BDwbU

e„wUk kvmbvg‡j mvgvwRK ms¯‹vi

I ¯^vaxKvi Av‡›`vjb 8
f~wgKv
AvVvi kZ‡Ki †kl ce© †_‡K Bs‡iR we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb `vbv euva‡Z _v‡K| dwKi-mbœ¨vmx we‡`ªvn w`‡q Gi m~Pbv|
Dwbk kZ‡K ïiæ nq evsjvq mvgvwRK I agx©q †ÿ‡Î bvbv ms¯‹vi| wn›`y mgv‡R ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi cvkvcvwk
gymjgvb mgv‡RI wKQzUv wej‡¤^ ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi m~Pbv nq| wLª÷vb wgkbvwi m¨vi DBwjqvg †Kixi wkÿv I
mgvR ms¯‹vi evsjvi wkwÿZ mgv‡R Av‡jvob ˆZwi K‡i| Gi avivevwnKZvq ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq I Ck¦iP›`ª
we`¨vmvM‡ii g‡Zv mgvR ms¯‹viKMY wn›`y mgvR‡K AvaywbKZvi w`‡K GwM‡q †bb| K‡qK `kK c‡i evsjvq
gymjgvb m¤úª`vq‡K wkÿv-ms¯‹w… Zi †ÿ‡Î GwM‡q †bqvi Rb¨ ms¯‹vi ZrciZv Pvjvb bIqve Ave`yj jwZd, ˆmq`
Avgxi Avjx, nvwR †gvnv¤§` gnmxb cÖgyL e¨w³Z¡| GQvovI gymjgvb mgv‡R ag©-ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjbI cwiPvwjZ nq|
GB Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖavb jÿ¨ wQj mKj cÖKvi mvgvwRK I ag©xq Kzms¯‹vi Ges A‰bmjvwgK fveaviv wemR©b w`‡q
Bmjv‡gi weï× Rxeb avivq wd‡i hvIqv| GB j‡ÿ¨ c~e© evsjvq nvRx kixqZ Djøvn I `y`y wgqvi †bZ…‡Z¡ div‡qRx
Av‡›`vjb, wZZzgx‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡ cwðg evsjvq ZixKv-B-†gvnv¤§`xqv Av‡›`vjb cwiPvwjZ nq| GB `yÕwU Av‡›`vjb
g~jZ ag© I mvgvwRK ms¯‹v‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ ïiæ n‡jI K…lK cÖRv‡`i g‡a¨ Av‡›`vj‡bi RbwcÖqZvi Kvi‡Y †kªwY ¯^v‡_©i
؇›Ø Rwg`vi I bxjKi‡`i m‡½ msNvZ m„wó nq| Bs‡iR miKvi Rwg`vi bxjKi‡`i cÿ Aej¤^b Kivq cwiYwZ‡Z
GB ms¯‹vigyLx cÖ‡Póv Bs‡iR we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡b iƒc †bq|
G BDwbU cvV †k‡l Avcwb evsjvq msNwUZ dwKi mbœ¨vmx‡`i we‡`ªvn, m¨vi BDwjqvg †Kixi ms¯‹vi, wn›`y I
gymjgvb mgv‡R cwiPvwjZ mgvR I ag© ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjbmg~n Ges wZZzwg‡ii Av‡›`vjb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
G m¤ú‡K© bvbv wel‡q e¨vL¨vI w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 2 mßvn

cvV-8.1 dwKi mbœ¨vmx we‡`ªvn

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 dwKi I mbœ¨vmx‡`i Rxeb-AvPvi m¤ú‡K© weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Bs‡iR‡`i mv‡_ Zuv‡`i we‡iv‡ai KviY m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 dwKi I mbœ¨vmx‡`i we‡`ªvn‡K we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kãgvjv dwKi I mbœ¨vmx Av‡›`vjb, KvQvix, bv‡qe †Mvg¯Ív, gRbykvn

AvVvi kZ‡Ki †klv‡a© evsjvq dwKi I mbœ¨vmx Av‡›`vjb wQj e„wUk we‡ivax GKwU mk¯¿ msMÖvg| GB
mgq dwKi bv‡g cwiwPZ gymjgvb mywd m¤úÖ`vqfz³ gvbyl Ges wn›`y m¤úª`v‡qi mbœ¨vmx bv‡g cwiwPZ
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

gvbyl mgv‡R wQj| GB msmvi Z¨vMx m¤úª`v‡qi gvbyl `je× n‡q Ny‡i †eov‡Zv| a‡g©i K_v ej‡Zv| mvaviY gvbyl
Zv‡`i fw³ KiZ| gvby‡li †`qv Zv‡`i Pvj, Wvj mwâ‡Z Zv‡`iv Rxeb wbe©vn n‡Zv| ag©xq Drme ev Zx_©¯’vb `k©b
Dcj‡ÿ¨ GmKj dwKi mbœ¨vmxiv mviv eQi GK¯’vb n‡Z Ab¨¯’v‡b Ny‡i †eov‡Zb Ges c‡_ wbivcËvi Rb¨ Zviv
bvbv ai‡bi nvév A¯¿ mv‡_ enb Ki‡Zb| cÖK…Z c‡ÿ evsjvq Bs‡iR kvmb cÖwZwôZ nevi c~e© ch©šÍ Giv
¯^vaxbfv‡e Ny‡i †eov‡Zb| Rwg`vi‡`i AZ¨vPv‡ii weiæ‡× mvaviY K…l‡Ki n‡q gv‡S gv‡S Zviv iæ‡L `uvov‡Zb|
Rwg`viiv ZvB dwKi mbœ¨vmx‡`i weiæ‡× Bs‡iR‡`i †ÿwc‡q Zzj‡Zv| Gi cÖwZwµqvq Bs‡iR miKvi Zv‡`i ¯^vaxb
PjvP‡j evav m„wó K‡i| Zx_©¯’vb `k©‡bi Dci Kiv‡ivc K‡i| wfÿv I gywó msMÖn‡K †e-AvBbx †NvlYv K‡i|
cwiKíbv K‡i dwKi mbœ¨vmx‡`i WvKvZ-`my¨ e‡j gvby‡li Kv‡Q †nq K‡i Zzj‡Zv| Gme Kvi‡Y dwKi-mbœ¨vmxiv
Bs‡iR miKv‡ii weiæ‡× ÿzä n‡q D‡VwQj| ZvB GK ch©v‡q dwKi I mbœ¨vmxiv Bs‡iR kvmK‡`i weiæ‡× we‡`ªvn
K‡i| Zv‡`i G ZrciZv 1760 wLª÷v‡ã ïiæ nq hv cÖvq Pvi `kK ch©šÍ Ae¨vnZ _v‡K|

