Top 100

Container Ports
2016
 INTRODUCTION

SURVIVAL OF
TOP 100
CONTAINER PORTS 2016

THE FITTEST
TOP 100 PORTS EDITOR
Linton Nightingale

LLOYD’S LIST MANAGING EDITOR

Richard Meade

EDITOR IN CHIEF, CONTAINERS

Janet Porter

CONTAINERISATION INTERNATIONAL
EDITOR
James Baker

TOP PORTS PRODUCTION EDITOR

Linton Nightingale Felicity Monckton

Top 100 Ports Editor DIGITAL EDITOR

Julian McGrath

CONTRIBUTORS
Max Tingyao Lin
Helen Kelly
Craig Eason
David Osler
Cichen Shen
IT IS hard to put a positive spin on 2015, in what was the box port
Eric Yep
industry’s most challenging year since the nadir of 2009 and the Nigel Lowry
fallout from the collapse of Lehman Brothers, which sent world trade Inderpreet Walia
Lambros Papaeconomou
and global container shipments into decline. Stefan Broekhuizen
The 2016 edition of the Lloyd’s List and Containerisation Hal Brown
Nidaa Bakhsh
International Top 100 Container Ports supplement, ranking the Nora Zhou
world’s largest box facilities on annual throughput terms, shows that Gary Howard
Katherine Espina
their volumes braked sharply last year, rising just 1% on 2014. For the Wei Zhe Tan
overwhelming majority of ports, 2015 will be a year they would DESIGN
rather forget. Kapusniak Design
With China the dominant force in the ports industry, it was HEAD OF MARKETING SERVICES
therefore of little surprise that the slowdown of the country’s Fergus Gregory

economy, and with it a significant drop in export growth, had PRINTING

St Ives Management Services
far-reaching consequences for the sector as box numbers suffered
at terminals across the globe. Weaknesses in other key economies EDITORAL, ADVERTISING AND
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www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 01
CONTENTS

TOP 100
CONTAINER PORTS 2015

04 / 08 / 16 /
The Top 100
Lloyd’s List and
Containerisation
International’s
rankings table

Mixed fortunes Container ports caught up

Softening demand growth took its
toll at ports throughout the world,
but there were some glimmers of
light amid all the doom and gloom
18 /
Port portfolios
in box line convulsions
Profiles of all the ports
Terminal operators face uncertain
comprising this year’s
times as they wait to hear from
list from one to 100
their customers about new
service patterns that the big three
alliances will introduce next year

120 /
A to Z
Alphabetical list of

10 / 15 /
this year’s entries

‘The times they are a-changin’ Top terminal operators feel

Weak demand growth in 2015
hit ports and terminals hard, but
with analysts forecasting more
of the same, it could trigger
a new era for the industry
brunt of cargo slowdown
Top five rankings remain
unchanged in what was
a challenging year for the
industry’s big players

02 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
ANALYSIS

MIXED FORTUNES
Softening demand growth took its toll at ports throughout
the world, but there were some glimmers of light amid
all the doom and gloom, writes Linton Nightingale

TOTAL box volumes handled
by the world’s top 100
container ports reached
545.6m teu in 2015, up 1.0%
from 540.3m teu in 2014.
Unsurprisingly, it was the
Chinese giant of Shanghai that
retained its place at the top of
the tree, handling volumes of
36.5m teu from January through
to December, although growth
at the port was down on the
year-ago pace of 5% to 3.5%.
This trend of slower growth
was a common feature at ports
and terminals across the globe,
as economic frailties and weak
demand in key trading arenas hit
home. However, some weathered
the storm better than others.
Singapore was one port that
took a battering from these
economic headwinds. It was
a disappointing 12 months for
the giant transhipment hub,
registering its first annual drop in
containerised trade since 2009.
Ailing Asia-Europe box numbers
and a reshuffling of schedules
resulted in 8.7% fewer containers
in 2015. Nevertheless, Singapore
managed to hold on to second
spot ahead of Shenzhen, where
volumes stayed relatively stable,
rising 0.7% to 24.2m teu.
Indeed, the top 10 rankings
were largely unchanged, with only
Ningbo-Zhoushan and Guangzhou
the significant movers, trading
places with Hong Kong from
fifth to fourth and Qingdao from
eighth to seventh respectively.
The Ningbo-Zhoushan port
complex eclipsed the 20m
teu barrier for the first time
in its history and in doing so,
achieved the highest growth
of all top 10 ports for a second
consecutive year, with volumes
up 6.1% to 20.6m teu.
While Ningbo-Zhoushan
continued to reap the benefits of
its vast hinterland opportunities
and wealthy industrial heartland,
Hong Kong again saw box
numbers fall by the wayside.
Obsolete infrastructure, land
constraints and high labour
costs took their toll, as an
increasing number of liner
customers sought more reliable
destinations in the region.
Volumes here fell nearly 10%,
from 22.3m teu to 20.1m teu.
In the context of Guangzhou
and Qingdao, it was not to say
that the latter performed badly,
as it reported a traffic hike of
5.3% to 17.5m teu. With the
two ports evenly matched, it
was more a case of Guangzhou
achieving slightly higher growth
at 6.0% to exchange places with
its Chinese rival after volumes
swelled to a record 17.6m teu.
However, overall growth
among the top 10 ports in 2015
was marginal, to say the least,
climbing a mere 0.002% from
216.2m teu to 216.7m teu. This
only slight increase in throughput
shows that even the box giants
of this world were not immune
to the wider industry woes.

The winners /
2015 annual 2014 annual Annual %
Ranking Port throughput (teu) throughput (teu) change
94 NEW Tangshan 1,520,000 1,109,000 37.1%
95 NEW Abu Dhabi 1,504,293 1,137,679 32.2%
76 14 Chittagong 2,024,207 1,622,000 24.8%
39 7 Taicang 3,760,000 3,101,300 21.2%
43 9 Dongguan/Humen 3,362,657 2,891,695 16.3%
53 10 Rizhao 2,810,000 2,420,000 16.1%
80 6 Karachi 1,960,000 1,720,000 14.0%
81 4 Dammam 1,954,364 1,747,549 11.8%
40 Savannah 3,737,400 3,346,048 11.7%
Biggest winner 2

22 New York/New Jersey 6,372,000 5,772,303 10.4%

Tangshan 37.1% 2

04 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16

Chinese dominance
The one area that has not
changed, however, is China’s
dominance of the container port
sector. Much has been made
of the deceleration of growth
in the world’s largest economy
and with it a slowdown in the
growth of Chinese exports,
but it was still one of the best-
performing regions in 2015.
Indeed, average growth in
China was second only to North
America, with the number
of containers handled at the
country’s colossal grouping of
ports — 20 in total out of the 100
comprising our list — increasing
2.6% from 198m teu 203.1m teu.
While Chinese growth was
not as impressive as in years
gone by, this still represents
an increase in liftings handled
annually comparative to a port
the size of Bremerhaven.
Furthermore, China’s ports
managed to cement their
supremacy in the sector by
increasing their share of the
total number of containers
handled by the top 100 ports
in 2015 from 36.7% to 37.3%.
This was also despite losing two
ports from this year’s rankings,
Zongshan and Haikou.
The jump in Chinese throughput
figures was helped not only by the
aforementioned ports, but also by
some of its lesser-known terminals.
The losers /
Ranking Port
86 15 St Petersburg
90 15 Zeebrugge
93 11 Lagos
61 13 Salalah
64 15 Gioia Tauro
26 4 Tanjung Priok
5 1 Hong Kong
18 3 Hamburg
87 Shahid Rajaee (Bandar Abbas)
4
72 Osaka
10
www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016
Volumes in Taicang continued
to increase at breakneck speed
by a phenomenal 21.2% to
3.8m teu, buoyed by its alliance
with Shanghai and with it
the transfer of transhipment
activity up the Yangtze River
from the overcrowded docks of
the old Waigaoqiao harbour.
Volumes in the manufacturing
hub of Dongguan/Humen,
sandwiched between Shenzhen
and Guangzhou, jumped 16.3% to
3.4m teu; Rizhao reported 16.1%
box growth; while near double-
digit growth was also recorded in
Fuzhou and Dandong respectively.
However, the largest increase
in percentage terms — not just
in China, but of all the ports in
this year’s top 100 — came from
newcomer Tangshan, where
volumes surged 37% on the back
of heavy infrastructural investment
and its close proximity to the
economic powerhouse of Beijing.
At the other top Asian ports,
there was another strong
performance from Vietnam’s
Ho Chi Minh City, as the port
continued to take advantage of
the country’s rapid development;
likewise at Malaysian box hub
Tanjung Pelepas, throughput levels
swelled by a further 7.3% following
last year’s double-digit increase.
Other noteworthy success
stories came from Malaysia’s
leading container operation Port
2015 annual 2014 annual Annual %
throughput (teu) throughput (teu) change
1,715,139 2,374,876 27.8%
1,568,938 2,046,586 23.3%
1,538,086 1,853,966 17.0%
2,569,363 3,033,522 15.3%
2,547,000 2,970,000 14.2%
5,201,118 5,900,000 11.8%
20,114,000 22,283,000 9.7%
8,821,481 9,728,666 9.3%
1,678,000 1,842,481 8.9%
2,221,828 2,437,549 8.8%
ANALYSIS
Klang, Karachi in Pakistan, and the
return to form of International
Container Terminal Services
Inc.’s flagship facility in Manila.
The title of the fastest-
growing Asian port outside
China, however, belongs to
Chittagong in Bangladesh,
boasting box growth of 24.8%
to 2m teu in 2015. Responsible
for handling more than 90%
of the nation’s containerised
trade, Chittagong has been the
scene of rapid expansion, with
no fewer than five new berths
added over the past 12 months.
Conversely, it was a troubling
12 months for Tanjung Priok,
the largest container port in the
southern hemisphere. Volumes
at the Indonesian state-owned
and operated port were dented
significantly from the slowest
growth in the county’s economy
since the global financial crisis,
falling 11.8% to 5.2m teu.
The Japanese ports of Tokyo and
Osaka continued to suffer from
the country’s ailing economy, a
story repeated at the Taiwanese
pairing of Keelung and Taipei.
Tale of two coasts
In North America, container
volumes were buoyed by surging
imports as the low fuel price added
weight to the consumer purse,
resulting in a 4.6% rise in trade at
its Pacific, Gulf and Atlantic ports.
Biggest loser
St Petersburg 27.8%
05
ANALYSIS
However, it was those to the
east that grabbed the headlines,
with three of the five majors
achieving double-digit growth in
2015. Those that didn’t still posted
extremely healthy traffic figures.
The largest port on the Atlantic
seaboard, New York/New Jersey,
saw throughput levels rise 10.4%
to 6.4m teu, while fellow US
ports Savannah and Charleston
reported hikes of 11.7% to
3.8m teu and 10.1% to 2m teu
respectively. Virginia’s volumes
rose 6.5% to 2.5m teu and the
US port of Houston witnessed
a 9.2% increase to 2.1m teu.
On the Pacific coastline, the
fortunes of containerised trade in
2015 were influenced significantly
by operational disruption
stemming from the labour dispute
between unions and employers
that continued from 2014 into
the first few months of the year.
Healthy volumes thereafter
meant some ports posted
a positive result for the full
12-month period, but for others,
losses at the start of the year
were simply too damaging for
them to recover. For example,
North America’s largest container
facility, Los Angeles, saw volumes
slip 2.2% and Oakland, still reeling
from the fallout of the waterfront
impasse after losing numerous
services, fared even worse, as box
numbers fell 4.9% to 2.3m teu.
Fragmented growth
Similar to their northern
counterparts, ports in South
and Central America reported
mixed fortunes in terms of
box growth last year.
Colombia’s Cartagena was
the standout performer, with a
volume increase of near double-
digit proportions of 9.4% to 2.6m
teu and was closely followed
by Panama’c Colon container
complex, where volumes
scaled 8.8% to 3.6m teu.
Like other ports in the region,
the pair are in the middle of
06 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
upgrading their respective facilities
to take advantage of the new
trade opportunities arising from
the expanded Panama Canal and
larger ships operating in the region.
Elsewhere, Brazil’s biggest
box port Santos and Argentina’s
premier port in the capital
of Buenos Aires shared fairly
moderate increases in container
traffic, rising 2.6% to 3.8m teu and
0.3% to 1.4m teu respectively, as
they continued to feel the brunt
of their floundering economies.
Box growth at Middle East
facilities followed the theme of
fragmentation. Jebel Ali, by far
and away the region’s largest
container port, with volumes
outweighing more than its
three closest rivals combined,
reported only a small leap in
teu terms by its high standards.
The Dubai port saw volumes
increase 2.2% to 15.6m teu.
However, the UAE’s other ports
reported a bumper 2015. The
Sharjah/Khor Fakkan terminals
handled a record 4.1m teu,
representing a 9% jump over 2014,
but it was Abu Dhabi that was
the big winner. With exponential
volume growth of 32.2% recorded
and 1.5m teu shifted at its docks, it
makes its top 100 debut this year.
Year to forget
For the large majority of ports
in Northern Europe and the
Mediterranean, however, 2015
will be a year not so fondly
remembered. Overall volumes at
ports in northern Europe — or at
least those making up the global
top 100 — fell 3.9%, while at
Mediterranean ports, throughput
levels were down 2.3%.
In Europe’s northern range,
Rotterdam, Hamburg and
Bremerhaven all reported
declines for the year and this
unwanted feat was also repeated
at the UK’s premier ports of
Felixstowe and Southampton.
However, they can take at least
some comfort in the knowledge
For the large
majority of ports
in Northern
Europe and the
Mediterranean,
2015 will be a
year not so fondly
remembered
that they didn’t fare quite as badly
as Zeebrugge or St Petersburg.
The Belgian box port saw volumes
slump 23.3% to 1.6m teu after
Maersk and MSC removed calls
on their 2M alliance, while St
Petersburg’s traffic fell afoul of
ongoing Russian sanctions, sliding
a whopping 27.8% to 1.7m teu.
The big winner in northern
Europe was Antwerp, where
volumes climbed 7.5% to a
record 9.7m teu. Unlike its rivals,
business at the Belgian port’s
terminals wasn’t exposed to
the collapse in Russian trade.
In the case of the Mediterranean
transhipment hubs, softening
demand on the Asia-Europe
trade, coupled with the much-
documented weaknesses of
localised economies, put a major
dent in their box numbers last year.
Whereas previously they enjoyed
successive years of more than
healthy volume growth, last year
signalled a return to what could
be regarded as normality.
The Italian port of Gioia
Tauro suffered the steepest
volume decline of 14.2%, but
throughput levels also dropped
in Algeciras, Piraeus and Tanger
Med, as well as in the Turkish
ports of Ambarli and Mersin.
ANALYSIS
CONTAINER PORTS CAUGHT
UP IN BOX LINE CONVULSIONS
Terminal operators face uncertain times as they
wait to hear from their customers about new
service patterns that the big three alliances will
introduce next year, writes Janet Porter
KEEPING up to date with the
upheavals that are transforming
the container shipping industry
has been a challenge, even
for those directly involved in
the biggest shake-up the box
trades have ever witnessed.
For the many service providers
on the fringes of these momentous
changes, it has been even harder to
stay abreast of events that include
mergers, acquisitions, new global
partnerships, debt restructurings
and, of course, the steady delivery
of a new generation of ultra large
containerships that are having
an impact far beyond the trade
lanes in which they are deployed.
As ships of 18,000 teu or more
enter service between Asia and
Europe, so the vessels they are
displacing are switched to other
routes that, in many cases, are
ill-prepared for much larger vessels.
This in turn has created supply
and demand imbalances that
have spread the price war to just
about every trade. And when
freight rates are so low, shipping
lines put pressure on their service
providers to cut their prices.
Container ports around the
world have been caught up in this
pincer movement, where they
are expected on the one hand
to invest in larger cranes and
longer berths to accommodate
bigger ships, while at the same
time being asked to cut terminal
handling charges and other costs.
As if that were not enough to
cope with, ports are also having to
08 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
anticipate how the new Panama
Canal locks may change trading
patterns, now that much bigger
ships are able to transit the
waterway. Already, one round-the-
world container service has been
announced and more may follow.
That development has
implications not just for ports on
the west and east coasts of North
and South America but further
afield. In the UK, for example,
Liverpool has built a terminal on
the River Mersey in anticipation
of neo-panamax ships entering
the transatlantic trades in new
pendulum services from Asia to
Europe via the Panama Canal.
And this is a perfect example
of how terminal operators are
having to second-guess the
market, prepared to spend
huge sums of money on new
facilities without any guarantee
that the business will come.
Impact of consolidation
But at least the expanded Panama
Canal was a known quantity,
even if completion of the new
locks fell behind schedule.
What no-one could have
prepared for was the extent of
the consolidation now taking
place between container lines.
It had started off in a fairly
low-key way, with Hapag-Lloyd
merging with the container arm
of CSAV and Hamburg Süd taking
over the container activities of
Chile’s Compañía Chilena de
Navegación Interoceánica, while
CMA CGM acquired the German
shortsea operator OPDR.
None of those deals was going
to have a huge impact on the
global container shipping industry,
but the decision by Singapore
sovereign wealth fund Temasek
to sell off Neptune Orient Lines
after years of underperformance
would have global consequences.
Both CMA CGM and Maersk Line
put in bids but it was the French
line whose offer was accepted.
That takeover has now been
completed, while at the same time
the Chinese authorities decided
it made no sense to have two
state-owned lines competing in
the global trades when returns
were so poor, and ordered Cosco
and China Shipping to merge.
As the industry was absorbing
those two transactions and the
implications for the deepsea
container trades, so Hapag-Lloyd
and United Arab Shipping Co
revealed they were in merger
talks. That deal is now going
ahead and should be completed
by the end of the year.
Bankruptcy scenario
For container ports and terminal
operators, a more immediate
concern in recent months has
been the financial plight of the
two South Korean lines, Hyundai
Merchant Marine and Hanjin
Shipping, with the chaos of a
bankruptcy a grim scenario.
While HMM managed to reach
an agreement with creditors,

