example 5
Consider A-C:
Failure
Line
A
B
C
A-C
B-C
A-B
A-B-C
Tension Members
Example 5
Consider A-C:
Failure
Line
A
B
C Note: The third term in the substitution
A-C is the term considering the stagger
along line A-C.
B-C
A-B
A-B-C
Tension Members
Example 5
Consider A-C:
Failure
Line
A
B
along line A-C.
B-C
A-B
A-B-C
Tension Members
Example 5
Consider B-C:
Failure
Line
A
B
along line B-C.
B-C
A-B
A-B-C
Tension Members
Example 5
Consider B-C:
Failure
Line
A
B
along line B-C.
B-C
A-B
A-B-C
Tension Members
Example 5
Consider B-C:
Failure
Line
A
B
along line B-C.
B-C
A-B
A-B-C
Tension Members
Example 5
Consider A-B:
Failure
Line
A
B
C
A-C
B-C Note: The third term in the substitution
is the term considering the stagger
A-B along line A-B.
A-B-C
Tension Members
Example 5
Consider A-B:
Failure
Line
A
B
C
A-C
A-B along line A-B.
A-B-C
Tension Members
Example 5
Consider A-B:
Failure
Line
A
B
C
A-C
A-B along line A-B.
A-B-C
Tension Members
Example 5
Consider A-B-C:C:
In this failure pattern, two staggers are observed
(lines A-B & B-C).
C).
Failure
Line
A
B
C
A-C
B-C Note: The third & fourth terms in the
substitution are the terms considering
A-B the stagger along lines A-B & B-C,
A-B-C respectively.
Tension Members
Example 5
Consider A-B-C:C:
(lines A-B & B-C).
C).
Failure
Line
A
B
C
A-C
A-B-C respectively.
Tension Members
Example 5
Consider A-B-C:C:
(lines A-B & B-C).
C).
Failure
Line
A
B
C
A-C
A-B-C respectively.
Tension Members
Example 5
Consider A-B-C:C:
(lines A-B & B-C).
C).
Failure
Line
A
B
C
A-C
A-B-C respectively.
Tension Members
Example 5
Solution:
Solution
Summary:
Summary
Failure Net Area, An

Line
A 4.03125 in2
B 4.03125 in2
C 4.03125 in2
A-C 3.625 in2
B-C 3.65625 in2
A-B 4.3125 in2
A-B-C 3.9375 in2
Tension Members
Example 5
Solution:
Solution
Neglecting the load transfer mechanism, the critical failure
pattern is A-C since it yields the least net area. Therefore,
the critical net area of the section is 3.625
.625 in2.
Failure Net Area, An

Line
A 4.03125 in2
B 4.03125 in2
C 4.03125 in2
A-C 3.625 in2
B-C 3.65625 in2
A-B 4.3125 in2
A-B-C 3.9375 in2
Tension Members
Example 6
An angle with staggered fasteners in each leg is shown. The diameter of bolts are 15/16 inch.
Determine the critical net area. Neglect load transfer mechanism
Tension Members
Example 6

Tension Members
Example 6
Solution:
For the net area calculation the angle may be visualized as

being flattened into a plate as shown.
Gross Area, Ag:

Ag
g1 Effective Hole diameter:
g2 Thickness of the plate:
Tension Members
Example 6
Solution:
For the net area calculation the angle may be visualized as

being flattened into a plate as shown.
Gross Area, Ag:

Ag
g1 Effective Hole diameter:
g2 Thickness of the plate:
Gage dimension of the flattened plate:

Tension Members
Example 6
Solution:
What are the failure lines/path to be considered?
g1
g2
Tension Members
Example 6
Solution:
Failure
Line
g1
A-C
A C
g2
A-B
B-C
A-B-C
Tension Members
Example 6
Solution:
Failure
Line
g1
A-C
A C
g2
A-B
B-C
A-B-C
Tension Members
Example 6
Solution:
Failure
Line
g1
A-C
A C
g2
A-B
B-C
A-B-C
Tension Members
Example 6
Solution:
Failure
Line
g1
A-C
A C
g2
A-B
B-C
A-B-C
Tension Members
Example 6
Solution:
Failure
Line
g1
A-C
A C
g2
A-B
B-C
A-B-C
Tension Members
Example 6
Solution:
Failure
Line
g1
A-C
A C
g2
A-B
B-C
A-B-C
Tension Members
Block Shear
D. Block Shear
Block shear failure occurs when a segment or block of material at the end of the
member can tear out. Block shear failure occurs as a combination of tension rupture
and shear yielding or rupture.
For certain connection configurations, a segment or

