Penal Management

Corrections - is typically carried out by government agencies and involves the punishment, treatment, and
supervision of persons who have been    convicted of crimes.               
                      
Penology - The study of the punishment of crime and prison management.Is a section of criminology that
deals with the philosophy and practice to repress criminal activities via an appropriate treatment and
supervision of persons convicted of criminal offenses.
                   
Punishment - is the infliction or imposition of a penalty as retribution for an offense."The penalty
inflicted".
                        
Prison reform - is the attempt to improve conditions inside prisons and aiming a a more effective penal
system.

Prison - is a place in which people are physically confined and usually deprived of a range of personal
freedoms.
             
Jail - is a short term detention facility.

Halfway house - also called recovery house or sober house - is a place to allow people to begin the process
of reintegration with society while still providing monitoring and support; this is generally believed to
reduce the risk of recidivism or   relapse when compared to a   release directly into society.

Rehabilitation - it came from latin word "habilis" literally fit or suitable. Its meaning was expanded to
mean "restore to sound operation" or "to establish the good reputation".
                                                                                      
Solitary confinement - is a special form of imprisonment in which a prisoner is isolated fro any human
contact, though often with the exception of members of prison staff.
Jail Prison

 a place of  a place of long term

detention; a place confinement for
where a person those convicted of
convicted or serious crimes.
suspected of a  Bureau of
crime is detained. Corrections
 BJMP  DOJ
 DILG  holds people
 holds people convicted of
awaiting trial and crimes;sentenced for
people sentenced a longer term.
for a short
duration.
Zebulon Reed Brockway - regarded as the father of prison reform in the United States. Believed that the
primary reason to have a prisoner in custody was to rehabilitate and not simply to punish. Warden at the
Elmira reformatory from 1876 to 1900. He introduced the following:

1. a program of education
2. training in useful trades
3. physical activity
4. indeterminate sentence
5. inmate classification
6. incentive program.

Alexander Maconochie - (1787 -1860) - a Scottish naval officer, geographer and penal reformer. His two
basic principle of penology were that:

1. as cruelty debases both the victim and society, punishment should not be vindictive but should aim
at the reform of the convict to observe social constraints.
2. a convicts imprisonment should consist of task, not time sentences with release depending on the
performance of a measurable amount of labor.

Modern Form/Method  of Punishment

1. Execution - for capital offenses. ex. death by lethal injection

2. Imprisonment/Incarceration
3. Fines
4. Probation and Parole
5. House Arrest - is a measure by which a person is confined by the authorities to his or her residence.
Travel is usually restricted if allowed at all.

Ancient Form/Method of Punishment

 1. shame punishment
2. exile/banishment
3. payment to the victim
4. branding - (Stigmatizing) - is the process by which a mark is burned into the skin of a living person.
5. flogging - (flagellation) - is the act of methodically beating or whipping the human body.
6. mutilation - (maiming) - is the act of physical injury that degrades the appearance or function of
any living body usually without causing death.
7. burning
8. beheading
9. torture

* In the Philippines so far, 17 persons were executed

   by hanging, 84 persons were executed by electric
   chair, 7 persons were executed by lethal injection.

* Majority of inmates confined in national prison did

   not finish high school, 6% never went to school or
   were illiterate and 3% earned a college degree.