including shipowners with vessels
on charter to the line, Hanjin
Shipping has struggled to come
to a similar accommodation.
Every one of these realignments
has had a knock-on effect on
alliances that the global lines
had started to form when
fullscale consolidation was
looking somewhat unlikely.
There is nothing new about
vessel-sharing arrangements, which
have been a feature of the industry
for decades. What is different is the
scale of these latest constellations,
covering not just one trade lane
as in the past, but all three of
the major east-west corridors.
The over-ambitious P3
network between Maersk Line,
Mediterranean Shipping Co and
CMA CGM may have been vetoed
by regulators, but that did little to
curb the enthusiasm of carriers
www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016
for partnerships, given the scale of
the financial pressures they faced
— mostly self-inflicted — and the
need to drastically cut costs.
So P3 became 2M, the former
Grand and New World alliances
teamed up to form G6, another trio
set up Ocean Three, and a group of
Asian lines established the CKYHE
alliance. But it hardly mattered
whether anyone could remember
who was with whom, since the
three big merger and acquisition
deals are forcing everyone to
swap partners yet again.
As the dust settles, it looks
as if there will be three big
global alliances made up of 13
of the world’s largest lines.
There may still be more changes
ahead, with news that HMM was
to join the 2M alliance of Maersk
and MSC fueling speculation that
the Danish line could be interested
ANALYSIS
top
Panama Canal
expansion
bottom
CMA CGM bought
NOL while Hyundai
Merchant Marine
plans to join the
2M alliance
in buying the South Korean carrier
in order to consolidate its position
on the transpacific trades.
The good news for all those
trying to follow the convulsions
sweeping through the container
trades is that the new service
offerings from each line will not
start until next April, the beginning
of the 2017/18 shipping season.
But for the world’s container
ports, these are nerve-wracking
times as they wait to hear if
they will be included in future
schedules and what size ships
to expect. They need to consider
whether they should upgrade
their facilities and invest in new
equipment now, or wait and
see what the lines are planning
before taking what could be some
very expensive decisions without
knowing for sure what the future
holds in such uncertain times.
09
ANALYSIS

‘THE TIMES THEY

ARE A-CHANGIN’
Weak demand growth in 2015 hit ports and
terminals hard, but with analysts forecasting
more of the same, it could trigger a new era for
the industry, writes Linton Nightingale

10 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
ANALYSIS
CONTAINER throughput growth
among the top 100 box ports
braked sharply in 2015 to just
1% from 3% the previous year
and, while there were small
pockets of growth, on the whole
it was a disappointing 12-month
period for the majority of port
and terminal operators.
Accustomed to healthy
incremental growth of years past
and substantial profits to boot, it
was a rather rude awakening for an
industry that has enjoyed success
on a scale to the envy of others.
Faltering economies, political
upheaval and civil unrest all played
their part in 2015, but these
common denominators show
little sign of disappearing any
time soon and, as such, neither
does the increasing fragility and
instability of the global market.
Last year could well be
remembered, therefore, as a
turning point or the start of a
new era, where the industry
operates in a much more
mature market environment
sooner than anticipated — one
in which lower levels of volume
growth are the norm and the
pressure on margins intensifies.
Taking into consideration box
numbers at the major ports
during the first half of 2016, this
certainly rings true, as slow growth
from last year was sustained.
Container throughput growth in
the first six months of 2016 /
2015 ranking Port
1 Shanghai
2 Singapore
3 Shenzhen
4 Ningbo-Zhoushan
5 Hong Kong
6 Busan
7 Guangzhou
8 Qingdao
9 Dubai
10 Tianjin
12 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
Global throughput figures
compiled by analysts for the
six-month period may differ
slightly, with some stating
growth of 1%, some below
0.5%, and others even claiming
a contraction, but the common
theme nonetheless is that slower
volume growth not only continued
into 2016 but weakened.
Indeed, following
unprecedented low container
volumes from January through
to June this year, analysts
have been forced to slash their
full-year growth forecasts.
According to Alphaliner, total
volumes handled by the world’s
box ports will increase by just
0.3% this year, representing its
lowest level since 2009, when
throughput slumped some 8.9%
in the fallout of the infamous In the first six months of 2016,
collapse of Lehman Brothers. a drop in throughput levels was
Previous estimates from analysts witnessed at nearly half of the
had been for growth of 1%-2%. world’s top 30 container ports —
12 in total, including six of the top
GDP multiplier 10 ports — with declines reported
If this forecast proves to be across all the major regions.
correct, then the global container Preliminary data compiled by
throughput to gross domestic Alphaliner shows that aggregated
product ratio, or GDP multiplier, volumes at these elite facilities,
will drop to 0.3 in 2016, with the accounting for more than half of
latest IMF World Economic Outlook global container throughput, grew
anticipating global GDP growth of by a mere 0.2% in the first half
3.1% for the year, says Alphaliner. of 2016 to 184.6m teu, against
This will surpass the previous the 184.3m teu handled in the
record low of 0.4 set in 2015. corresponding period of 2015.
The world’s largest port,
Shanghai, saw box numbers fall
0.8% to below 18m teu; long-
suffering Hong Kong witnessed a
10.5% fall in traffic; while Dubai,
Singapore and Rotterdam reported
Annual % change (teu)
declines of 6.1%, 5.1% and 2.3%
0.8%
respectively, according to Alphaliner.
5.1%
However, there were
1.0%
small pockets of growth. In
2.8%
the Mediterranean, Spanish
10.5%
transhipment hub Algeciras saw
4.0%
the largest volume growth in
4.9%
percentage terms of 13.1%. This
4.0%
was closely followed by Malaysia’s
6.1%
Port Klang in Southeast Asia,
0.3%
where volumes climbed 12.3%,
Source: Alphaliner and further north in Colombo,

Sri Lanka, which also reported
double-digit growth of 11.2%.
This uneven growth is reflected
in its regional estimates based on
sample data of more than 150
major ports across the world,
says Alphaliner, ranging from 9%
growth in South Asia to a fall of
11.5% at ports in Africa during
the first six months of 2016.
Most telling, however, is that
growth at Chinese ports, responsible
for more than 30% of total global
volumes and the world’s largest
export trade, only increased
1.4% from January through to
June against 2015 levels,
“This rather weak momentum is
expected to persist in the second
half of the year,” says Alphaliner.
The North American majors,
meanwhile, reported moderate
growth of just 0.2%. On the west
coast, volumes were up 0.9%, but on
the opposite side of the continent,
box numbers were down 1.4%.
However, it was South America
and Africa that held the unwanted
title of the worst-performing
regions. Although Alphaliner didn’t
give an exact figure on just how
low growth panned out in the first
half of the year, it did note that in
South America, Santos and Buenos
www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016
Aires fared particularly poorly, with
respective volumes down 8.1% and
13.1%; while in Africa, Port Said
saw volumes slump by more than
20% and Tanger Med by 11.6%.
More of the same
Looking further ahead, London-
based analysts Drewry, in its
Global Container Terminal
Operators Annual Report 2016,
says it expects average global
container port demand to grow by
less than 3% each year through
to 2020, with their most recent
projections softened due to the
sharp slowdown in China’s exports.
Meanwhile, Clarksons
forecasts slightly more generous
growth, although still low in
historical terms, of 3.2%.
Drewry says if there is to be
any positive impact on forecasts,
then more than likely it will come
from greater resilience from
the Middle East and South Asia,
but also a potential recovery in
Russia or a rise in the oil price.
Nevertheless, the overall message
is that the period of exponential
growth in the container port industry
is over for the foreseeable future.
With this in mind, Drewry says
port and terminal operators will
ANALYSIS
left
The world’s largest
port, Shanghai,
saw box numbers
fall 0.8% to
below 18m teu
be left with no choice but to grow
accustomed to this changing
landscape, which will be even
more challenging, given the
enforced capital costs generated
by the influx of larger vessels and
the formation of larger and ever
more complex liner alliances.
Despite these overarching factors,
Drewry remains optimistic that
the port industry will still be highly
profitable — but rather than one
of growth, it will now be regarded
as more of a value sector by the
stock market and investors.
Change of tack
In response to slow volume growth,
terminal operators and investors
have been urgently reviewing
capacity expansion plans.
While some projects in the
pipeline may be too far down the
track to pull out at this stage, those
that are scheduled to appear later
are subject to reconsideration
in terms of timing and scale.
And for some terminal operators,
this will mean a change of tack.
“It is clear that global and
international terminal operators
are fundamentally reviewing
their strategies, becoming
cooler on greenfield projects
13
 ANALYSIS

and more interested in M&A “However, a dichotomy in However, with expansion

opportunities,” says Drewry approaches is evident. On the one opportunities increasingly
senior analyst Neil Davidson. hand, many of the established scarce and competition for
“A natural response to the international players have tenders fiercer, the challenge
increasing size of liner alliances become more cautious because for terminal operators will also
is for terminal operators to they are concerned that returns be to ensure that existing assets
look to consolidate terminal may be less than what they are are operated to an optimum
ownership in parallel.” used to,” adds Mr Davidson. to ensure hungry shareholders
This has already been seen “But on the other hand, that are used to such generous
through the recent acquisition there are several expansion- returns are not starved.
of Grup TCB by APM Terminals, minded players, like the Chinese For an industry that has had
CMA CGM’s takeover of APL operators and Yilport Holdings, it so good for so long, the big
including its container terminals, whose top strategic priority question is whether it is ready
and Yilport’s purchase of Tertir. is to acquire more assets.” for its biggest challenge yet.