we‡`ªv‡ni MwZ
dwKi I mbœ¨vmxiv miKvwi KzwV, Rwg`vi‡`i KvQvix I bv‡qe †Mvg¯Ívi evwo AvµgY Ki‡Zv| jvwV, ek©v, Zievix I
Mv`v e›`yK wQj Zv‡`i A¯¿k¯¿| PvKzix nviv A‡bK ˆmwbK Ges `y`©kvMÖ¯’ eû K…lK Zv‡`i msMÖv‡g †hvM †`q|
dwKiMY evsjvi Awaevmx n‡jI Zv‡`i Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖavb †bZviv wQ‡jb AevOvwj| we‡`ªvnx dwKi‡`i †bZv wQ‡jb
gRby kvn Ges mbœ¨vmx‡`i †bZv wQ‡jb fevbx cvVK|
1760 wLª÷v‡ã cwðge‡½i ea©gvb †Rjvq mbœ¨vmxiv Bs‡iR‡`i weiæ‡× cÖ_g msMÖvg ïiæ K‡i| Gici GK`j dwKi
1763 wLª÷v‡ã ev‡KiM‡Ä †Kv¤úvwbi d¨v±wi‡Z nvgjv K‡i| Zv‡`i Avµg‡Yi gy‡L KzwVi cÖavb wg. wj÷vi cvwj‡q
AvZ¥iÿv K‡ib| dwKi `j webv euvavq KzwV `Lj K‡i jyÉb K‡i| †m eQ‡iB mbœ¨vmxiv ivRkvnx‡Z †Kv¤úvwbi
d¨v±wi‡Z nvbv †`q| d¨v±wii cÖavb wg. †e‡bU‡K Zviv ew›` K‡i Ges cvUbvq wb‡q wM‡q Zv‡K nZ¨v K‡i| DËi
e‡½ dwKi-mbœ¨vmx ZrciZv `g‡bi Rb¨ K¨vÞb wW. g¨v‡KwÄi †bZ…‡Z¡ 1769 wLª÷v‡ã iscy‡i GK Awfhvb †cÖwiZ
nq| †mB Awfhv‡bi mgq Bs‡iR c‡ÿi †jd‡Ub¨v›U wK_ Ges Zv‡`i A‡bK ˆmb¨ wbnZ nq|
1771 wLª÷v‡ã dwKi gRby kvn mgMÖ DËie‡½ Bs‡iR we‡ivax ZrciZv M‡o †Zv‡jb| cwiw¯’wZ †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨
†Kv¤úvwb‡K iscyi I w`bvRcy‡i AwZwi³ ˆmb¨ †cÖiY Ki‡Z nq| 1772 wLª÷v‡ã gRby kvn `yB nvRvi mk¯¿
AbyMvgxmn ivRkvnx AvµgY K‡ib Ges †Kv¤úvwbi ivR¯^ Awdm jyÉb K‡ib| c‡ii eQi Ab¨ GK msN‡l©
mbœ¨vmx‡`i nv‡Z K¨v‡Þb Ugvm civwRZ I wbnZ nb| gRby kv‡ni mv‡_ 1776 wLª÷v‡ã Bs‡iR ˆmb¨a¨ÿ
ievU©m‡bi evwnbxi GK Zxeª msNl© nq| i³ÿqx hy‡×i †k‡l gRby kvn cvwj‡q hvb| Gic‡iI DËi e½ Ges
gqgbwms‡n Bs‡iR evwnbxi mv‡_ gRby kvn-Gi K‡qK `dv msNl© n‡qwQj|
Hme msN‡l© gRby kv‡ni iY‡KŠkj wQj †Mwijv Kvq`vq AvµgY I wbivc‡` cjvqb Kiv| wKš‘ †Kv¤úvwbi c‡ÿ
KL‡bv Zuv‡K P‚ovšÍfv‡e civwRZ Kiv m¤¢e nq wb| dwKi gRby kvn 1787 wLª÷v‡ã gviv hvb| Zuvi g„Zz¨i ci
dwKi `‡ji †bZ…Z¡ †`b gymv kvn, †mvenvb kvn, †PivM Avjx kvn, Kwig kvn, gv`vi eK&m cÖgyL dwKiMY| GuivI
K‡qK eQi †Kv¤úvwb‡K e¨wZe¨¯Í iv‡Lb| wKš‘ †bZ…‡Z¡i †Kv›`j, msNe×Zvi Afve, miKvix evwnbxi kw³e„w×
BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y dwKi‡`i cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb µgk `ye©j n‡q c‡o Ges Zuviv P‚ovšÍfv‡e civwRZ nb|
mbœ¨vmx we‡`ªv‡ni †bZv fevbx cvV‡Ki m‡½ dwKi `j‡bZv gRby kv‡ni †hvMv‡hvM wQj| iscyi, ivRkvnx I e¸ov
AÂj wQj Zuvi Avkªq¯’j| 1787 wLª÷v‡ã †jd‡Ub¨v›U †eªbv‡bi Aax‡b GK`j e„wUk ˆm‡b¨i Avµg‡Y fevbx cvVK
I Zuvi `yB mnKvix wbnZ nb Ges Aci 42 Rb ew›` nq| †`we †PŠayivYx bv‡gi GKRb †QvU Rwg`v‡ii m‡½ fevbx
cvV‡Ki †hvM‡hvM wQj e‡j GK miKvix bw_‡Z D‡jøL i‡q‡Q| weªwUk miKv‡ii e¨vcK nZ¨vKv‡Ði d‡j dwKi
mbœ¨vmx Av‡›`vjb GK mgq w¯ÍwgZ n‡q †M‡jI G‡Z e„wUk we‡ivax RbgZ M‡o D‡V|
wkÿv_©xMY dwKi mbœvmx‡`i mv‡_ Bs‡iR‡`i hy‡×i Dci wfwË K‡i GKwU
wkÿv_©xi KvR
bvwUKv g¯’ Ki‡eb|

BDwbU 8 c„ôv 121

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq BwZnvm 1g cÎ

mvivsk
evsjvi dwKi I mbœ¨vmx Av‡›`vjb wQj GKwU e„wUk we‡ivax msMÖvg| Bs‡iR miKvi dwKi I mbœ¨vmx‡`i wPivPwiZ
Rxeb avivq euvav m„wó Ki‡j Zviv we‡`ªvnx n‡q D‡V Ges cÖwZ‡iva msMÖv‡g Rwo‡q c‡o| gRby kv‡ni †bZ…‡Z¡
dwKiiv my`xN© mgq Bs‡iR‡`i weiæ‡× jovB K‡i| gRby kv‡ni g„Zz¨i ci Dchy³ †bZ…‡Z¡i Afv‡e Zv‡`i
msMÖv‡gi Aemvb N‡U| mbœ¨vmx Av‡›`vj‡b cÖavb †bZv wQ‡jb fevbx cvVK| e„wUk we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡bi GK ch©v‡q
fevbx cvV‡Ki g„Zz¨ n‡j GB Av‡›`vj‡biI Aemvb N‡U|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| evsjvq dwKi mbœ¨vmx Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nq
K) 1750 wLª. L) 1757 wLª. M) 1760 wLª. N) 1765 wLª.
2| mbœ¨vmxiv cvUbvq wb‡q nZ¨v K‡iÑ
K) wg. wj÷vi‡K L) wW. g¨v‡KwÄi‡K M) wg. †e‡bU‡K N) †jd‡Ub¨v›U wK_‡K
3| dwKi gRbykvn gviv hvbÑ
K) 1786 wLª. L) 1787 wLª. M) 1788 wLª. N) 1789 wLª.
4| Rwg`vi †`ex †PŠayivwbi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM wQj Kvi?
K) fevbx cvV‡Ki L) gRbykv‡ni M) Avn¤§` kv‡ni N) `y`y wgqvi

cvV-8.2 m¨vi DBwjqvg †Kix

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 m¨vi DBwjqvg †Kixi cwiPq Ges evsjvq Zuvi AvMg‡bi D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|
 DBwjqvg †Kix G‡`‡k AvaywbK wkÿv weKv‡k Kx f~wgKv †i‡LwQ‡jb Zvi eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evsjvfvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i weKvk Ges msev`cÎ cÖKv‡k †Kixi Ae`vb we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kãgvjv Dwjqvg †Kix, evsjv fvlv, mwZ`vn cÖ_v

m‡Zi kZK †_‡KB evsjvq wLª÷vb wgkbvwiiv mxwgZfv‡e ag© cÖPvi Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| 1793 wLª÷vã †_‡K
wgkbvwi‡`i ZrciZv A‡bK †e‡o hvq| we‡kl K‡i DBwjqvg †Kixi †bZ…‡Z¡ e¨vwÞ÷ wgkbvwi
†mvmvBwUi AvMg‡bi ga¨w`‡q cÖ‡U÷¨v›U gZev` cÖPvwiZ n‡Z _v‡K|
DBwjqvg †Kix (1761-1834 wLª.) wQ‡jb GKRb e¨vwÞ÷ wgkbvwi| Zuv‡K AvaywbK hy‡Mi wLª÷ag© cÖPviK‡`i RbK
(father of modern missions) ejv nq| wZwb wQ‡jb †Wbgv‡K©i Awaevmx| Rmyqv gvk©g¨vb I DBwjqvg IqvW© bv‡gi
`yB eÜz‡K wb‡q DBwjqvg †Kix 1800 wLª÷v‡ã cwðge‡½ Av‡mb| wZwb ûMwj †Rjvi wmivgcy‡i GKwU wgkb cÖwZôv
K‡i ag©cÖPv‡ii hvÎv ïiæ K‡iwQ‡jb| wmivgcyi wgkb Kvjµ‡g wLª÷ag© weKvk I bvbv mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹w… ZK
Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi †K‡›`ª cwiYZ nq| GB wgk‡bi D‡`¨v‡M DBwjqvg †Kixi cÖZ¨ÿ c„ô‡cvlKZvq cÖwZwôZ nq
¯‹zj| Gi KvwiKzjv‡g hy³ Kiv n‡qwQj AvaywbK weÁvb, f~‡Mvj Ges BwZnvm| wmivgcyi wgk‡bi D‡`¨v‡M ¯‹zj¸‡jvi