block of material at the end of the member can tear
out.
Tension Members
Block Shear
D. Block Shear
Block shear failure occurs when a segment or block of material at the end of the
member can tear out. Block shear failure occurs as a combination of tension rupture
and shear yielding or rupture.
The nominal block shear capacity of the member is calculated as follows:

follows
Where:
Tension Members
Block Shear
D. Block Shear
Shear Fracture-Tension Fracture Shear Yielding-Tension

Yielding Fracture
If the first expression is less than the second expression, therefore the block shear is in
Shear Fracture-Tension
Tension Fracture state
state.
Otherwise, it is Shear Yielding
Yielding-Tension Fracture state.
The values of Ubs = 1.00 when the tension stress is uniform (angles, gusset plates, and
most coped beams) Ubs = 0.50 when the tension is non-uniform. A non-uniform case is
illustrated in the commentary to the specification.
specification

Tension Members
Block Shear
D. Block Shear
Tension Members
Block Shear
Example 7
Determine the nominal strength of the given member considering block shear.
shear

Tension Members
Block Shear
Example 7
shear
Solution:
Solution
First, draw first the possible block shear patterns.
patterns
Tension Members
Block Shear
Example 7
shear
Solution:
Solution
First, draw first the possible block shear patterns.
patterns
Failure Line
A-B-D-F
C-D-B-E
A-B-C-D
C-D-F/A-B-E

Tension Members
Block Shear
Example 7
shear
Solution:
Solution
Gross Shear Area, Agv:
Net Shear Area, Anv:
Failure Line Net Tension Area, Ant:

A-B-D-F
C-D-B-E Nominal strength, Pn:
A-B-C-D
C-D-F/A-B-E
Tension Members
Block Shear
Example 7
shear
Solution:
Solution

A-B-D-F
A-B-C-D
C-D-F/A-B-E

Tension Members
Block Shear
Example 7
shear
Solution:
Solution

A-B-D-F
A-B-C-D
C-D-F/A-B-E
Tension Members
Block Shear
Example 7
shear
Solution:
Solution

A-B-D-F
A-B-C-D
C-D-F/A-B-E

Tension Members
Block Shear
Example 7
shear
Solution:
Solution
Failure Line
Fa Nominal Strength,
tren Pn
A-B-D-F
A
C-D-B-E
A-B-C-D
C-D-F/A-B-E
Tension Members
Block Shear
Example 7
shear
Solution:
Solution
The most critical block shear pattern is either A-B-
A
D-F
F or C-D-B-E E since it yields the least nominal
block shear strength.
strength
Failure Line
Fa Nominal Strength,
tren Pn
A-B-D-F
A
C-D-B-E
A-B-C-D
C-D-F/A-B-E

02 CE 014 - Tension Members - v3 - Part1 - Stu - 02

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

02 CE 014 - Tension Members - v3 - Part1 - Stu - 02

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

02 CE 014 - Tension Members - v3 - Part1 - Stu - 02

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Principles of

Tension members are members that

CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

Tension members are members that

Tension members are encountered in steel

o Truss members in bridge and roof truss

CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

Cross Sections of Typical Tension Members

CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

2. Fracture or Rupture at Net Section (Ae)

CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

A member is stretching too much that it is no

CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

When there if localized yielding

CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

When there if localized yielding

CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

This is combination of shear failure

This is combination of shear failure

However, the manner in which the

This is combination of shear failure

Where: (non-staggered holes)

CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

For bolted connections arranged

CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

For bolted connections arranged

CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

For bolted connections arranged

CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

For bolted connections arranged

CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

For bolted connections arranged

CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

For bolted connections arranged

CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

For bolted connections arranged

CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

At first glance, the critical net area would be

CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

At first glance, the critical net area would be

First, it is to be assumed that the load P is to

CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

Then, two failure net sections will be

CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

Then, two failure net sections will be

CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

Then, two failure net sections will be

However, taking the expected load distribution into

CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

ASIC-D3-1 provides that the effective net area, Ae , be computed as:

For bolted connections, the effective net area:

For welded connections, the effective area:

CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

This phenomenon to which the situation is