TOP TERMINAL OPERATORS FEEL BRUNT OF CARGO SLOWDOWN

WITH global container throughput growth slowing considerably in 2015 it was therefore of little surprise that the top
terminal operators too felt the brunt of softening demand.
However, there was little movement in terms of rankings in total throughput terms, according to data compiled
by Drewry Maritime Research. This meant that Hutchison Port Holdings held on to its crown as the world’s largest
operator ahead of APM Terminals, with PSA International, Cosco and DP World remaining in third, fourth and fifth
place respectively.
HPH handled 81m teu across its portfolio of terminals in 2015 as it maintained top spot, a rise of 1.1% year-on-
year, but it was one of only three top five global operators that reported positive volume growth last term. Its closest
rivals APMT and PSA both reported declines during the 12-month period, as volumes slipped by 3.3% to 69.3m teu
and 2.1% to 63.8m teu.
Cosco and DP World subsequently closed the gap on the top three having witnessed a rise in throughput levels at
their affiliated facilities during the 12-month period. With the third and the fifth ranked operators now separated by
less than a little over 3m teu there is every chance that it could be all change next year. Moreover, with Cosco and
China Shipping having now merged their port operating entities even HPH will be looking nervously over its shoulder.
In terms of equity throughput share at ports and terminals, there was at least some movement in the rankings
with DP World exchanging places with APMT as it moved up from fourth to third, according to Drewry. However, it
was Singaporean giant PSA that stayed at the top followed by HPH. China Merchant Port Holdings maintained its fifth
placed ranking.

Top 5 global/international terminal operators’ total throughput, 2014-2015 /

Million teu / % share of world container port throughput

2015 2014 Growth / Growth /

Ranking Operator Million teu % share Million teu % share decline (m teu) decline (%)
1 Hutchison Port Holdings 81.0 11.8% 80.2 11.8% 0.9 1.1%
2 APM Terminals 69.3 10.1% 71.7 10.6% 2.4 3.3%
3 PSA International 63.8 9.3% 65.2 9.6% 1.4 2.1%
4 Cosco Group 62.8 9.2% 61.9 9.1% 0.8 1.4%
5 DP World 60.5 8.8% 58.6 8.6% 1.8 3.1%

Notes
Unless stated otherwise figures include total annual throughput for all terminals in which more than 10% shareholding held as at 31st Dec 2014/31st Dec 2015
Figures do not include stevedoring operations at common user terminals and also exclude barge/river terminals
Figures for each operator do not include volumes from other global/international terminal operators (GTO/ITOs) and non-GTO/ITOs in which stakes are held
Due to method of calculation there is some degree of variation between Drewry’s figures and some terminal operators’ publicly announced results
Cosco Group includes Cosco Pacific and Cosco Container Line
Hutchison figure include HPH Trust volumes
Some figures are estimated
Source: Drewry Maritime Research

www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 15
RANKINGS

THE TOP 100 PORTS IN 2015

2015 annual 2014 annual

Ranking Port Country Region throughput (teu) throughput (teu) Annual % change
1 Shanghai China Asia 36,537,000 35,304,000 3.5%
2 Singapore Singapore Asia 30,922,300 33,869,000 8.7%
3 Shenzhen China Asia 24,204,000 24,037,000 0.7%
4 1 Ningbo-Zhoushan China Asia 20,620,000 19,430,000 6.1%
5 1 Hong Kong China Asia 20,114,000 22,283,000 9.7%
6 Busan South Korea Asia 19,469,000 18,683,000 4.2%
7 Guangzhou China Asia 17,624,900 16,626,200 6.0%
8 Qingdao China Asia 17,510,000 16,624,000 5.3%
9 Dubai UAE Middle East 15,592,000 15,249,000 2.2%
10 Tianjin China Asia 14,100,000 14,050,000 0.4%
11 Rotterdam Netherlands Northern Europe 12,235,000 12,297,000 0.5%
12 Port Klang Malaysia Asia 11,890,000 10,945,804 8.6%
13 Kaohsiung Taiwan Asia 10,264,420 10,593,335 3.1%
14 2 Antwerp Belgium Northern Europe 9,654,000 8,978,000 7.5%
15 2 Dalian China Asia 9,450,000 10,127,600 6.7%
16 1 Xiamen China Asia 9,182,800 8,572,000 7.1%
17 1 Tanjung Pelepas Malaysia Asia 9,120,000 8,523,935 7.0%
18 3 Hamburg Germany Northern Europe 8,821,481 9,728,666 9.3%
19 Los Angeles US North America 8,160,457 8,340,065 2.2%
20 Long Beach US North America 7,192,066 6,820,806 5.4%
21 Laem Chabang Thailand Asia 6,780,000 6,583,168 3.0%
22 2 New York/New Jersey US North America 6,372,000 5,772,303 10.4%
23 2 Yingkou China Asia 5,922,000 5,611,000 5.5%
24 2 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam Asia 5,788,084 5,368,927 7.8%
25 2 Bremen/Bremerhaven Germany Northern Europe 5,300,000 5,800,000 8.6%
26 4 Tanjung Priok Indonesia Asia 5,201,118 5,900,000 11.8%
27 1 Colombo Sri Lanka Asia 5,185,467 4,907,915 5.7%
28 1 Lianyungang China Asia 5,009,000 5,005,400 0.1%
29 Tokyo Japan Asia 4,629,000 4,894,511 5.4%
30 2 Valencia Spain Mediterranean 4,615,196 4,441,949 3.9%
31 1 Algeciras Spain Mediterranean 4,515,768 4,556,465 0.9%
32 1 Jawaharlal Nehru India Asia 4,480,000 4,450,000 0.7%
33 Jeddah Saudi Arabia Middle East 4,188,215 4,218,302 0.7%
34 2 Sharjah/Khorfakkan UAE Middle East 4,142,000 3,800,000 9.0%
35 1 Felixstowe UK Northern Europe 3,980,000 4,100,000 2.9%
36 2 Manila Philippines Asia 3,975,747 3,810,437 4.3%
37 2 Port Said Egypt Mediterranean 3,850,000 3,959,000 2.8%
38 1 Santos Brazil Central-South America 3,779,999 3,684,845 2.6%
39 7 Taicang China Asia 3,760,000 3,101,300 21.2%
40 2 Savannah US North America 3,737,400 3,346,048 11.7%
41 2 Colon Panama Central-South America 3,577,427 3,286,738 8.8%
42 1 Seattle/Tacoma US North America 3,529,084 3,393,522 4.0%
43 9 Dongguan/Humen China Asia 3,362,657 2,891,695 16.3%
44 5 Piraeus Greece Mediterranean 3,330,000 3,585,155 7.1%
45 5 Ambarli Turkey Mediterranean 3,220,506 3,487,677 7.7%
46 1 Tanjung Perak Indonesia Asia 3,120,683 3,105,827 0.5%
47 3 Balboa Panama Central-South America 3,078,101 3,236,355 4.9%
48 6 Marsaxlokk Malta Mediterranean 3,064,005 2,869,131 6.8%
49 2 Vancouver Canada North America 3,054,467 2,912,928 4.9%
50 3 Tanger Med Morocco Mediterranean 2,964,324 3,080,000 3.8%
51 4 Nanjing China Asia 2,940,000 2,760,000 6.5%

16 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
 RANKINGS

2015 annual 2014 annual

Ranking Port Country Region throughput (teu) throughput (teu) Annual % change
52 5 Mundra India Asia 2,895,046 2,720,000 6.4%
53 10 Rizhao China Asia 2,810,000 2,420,000 16.1%
54 1 Yokohama Japan Asia 2,787,296 2,888,029 3.5%
55 5 Keelung + Taipei Taiwan Asia 2,779,843 2,943,420 5.6%
56 2 Durban South Africa Africa 2,770,335 2,666,344 3.9%
57 2 Kobe Japan Asia 2,706,967 2,616,537 3.5%
58 2 Nagoya Japan Asia 2,630,804 2,738,224 3.9%
59 1 Melbourne Australia Oceania 2,610,739 2,533,379 3.1%
60 5 Cartagena Colombia Central-South America 2,610,059 2,385,542 9.4%
61 13 Salalah Oman Middle East 2,569,363 3,033,522 15.3%
62 1 Le Havre France Northern Europe 2,560,000 2,550,000 0.4%
63 1 Virginia US North America 2,549,270 2,393,038 6.5%
64 15 Gioia Tauro Italy Mediterranean 2,547,000 2,970,000 14.2%
65 2 Yantai China Asia 2,452,200 2,356,300 4.1%
66 Manzanillo Mexico Central-South America 2,458,135 2,369,000 3.8%
67 1 Yeosu Gwangyang South Korea Asia 2,327,335 2,338,335 0.5%
68 1 Incheon South Korea Asia 2,376,996 2,334,939 1.8%
69 3 Sydney Australia Oceania 2,309,757 2,251,058 2.6%
70 Oakland US North America 2,277,521 2,394,069 4.9%
71 2 Genoa Italy Mediterranean 2,242,902 2,172,944 3.2%
72 10 Osaka Japan Asia 2,221,828 2,437,549 8.8%
73 1 London UK Northern Europe 2,217,000 2,097,000 5.7%
74 3 Houston US North America 2,131,000 1,951,088 9.2%
75 3 Fuzhou China Asia 2,118,848 1,939,163 9.3%
76 14 Chittagong Bangladesh Asia 2,024,207 1,622,000 24.8%
77 4 Quanzhou China Asia 2,000,000 1,885,000 6.1%
78 6 Charleston US North America 1,973,202 1,791,977 10.1%
79 1 Barcelona Spain Mediterranean 1,965,240 1,893,836 3.8%
80 6 Karachi Pakistan Asia 1,960,000 1,720,000 14.0%
81 4 Dammam Saudi Arabia Middle East 1,954,364 1,747,549 11.8%
82 6 Callao Peru Central-South America 1,900,444 1,992,473 4.6%
83 4 Southampton UK Northern Europe 1,933,000 1,895,000 2.0%
84 4 Dandong China Asia 1,830,000 1,670,000 9.6%
85 6 Guayaquil Ecuador Central-South America 1,764,937 1,621,000 8.9%
86 15 St Petersburg Russia Northern Europe 1,715,139 2,374,876 27.8%
87 4 Shahid Rajaee Iran Middle East 1,678,000 1,842,481 8.9%
88 1 Alexandria Egypt Mediterranean 1,688,301 1,677,986 0.6%
89 Kingston Jamaica Central-South America 1,653,272 1,638,113 0.9%
90 15 Zeebrugge Belgium Northern Europe 1,568,938 2,046,586 23.3%
91 1 Chennai India Asia 1,565,130 1,550,000 1.0%
92 1 Bangkok Thailand Asia 1,559,000 1,519,000 2.6%
93 11 Lagos Nigeria Africa 1,538,086 1,853,966 17.0%
94 14 Tangshan China Asia 1,520,000 1,109,000 37.1%
95 12 Abu Dhabi UAE Middle East 1,504,293 1,137,679 32.2%
96 1 Mersin Turkey Mediterranean 1,466,119 1,498,850 2.2%
97 3 Taichung Taiwan Asia 1,447,390 1,513,759 4.4%
98 1 Montreal Canada North America 1,446,075 1,402,393 3.1%
99 1 Freeport Bahamas Central-South America 1,440,000 1,400,000 2.9%
100 4 Buenos Aires Argentina Central-South America 1,433,053 1,429,000 0.3%
Total 545,604,106 540,335,013 1.0%
Note
2014 throughput figures have been updated to include revised figures from port authorities, terminal operators and further research

www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 17
RANKINGS
01 / Shanghai China
SHANGHAI managed to retain
its crown as the world’s busiest
container port in 2015. The
throughput of 36.5m teu also
represented a 3.5% increase
on the previous year.
The improved performance
was not easy to achieve, though,
given the sluggish foreign trade in
the country and stiff competition
from neighboring ports.
Fortunately, the port, situated
at the tip the of the Yangtze
River delta, enjoys the most
economically developed hinterland
in China, and can extend its
reach further to the interior
provinces via river ports along the
thousands-mile-long waterway.
Shanghai International Port
Group, the port’s main operator,
has invested in 11 such feeder
ports in cities like Taicang,
Nanjing, Wuhan, Jiujiang and
Chongqing. The so call “Yangtze
River Strategy” contributed
more than 2m teu in 2015.
Moreover, the construction of the
Yangshan Deepwater Port phase
four terminal is making smooth
progress, with the pile-sinking
project being fully completed on
18 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
November 19, 2015 — 42 days
ahead of schedule, SIPG said.
The Yuan12.8bn ($2.1bn)
fully automated terminal, due
for completion in 2017 and
having a 6.3m teu handling
capacity, will help alleviate port
congestion and further boost its
box volume, especially cargoes
from ultra large containerships.
Challenges
That said, downward pressure has
still increased as the unfavourable
economic conditions persist. The
3.5% growth rate is slower than the
year-ago pace of 5%. The port’s box
volume even contracted by 2.8%
for the first quarter of this year.
“The global economy and trade
are lacking momentum to grow;
[the] international shipping market is
still in dismay… [and] port operating
costs are rising consistently,” SIPG
said in its 2015 annual results.
“The company is facing
heavy pressure to maintain
its business growth.”
International transhipment is a
business SIPG has been seeing as a
key new growth point for some time.
But progress seems rather slow.
In 2015, the business made
up only 6% of the port’s total
container traffic — far less than
other major Asian ports, such
as Singapore and Hong Kong.
Fierce competition from rivals
like Ningbo and Busan is one
reason for this slow progress. A less
open regulatory regime, despite
establishment of the Shanghai
Free Trade Zone, is another.
During the recent National
People’s Congress in March,
SIPG chairman Chen Xuyuan
advised the government to
further liberalise its cabotage
restrictions, which has huge
potential for boosting international
transhipment traffic in the port.
So far, Beijing has only allowed
Chinese-owned foreign-flagged
vessels to carry containers between
FTZ harbours and other Chinese
ports. Foreign carriers such as
Maersk Line are still prohibited from
entering this kind of operation,
regardless of their repeated
complaints about the rules.
Box volumes attributed to
the partial relaxation were
tiny — only 95,000 teu went
to Shanghai last year.
RANKINGS

Meanwhile, the lack of railway

connections for more cost-effective
intermodal transport has also
eclipsed Shanghai’s attractions for
many shippers and operators.