BDwbU 8 c„ôv 122

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

Rb¨ evsjv fvlvq cvV¨cy¯ÍK †jLvi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv n‡qwQj| cy¯K Í gy`ª‡Yi Rb¨ GB wgk‡b ¯’vcb Kiv nq
QvcvLvbv| †Kix Rvg©vwb †_‡K gy`ªYhš¿ µq K‡i G‡bwQ‡jb| DBwjqvg †Kix I Zuvi eÜziv 1817 wLª÷v‡ã KwjKvZv
†U·UeyK †mvmvBwU ¯’vcb K‡ib| cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq¸‡jvi Rb¨ GLvb †_‡K cy¯ÍK Qvcv n‡Zv| DBwjqvg †Kixi
†bZ…‡Z¡ 1818 wLª÷v‡ã wmivgcy‡i K‡jR cÖwZwôZ nq| GLv‡b wLª÷vb I A-wLª÷vb mKj wkÿv_x©‡KB wkíKjv,
weÁvb I ag©ZË¡ cov‡bv n‡Zv| GB wgkb cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †Wbgv‡K©i ivRv lô †d«WvwiK 1827 wLª÷v‡ã GKwU
PvU©vi Aby‡gv`b K‡ib|
cvV¨cy¯ÍK cÖYqb QvovI wmivgcyi wgkb evsjv fvlvi Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv †i‡LwQj| Gig‡a¨ wQj Awfavb
cÖYqb I e¨KiY MÖš’ iPbv| GQvovI DBwjqvg †Kix evsjv I ms¯‹Z … fvlvq evB‡ej Abyev` K‡ib| G e¨vcv‡i
wgkbvix‡`i mvnvh¨ K‡iwQ‡jb ivgivg emy| wZwb wb‡R wLª÷ag© MÖnY bv Ki‡jI wgkbvix‡`i bvbvfv‡e mnvqZv
K‡ib| evB‡ej Abyev‡` Zuvi cÖZ¨ÿ mnvqZv wQj| ivgivg emy wLª÷ag©m½xZ iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb| GB wgkb †_‡K
Ôw`M`k©bÕ I ÔmgvPvi `c©YÕ bv‡g `ywU mvgwqKxI cÖKvk Kiv nq| Gfv‡eB G‡`‡k evsjv msev`c‡Îi hvÎv ïiæ nq|
Ôw` †d«Û Ae BwÛqvÕ bv‡g GKwU Bs‡iwR cwÎKvI cÖKvwkZ nq wmivgcyi wgkb †_‡K| GwUB wQj Ôw` †÷Umg¨vbÕ
cwÎKvi Avw` iƒc| Dw™¢`PP©v Ges K…wl Dbœq‡bI DBwjqvg †Kix ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb †i‡LwQ‡jb| Dw™¢` Dbœqb I
M‡elYvi Rb¨ wZwb nvIovi Kv‡Q wkecy‡i GKwU †evUvwbK¨vj Mv‡W©b ev Dvw™¢` D`¨vb ˆZwi K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb
c„w_exi bvbv †`k †_‡K Dw™¢` exR G‡b GLv‡b ecb K‡ib| †Kixi GB cÖ‡Póvi dj wQj DËiKv‡j cÖwZwôZ ÔGwMÖ-
nwU©KvjPvi †mvmvBwU Ae BwÛqvÕ| wn›`y a‡g©i †fZi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î AgvbweK AvPiY wQj| †hgb mZx`vn
cÖ_v ev Kvjvcvwb (mgy`ª) cvwo †`qvq wb‡lavÁv BZ¨vw`| Gm‡ei weiæ‡× †Kix RbgZ ˆZwi Ki‡Z Ges miKv‡ii
`„wó AvKl©‡Y we‡kl f~wgKv iv‡Lb|

wkÿv_©xi KvR wkÿv_©xMY Dwjqvg †Kwii Rxeb I Kg© wb‡q GKwU iPbv wjL‡eb|

mvivsk
Dwbk kZK‡K evsjvq bvbv ai‡bi ms¯‹vi PjwQj| GB mKj ms¯‹v‡ii ga¨w`‡qB evsjvi gvbyl wkÿv I wPšÍvq
wb‡R‡`i hy³ K‡i| Avi GB ms¯‹v‡ii hvÎv ïiæ n‡qwQj wLª÷vb wgkbvwi m¨vi DBwjqvg †Kixi gva¨‡g| wZwb
Zuvi wmivgcyi wgkb‡K wN‡i AvaywbK wkÿvi hvÎv ïiæ K‡ib| Zuvi cÖ‡Póvq MwVZ nq ¯‹zj †U·U eyK †evW©,
QvcvLvbv cÖf…wZ| Zuvi wgkb †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nq msev`cÎ| wZwb K…wl Dbœq‡bI f~wgKv †i‡LwQ‡jb| ZvQvov wn›`y
mgv‡R cÖPwjZ AgvbweK mwZ`vn cÖ_v e‡Üi Rb¨I wZwb c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| DBwjqvg †Kix (1761-1834 wLª.) †K wQ‡jb?
K) e¨vwÞ÷ wgkbvwi L) †hv×v M) †L‡jvqvo N) Kwe
2| Ôw` †d«Û Ae BwÛqvÕ bv‡g Bs‡iwR cwÎKvwU cÖKvwkZ nq †Kv_v †_‡K?
K) wmivgcyi wgkb L) fvMjcyi wgkb M) ivgcyi wgkb N) ˆmq`cyi wgkb
3| wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
i. DBwjqvg †Kix 1800 wLª÷v‡ã cwðge‡½ Av‡mb
ii. 1817 wLª÷v‡ã KwjKvZv †U·UeyK †mvmvBwU ¯’vwcZ nq
iii. K…wl Dbœq‡bI DBwjqvg †Kix ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb †i‡LwQ‡jb
K) i I ii L) i I iii M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii

BDwbU 8 c„ôv 123

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq BwZnvm 1g cÎ

cvV-8.3 ivRv ivg †gvnb ivq I Ck¦i P›`ª we`¨vmvM‡ii mgvR ms¯‹vi
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 Dwbk kZ‡K †Kb wn›`y mgvR ms¯‹v‡i ms¯‹viKMY GwM‡q G‡mwQ‡jb Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq wn›`y mgvR‡K Kxfv‡e AvaywbK Rxe‡bi w`‡K wb‡q G‡mwQ‡jb Zv wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvM‡ii mgvR ms¯‹vi Kvh©µg we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kãgvjv ivRv ivg †gvnb ivq, ivóª mgvR, we`¨vmvMi