Green initiatives
Despite the business headwinds,
Shanghai has been very
active in pushing forward its
“green port” initiatives.
In July 2015, SIPG established
a 50:50 joint venture, Shanghai
Port Energy Co, with energy major
Shenergy Group. The move is part
of the efforts for SIPG to develop
liquefied natural gas stations.
Moreover, it is among
the first batch of ports to
mandatorily implement China’s
newly established emission
control area, where vessels
will gradually be subject to a
0.5% fuel sulphur content cap
when entering the waters.
The ECA in the Yangtze River
Delta came into force in April,
nine months earlier than the
general guidelines released
by Beijing last December.
2015 throughput
36,537,000 teu 3.5%
Port authority
Shanghai Municipal Transportation Commission,
Floor 6-16, Building#1, 300 Shibocun Road,
Pudong District, Shanghai, China 200125
Website
www.shanghaiport.gov.cn
Email
contact@portshanghai.com.cn
Terminal operators
Jungong Road Terminal: SIPG
Zhanghuabang Terminal: SIPG
Zhendong Terminal: SIPG
Baoshan Terminal: SIPG
Shanghai Pudong International Container
Terminal : Shanghai Waigaoqiao Free Trade
Zone Stevedoring Co, Hutchison Ports Pudong
and Cosco Pacific
Shanghai East Container Terminal: SIPG and
APMT Terminals
Shanghai Mingdong Container Terminal: SIPG
and HPH
Shanghai Shengdong International Container
Terminal: SIPG
Shanghai Guandong International Container
Terminal: SIPG
China Shipping Container Terminal: Yangjing
Port
02 / Singapore Singapore
SINGAPORE’S port handled 8.7%
fewer containers in 2015, the first
time the world’s second-busiest
port registered an annual container
throughput decline since 2009.
The overall slump in Asia-Europe
volumes, exacerbated by the
rebalancing of volumes across
shipping alliances agreements and
an increase in direct sailings due
to lower bunker prices, brought
about the drop in container
throughput, the Maritime and
Port Authority of Singapore said.
Singapore’s port moved 30.9m
teu in 2015, down from the previous
year’s 33.9m teu. Its flagship
operator PSA Singapore Terminals
contributed 30.6m teu, 8.7% lower
from the 33.6m teu a year earlier. It
was also the first annual container
throughput reduction for PSA
terminals in Singapore since 2009.
PSA International group chief
executive Tan Chong Meng said
2015 was generally a tough year,
with weak trade growth reflecting
unsteady global economic
conditions. “Trade in the second
half of the year was particularly
lacklustre and this added to
the pressures that were already
building up due to structural
shifts such as ship upsizing,
sustained overcapacity, changes
in liner alliancing, and the effect of
prolonged lower oil prices,” he said.
About 85% of the containers
that arrive in Singapore are
transhipped to another port of call.
To help shipping lines cope
with the difficult environment,
the MPA introduced an additional
10% concession on port dues
for container vessels calling at
Singapore and carrying out cargo
works with a port stay of not more
than five days. The concession
will last for a period of one year
starting from January 15, 2016.
In June 2015, Singapore
Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong
officially opened PSA Singapore
Terminals’ S$3.5bn ($2.6bn)
development of Pasir Panjang
Terminal phases 3 and 4.
The project, with almost 6,000
m of quay length and up to 18
m draft, is specifically designed
to serve the next generation of
mega containerships that PSA’s
customers are deploying. When
the expansion is fully operational
by end-2017, Singapore will
be able to handle a total 50m
teu of containers annually.
PPT phases 3 and 4 will feature
innovations such as a zero-
emission, fully-automated electric
yard crane system. Beyond PPT,
PSA is working closely with the
Singapore government on the
development of the future Tuas
Port, which will incorporate more

20 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
RANKINGS

innovative automation systems,
intelligent planning and control
systems, and environmentally
sustainable solutions.
In April 2016, phase 1 of the
Tuas Terminal development
started with the launch of the first
caisson, one of the largest in the
world. When completed, the 20
deepwater berths will be able to
handle about 20m teu per annum.
The entire mega terminal will have
a total capacity of up to 65m teu.
The Tuas Terminal will be
developed in four phases over
the span of some 30 years, with
the phase 1 reclamation works
scheduled to be completed
by the early 2020s.
In May 2016, PSA International
unveiled its new corporate
venture capital arm, PSA
unboXed, with an initial fund
size of S$20m. PSA unboXed will
invest in and nurture about 10
to 20 start-ups keen on creating
innovative logistics solutions in
container and cargo-handling
operations and transaction
solutions for the maritime trade
and finance ecosystems.
The following month, PSA
Singapore announced it has
invested in 22 new automated
guided vehicles for its container
terminals, bringing the fleet to 30
units. Expected to be delivered
in the second quarter of 2017,
the battery-powered AGVs will
be used to transport containers
between the quayside and the
container yard completely without
human drivers. The new units
will join the existing eight hybrid-
powered AGVs operating at PPT.
CMA CGM and PSA Singapore
Terminals said in June 2016
they would form a joint venture
company to operate and use
four mega container berths
at PPT phases 3 and 4, which
have the capacity and scale of
operations to better serve mega
vessels in the region. The joint
venture, CMA CGM-PSA Lion
Terminal, will start operations
from the second half of 2016.
Earlier in March 2016, Cosco-PSA
Terminal, a joint venture company
formed by Cosco Pacific and PSA
Corp, said it would invest in new
container berths in Singapore
capable of serving the next
generation of mega container
vessels. To stay ahead of evolving
industry needs, CPT will move from
its current two-berth terminal at
PPT phase 1 to three new mega
berths at PPT’s phases 3 and 4.
2015 throughput
30,922,300 teu 8.7%
Port authority
Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore,
460 Alexandra Road, PSA Building #19-00,
Singapore 119963
Website
www.mpa.gov.sg/web/portal/home
Email
qsm@mpa.gov.sg
Terminal operators
Tanjong Pagar, Keppel, Brani and Pasir
Panjang: PSA Singapore
Jurong: Jurong Port

03 / Shenzhen China
FACING weakening trade and
strengthening rivals, even the port
giant Shenzhen is under pressure.
Box throughput in the port
complex, which sprawls across
Yantian, Shekou, Da Chan Bay
and Chiwan, stood at 24.2m
teu in 2015, up less than 1%
compared to the year-ago level.
The growth rate in 2014 was 3.3%.
“Competition among the
container ports in southeast
China, especially in the Pearl
River region, [has intensified] over
the past several years. Cost of
production factors are increasing,
traditional industries are moving
out and port handling growth
is slowing,” Yantian, the main
port area in east Shenzhen, said
in its 2015 annual report.

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RANKINGS
Total imports and exports in
Guangdong province, Shenzhen’s
main hinterland, dropped 3.9%
last year, with media reports
saying many local small and
medium-sized manufacturers
are closing down, amid rising
labour costs and a lacklustre
economy in the West.
But adjacent ports, with an
impetus to expand, are still
fighting head to head for the
already limited cargo resources in
the region, leading to a zero sum
game. For example, Guangzhou,
which almost dredged a new
port out of mud, saw its box
handling up 6% last year.
That said, Shenzhen’s
outlook is not entirely bleak.
The port complex has
continuously benefited from
the industry trend of upsizing
vessels. Yantian, blessed by
its ability to receive ultra large
04 / Ningbo-Zhoushan China
THE Ningbo-Zhoushan complex
reported growth of 6.1% in 2015,
as volumes eclipsed the 20m teu
barrier for the first time in its history
to become only the fifth port ever
to reach the throughput milestone.
In the process, Ningbo also
swapped places with struggling
Hong Kong to lay claim as the
world’s fourth-largest container
port, while also achieving the
biggest growth in percentage
terms of any top 10 ranked port
for the second year running.
Ningbo’s volumes rose from
19.4m teu to 20.6m teu. However,
despite this increase, it was still
down on the impressive double-
digit growth performance of 2015,
as even China’s fastest-growing
mega port succumbed to China’s
wider economic slowdown.
In the first six months of
2016, its impact would appear
24 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
containerships, recorded a
box volume of 12.2m teu,
representing 4.2% annual growth.
In January, Yantian
International Container Terminals
— part of Hutchison Port Holdings’
global network — completed
a reinforcement project at
several container berths, making
then more capable of hosting
boxships exceeding 10,000 teu.
On the west side, phase two
of the widening project in the
Tonggu channel is scheduled
for completion by early 2017.
“It is expected to become a
fulcrum for West Shenzhen Port
Zone in accommodating mega
vessels,” said China Merchants
Holdings (International), the main
terminal operator in this area.
The further growth potential,
CMHI noted, hinges on the
ability of the Qianhai-Shekou
Free Trade Zone, which covers
to be increasingly marked, with
volumes up only 2.9% to 11.6m
teu, according to a filing on the
Shanghai Stock Exchange from
Ningbo’s flagship terminal operator,
Ningbo Zhoushan Port Group.
Shenzhen’s entire west port
area, to provide more efficient
customs clearance and better
trade links with overseas markets.
2015 throughput
24,204,000 teu 0.7%
Port authority
Transport Commission of Shenzhen
Municipality, 16 Zizhu 7th Rd, Futian,
Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, 518040
Website
www.sztb.gov.cn
Terminal operators
Shekou Container Terminals: China Merchants
Holdings International and Modern Terminals
Chiwan Container Terminal: Chiwan Wharf
Holdings, Kerry Properties, CMHI and Modern
Terminals
Yantian International Container Terminals:
HPH Trust
Da Chan Bay Terminal: Modern Terminals and
Shenzhen Yantian Port Group
Mawan Container Terminal: China Everbright
Holdings, China National Foreign Trade
Transportation and Nanhai Oil Shenzhen
Development
But what is clear is that
Ningbo continues to be blessed
by its superior hinterland
and natural conditions.
Located in Zhejiang province,
Ningbo has benefited from the rising
RANKINGS
demand in domestic consumption
and a full-blown manufacturing
industry in this wealthy region.
Indeed, Ningbo derives 95%
of its growth from Zheijang
province, sitting in the southern
part of the Yangtze River Delta on
China’s southeast coast. Zheijang
is the fourth-largest economy
in China and the fifth-largest
export/import hinterland in China,
serving a population of 55m.
Following efforts to build an
efficient intermodal transport
network, Ningbo has extended its
reach further into the hinterland,
to central and west China, bringing
greater box volumes to the port.
To facilitate the phenomenal
growth at the port, Ningbo opened
its latest container terminal last
year, the Meishan Container
Terminal. Boasting five deepwater
berths, it has a design capacity
of 3m teu, with three berths
developed as a joint venture
between NZPG and APM Terminals.
However, plans are already under
way to construct a further five
berths, adding an extra 4.3m teu
of capacity and the ability to host
ultra large containerships. The new
project will cost Yuan7.6bn ($1.2bn).
05 / Hong Kong China
HONG Kong, as one of the busiest
international container ports in
the world, handled 20.1m teu in
2015. The port provided about
340 container liner services per
week, connecting to around
470 destinations worldwide.
The prospects of Hong Kong’s
port are overshadowed by a
string of problems, including
obsolete infrastructure, land
constraints and high labour costs.
The Hong Kong government has
been mulling over some solutions.
One of them is to integrate six
pieces of nearby land totalling
26 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
Ningbo also completed its long-
awaited merger last year with the
neighbouring port of Zhoushan, a
port that is small in comparison
but with ample space for potential
future capacity. As a result, what
was formerly known as Ningbo Port
Group became NZPG and rather
than being wholly owned by the
state-owned Assets Supervision
and Administration Commission
of Ningbo municipal government,
following the merger NZPG is now
94.47% owned by SASAC Ningbo and
5.53% owned by SASAC Zhoushan.
However, the merger has also
raised questions as to whether
presenting the pair as a singular
port entity will create a monopoly
in the region, erasing excess
competition and creating a scenario
where there is too much capacity.
The situation could be
exacerbated by the fact that the
Zhejiang provincial government
is planning to take this idea
of port consolidation one step
further. Last year, it established
Zhejiang Harbour Investment &
Operation Group, an arm directly
controlled by the provincial state-
owned Assets Supervision and
Administration Commission.
18.5 ha into Kwai Tsing Container
Terminals in a bid to increase
container storage capacity and
barge berths, as well as improve
handling efficiency, according to
the Transport and Housing Bureau.
The new land areas are
expected to come into use
in July at the earliest.
Meanwhile, policymakers
are ramping up efforts to ink a
free trade agreement with the
Association of Southeast Asian
Nations, the city’s second-largest
trading partner, within this year.
The deal, if realised, could also give
The new group plans to direct
operations not just in Ningbo
and Zhoushan, but also nearby
Jiaxing, Taizhou and Wenzhou.
2015 throughput
20,620,000 teu 6.1%
Port authority
Ningbo Municipal Transport Bureau, Ningbo
Municipal Port Administration Bureau, No 117
He Ji Road, Ningbo, China
Website
www.nbjt.gov.cn
Email
webmaster_nb@zjt.gov.cn
Terminal operators
Ningbo Beilun International Container
Terminals: Ningbo Port Group and Hutchison
Port Holdings
Beilun Second Container Terminal: Ningbo
Port Group
Ningbo Yuan Dong Terminals: Ningbo Port
Group, Cosco Pacific, OOCL Terminal Ningbo,
State Development & Investment Transport
Holding
Ningbo Gangji (Yining) Terminal: Ningbo Port
Group, Ninterin Ltd
Ningbo Daxie China Merchants International
Container Terminal: China Merchants Holdings
International, Ningbo Port Group and China
International Trust & Investment Corp
Ningbo Meishan Bonded Port Zone –
Xinhaiwan Terminal: Ningbo Port Group, China
Shipping Terminal Development and PSA
Ningbo Meishan Bonded Port Zone – Meishan
Container Terminal: Ningbo Port Group, APM
Terminals
a boost to cargo traffic in the port.
Nevertheless, the decline in
container throughput might
still be difficult to reverse.
Hong Kong’s port, as a
transhipment harbour for cargoes
mainly focused on China’s exports
and imports, could inevitably lose
its attraction to mainland peers
that are closer to the hinterland
and opening up foreign trade.
The city’s leaders seem to have
recognised the challenges. Earlier
this year, the Hong Kong Maritime
and Port Board was formed by
merging the former Maritime
RANKINGS
Industry Council and the Port
Development Council, with a key
target to develop a high-value-
added maritime services cluster.
This was followed by Hong Kong
chief executive Leung Chun-ying’s
2016 policy address, in which
he said the government was
determined to build the city into
an “international shipping service
hub”, which has core competencies
in the maritime services sector,
including shipmanagement,
brokerage, leasing and financing.
Even though volumes were slightly
down from the previous year, Hong
Kong expects to benefit from China’s
new silk road initiative, aimed at
developing trade and transport
links across Asia and beyond.
The plan to build land, sea and
air routes, also known as One
Belt, One Road, was announced
by Chinese President Xi Jinping in
2013, with the aim of boosting trade
by $2.5trn in the next decade. As
China’s economic growth slows,
Beijing is encouraging its companies
to win new markets overseas.
28 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
Iran crucial to Hong Kong
Trading and logistics account for
23% of Hong Kong’s gross domestic
product and the city is targeting
more shipping trade with Middle
Eastern countries, including Iran,
after international sanctions on
Tehran were lifted earlier this year.
In 2015, the Kwai Chung-Tsing
Yi Container Terminals handled
15.6m teu, representing 78% of
the port’s container throughput.
The remaining 22% was handled
at mid-stream sites, the river
trade terminal, buoys and
anchorages, and other wharves.
In the Kwai Chung-Tsing Yi
Container Terminals, there are
nine terminals operated by five
different operators, namely Modern
Terminals, Hong Kong International
Terminals, Cosco-Hong Kong
International Terminals, Goodman/
DP World and Asia Container
Terminals. They occupy 279 ha
of land, providing 24 berths and
7,694 m of deepwater frontage.
The water depth of the Kwai
Chung-Tsing Yi basin is 15.5 m.
In May 2016, the Marine
Department of Hong Kong
became the latest organisation
to publish container weighing
guidelines for shippers in light of
the amendments to the Safety
of Life at Sea Convention.
2015 throughput
20,114,000 teu 9.7%
Port authority
Hong Kong Marine Department, Harbour
Building, 38 Pier Road, Central, Hong Kong
Website
www.mardep.gov.hk/en/home.html
Email
mdenquiry@mardep.gov.hk
Terminal operators
Terminal 1: Modern Terminals
Terminal 2: Modern Terminals
Terminal 3: Goodman Hong Kong Logistics
Fund and DP World
Terminal 4: Hongkong International Terminals
Terminal 5: Modern Terminals
Terminal 6 and 7: Hongkong International
Terminals
Terminal 8 East: Hongkong International
Terminals and Cosco
Terminal 8 West: Asia Container Terminals
Terminal 9 North: Hongkong International
Terminals
Terminal 9 South: Modern Terminals

06 / Busan South Korea
BUSAN has retained its position as
the sixth-busiest box hub in this
2015 ranking, but the South Korean
port’s aspiration to scale the top
10 has not been diminished by the
economic headwinds currently
buffeting those around them.
Busan Port Authority chief
executive Woo Ye Jong picked
up ambitious growth targets
left by his predecessor Ki Tack
Lim, who now has his hands
full running the International
Maritime Organization in London.
Busan’s stated goals include
becoming the world’s second-
busiest transhipment port by
2020 and, more immediately,
to hit the 20m teu throughput
milestone in 2016.
The former may prove
easier than the latter.
While 2015 saw Busan achieve an
impressive 4% growth rate, hitting
19.5m teu, the tantalisingly close
20m teu target is going to require an
improbable 13.8m teu push for the
second half of 2016 amid a sector-
wide contraction in growth rates.
Busan’s own figures point to
a 1.8% slowdown in container
volumes in the first half of 2016
as China’s rebalancing economy
continues to take its toll and
the more domestic dramas of
the two major South Korean
lines, Hyundai Merchant Marine
and Hanjin Shipping, play out
negatively on throughput figures.
Mr Woo’s strategy in the face
of such challenges is to play his
transhipment trump card to offset
the expected decrease in trade with
China. Busan handled more than
10m teu in transhipment volumes
for the first time in its history in
2015, with 55 container carriers
using Busan as a transhipment hub.
The BPA is aggressively
marketing its position to shipping
alliances and offering pricing
incentive schemes to attract new
www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016
business, but it will be longer-term
infrastructure investment that
determines the success of Busan’s
growth strategy in the long run.
Dredging to accommodate the
largest vessels and the removal
of the small Todo island near the
entrance of the port are well under
way, but redevelopment plans to
integrate the container-handling
activities of the old North Port and
New Port sites is the multi-billion
dollar game-changer for Busan.
The BPA’s $8.5bn North Port
redevelopment project remains on
target for completion by 2020 and
will see the operation become an
intra-Asia feeder trade hub, while the
expanded New Port will serve as the
global liner hub for the largest ships.
The projected efficiencies of the
new expanded set-up promise
a period of accelerated growth
for Busan and the much-coveted
number two spot on the global
list of transhipment ports, not
to mention a forecast $315bn
economic boost to South Korea
and the creation of 120,000 jobs.
In the meantime, the juggling
of the two sites will continue to
be a daily challenge, requiring the
BPA to subsidise intra-terminal
transportation as it seeks to avoid
congestion at peak times.
Beyond the existing
expansion plans in Busan itself
RANKINGS
lies the prospect of overseas
investment and expansion by
the BPA into new markets.
So far, Mr Woo has offered
little detail to the broad plans
for identifying new business
opportunities with a particular
focus on developing countries,
but he has stated this is now his
third priority, alongside building
the transhipment business
and completing the North and
New Port redevelopment.
How quickly such plans will take
shape amid contracting volumes,
however, remains to be seen.
2015 throughput
19,469,000 teu 4.2%
Port authority
46, Street 9, Chungjang-daero, Jung-gu,
Busan, 600-755, South Korea
Website
www.busanpa.com
Email
info@busanpa.com
Terminal operators
Busan North Port:
Hutchison Busan Container Terminals
CJ Korea Express Busan Container Terminal Co
Busan International Terminal
Dongbu Pusan Container Terminal Co
Busan New Port:
Pusan Newport International Terminal
Pusan Newport Container Terminal: PSA
Hanjin Newport Container Terminal: DPW
Hyundai Pusan Newport Terminal: Hanjin
Company
Busan Newport Container Terminal: CMA
29

07 / Guangzhou China
SITUATED in the Pearl River
Delta, the port of Guangzhou
has historically been a key
centre of trade in China.
Despite the continued slowdown
as the Chinese economy undergoes
a transitional phase, the port
managed to post a respectable
6% rise in container throughput
rise in 2015 to 17.6m teu, whereas
other more developed ports across
Asia have seen container traffic
falter as the region is buffeted
by economic headwinds.
Guangzhou Port Group’s Nansha
Port Area in the Guangzhou
Nansha New District is one of
the group’s key infrastructure
development areas, with an
additional planned port coastline
of 7.2 km, of which the deepwater
coastline will comprise 4.7 km.
The area will house containers,
oil and petrochemical products,
dry bulk and ro-ro transportation
facilities. The existing Nansha
Port Area handled more
than 11m teu in 2015.
Among its targets under
the three-year plan (2015-
2017), the group plans to boost
container throughput to 20m
teu by 2017 through a number
of key construction projects.
Plans include fixed asset
investments of up to Yuan150bn
($22.56bn) as the group strives
to make itself into a truly
international shipping hub
within the Maritime Silk Road
component of Chinese president
Xi Jinping’s ambitious One Belt,
One Road infrastructure project.
The three-year plan also includes
initiatives to boost foreign trade
through shipping routes plying
regions like Southeast Asia, South
Asia, the Middle East, Africa,
Australia, New Zealand, Europe and
the US to provide better coverage.
One such initiative was the setting
up of Guangzhou Port America in
www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016
December 2015 to tap into robust
demand for additional origin port
options for importers, exporters,
third-party logistics companies
and ocean carriers, as well as
promoting the Nansha Port Area.
Port fees and berthing
fees will also be reduced by
2018 to attract more liners
to call at Guangzhou port.
Development will not be
limited to coastal areas, with
plans for a railway system and
inland waterways to create an
intermodal transportation network.
The group is also looking to build
industry, with marine engineering
works worth Yuan300bn annually
and shipbuilding and repair works
worth Yuan200bn per annum.
In 2015, the port’s Guangzhou
Container Terminal purchased
two electric tyre gantry cranes
and one reachstacker as part
of its upgrading programme.
With the leisure cruise industry
taking off across the globe and
China, with its rising middle class,
the group is also speeding up
the construction of the Nansha
International Cruise Terminal
RANKINGS
to attract more major cruise
companies to call at the port or
make it their port of origin.
To make Guangzhou an attractive
cruise tourist destination, the
port authorities are looking
to implement a 72-hour visa-
free policy, as well as tax
refunds before departure.
2015 throughput
17,624,900 teu 6.0%
Port authority
Guangzhou Port Authority, 14-19F, No 406
Yanjiang East Road, Guangdong 510100, China
Website
www.gzport.gov.cn
Email
gzgwj@gzport.gov.cn
Terminal operators
Henan Terminal: Guangzhou Port Group
Xinfeng Terminal: Guangzhou Port Group
Huangpu Old Port: Guangzhou Port Group
Xinsha Terminal: Guangzhou Port Group
Huangpu New Port: Guangzhou Port Group
and PSA
Nansha Terminal Phase I/Nansha Stevedoring:
Guangzhou Port Group, CS Terminal and
Guangzhou Nansha Assets Operation
Company
Nansha Terminal Phase II/Guangzhou
South China Oceangate Container Terminal:
Guangzhou Port Group, Cosco Pacific and APM
Terminals
31
RANKINGS
08 / Qingdao China
THE Port of Qingdao is arguably the
most important port in northern
China and part of the vital Bohai Bay
port cluster that serves this region,
along with other large neighbouring
ports like Tianjin and Dalian.
Compared with the Port of Tianjin,
which barely maintained throughput
volumes in 2015, Qingdao Port
posted solid growth of more than
5% both in box volumes and in
overall cargo throughput, putting it
one notch above its competitors.
Qingdao Port is operated by
Qingdao Port International Co,
which listed on the Hong Kong
Stock Exchange in 2014. It has four
main port areas: Qianwan Port Area,
Huangdao Oil Port Area, Dongjiakou
Port Area and Dagang Port Area.
In 2015, Qingdao Port’s total
cargo throughput rose 5.6% to
touch 430m tonnes. Its container
throughput increased 5.3% to 17.5m
teu, despite slowing growth pulling
down earnings and volumes across
Chinese ports, with average growth
in container throughput across the
country slowing to just 3%-4%.
“The increasingly intensive
competition among port operators
prompted the port industry to
develop in depth. Those operators
who are equipped with superior
docking capacity, integrated port
industry chain and diversified profit
model will stand out from the
competitors,” the company said.
In recent months, Qingdao Port
has been a newsmaker for another
of its business segments: liquid bulk
terminals for crude oil discharge.
A massive surge in crude oil
imports at Qingdao Port resulted in
some of the longest tanker queues
in the world and port congestion
running into several days. This
had a follow-on impact on tanker
demand, oil flows and oil prices.
The surge in tanker traffic was
triggered by the deregulation
and liberalisation of many of
32 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
China’s independent refineries
that are clustered in the
northeastern Shandong province
and receive crude oil imports
from the port city of Qingdao.
“Qingdao’s crude oil imports as
a share of total Chinese crude oil
imports reached 31% in April [2016],
the highest share since data became
available in 2011,” the US Energy
Information Administration said.
Meanwhile, Qingdao Port
continues to invest in a range of
projects to remain competitive.
In its flagship container business,
the port’s operator said it would add
new international routes, enhance
its waterway network, develop the
international transhipment business
and provide accurate forecasts of
berthing time to shipping companies
to remain the top container
hub port in northern China.
Qingdao Port is also going
big on data, automation and
e-commerce, in line with top
global ports like Singapore.
It has plans to build an intelligent
port that integrates its stevedoring,
port logistics and internal control
on a digital operation system,
and build two world-class
automatic container berths for
which it expects to conduct
trial runs by the end of 2016.
Qingdao Port has also been
developing its strategic position
as a trading hub in Asia.
In May 2015, it started a direct
train link from Qingdao to the central
Chinese city of Zhengzhou, making it
the first port to have combined sea
and railway transport, integrated
with customs clearance in China.
As part of its importance to
Beijing’s strategic ‘One Belt,
One Road’ strategy, Qingdao
Port was the starting point for
the first Qingdao-Central Asian
international cargo train in July
2015, with the capability to link up
with the countries of Kazakhstan,
Uzbekistan and other strategic
countries through to Europe.
The port has also set a record
as the world’s largest mineral ore
terminal. In April 2016, Qingdao
Port unloaded a record high of
100m tonnes of iron ore, berthed
612 ore ships, including 21 valemax
vessels and set the record for
fastest ore-discharging efficiency,
at 2,856 tonnes per hour.
2015 throughput
17,510,000 teu 5.3%
Port authority
Qingdao Port International Co Ltd, 7 Ganghua
Road, City North District, Qingdao, Shangdong
Province, China
Website
www.qingdao-port.com/en/lxwm.jsp
Email
qggj@qdport.com
Terminal operators
Qingdao Qianwan Container Terminal Co Ltd
Qingdao Port International Co Ltd
 RANKINGS