cvV-3: wn›`y mgvR ms¯‹vi

Dwbk kZ‡K fvi‡Z mgvR ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi mv‡_ ag©ms¯‹vi I wkÿv‡bœvq‡bi GKwU m¤úK© wQj|
evsjvi wn›`y mgvR ms¯‹v‡i Awfbœ ev¯ÍeZv cÖZ¨ÿ Kiv hvq| Bs‡iR‡`i AvMgb I ÿgZvmxb nIqv evsjvi mvaviY
wn›`y I gymjgvb `yB mgv‡RB weiƒc cÖwZwµqv †`Lv w`‡qwQj| agx©q iÿYkxjZv I mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK ev¯ÍeZvi
Kvi‡Y kvmK Bs‡iR‡`i KvQ †_‡K `~‡i m‡i wM‡qwQj Dfq m¤cÖ`v‡qi gvbyl| iÿYkxj wn›`y mgvR Aby‡gv`b
†`qwb Bs‡iR‡`i ms¯ú‡k© Avmvi| Bs‡iR mvwbœa¨‡K Zviv agx©q AbvPvi wn‡m‡e g‡b Ki‡Z _v‡K| GKvi‡Y
AvaywbK BD‡ivcxq Áv‡bi mv‡_ wb‡R‡`i hy³ Ki‡Z cv‡i wb| Bs‡iwR wkÿv MÖnY‡K cvc we‡ePbv Ki‡Z _v‡K|
GB ev¯ÍeZvq wn›`y mgvR‡K Kzms¯‹vi gy³ K‡i AvaywbKZvi c‡_ GwM‡q G‡bwQ‡jb †hKRb evOvwj ms¯‹viK Zuv‡`i
g‡a¨ AMÖMY¨ ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq I Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi|
ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq (1774- 1833 wLª.)
eûgyLx cÖwZfvi AwaKvix ivg‡gvnb ivq Dwbk kZ‡Ki GKRb ag© I mgvR ms¯‹viK wn‡m‡e we‡klfv‡e cwiwPZ|
ûMwj †Rjvi ivavbMi MÖv‡g GK wn›`y cwiev‡i Zuvi Rb¥ n‡qwQj| ivg‡gvnb iv‡qi cvwievwiK agx©q HwZn¨ †m
hy‡Mi wePv‡i e¨vwZµgx wQj| ivg‡gvnb iv‡qi cwievi ivpx eªvþY| cvwievwiK Dcvwa e‡›`¨vcva¨vq| Zuvi VvKzi`v
K…òP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq ÔivqÕ Dcvwa MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| ivg‡gvn‡bi wcZv ivgKvšÍ ivq ˆeòe gZev` MÖnY K‡ib|
Ab¨w`‡K Zuvi gv ZvwiYx †`ex ˆke cwiev‡ii †g‡q wQ‡jb| Gme Kvi‡YB m¤¢eZ GKwU D`vi I wgkª agx©q Aeq‡ei
†fZi A‡bKUv gy³ gvbwmKZvq †e‡o D‡VwQ‡jb ivg‡gvnb ivq| ZvB Zuvi ivR‰bwZK wPšÍv fvebv Zuvi agx©q I
mvgvwRK `„wóf½x Øviv cÖfvweZ wQj|
ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq GKRb ag© ms¯‹viK I wkÿv ms¯‹viK wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ n‡jI mgvR ms¯‹viK wn‡m‡eB Zuvi
f~wgKv wQj me‡P‡q D¾¡j| Zuvi agx©q I mvgvwRK `„wóf½x ivR‰bwZK wPšÍvaviv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡iwQj|
ivg‡gvnb ivq 1815 mv‡j gywk©`vev` †Q‡o KjKvZv‡Z P‡j Av‡mb| Gmgq †_‡K wZwb mgvR ms¯‹v‡i wb‡ew`Z
nb| GLv‡b wZwb mggbv eÜz‡`i GKwÎZ K‡i GKwU msMVb M‡o †Zv‡jb| Gi bvg nq ÔAvZ¥xqmfvÕ| wbqwgZ
Av‡jvPbv mfvi Av‡qvRb Kiv n‡Zv GLv‡b| agx©q I mvgvwRK bvbv mgm¨v wb‡q GLv‡b Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡Zv| GB
mfvq ØviKvbv_ VvKzi, cÖmbœKzgvi VvKz‡ii gZ e‡iY¨ e¨w³iv Dcw¯’Z _vK‡Zb|
mvaviY wn›`y‡`i †fZi gy³wPšÍv Qwo‡q †`qvi D‡Ï‡k¨ ivg‡gvnb ivq msev`cÎ cÖKv‡ki cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡ib| GB
j‡ÿ¨ 1821 mv‡j cÖKvk K‡ib msev` †KŠgy`x bv‡g GKwU evsjv msev`cÎ| c‡ii eQi dviwm fvlvq Av‡iKwU
msev`cÎ cÖKvk K‡ib| Gi bvg wQj wgivZ Dj AvLevi|
ivg‡gvnb ivq g~wZ©c~Rv we‡ivax e³e¨ Dc¯’vc‡bi c‡ÿ mg_©b †c‡jb Dcwbl` †_‡K| Dcwbl‡` eû †`e‡`wei
cwie‡Z© wbivKvi eªþvi Dcvmbvi K_v i‡q‡Q| GB m~‡ÎB wZwb 1828 mv‡j ÔeªvþmfvÕ bv‡g GKwU msMV‡bi Rb¥
†`b| GLv‡b wbivKvi eªþvi ¯§i‡Y ag©m½xZ †M‡q w`‡bi Kg©m~wP ïiæ Kiv nq| cieZ©x mg‡q RbwcÖqZv e„w× †c‡j
eªvþmfv ÔeªvþmgvRÕ bv‡g AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i|