09 / Dubai United Arab Emirates

DP WORLD’S flagship facility Jebel
Ali reported only moderate growth
in 2015 by its own high standards.
The rapidly expanding Dubai
port handled 15.6m teu during
the 12-month period, a rise
of 2.2% on 2014 levels.
The UAE operator’s chief
executive Sultan Ahmed Bin
Sulayem said the port — and
indeed the majority of its global
portfolio — endured a particularly
tough second half of the year,
as various economic headwinds,
ranging from unfavourable
currency exchanges to lower
commodity prices, adversely
affected trade growth.
Nevertheless, Jebel Ali is still
by far and away the dominant
port in the region, handling nearly
three times the volume of its three
closest rivals combined last year.
Mr Sulayem, who took up the
role as head of the company
after his predecessor Mohammed
Sharaf stepped down at the start phase in port capacity at Jebel Ali the latter stages of 2016, adding
of the year, is also optimistic and a strong economic outlook for a further 2m teu to capacity —
when it comes to Jebel Ali’s Dubai and the wider GCC region. and, when that is finished, work
future — and for good reason. “The two assets will allow DP will then commence on the port’s
The port is expected to benefit World to co-ordinate planned fourth terminal. DP World says the
significantly from an increase expansion and deliver an new Jebel Ali facility, being built
in trade following the lifting of improved customer proposition.” on a reclaimed island at the port,
sanctions against neighbouring Confirmation of the acquisition, will be its most advanced yet.
Gulf state Iran, but also from its in which DP World purchased “This terminal is the big idea
recent acquisition of the Jebel Ali shares totaling $2.6bn including that will change the way ports
Free Zone, a 57 sq km commercial the unit’s credit facilities and work in the future. We will
and logistics park just a stone’s debts, came at the start of 2015. deploy the latest technology in
throw from the deepwater port. According to DP World equipping our quays and yards,
“Acquiring a strategically estimates, the acquisition will and run them with the most
located asset integral to Jebel enhance its earnings by 15%, sophisticated terminal operation
Ali’s continued success enhances improve return on capital by systems,” said the company.
our competitive advantage at least 7% and increase its “We are building Terminal
and aligns with our strategy of margin of earnings before 4 from the ground up, which
providing port-centric integrated interest, taxes, depreciation and enables us to future-proof
logistics solutions at key gateway amortisation by nearly 50%. it for smart containerships
locations,” said Mr Sulayem. However, the rapid development emerging in the future.”
“Combining the two assets of the port’s infrastructure DP World agreed two major
makes economic and strategic and capacity is also showing contracts for civil construction
sense for all parties involved, little sign of slowing just yet. works for its latest terminal
including customers, particularly in DP World is due to complete the development in early 2016:
the context of a significant growth final phase of its third terminal in one with Dutco Balfour Beatty

www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 35

and the other with BAM
International Abu Dhabi.
As part of the project’s first
phase, Dutco Balfour Beatty will
be responsible for developing the
terminal’s operational yard with a
quay length of 1,200 m, while BAM
International Abu Dhabi will build a
400 m bridge, adjacent causeways
and the 2.2 km quay wall. The
quay will boast an alongside depth
of 18 m to accommodate the
world’s largest containerships.
10 / Tianjin China
TIANJIN port is one of the largest
and busiest ports in China, and
second only to Qingdao port in
capacity in northern China.
It is located in the key Bohai Bay
cluster that is also home to the
major northern Chinese ports of
Dalian and Qingdao, along with the
ports of Tangshan, Rizhao, Yingkou,
Jinzhou, Qinhuangdao and Yantai.
The high concentration of
ports in Bohai Bay is critical to
the import and export of goods
from northeastern China, but
it also means that ports in
this region operate in a highly
competitive environment
for a range of products.
Tianjin port gets the bulk of its
volume from containers, but is also
a hub for coal, iron ore, crude oil
and automobiles in the region.
On August 12, 2015, Tianjin
Port suffered from an industrial
disaster triggered by explosions
at warehouses storing
hazardous goods, which claimed
dozens of lives and disrupted
shipping activity for weeks.
The incident became the largest
manmade insurance loss on record
in Asia, with Swiss Re estimating
the cost to the industry to be
between $2.5bn and $3.5bn.
Tianjin Port has been recovering
from the incident and even
www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016
Upon first-phase completion,
slated for 2018, Jebel Ali’s capacity
will increase by a further 3.1m
teu to as much as 22.1m teu. By
that time, it will be equipped with
at least 110 ship-to-shore cranes
and 11,000 m of deepwater quay.
Plans for the second phase
of the fourth terminal will be
to expand its capacity even
further to 7.8m teu, which DP
World says it will bring on line
dependent on market demand.
witnessed marginal in its volumes
in 2015. It said the effects of
the accident have been on
the decline, citing the port’s
throughput growth indicators.
In 2015, Tianjin Port’s cargo
throughput touched 457.1m
tonnes, an increase of 2.5%
from the previous year, and its
container throughput posted a
growth of 0.2% to 14.1m teu,
according to official data.
It had previously projected
growth volumes of 7% but the
target has likely been affected
by last year’s explosions and the
resulting impact on traffic.
Tianjin Port’s foreign trade cargo
throughput in 2015 rose by 1.2%
to reach 299m tonnes, of which
RANKINGS
2015 throughput
15,592,000 teu 2.2%
Port authority
DP World, PO Box 17000, Dubai UAE
Website
www.dpworld.com
Email
info@dpworld.com
Terminal operators
Terminal 1: DP World
Terminal 2: DP World
Terminal 3: DP World
foreign trade imports accounted
for 201m tonnes, also an increase
of 1.2%. Total exports rose 1.4% to
97.9m tonnes, port data showed.
The port’s total foreign trade
container volumes were roughly
half of its total container
throughput at 7.4m teu, a 1.2%
decrease from a year earlier, on
account of the weaker global
trade environment and slowdown
in the Chinese economy.
“The slowdown on global
economy growth will further
deter international trade and
place further pressure on China’s
ports,” chairman Zhang Lili said
in a message to shareholders.
Tianjin Port is operated by
Tianjin Port Development Holdings,
37
RANKINGS
which was listed on the Hong
Kong Stock Exchange in May
2006. At the end of 2015, the
port had 70 berths for cargo
handling, comprising 23 container
berths and 47 non-containerised
cargo berths, and a 300,000-
tonne crude oil terminal.
Tianjin Port Development
Holdings operates all the container
terminals at the port, although
some are jointly controlled
and affiliated terminals.
During 2015, the port’s
container-handling business
remained steady, additional
domestic and international routes
were developed, and the Bohai
Rim feeder transhipment volume
expanded, the company said.
It said it would accelerate the
development of its container
business, consolidate the scale
of existing routes, develop
new international routes with
11 / Rotterdam The Netherlands
ROTTERDAM held on to the crown
of Europe’s busiest box port
despite reporting a slight drop
in container traffic in 2015.
The Dutch port witnessed a
0.5% dip in volumes from 12.3m
38 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
stable supply and explore new
routes to emerging markets.
Tianjin Port expects several larger
regional projects to help boost
the mid- to long-term economic
growth of the Tianjin region.
One of them is the project for
the integration of the Jing-Jin-Ji
national capital region, short for the
territories of Beijing, Tianjin, and
Hebei, into a single trade region
that mimics the densely populated
coastal regions in southern
China. The region has immense
trade potential with a combined
population of 150m people.
Other projects are the Tianjin
Pilot Free Trade Zone to boost
trade within the Tianjin province,
and President Xi Jinping’s ‘One
Belt, One Road’ and ‘China-
Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor’
projects, which have a global
scope and where Tianjin acts
as an important trading hub.
teu to 12.2m teu, following a
disappointing year for Latin
American and North American
exports, according to the Port
of Rotterdam Authority. Trade
with Russia was also down
2015 throughput
14,100,000 teu 0.4%
Port authority
Tianjin Port Development Holdings Ltd, 99
Jingang Road, Binhai New Area (Tanggu),
Tianjin, China 300461
Website
www.ptacn.com
Email
webmaster@ptacn.com
Mina.Pang@sprg.com.hk
Terminal operators
Second Stevedoring Company Terminal:
Tianjin Port Development
Tianjin Port Container Terminal: TPD
Tianjin Orient Container Terminal: DP World,
NWS Holdings and Tianjin Port Holdings Co
Tianjin Five Continents International Container
Terminal (TPC, China Merchant Holdings
International, China Shipping Container Lines,
Cosco Pacific and NWS)
Tianjin Port Alliance International Container
Terminal (TPD, PSA International, OOCL, APM
Terminals)
Tianjin Port Euroasia International Container
Terminal (TPD, Cosco Pacific and APMT)
Tianjin Port Pacific International Container
(PSA International and TPC
considerably in light of ongoing
sanctions against the country.
Unlike other ports in the northern
range, Rotterdam still managed
to report a 2% jump in its Asian
imports against the backdrop
RANKINGS

12 / Port Klang Malaysia

of slower growth in the Chinese
economy, which helped in part
to offset these negative factors.
However, last year will be
remembered in Rotterdam for the DESPITE the challenging economic Westports, which controls
opening of its much-anticipated environment, Port Klang, Malaysia’s 76% of container volumes at the
Maasvlakte2 development. busiest port, managed to grow port, said the total number of
Heralded as the world’s first its container throughput in 2015 container boxes it handled rose
fully automated container facility, by 8.6% from a year earlier. 8% to a record 9.1m teu in 2015.
Maasvlakte2, comprising of two Westports Holdings’ chief The terminal expansion will
terminals — one operated by executive Ruben Emir Gnanalingam eventually increase Westports’
APM Terminals and the other said more than RM1.0bn ($249m) capacity to 13.5m teu from
by DP World on behalf of five would be invested on the expansion 11m teu and will be fully
liner operators — welcomed of its Container Terminal 8, the first operational by the middle of
the first ships to its docks phase of which will commence 2017, Port Klang Authority general
in the first half of 2015. by the middle of 2016. manager David Padman said in
Anecdotal reports conclude Two units of 52 m high ship- a message posted on the semi-
that the twin terminals are still to-shore cranes and three units government agency’s website.
some way off achieving the high of rubber-tyred gantry cranes Northport, Port Klang’s other
levels of productivity pledged have already been commissioned port operator, has completed
prior to inception, while those into service as of the end of its Container Terminal 4, which
behind the project have since the first quarter of 2016. increases the quay length
admitted it will take both time
and some fine-tuning before the
facilities deliver on their promise.
But these teething problems
were the least of concerns for
those behind the project, given the
level of opposition it generated
from unions and their members,
fearing for substantial job losses
as a result of the increased levels
of automation at the new site.
Thankfully for all those
concerned, an agreement
between the port’s group of
container companies and trade
unions to guarantee their job
security through to July 1, 2020,
was reached in July this year.

2015 throughput
12,235,000 teu 0.5%

Port authority
Port of Rotterdam Authority, PO BOX 6622,
NL-3002 AP Rotterdam, Netherlands

Website
www.portofrotterdam.com

Email
info@portofrotterdam.com

Terminal operators
APM Terminals Rotterdam, APMT Maasvlakte
II: APM Terminals
Rotterdam World Gateway: DP World
Barge Center Waalhaven
Delta Container Services: Kramer & ECT

40 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16

to 513 m with a 17 m water
depth, Capt Padman said.
The upgrade will boost
Northport’s capacity to 6.2m teu
by the end of 2016 from 5.6m
teu. Northport has also invested
in an electric rubber-tyred gantry
crane as part of its measures
to become a green port.
All eyes will be on the impact
of the changes in the shipping
alliances in 2017. “Next year,
when the new alliances
are formed, there will be a
one-time realignment,” said Mr
Gnanalingam in an interview with
Containerisation International.
CMA CGM, Westports’ biggest
customer, has formed a joint
venture with Singapore’s PSA
to operate and use four mega
container berths at the latter’s
Pasir Panjang Terminals 3 and 4.
In December 2015, when he
announced the French carrier’s
cash offer to acquire Singapore’s
Neptune Orient Lines, CMA CGM
vice-chairman Rodolphe Saadé
revealed a double-hubbing makes
sense, as the size of the combined
entity will allow for increasing
business in Singapore and keeping
a strong presence in Port Klang.
“The impact should really be
measured on what the alliances will
do and not just the impact of one
shipping line,” Mr Gnanalingam said.
2015 throughput
11,890,000 teu 8.6%
Port authority
Port Klang Authority, Mail Bag Service
202,Jalan Pelabuhan Utara, 42005 Pelabuhan
Klang, Selangor, Malaysia
Website
www.pka.gov.my
Email
onestopagency@pka.gov.my
webmaster@pka.gov.my
Terminal operators
Westports Malaysia Bhd
Northport (Malaysia) Bhd
www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016
13 / Kaohsiung Taiwan
THE global economic slowdown
has had an impact on all export-
reliant economies, including that of
Taiwan, which saw the volume of
containers handled at the port of
Kaohsiung slip 3.1% to 10.3m teu
in 2015 against the previous year.
The island’s gross domestic
product for 2015 grew just
0.85%, its lowest level of annual
growth in six years, as trade
with China slowed while Asia’s
largest economy continued to
make its painful transition away
from a manufacturing and
export-based growth model.
Congestion at ports on the US
west coast over the first quarter of
2015 also weighed on transhipment
cargoes, as the US is a key
transhipment market for Taiwan.
Despite all these difficulties,
port authorities are continuing
their expansion plans with
the Intercontinental Terminal
project, spanning 422 ha of
reclaimed land, as they lay the
foundation for future growth.
The project will comprise the
development of five container
berths with capacity to handle
22,000 teu containerships, a
petrochemical storage complex
with 10 berths to prepare
for the relocation of existing
petrochemical berths near
downtown Kaohsiung, as well as
four general and bulk cargo berths.
RANKINGS
Investments from the port
authorities, as well as private
enterprises, total around $5bn,
with the first phase of reclaimed
land for the petrochemical
storage complex scheduled to
be completed by 2017, while the
container berths are expected
to be up and running by 2018.
In 2015, the port was
equipped with four 22-row
ship-to-yard gantry cranes by
Kao Ming Container Terminal,
the operator of Kaohsiung port
container terminal No. 6.
2015 throughput
10,264,420 teu 3.1%
Port authority
Taiwan International Ports Corporation. No.10,
Penglai Road, Gushan District ,Kaohsiung City
80441,Taiwan
Website
www.twport.com.tw
Email
T01534@twport.com.tw
Terminal operators
Terminal 1: Berth No. 42-43: Lien-Hai
container terminal company
Terminal 2: Berth No. 63-64: Wan Hai Lines,
Berth No. 65-66: OOCL
Terminal 3: Berth No. 68-69): APL, Berth
No. 70: Hong-Ming Terminal & Stevedoring
Company (subsidiary of Yang Ming Lines)
Terminal 4: Berth 115-117: Evergreen Lines,
Berth 118-119: HMM, Berth 120-121: Taiwan
International Ports Corporation
Terminal 5: Berth 76-78: Hanjin Shipping,
Berth 79-81: Evergreen Lines
Terminal 6: Kao Ming Container Terminal
Corporation
41
 RANKINGS