BDwbU 8 c„ôv 124

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

eûKvj Av‡M †_‡KB wn›`y mgv‡R A‡bK KzcÖ_v cÖPwjZ n‡qwQj| Gi Ab¨Zg n‡”Q mZx| mZx`vn cÖ_v Abymv‡i
¯^vgx gviv †M‡j ¯¿x‡K ¯^vgxi wPZvq RxešÍ †cov‡bv n‡Zv| †Muvov wn›`y‡`i cÖej cÖwZ‡iv‡ai g‡a¨I ivg‡gvnb ivq
mZx`v‡ni weiæ‡× RbgZ MVb Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| wZwb cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z _v‡Kb †Kv¤úvwbi kvmK‡`i| GB m~‡Î 1829
mv‡j Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij DBwjqvg †ew›U‡¼i Aby‡gv`‡b mZx`vn cÖ_v wejyß †NvlYv K‡i AvBb cvk nq|
ivg‡gvnb ivq‡K mvaviYfv‡e ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq ejv nq| wZwb ivRv DcwawU †c‡qwQ‡jb †mmg‡qi bv‡ggvÎ
†gvMj mgªvU wØZxq AvKe‡ii (1806-1837) KvQ †_‡K|
Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi (1820-1891 wLª.)
we`¨vmvMi Dcvwa‡Z mgwaK cwiwPZ n‡jI GB ÿYRb¥v cyiæ‡li cÖK…Z bvg Ck¦iP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq| wZwb wQ‡jb
evOvwj beRvMi‡Yi GKRb cyivav e¨w³Z¡| we`¨vmvMi wQ‡jb GKvav‡i `vk©wbK, wkÿvbyivMx, wkÿK, †jLK,
Abyev`K, gy`ªvKi, cÖKvkK, mgvR ms¯‹viK Ges e¨vKiYwe`| wZwb mnR‡eva¨ AvaywbK evsjv M`¨ iPbvi c_cÖ`k©K
wQ‡jb| †KvjKvZvi ms¯‹Z … K‡jR cvwЇZ¨i ¯^xK…wZ ¯^iƒc Zuv‡K we`¨vmvMi Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ K‡i|
1846 mv‡j ms¯‹Z … K‡j‡R mnKvix †m‡µUvwi c‡` †hvM`vb K‡ib| Ck¦iP›`ª wkÿv e¨e¯’vq †ekwKQz cwieZ©b
Avbvi mycvwik K‡ib| 1849 mv‡j Ck¦iP›`ª ms¯‹Z … K‡j‡R mvwn‡Z¨i Aa¨vcK wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM cvb| GKB K‡j‡Ri
Aa¨‡ÿi `vwqZ¡ jvf K‡ib 1851 mv‡j| 1855 mv‡j wZwb we‡kl ¯‹zj cwi`k©‡Ki AwZwi³ `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|
mgvR ms¯‹v‡i f~wgKv: `xN©w`b †_‡K cÖPwjZ mvgvwRK I agx©q Abykvm‡bi Kvi‡Y Gmgq fviZxq bvixiv `y`©kvMÖ¯Í
wQ‡jb| GB Ae¯’v e¨vw_Z K‡iwQj Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi‡K| we‡kl K‡i wn›`y †g‡q‡`i evj¨we‡q cÖPwjZ _vKv Ges
weaev we‡q wbwl× _vKv‡K wZwb Ab¨vq I AgvbweK g‡b K‡iwQ‡jb| mvgvwRK cÖ_vg‡Z †Kv‡bv †g‡qi ev‡iv eQ‡ii
g‡a¨ we‡q bv n‡j Zv mvgvwRK Aciva wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv n‡Zv| Ggb cwievi‡K bvbvfv‡e wbM„nxZ n‡Z n‡Zv|
KL‡bv KL‡bv cy‡iv cwievi‡K MÖvg Qvov Kiv n‡Zv| Avevi eªvþY Kb¨v‡K Kzwjb eª&vþY Qvov we‡q †`qv hv‡e bv e‡j
mgvR weavb wQj| d‡j GK ai‡bi Kzwjb eªvþ‡Yi we‡q Kiv †ckv n‡q `uvovq| mvgvwRK Pv‡c c‡o mvZ eQ‡ii
Kb¨vi mv‡_ mËi eQ‡ii Kzwjb eªvþY e„‡×i we‡q nIqv Lye ¯^vfvweK e¨vcvi wQj| ¯^vfvweK wbq‡gB GB e„ׇ`i ev
Ab¨ eqmx ei‡`i g„Zz¨ n‡j evwjKv ea~ weaev n‡q †hZ| wKš‘ G‡`i Avi cybivq we‡q Kivi AbygwZ wQj bv|
Dciš‘ GB evj¨ weaev‡`i mvivRxeb bvbv AvPvi Abyôvb cvjb K‡i Pj‡Z n‡Zv| evj¨we‡qi Kzdj Ges weaev‡`i
KiæY Rxeb Ck¦iP›`ª‡K e¨vw_Z K‡i|
Ck¦iP‡›`ªi †Póvq fviZ miKvi GwM‡q Av‡m| Ae‡k‡l 1856 mv‡j weaev cybwe©evn AvBb cvk nq| mvaviY
gvbyl‡K DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ we`¨vmvMi wb‡Ri cy·KI GKRb weaevi mv‡_ we‡q †`b| weaev we‡q Kvh©Ki Kiv,
wØZxq we‡q I evj¨we‡q †ivwnZKiY Gs weaev we‡q‡K Drmvn cÖ`v‡bi j‡ÿ¨ 1872 mv‡j wmwfj g¨v‡iR G¨v± cvk
Kiv nq| GB AvBb cv‡kI we`¨vmvM‡ii h‡_ó Aby‡cÖiYv wQj|
we`¨vmvMi we‡kl ¯‹zj cwi`k©K _vKvi myweavq wkÿv we¯Ívi I bvix wkÿvi cÖ‡Yv`bv `v‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb
K‡ib| Rwg`vi I abvX¨ e¨w³‡`i we`¨vjq Movq Drmvn w`‡Zb| wZwb A‡bK evwjKv we`¨vjq cÖwZôvq AMÖYx
f~wgKv cvjb K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb wbR A_© e¨‡q 1864 wLª÷v‡ã KwjKvZv †g‡UªvcwjUb Bbw÷wUDkb cÖwZôv K‡ib|
wkÿv we¯Ív‡i GB cÖwZôv‡bi we‡kl f~wgKv wQj|
1891 wmv‡ji 29 RyjvB GB gnrcÖvY mgvR ms¯‹viK I cwÐZ e¨w³i Rxeb Aemvb N‡U|
wkÿv_©xMY ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq I Ck¦i P›`ª we`¨vmvM‡ii mgvR ms¯‹vi m¤ú‡K©
wkÿv_©xi KvR
GKwU cÖeÜ wjLyb|
mvivsk
Kzms¯‹v‡i RR©wiZ wcwQ‡q cov wn›`y mgvR‡K AvaywbKZvi w`‡K GwM‡q †bqvi Rb¨ mgvR ms¯‹v‡ii cÖ‡qvRb wQj|
Dwbk kZ‡K evsjvq GB GB ms¯‹v‡ii `vwqZ¡ wb‡q huviv GwM‡q G‡mwQ‡jb Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ AMÖMY¨ ivRv ivg‡gvnb
ivq I Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi| Zviv wn›`y mgvR‡K Kzms¯‹vi gy³ K‡i Bs‡iwR wkÿv MÖn‡Y DrmvwnZ K‡ib| bZzb
bZzb ¯‹zj, K‡jR cÖwZôvq f~wgKv iv‡Lb| ms¯‹viev`x msMVb M‡o Zz‡jb| mZx`v‡ni g‡Zv KzcÖ_v e‡Ü AvBb

BDwbU 8 c„ôv 125

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq BwZnvm 1g cÎ

cv‡k f~wgKv iv‡Lb| GB ms¯‹v‡ii c_ a‡iB evj¨we‡q eÜ I weaev we‡q cÖeZ©‡b AvBb cvk nq|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.3
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| mZx`v‡ni weiæ‡× RbgZ MVb Ki‡Z _v‡Kb †K?
K) ivg‡gvnb ivq L) †K`vi ivq M) gvwbK ivq N) Pvu` ivq
2| weaev cybwe©evn AvBb cvk nq Kvi †Póvq?
K) fv`vivg †cvÏvi L) mZxbv_ fv`yox M) AwL‡jk mvnvbx N) Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi
3|
i. Ck¦iP›`ª ms¯‹Z
… K‡j‡R mvwn‡Z¨i Aa¨vcK wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM cvb
ii. ivg‡gvnb ivq gywk©`vev` †Q‡o KjKvZv‡Z P‡j Av‡mb|
iii. ivg‡nvgb ivq g~wZ©c~Rv Ki‡Zb|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) i I iii M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii

cvV-8.4 nvRx kwiqZ Djøvni div‡qwR Av‡›`vjb

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 div‡qwR Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZv nvRx kwiqZ Djøvni Rxeb m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 div‡qwR Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖK…wZ Kx wQj Zv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 div‡qwR Av‡›`vj‡b nvRx kwiqZ Djøvn I `y`y wgqvi f‚wgKvi eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kãgvjv nvRx kwiqZ Djøvn, div‡qwR Av‡›`vjb, `y`y wgqv

Ewbk kZ‡Ki cÖ_gv‡a© evsjvi gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ GK ag©xq mvgvwRK Av‡›`vj‡bi m~ÎcvZ N‡U| gymjgvb
mgv‡R bvbvwea Kzms¯‹vi I A‰bmjvwgK Kvh©Kjvc jÿ K‡i nvRx kwiqZ Djøvn& cweÎ KyiAvb I
nv`x‡mi wkÿvi Av`‡k© ¯^-ag©vej¤^x‡`i DØy× Kivi Rb¨ †h Av‡›`vjb cwiPvjbv K‡ib Zv Ôdiv‡qwR Av‡›`vjbÕ
bv‡g cwiwPZ|
nvRx kwiqZ Djøvn (1781-1840 wLª.)
eZ©gvb kwiqZcyi †Rjvi k¨vgvBj MÖv‡g 1781 wLª÷v‡ã kwiqZDjøvni Rb¥ nq| †Q‡j‡ejvq wZwb evwo †_‡K
cvwj‡q P‡j hvb KjKvZvq| ûMjx †Rjvi dzidzivq `yB eQi Aviwe I dviwm wkÿv MÖnY K‡ib| 1799 mv‡j wZwb
Zuvi I¯Ív` gvIjvbv evkviZ Avjxi mv‡_ g°vq hvb Ges nR¡ m¤úbœ K‡ib| †mLv‡b wZwb Iqvnvwe fveavivq
cÖfvweZ n‡qwQ‡jb| 1818 mv‡j †`‡k wd‡i wZwb div‡qwR Av‡›`vjb bv‡g Bmjvwg ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi m~Pbv K‡ib|
wn›`y mgv‡R hLb ms¯‹vi PjwQj wVK GKB mg‡q evsjvi gymjgvbÑwe‡kl K‡i c~e©evsjvi gymjgvb‡`i Kzms¯‹v‡ii
AÜKvi †_‡K gy³ Kivi Rb¨ †ewi‡q Av‡mb nvRx kwiqZ Djøvn| kwiqZ Djøvn jÿ K‡iwQ‡jb Bs‡iR kvwmZ
G‡`‡k gymjgvbiv bvbv †ÿ‡Î wcwQ‡q c‡i‡Q| ¯’vbxq ag© I ms¯‹w… Zi AvPvi AvPiY wb‡R‡`i Rxe‡b cÖ‡ek Kivq
Bmjv‡gi g~j wkÿvi cÖwZ Zviv D`vmxb n‡q c‡o‡Q| G Kvi‡Y div‡qwR Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wQj
gymjgvb‡`i wbR ag© I ms¯‹w… Zi cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvMx K‡i Zv‡`i kw³ RvwM‡q †Zvjv| GKB D‡Ï‡k¨ GB Av‡›`vj‡bi