14 / Antwerp Belgium
ANTWERP was the clear winner International that the most Bigger alliances have come at
among the major container ports important thing was that where the same time as bigger ships and
in Europe’s fiercely competitive MSC led, others followed. Antwerp, with its tidal draught
northern range in 2015, with “When the 2M alliance came restrictions, was at risk of losing
the Belgian giant bucking the together, MSC was then able out to deepwater coastal ports.
trend of ailing box traffic as to convince Maersk to call “Everyone was expecting that
the sole member to achieve with more vessels,” he said. with the growing size of ships, we
significant volume growth. “Since then, we have had would become less relevant, but I
The port handled a record 9.7m stability and growth, with think the only explanation is cargo
teu last year, a rise of 7.5% on increasing loops in a reducing availability,” Mr Bruyninckx added.
the previous 12 months, to lay market. This is due to the fact “If enough cargo is there, even
claim as Europe’s second-busiest that the decision-makers in this if you have to sail up during a
box port at the expense of rival alliance have shown more respect 90-minute tidal window, they
Hamburg, while at the same time for this port than ever before. It still come. The fact that ships
rising to 14th place in our rankings. is extremely important to have are now bigger means they also
Indeed, Antwerp was one the confidence of the alliances.” need more cargo to be filled.”
of the few European ports to
achieve a rise in volumes last
year, as it is not exposed to
the collapse in Russian trade
brought about by ongoing
sanctions against the country.
But the vast River Scheldt port
also benefited largely from the
box line alliance shake-up and,
more specifically, the increased
presence of the two largest
liner operators, Maersk Line and
Mediterranean Shipping Co.
Port of Antwerp chief executive
Eddy Bruyninckx, who will step
down after two and a half decades
at the helm of the port at the start
of 2017, told Containerisation

2015 throughput
9,654,000 teu 7.5%

Port authority
Antwerp Port Authority, Port House,
Entrepotkaai, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium

Website
www.portofantwerp.com

Email
communicatie@portofantwerp.com

Terminal operators
North Sea Terminal: SE PSA International
Europe Terminal: PSA
MSC PSA European Terminal: PSA/
Mediterranean Shipping Co
Churchill Terminal: PSA
Independent Maritime Terminal: Independent
Container Line Group
Deurganck Terminal: PSA

www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 43
RANKINGS
15 / Dalian China
THE days of annual throughput
growth over 20% are behind for
Dalian, with the rate slowing
to 1% in 2014 and now a
6.7% contraction in 2015.
Like many other ports in
China, Dalian has been hit by
the adjustment of the country’s
economy to ‘new normal’ GDP
growth rates under 7%, and
what the port called a “sluggish
international economy”.
The strain on Dalian is further
increased by regional competition.
Along with its neighbours
Jingzhou and Yingkou, Dalian
was expanded to cope with the
16 / Xiamen China
THE port of Xiamen managed to
increase its container throughput
for 2015 by 7.1% year on year
to 9.2m teu despite slowing
growth across the Chinese
economy and the globe.
The port authorities, along
with Xiamen Port Holding Group,
are focusing on making the port
into an international shipping
centre by capitalising on Chinese
president Xi Jinping’s ambitious
44 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
double-digit growth of China’s
past, and the recent contraction
of throughput has created a
situation of overcapacity.
The northeast hinterland of
China, to which Dalian is the port
gateway, suffered a dramatic
slump in both import and export
demand in 2015, according to the
annual report of Dalian Port (PDA).
The company responded with a
focus on developing foreign trade
transhipment for the Bohai Rim
region and overseas markets.
Despite taking a battering
on volumes in the container
segment, PDA’s container
One Belt, One Road initiative and
the China (Fujian) Free Trade Zone
to further modernise the port into
a world-class commercial entity.
The port is looking to utilise
its competitive advantage in
intermodal transportation to
collaborate with the relevant
authorities to expand the railway
network from China to Europe,
thus linking up the maritime
transportation of container
segment increased revenue by
7.9%, owing to logistics services.
The port has hopes of
future benefits from China’s
One Belt, One Road policy,
to which PDA has responded
by opening international
container routes at Dalian, and
using multimodal transport
systems. The group has also
pursued aggressive marketing
strategies to support the port.
Throughput at the port
has continued to decline in
the first quarter of 2016,
which PDA attributed to
macroeconomic factors.
2015 throughput
9,450,000 teu 6.7%
Port authority
Dalian Port, 1 Gangwan Street, Zhongshan
District, Dalian, Liaoning 116004, China
Website
www.portdalian.com
Email
service@portdalian.com
Terminal operators
Dalian Container Terminal
Dalian Port Container Terminal
Dalian International Container Terminal
Odfjell Terminals (Dalian)
Dalian Dagang China Shipping Container
Terminal
cargoes with the overland route.
It also intends to deepen its
partnerships with Malaysia’s Port
Klang, as well as other ports along
the Maritime Silk Road, in areas
such as container shipping routes,
information exchange, personnel
training, port infrastructure
development and management.
In April this year, Xiamen
Container Port Group acquired
two rubber-tyred gantry cranes
RANKINGS

2015 throughput
9,182,800 teu 7.1%

Port authority
Xiamen Port Authority/127 Dongdu Road,
Xiamen Fujian Province, China

Website
www.portofxiamen.gov.cn

Email
jz@portxiamen.gov.cn

from its main shareholder,
Xiamen Port Holding, for a
total of Yuan10.2m ($1.6m) in
order to improve operational
efficiency at its container
terminal business, mainly at the
Haicang port area in Xiamen.
Port authorities are planning
to reach at least 6% growth in
container throughput and target
8% growth to achieve volumes
just shy of 10m teu for 2016.
Terminal operators
Xiamen Port Holding Group
Xiamen International Container Terminals:
XPH Group and Hutchison Port Holdings
Xiamen Haicang Xinhaida Container Terminal:
CMA CGM, China Merchants International
Holdings joint venture company Terminal Link,
and Xiamen Haicang Investment Group
Xiamen Songyu Container Terminal: XPH
Group, the group’s Hong Kong-listed unit
Xiamen International Port Company, and APM
Terminals
Xiamen Ocean Gate Container Terminal: Cosco
Pacific and Xiamen Haicang Investment Group

17 / Tanjung Pelepas Malaysia

THE Port of Tanjung Pelepas
is planning to invest at least
RM8.6bn ($2.1bn) to expand
the port’s capacity over the
next five to 15 years.
PTP chairman Che Khalib Bin
Mohamad Noh said the immediate
plan was for a comprehensive
upgrading, refurbishment of
quay cranes and rubber-tyred
gantry cranes, along with the
replacement of PTP’s existing
equipment to increase its handling
capacity to 13.2m teu annually
from the current 10.5m teu.
“This will be followed by
the development of Phase
3, which is expected to take
place in 2018,” he said.
“Phase 3A and 3B, which will
consist of six new berths of 3 km in
length, will enable PTP to increase
our handling capacity to 22.2m teu
before 2030,” the PTP chairman said. Terminals. MMC holds 70% of second consecutive year. PTP
At present, PTP is operating the venture, while APM Terminals handled 9.1m teu last year, up
with 14 berths, offering 5 km owns the remaining 30%. 7% from the previous year.
of quay length. PTP is a joint In 2015, PTP recorded growth Organic growth of its existing
venture between MMC and APM in container throughput for the customers, particularly the

46 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
RANKINGS
successful deployment of the
2M alliance, drove the higher box
volumes in 2015, PTP said. The
2M vessel-sharing agreement
is between Maersk Line and
Mediterranean Shipping Co.
In 2015, PTP ordered 29 new
electric rubber-tyred gantry cranes
and these will be delivered in
the third quarter of 2016. They
are expected to enhance the
reliability of PTP’s RTG fleet, as
18 / Hamburg Germany
HAMBURG took a hit in 2015.
Container throughput was
down 9.3% to 8.8m teu, thanks
largely to sanctions restricting
trade with Russia, the impact
of China’s slowdown, and lower
volumes traded with Poland.
But on the upside, last year
did see a further increase in the
number of calls from the latest
generation of containerships
with a slot capacity of between
14,000 teu and 19,000 teu, which
grew by 142% to reach 150.
Hamburg’s supporters insist
48 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
well as improve productivity.
A new technical hub and
the refurbishment of the
operations division’s central
planning and performance office
were undertaken in 2015.
The CPPO, which is a joint
operations office between PTP and
its major customer, Maersk Line, is
set to provide better performance
via an integrated operations and
equipment-planning system.
that raw teu volumes can be
misleading. The German port is
big on transhipment, which of
course gets double-counted in
and out, so the actual number
of boxes lost is smaller than the
headline numbers might suggest.
Nor are containers the sole
yardstick of success, and in 2015,
there were worthwhile gains in
non-containerised segments,
including coal and grains.
Investments in the port rail
network will add to capacity
and allow more traffic to and
2015 throughput
9,120,000 teu 7.0%
Port authority
Pelabuhan Tanjung Pelepas Sdn Bhd, Block A,
Wisma PTP Jalan Pelabuhan Tanjung Pelepas,
TST 507, 81560 Gelang Patah, Johor, Malaysia
Website
www.ptp.com.my
Email
ptp@ptp.com.my
Terminal operators
Pelabuhan Tanjung Pelepas
from the terminals. In 2015,
container movements by rail
set a fresh record, increasing
by 2.8% to 2.3m teu.
More than 200 freight trains
arrive at or leave the port of
Hamburg every day. With 1,100
container trains per week, Hamburg
believes itself to be ahead of
rival ports such as Rotterdam
or Antwerp in this respect.
The port is also optimistic that its
efforts to dredge the Elbe channel
will bring further benefits in terms
of both safety and traffic control.
2015 throughput
8,821,481 teu 9.3%
Port authority
Hamburg Port Authority, Neuer Wandrahm 4,
D-20457 Hamburg, Germany
Website
www.hamburg-port-authority.de
Email
info@hpa.hamburg.de
Terminal operators
Container Terminal Altenwerder: HHLA
Container Terminal Burchardkai: HHLA
Container Terminal Tollerort: HHLA
Eurogate Container Terminal: Eurogate
Multi-purpose terminal operators:
Hansa Terminal: Buss Ports
Dradenau Vorhafen: Rhenus Midgard
Oswaldkai Terminal: Unikai
Rosshafen Terminal: Vollers
Süd-West Terminal: C. Steinweg
Wallmann Terminal: Wallmann
RANKINGS
19 / Los Angeles US
LOS Angeles remains the
largest container port in the
US, but for the most part,
2015 will be remembered as a
troubled year that ended with
a 2.2% drop in throughput.
The decline reflected months
of congestion during the lengthy
and acrimonious negotiations
between employers and labour
leaders on a new contract for
members of the International
Longshore and Warehouse Union.
Volumes remained below
corresponding 2014 levels in most
months last year as the port’s
terminal operators struggled to
recover, yet the year ended with a
flourish as LA’s Pier 400 welcomed
the largest containership ever to
call in the US, the 18,000 teu-class
CMA CGM Benjamin Franklin.
The vessel received a VIP
welcome not just from port officials
but also local politicians, including
the mayor of LA and union leaders,
as the whole community pulled
together to reassure customers
that this was a world-class port.
CMA CGM subsequently brought
its ship back to APL’s Global
50 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
Gateway South terminal in LA
before deciding to withdraw a
planned 18,000 teu loop of ships
from the Pacific until its new
Ocean Alliance service network
was completed. Nevertheless,
APM Terminals’ Pier 400 is pressing
ahead with crane upgrades that will
enable it to handle 20,000 teu ships.
With less of a fanfare, a much
bigger transformation is under
way on the other side of the
Vincent Thomas Bridge, where the
TraPac terminal has led the way
in the US with port automation.
Unmanned straddle carriers and
automated guided vehicles are
now in operation as the terminal
brings robotics to the waterfront.
LA’s executive director Gene
Seroka also dismisses complaints
that productivity at US ports is
too low, arguing it is not fair to
compare transhipment hubs
with those in California that are
huge import port facilities.
Volumes are recovering this year,
with almost 6% growth in the first
six months of 2016, but there are
still uncertainties overshadowing
LA and other nearby ports. Whether
2015 throughput
8,160,457 teu 2.2%
Port authority
Port of Los Angeles, 425 S. Palos Verdes St,
San Pedro, CA 90731, US
Website
www.portoflosangeles.org
Email
community@portla.org
Terminal operators
Berths 100-109: West Basin Container
Terminal
Berths 121-131: West Basin Container
Terminal
Berths 136-147: TraPac Container Terminal
Berths 212-225: Yusen Container Terminal
Berths 226-236: Seaside Transportation
Service (Everport) Container Terminal
Berths 302-305: Eagle Marine Services, (APL)
Container Terminal
Berths 401-404: APM Terminals/Pier 400
Berths 405-406: California United Terminals
they will lose traffic to the east
coast now the new Panama
Canal locks are open remains
to be seen, while the current
ILWU contract expires in 2019.
The hope is that employers and
the union will be able to avoid a
repeat of 2014/15 by opening talks
early and extending the existing
contract for another few years.