BDwbU 8 c„ôv 126

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

ga¨w`‡q gymjgvb‡`i Bmjv‡gi cÖK…Z wkÿv I Abykvmb cvj‡bi Rb¨ DØy× Kiv Ges me ai‡bi Kzms¯‹vi †_‡K
gy³ KiviI cÖ‡Póv †bqv nq| agx©q ms¯‹v‡ii cvkvcvwk Rwg`vi, bxjKi, gnvRb I ¯’vbxq cÖkvm‡bi †kvlY I
AZ¨vPvi †_‡K K…lK‡`i gy³ KivI wQj GB Av‡›`vj‡bi jÿ¨|
nvRx kwiqZDjøvn Zuvi Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖavb e³e¨ wnmv‡e Bmjv‡gi 5wU †gŠwjK Av`‡k©i †fZi gymjgvb‡`i wbôvevb
_vKvi wb‡`©k †`b| GB g~j Av`k©mg~‡ni e¨wZµg KvR‡K wZwb wkiK I we`vZ e‡j †NvlYv †`b| div‡qRxiv
wbwl× †NvlYv K‡i Rb¥w`b, we‡q, g„Zz¨ cÖf„wZi mv‡_ hy³ AvPvi Abyôvb, cxic~Rv, cx‡ii cÖwZ AwZ kª×v cÖ`k©b,
ZvwRqv wbg©vY I gniig wgwQj|
nvRx kwiqZ Djøvni RxeÏkvq div‡qwR Av‡›`vjb dwi`cyi QvovI XvKv, ewikvj I Kzwgjøv †Rjvq RbwcÖq n‡q
I‡V| kwiqZ Djøvn ey‡SwQ‡jb gymjgvb‡`i cÖwZ Bs‡iR‡`i bxwZ wQj kÎæZvg~jK| GKvi‡Y gymjgvbiv wkÿv`xÿv
I A_©‰bwZK †ÿ‡Î wcwQ‡q c‡owQj| wZwb gymjgvb‡`i eySv‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb †h, ivR‰bwZKfv‡e Zviv Avi ¯^vaxb
bq| Zv‡`i †`k GLb Ô`viæj nvieÕ A_©vr hy×iZ ev Agymwj‡gi †`k| Ggb †`k‡K nq kw³ cÖ‡qvM K‡i gymjgvb
kvwmZ †`k A_©vr Ô`viæj BmjvgÕ evbv‡Z n‡e A_ev `viæj nvie †Q‡o Ab¨‡Kv‡bv gymjgv‡bi †`‡k P‡j †h‡Z
n‡e| Gi †Kv‡bvwU Kiv m¤¢e bv n‡j gymjgvb‡`i K‡qKwU wbqg †g‡b G †`‡k _vK‡Z n‡e| G Kvi‡YB kwiqZ
Djøvn †NvlYv †`b `viæj nvi‡e gymjgvb‡`i C` I Rygyqvi bvgvR covi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| ïay diR Bev`ZUzKy Ki‡e|
G Kvi‡YB Av‡›`vjbwUi bvg nq div‡qwR Av‡›`vjb| A_©vr kwiqZ Djøvn Ggb cÖZxKx wbqg cvj‡bi ga¨w`‡q
evsjvi gymjgvb‡`i agx©q cwiP‡q HK¨e× Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb| Gfv‡e nvRx kwiqZ Djøvn Bs‡iR‡`i weiæ‡×
cÖZ¨ÿ msMÖv‡gi mvgvwRK I agx©q Rxe‡b cwiïw×i gva¨‡g gymjgvb‡`i Aw¯ÍZ¡ wUwK‡q ivLvi †Póv K‡ib|
Bs‡iR wmwfwjqvb †Rgm IqvBR nvRx kwiqZ Djøvn‡K gymjgvb K…lK‡`i D¾xweZ Kivi Kv‡R GKRb
wb‡ew`ZcÖvY †bZv e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| jÿ Kiv wM‡q‡Q †hme A‡j div‡qwR Av‡›`vjb RbwcÖq n‡q‡Q †mLv‡b
wn›`y Rwg`vi I bxjKiiv kw³kvjx wQj Ges G‡`i Øviv K…lKiv AZ¨vPvwiZ n‡Zv| K‡Vvifv‡e ag© ms¯‹vi Kivq
GK †kªwYi gymjgvb †bZv kwiqZ Djøvni Av‡›`vjb‡K mg_©b K‡ibwb| Gu‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg wQ‡jb gvIjvbv
†KivgZ Avjx ˆRbcyix| GB gZwe‡iv‡ai my‡hvM MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb wn›`y Rwg`viiv| Zviv †KŠk‡j iÿYkxj gymjgvb
K…lKmn bxjKi‡`i div‡qwR‡`i weiæ‡× GKwÎZ K‡ib| Gfv‡e 1880 wLª÷v‡ãi w`‡K div‡qwRiv GKwU
msNvZgq Ae¯’vi gy‡LvgywL nq| Ggb GKwU cwiw¯’wZ hLb weivRgvb ZLbB nvRx kwiqZ Djøvn gyZz¨eiY K‡ib|
Gevi div‡qwR‡`i †bZ…Z¡ MÖnY K‡ib Zuvi cyÎ gynmxb DwÏb `y`y wgqv|
`y`y wgqv (1819-1862wLª.)
`y`y wgqv wQ‡jb kwiqZ Djøvni GKgvÎ cyÎ| 1819 wLª÷v‡ã ˆcwÎK MÖv‡gB wZwb Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| 1840 wLª÷v‡ã
wcZvi g„Zz¨i ci `y`y wgqv div‡qwR Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZ…Z¡ MÖnY K‡ib|
wkÿv MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ wcZvi RxeÏkv‡ZB `y`y wgqv g°v hvb| †mLv‡b cuvP eQi KvUvb wZwb| wcZvi Amy¯’Zvi msev‡`
Dwbk eQi eq‡m †`‡k wd‡i Av‡mb `y`y wgqv| G mgq wn›`y Rwg`vi, bxjKi, †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv iÿYkxj gymwjg †bZv
div‡qwR‡`i weiæ‡× cÖwZ‡iva M‡o Zz‡jwQj| Zviv cÖvqB div‡qwR‡`i weiæ‡× AvµgY cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zv| `y`y wgqv
wQ‡jb wecøex g‡bvfvevcbœ I K~U‰bwZK Áv‡b `ÿ|
`y`y wgqv †NvlYv K‡ib Rwgi gvwjK n‡e K…l‡Kiv| Zuvi GB †NvlYv wbh©vwZZ K…lK‡`i g‡b Avkvi mÂvi K‡i|
d‡j div‡qwR Av‡›`vjbI cvq bZzb MwZ| `y`y wgqv Aek¨ B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi ivR‰bwZK ÿgZv‡K A¯^xKvi
K‡ib wb| Bs‡iR Awdmvi‡`i m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM iÿv K‡i Zv‡`i `„wó wdwi‡q †i‡LwQ‡jb| GK ai‡bi mn‡hvwMZvi
ga¨w`‡q `y`y wgqv cÖRvi AwaKvi iÿvi †Póv K‡iwQ‡jb|
1857 wLª÷v‡ãi wmcvnx wecø‡ei ci `y`y wgqv‡K miKvi ew›` K‡i| Zuv‡K KjKvZvi Avjxcyi KvivMv‡i AvUK ivLv
nq| 1861 wLª÷v‡ã gyw³ cvb wZwb| `y`y wgqv 1862 wLª÷v‡ã XvKvq g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|
Rwg`vi, bxjKi I Bs‡iR cªkvm‡bi mw¤§wjZ kw³i weiæ‡× div‡qwR Av‡›`vjb †ewk w`b wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i wb|
`y`y wgqvi g„Zz¨i ci µgk GB Av‡›`vjb w¯ÍwgZ n‡q hvq| Z‡e evOvwji RvMi‡Y GB Av‡›`vj‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv

BDwbU 8 c„ôv 127

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq BwZnvm 1g cÎ

wQj| div‡qwR Av‡›`vj‡bi †fZi agx©q ms¯‹v‡ii cvkvcvwk ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK Kg©m~wP _vKvq mvaviY wn›`y-
gymjgvb‡K kvmK †kªwYi weiæ‡× HK¨e× K‡i †Zvjv mnR wQj|

wkÿv_©xMY nvRx gyn¤§` gynmx‡bi RbKj¨vb I nvRx kwiqZDjøvn div‡qwR

wkÿv_©xi KvR
Av‡›`vj‡bi Dci GKwU Av‡jvPbv mfvi Av‡qvRb Ki‡eb|
mvivsk
nvRx gyn¤§` gynmxb wQ‡jb RbKj¨v‡Y wb‡ew`Z| RxweZKv‡j wZwb †hgb wkÿv cÖwZôvb ˆZwi‡Z A_© cÖ`vb
K‡i‡Qb cieZ©xKv‡j Zvi cÖwZwôZ Uªv÷ dvÛ wkÿv we¯Ív‡i f‚wgKv †i‡L‡Q| nvRx kwiqZ Djøvn cwiPvwjZ
div‡qwR Av‡›`vjb g~jZ GKUv ag© ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb| evsjvi gymjgvb‡`i mvgvwRK I agx©q Rxe‡b †h me
A‰bmjvwgK fveavivi AbycÖ‡ek N‡UwQj nvRx kwiqZ Djøvn& †m¸‡jv eR©b Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡`i‡K Avnevb Rvbvb|
eû †jvK Zuvi Avnev‡b mvov w`‡jI cÖvPxbcš’xiv Zuvi we‡ivwaZv K‡i| K…lK‡`i Dci Rwg`vi‡`i AZ¨vPv‡ii
Kvi‡Y G Av‡›`vjb Rwg`vi we‡ivax msMÖv‡g iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡qwQj|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.4
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| gynmxb Uªv÷ dvÛ MVb K‡iwQ‡ib †K?
K) gynmx‡bi †evb L) gynmxb wb‡R
M) miKvi N) ¯’vbxq RbMb
2| div‡qwR Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖeZ©K
K) `y`y wgqv L) nvRx kixqZ Djøvn
M) gRby kvn N) Avng` kvn
3| nvRx kixqZ Djøvn †Kvb †Rjvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib?
K) gv`vixcy‡i L) kwiqZcy‡i
M) dwi`c‡yi N) wÎcyivq
4| kixqZ Djøvn n¾ Ki‡Z g°v kixd Mgb K‡ib
K) 1797 wLª. L) 1798 wLª.
M) 1799 wLª. N) 1800 wLª.
5| nvRx kixqZ Djøvn g°vq Ae¯’vb K‡ib
K) 20 eQi L) 21 eQi
M) 22 eQi N) 23 eQi
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
Kwigyjøvn dwi`cyi †Rjvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| cÖ_g Rxe‡b wZwb †KvjKvZvq wkÿv jvf K‡ib| 18 eQi eq‡m wZwb
Zvi wkÿ‡Ki mv‡_ cweÎ n¾eªZ cvj‡bi R‡b¨ g°v kixd Mgb K‡ib Ges `xN© wek eQi g°vq Ae¯’vb K‡i
hyM‡kªô cwÐZ‡`i wbKU Bmjvg a‡g©i Dci †jLv cov K‡i AMva cvwÐZ¨ AR©b K‡ib| †`‡k wd‡i wZwb Bmjv‡g
Abby‡gvw`Z AvPvi I cÖ_v Z¨vM K‡i Bmjvg a‡g© hv Aek¨ KiYxq A_v©r ÔdiRÕ Zv †g‡b Pjv I cvjb Kivi Rb¨
gymjgvb mgvR‡K AvnŸvb Rvbvb|
K. nvRx kixqZ Djøvn cwiPvwjZ Av‡›`vj‡bi bvg Kx? 1
L. wkiK ev gnvcv‡ci KvR Kv‡K e‡j? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki Kwigyjøvni Av‡›`vj‡bi mv‡_ cvV¨ cy¯Í‡Ki †h Av‡›`vj‡bi mv`„k¨ Av‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 3
N. D³ Av‡›`vj‡bi ¯^iƒc we‡kølY Kiæb| 4

BDwbU 8 c„ôv 128

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-8.5 wZZzgx‡ii Av‡›`vjb

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 wZZzgx‡ii Av‡›`vj‡bi D‡Ïk¨ wK wQj Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wZZzgx‡ii Av‡›`vj‡bi PwiÎ m¤^‡Ü e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Av‡›`vj‡bi NUbvewji GKwU eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kãgvjv wZZzgxi, Rwg`vi, cÖRv, bvwi‡Kjevwoqv

c~e© evsjvq (AvR‡Ki ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`k) hLb div‡qwR Av‡›`vjb M‡o D‡V, cÖvq GKB mg‡q cwðg
evsjvqI Av‡iKwU ag©xq ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nq| wZZzgx‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡ cwiPvwjZ ÔZixKv‡q †gvnv¤§`xqvÕ
Av‡›`vjb wQj DËi fvi‡Zi ˆmq` Avng` knx‡`i fveavivq AbycÖvwYZ| G Av‡›`vj‡biI cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wQj
cÖPwjZ Kzms¯‹vi Ges A‰bmjvwgK ixwZbxwZ `~i K‡i Bmjv‡gi Av`‡k© evsjvi gymwjg mgvR‡K wbqwš¿Z Kiv| wKš‘
K…lK m¤úÖ`vq‡K msMwVZ Kivi Kvi‡Y Rwg`vi‡`i mv‡_ msNvZ m„wó nq Ges †kl ch©šÍ GwU miKvi we‡ivax
Av‡›`vj‡bi iƒc †bq|
gxi wbmvi Avjx Ii‡d wZZzgxi PweŸk ciMbv †Rjvi evivmvZ gnKzgvi Puv`cyi MÖv‡g Rš§ MÖnY K‡ib| evj¨Kv‡j
wZwb MÖv‡gi GK gv`ªvmvq covïbv K‡ib Ges †m MÖv‡gi e¨vqvgvMv‡i K‡Vvi Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g GKRb Kzw¯ÍMxi
wn‡m‡e cÖwmw× jvf K‡ib| wKQyw`b wZwb b`xqvi GK Rwg`v‡ii jvwVqv‡ji PvKwi K‡ib| c‡i g°v kix‡d n¾
Ki‡Z hvb| †mLv‡b wZwb weL¨vZ Av‡jg I we‡`ªvnx †bZv ˆmq` Avng` knx‡`i wbKU `xÿv MÖnY K‡ib| 1827
mv‡j †`‡k wd‡i wZZzgxi ag© ms¯‹v‡ii Kv‡R AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib|
H hy‡M evsjvi gymjgvb‡`i mvgvwRK I ag©xq Rxeb bvbv Kzms¯‹v‡i Av”Qbœ n‡q c‡owQj| wZZzgxi gymjgvb‡`i‡K
cx‡ii Kv‡Q bZ nIqv, gvRvi ˆZwi Kiv, g„‡Zi D‡Ï‡k¨ wKQz wb‡e`b Kiv, gniig Abyôv‡b †hvM †`qv BZ¨vw` eÜ
Kivi Rb¨ wb‡`©k †`b| wn›`y ev Ab¨vb¨ ag©vej¤^x‡`i cvkvcvwk emevm Kivi d‡j gymjgvb‡`i ms¯‹w… Z I mgvR
Rxe‡b †h wfbœ cÖfv‡ei Abyc‡Ö ek N‡U, †m mg¯Í `~i K‡i Bmjvg a‡g©i Avw` weï×Zv wdwi‡q Avbvi Rb¨ wZwb
cÖ‡Póv Pvjvb| Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ K‡qKk gymjgvb wZZzgx‡ii wkl¨Z¡ MÖnY K‡i| Zviv `uvwo ivLZ Ges we‡kl
†cvkvK ciZ| Zuvi Abymvix‡`i g‡a¨ Ggb †Muvovgx m„wó nq †h, Ab¨ gymjgvb‡`i m‡½I Zv‡`i we‡iva euv‡a| Z‡e
Gi †P‡q †ewk Zxeª n‡qwQj wn›`y Rwg`vi‡`i cÖwZwµqv|
PweŸk ciMbv Ges b`xqv †Rjvi eû K…lK I ZuvZx wZZzgx‡ii Av‡›`vj‡b mvov †`q| gymjgvb cÖRv‡`i msNe×
n‡Z †`‡L ¯’vbxq wn›`y Rwg`vi‡`i g‡a¨ AvZ¼ m„wó nq| Zviv wZZzgx‡ii Abymvix‡`i msL¨v e„w×i c_ eÜ Kivi
Dcvq LuyR‡Z _v‡K Ges cÖRv‡`i Dci Ah_v Drcxob ïiæ K‡i| Zviv¸wbqvi Rwg`vi ivg bvivqY, cu~ovi Rwg`vi
K…ò‡`e ivq Ges Av‡iv A‡b‡K Zv‡`i Rwg`vwi‡Z gymjgvb ivqZ‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki `vuwo ivLvi Dci AvovB UvKv nv‡i
Ki avh© K‡ib| midivRcy‡ii cÖRvMY GB Ab¨vq Ki cÖ`v‡b A¯^xKvi Ki‡j Zv‡`i Dci †b‡g Av‡m AgvbweK
AZ¨vPvi I wbh©vZb| wZZzgxi G m¤ú‡K© KZ©„c‡ÿi Kv‡Q mywePvi †P‡q m¤ú~Y©fv‡e wbivk nb| kvwšÍc~Y© Dcv‡q
AZ¨vPv‡ii cÖwZKvi bv nIqvq Ae‡k‡l wZwb mk¯¿ cÖwZ‡iv‡ai c_ †e‡Q †bb|
1831 mv‡ji A‡±vei gv‡m wZZzgxi I Zuvi mg_©Kiv Zv‡`i cÖavb NuvwU bvwi‡Kjevwoqv MÖv‡g cÖwZôv K‡ib| †mLv‡b
GKwU gReyZ euv‡ki †Kjøv wbg©vY Kiv nq| †Mvjvg gvmy‡gi †bZ…‡Z¡ M‡o D‡V GKwU my`ÿ jvwVqvj I cÖwZ‡iva
evwnbx| Gevi wZZzgx‡ii Abymvixiv Rwg`vi‡`i Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZKv‡ii c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i| jvDNvUvq GK msN‡l©
Rwg`vi †`ebv_ ivq wbnZ nb| cvk¦©eZ©x A‡bK¸‡jv MÖv‡gi Dci wZZzgx‡ii evwnbxi wbqš¿Y cÖwZwôZ nq|
Rwg`vi‡`i cÖ‡ivPbvq gyjvnvwUi bxjKzwVi cÿ †_‡K wZZzgx‡ii mg_©K‡`i weiæ‡× wKQy e¨e¯’v †bqvq Zuvi evwnbx

BDwbU 8 c„ôv 129

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq BwZnvm 1g cÎ

bxjKzwV AvµgY K‡i Zv jyÚb K‡i KzwVi ZË¡veavqK‡K ew›` K‡i wb‡q hvq| fxZ mš¿¯Í Rwg`vi I bxjKiiv Bs‡iR
miKv‡ii Kv‡Q mvnv‡h¨i Rb¨ Av‡e`b cvVvq|
e„wUk miKvi kxNªB wZZzgx‡ii weiæ‡× evivm‡Zi g¨vwR‡÷ªU Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡ GK`j ˆmb¨ cvVvq| wKš‘ Zviv
†kvPbxq civRqeiY K‡i Ges Zv‡`i 15 Rb wbnZ I eû AvnZ nq| Av‡jKRvÛvi‡K mnvqZv `v‡bi Awf‡hv‡M
wZZzgx‡ii mg_©Kiv K‡qKwU bxjKzwV jyÉb K‡i| K…òbM‡ii g¨vwR‡÷ªU 300 ˆm‡b¨i GK evwnbx wb‡q Zv‡`i
weiæ‡× AMÖmi nb| wKš‘ GeviI Bs‡iR ˆmb¨iv civwRZ I weZvwoZ nq| cwi‡k‡l 1831 mv‡ji b‡f¤^i gv‡m
†gRi ¯‹‡Ui Aax‡b GK weivU Bs‡iR evwnbx bvwi‡Kjevwoqv AvµgY K‡i| wZZzgx‡ii mg_©Kiv mvn‡mi mv‡_
Zzgyj jovB‡q wjß nq| wKš‘ Bs‡iR‡`i Kvgv‡bi †Mvjvi AvNv‡Z wZZzgx‡ii euv‡ki †Kjv mn‡RB aŸsm nq| hy‡×
wZZzgxi I Zuvi eû AbyMvgx knx` nb| †mbvcwZ †Mvjvg gvmygmn cÖvq AvovBk Rb ew›` nb| e„wUk miKvi
†Mvjvg gvmyg‡K duvwm †`q Ges Ab¨vb¨‡`i wewfbœ †gqv‡`i Kviv`Ð cÖ`vb K‡i| Gfv‡e wZZzgx‡ii ag© ms¯‹vi
Av‡›`vjb hv cwiYwZ‡Z Rwg`vi I bxjKi‡`i AZ¨vPvi Ges Bs‡iR kvmb we‡ivax mk¯¿ msMÖv‡gi iƒc wb‡qwQj Zvi
cwimgvwß N‡U|
wkÿv_©xMY Rwg`vi I Bs‡iR‡`i weiæ‡× wZZzgx‡ii msMÖv‡gi Dci GKwU bvwUKv
wkÿv_©xi KvR
g¯’ Ki‡eb|
mvivsk
wZZzgx‡ii Av‡›`vj‡bi D‡Ïk¨ wQj gyL¨Z ag© ms¯‹vi Kiv| †hme A‰bmjvwgK ixwZbxwZ I Kzms¯‹vi gymwjg
mgv‡R AbycÖ‡ek K‡i †mme eR©b Kivi Rb¨B wZwb Av‡›`vjb ïiæ K‡i| wKš‘ Zuvi wkl¨‡`i m‡½ Rwg`vi I
bxjKi‡`i ¯^v‡_©i ؇›Øi d‡j G Av‡›`vjb K…lK Av‡›`vj‡bi iƒc †bq Ges Bs‡iR‡`i mv‡_I we‡iva m„wó nq|
†kl ch©šÍ G Av‡›`vjb e¨_© n‡qwQj|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.5
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| wZZzgxi Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib
K) bw`qvq L) PweŸk ciMbvq M) evivmv‡Z N) w`wjø‡Z
2| wZZzgxi evu‡ki †Kjøv wbg©vY K‡ib
K) Djy‡ewoqvq L) Pvu`cy‡i M) bvi‡Kj evwoqvq N) midivRcy‡i
3| wZZzgxi evu‡ki †Kjøv wbg©vY K‡ib
K) 1828 wLª. L) 1829 wLª. M) 1830 wLª. N) 1831 wLª.
4| wZZzgx‡ii Av‡›`vj‡bi D‡Ïk¨ wQjÑ
K) ag© ms¯‹vi L) ivR‰bwZK L¨vwZ jvf M) RbKj¨vY N) Bs‡iR kvmb DrÌvZ
5| wZZzgx‡ii evu‡ki †Kjøv aŸsm nq?
K) 1830 wLª. L) 1831 wLª. M) 1832 wLª. N) 1833 wLª.
DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 8.1 t 1| L 2| M 3| L 4| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 8.2 t 1| K 2| K 3| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 8.3 t 1| K 2| N 3| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 8.4 t 1| K 2| L 3| L 4| M 5| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 8.5 t 1| L 2| M 3| N 4| K 5| L

BDwbU 8 c„ôv 130