20 / Long Beach US
FOR the past few years, US west
coast ports have liked to claim
they were “big ship ready” as
they moved from 8,000 teu
to 12,000 teu and then the
occasional 18,000 teu ship.
But Long Beach, the country’s
second-largest container port after
neighbouring Los Angeles, has
gone a step further by declaring
itself to be “big alliance ready”,
a clear acknowledgement of
the rapidly changing face of
container shipping as the big
global carriers group themselves
into three huge consortia.
The port recognises it is not just
ultra large containerships that
must be handled efficiently, but
understands the importance of
meeting the needs of these new
container line partnerships that
put different pressures on ports,
especially one with so many
carrier-controlled terminals.
One of these, OOCL’s brand new
Long Beach Container Terminal,
which combines Pier F and Pier E,
quietly opened in April with the
www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016
arrival of a 7,700 teu ship and brings
automation to Long Beach for the
first time. When fully completed,
the facility will have annual
capacity of more than 3m teu.
Long Beach is ready for all
the changes taking place, says
chief executive Jon Slangerup.
“We have three terminals today
where 18,000 teu ships can
berth, and ongoing development
at one of those terminals will
accommodate a 24,000 teu ship
at the end of the decade.”
In early 2016, Long Beach
terminal Pier J received
the 18,000 teu-class CMA
CGM Benjamin Franklin.
In total, Long Beach is in the
middle of a $4bn programme
to modernise its facilities,
including replacement of the
Gerald Desmond Bridge so that
larger ships can access its inner
terminals. The new bridge, with
205 ft of vertical clearance, is
due for completion in 2018.
Despite a difficult start to 2015,
Long Beach recovered well to post
RANKINGS
5.4% growth over 2014. But like
other ports along the US west
coast, it still faces the challenge
of regaining the confidence of
shippers after the chaos over the
winter of 2014 and 2015, which
has left many customers with
bitter memories of the damage
to their businesses. The port’s
throughput in the first half of
2016 was 0.6% down on the
corresponding period of 2015.
2015 throughput
7,192,066 teu 5.4%
Port authority
Port of Long Beach, 4801 Airport Plaza Drive,
Long Beach, CA 90815 US
Website
www.polb.com
Email
info@polb.com
Terminal operators
Pier T: Total Terminals International
Pier G: International Transportation Service
Pier F and E (Middle Harbor): Long Beach
Container Terminal
Pier A: Stevedoring Services of America
Pier C: SSA/Matson Container Terminal
Pier J: Pacific Container Terminal
51

21 / Laem Chabang Thailand
THAILAND’s Laem Chabang
port, the southeast Asian
nation’s busiest and main
deepsea port, handled almost
3% more containers in 2015
from a year earlier.
The Port Authority of Thailand
said while the value of exports fell
5% in 2015 against the previous
year, Thailand’s exports to the US,
China and Australia expanded,
along with its exports to Cambodia,
Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam.
The imported volume of
goods and containers also rose,
according to the PAT, “as a result
of the government’s stimulus
policy to reduce import tax of
machineries and production
materials in order to boost [the]
private sector’s investment”.
For the whole of 2015, the
country’s gross domestic product
climbed 2.8%, thanks to the
military government’s series
of stimulus measures, which
countered a slowdown in exports.
The PAT is responsible for the
development of the Laem Chabang
natural deepwater facility and
private terminal operators have
been awarded concessions to
manage individual terminal
operations. Laem Chabang port is
located 130 km south of Bangkok.
In May 2015, Laem Chabang
managing director Sutthinan
Hatthawong said the PAT had
secured the approval of Thailand’s
22 / New York/New Jersey US
THE throughput figure at New
York/New Jersey of 6.4m teu in
2015 is a reflection of substantial
increases in jobs and economic
activity associated with port
activity throughout the year.
www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016
Cabinet to proceed with the coastal
port development project at the
port, which will require investments
totaling Baht1.86bn ($53m) and
take 24 months to complete.
A quayside gantry crane, a mobile
harbour crane, and two rubber-
tyred gantry cranes will be installed
to support container throughput
of up to 300,000 teu annually.
Aside from the coastal port
project, the project to alleviate
traffic congestion at the Laem
Chabang Port will be completed
by July 2016. It will entail road
expansion and construction of
bridges, among other things.
The port authority has approved
an investment of Baht968.95m
to support the project.
Laem Chabang Port is also
in need of a single rail transfer
operator to support transferring
containers by railway from roads
and to be able to increase its rail
It is also the result of the labour
disputes that affected the west
coast ports and the surge in cargo
volumes that headed for New
York/New Jersey as shippers and
carriers diverted to east coast
RANKINGS
capacity to 2m teu, a move that
will expand the proportion of
rail transport to 15% from 7%.
The initiation of the project
was approved by the Thai
Cabinet in September 2015.
2015 throughput
6,780,000 teu 3.0%
Port authority
Port Authority of Thailand, 44 Tarua Road,
Klongtoey, Bangkok, 10110 Thailand
Website
www.port.co.th/sitenew/en
Email
infor@port.co.th
Terminal operators
LCMT Company Ltd.
NYK Auto Logistics (Thailand)
Thai Laem Chabang Terminal
Hutchison Laem Chabang Terminal
United Standard Terminal Public Namyong
Terminal
LCB Container Terminal 1
Evergreen Container Terminal (Thailand)
Eastern Sea Laem Chabang Terminal
TIPS
ports during the congestion.
The 10.4% growth rate compares
with fellow container ports on the
east coast, such as Savannah and
Charleston, where throughput grew
11.7% and 10.1% respectively,
53

and outstripped Port of Virginia,
which only reported 6.5% growth.
Like many other US east coast
ports, the Port Authority of New
York and New Jersey is getting
ready to receive mega vessels
following the opening of the
expanded Panama Canal.
It is now in the middle of raising
the Bayonne Bridge to give it a
215 ft navigational clearance
in order to accommodate the
23 / Yingkou China
CONTAINER throughput in
Liaoning-based Yingkou managed
to increase in 2015, but the pace
continued to slow down. The
5.5% growth rate last year is
lower than 5.8% in 2014, 9.3%
in 2013 and 22.5% in 2012.
As a port dominated by domestic
trade, the downward pressure
mainly stems from a poor economic
performance in northeast China,
where its hinterland resides.
GDP growth in the region’s
three provinces, Liaoning, Jilin and
Heilongjiang, stood at 2.8%, 6.5%
and 5.7% last year, respectively
— among the worst compared to
others in the rest of the country.
www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016
much larger vessels now calling
at US east coast ports and
the prospect of even bigger
ones entering Newark Bay.
However, work to raise the
famous bridge remains well
behind schedule. Construction
on the project has been set back
by two years and is not due to
be completed until mid-2019,
though navigational clearance
for some post-panamax ships
RANKINGS
2015 throughput
6,372,000 teu 10.4%
Port authority
PNY/NJ, 225 Park Ave South, New York,
NY 10003 US
Website
www.panynj.gov
Email
www.panynj.gov/contact/contact-us.html#port
Terminal operators
APM Terminals
Global Marine Terminal: Global Terminal &
Container Services Inc
Maher Fleet St Terminal & Maher Tripoli Street
Terminal: Maher Terminals
New York Container Terminal
Port Newark Container Terminal
Red Hook Marine Terminal: American
Stevedoring
should be expected by late 2017,
more than one year after the
opening of the expanded canal.
All marine terminals in New York
and New Jersey had a four-day
shutdown due to the snowstorm
Jonas in late-January, with the
rest of the year going smoothly.
At the end of 2015, the port
authority proposed a $3.5bn
budget for 2016, of which $175m
is to be allocated for port facilities.
55
RANKINGS
Against such a backdrop,
Yingkou has been trying to find a
solution through two means.
The first, under Beijing’s One
Belt, One Road initiative, rests
on the westbound railways,
which lead the port to markets
and cargoes in Russia and
other nations in east Europe.
So far, six weekly freight train
routes have been launched that
connect Yingkou with major
eastern European cities such as
Moscow, Warsaw and Brest. The
overland trip to Moscow takes
10 days compared to about 60
days via the seaborne route.
The most recent service to
Russian’s Kaluga was put into
operation in October last year, only a
month after Yingkou Port Group, the
main operator of the port, signed
a memorandum of understanding
with Russian Railways to jointly
develop water-to-rail transport
between the two countries.
24 / Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
VIETNAM’s container terminals
continue to benefit from
the country’s strength in
manufacturing and export,
recording an overall container
56 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
Nevertheless, compared to the
total throughput, the number
of boxes handled by the trains
was still minor — 25,000 teu in
2015 — despite a strong growth
momentum and the port’s vow
to further expand the services to
central Europe and even Germany.
The second attempt to find a
solution relies on Yingkou’s tie-up
with some of the main ports in
Southern China, in a bid to tap
into resources in the Yangtze River
area, or even further south.
The port has been revving its
efforts to build collaboration deals
with ports in Jiangsu province, such
as Taicang and Nanjing, and those in
Guangxi province bordering Vietnam,
including Beibuwan and Zhanjiang.
YPG’s chairman Li Hezhong
said Yingkou’s ultimate goal
is to become an international
transhipment harbour, rather than
a discharging port that serves the
country’s northern territories.
throughput rise of 16%
across the country.
Ho Chi Minh City ports’ 5.8m
teu throughput in 2015 came
despite the significant limitation
However, Yingkou seems to
be facing fierce competition
from neighboring ports,
especially Dalian, which is
about 150 km away.
It has been long speculated that
the main six ports in the region
will be consolidated, centered
around Dalian, but no substantial
move has yet been taken.
2015 throughput
5,922,000 teu 5.5%
Port authority
Yingkou Port Authority, Penavico Bldg, 1 New
Port Rd, Bayuquan Dist Yingkou, Liaoning, Prov
115007, China
Website
www.ykport.com.cn
Email
ykplc@ykport.com.cn
Terminal operators
Ying Kou Port Group
Yingkou terminal
Bayuquan terminal
Xianrendao terminal
Panjin terminal
on vessel sizes; the ports can
only handle vessels up to around
2,500 teu. The country’s ports
are linked by busy and intricate
networks of barge routes.
RANKINGS
Vietnam’s sprawling
manufacturing industry is set
to benefit from the ratification
of a trade agreement with
the European Union, and the
ratification of the Trans Pacific
Partnership, both of which should
lead to significant improvements
in market access to the country’s
main export markets.
Internally, Ho Chi Minh City ports
face competition from deepwater
ports in the Cai Mep cluster to
the south, with channel depths
up to 14 m and maximum vessel
sizes up to 14,000 teu, although
fortunes there are mixed.
In a bid to relieve congestion
25 / Bremen/Bremerhaven Germany
LAST year’s container throughput
at Bremen/Bremerhaven — and
it is the latter that handles 99.9%
of the boxes — was probably a
disappointment for the north
German port complex at the
mouth of the River Weser.
Despite earlier public predictions
of growth, the ports clocked up their
third annual container throughput
fall on the trot, with an 8.6%
drop to 5.3m teu. The outcome is
being attributed to the downturn
in world trade, particularly in key
markets such as Brazil and Russia.
But the port authority said
that the opening quarter of
2016 saw a 2.2% gain on the
corresponding period last time
round, and it is hopeful of seeing
a gain at the full-year stage.
The main focus now is on
upgrading rail links at Bremerhaven,
with the regional government
pledged to invest €40m ($44.4m)
to this by the end of the decade.
By 2020, the plan is to handle
770 freight trains a week, up from
581 a week in 2014. Rail already
counts for around 50% of the modal
split, which the port authority
58 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
issues at Ho Chi Minh City,
maritime authorities have 2015 throughput
5,788,084 teu 7.8%
suggested diverting cargoes
to underutilised terminals in Port authority
Vietnam Port Authority, 3 Nguyen Tat Thanh St,
the Cai Mep-Thi Vai complex.
HCMC, Vietnam
Cai Mep International
Website
Terminal has secured services www.vpa.org.vn/english/members/south/
from international container saigonnew.htm
alliances, and saw throughput Email
rise 80% in 2015 to 724,768 info@vpa.org.vn
teu, spurred by a new contract Terminal operators
with the Ocean Three alliance. Ben Nghe: BNP
CSCL Star, at 14,074 teu TCCT: Saigon Newport
TCIT: Saigon Newport
capacity, became the largest CMIT: APM Terminals
vessel ever to call at a Vietnamese SSIT: SSA Marine
port when it called CMIT in SITV: Hutchison
SP-PSA: PSA
October 2015 as part of Ocean VICT: First Logistics Development
Three’s FAL23 service. SPCT: SPCT
claims to be higher than at any 2019, but that timeline may slip
comparable European port. back after the German branch of
To optimise the flow of road Friends of the Earth obtained a
traffic, a new 2 km-long tunnel is court ruling, putting work on ice.
currently under construction to the
north of Bremerhaven, scheduled
2015 throughput
for completion in 2018/2019. 5,300,000 teu 8.6%
This €200m project is designed to
Port authority
both optimise the connections to the Bremen Ports, Hafenstrasse 49, D-28217,
German motorway network and to Bremen, Germany
improve local traffic management. Website
Last year also saw work www.bremenports.de
commence on the construction Email
of a turbine pre-assembly office@bremenports.de
facility at Bremerhaven, after Terminal operators
the project got the thumbs-up Eurogate Container Terminal: Eurogate
from the regional authorities. North Sea Terminal Bremerhaven: APM
Terminals and Eurogate
It had been hoped to have MSC Gate: Terminal Investment Ltd and
the facility up and running by Eurogate

26 / Tanjung Priok Indonesia
TANJUNG Priok, Indonesia’s busiest
port, saw a double-digit drop in
container throughput numbers in
2015 on slower demand for goods
and commodities, state-owned
port operator Indonesia Ports
Corp, also known as PT Pelabuhan
Indonesia II (Pelindo II), said.
Indonesia’s economy, the
largest in Southeast Asia, grew
4.79% in 2015, the slowest since
the global financial crisis, on the
back of weaker consumption,
investments and exports.
Tanjung Priok, which has suffered
congestion in the past, saw the
completion of the New Priok
Container Terminal One (NPCT 1)
construction in 2015. This included a
dock, container yard and a southern
access road, in addition to the
operational equipment required. Four
ship-to-shore cranes and 10 rubber-
tyred gantry cranes were purchased.
The terminal is scheduled to
begin operations some time this
year, with an annual capacity
of 1.5m teu, according to a
Pelindo II spokeswoman.
IPC senior vice-president David
Wignall confirmed the new
terminal would add 1.5m teu
annually to the existing Tanjung
Priok capacity of about 6m teu.
Two more terminals will start
operations around 2020-2021,
which will add a further 3m teu.
The New Priok project is fully
funded, with the joint venture
27 / Colombo Sri Lanka
THE Port of Colombo is the
largest and busiest port in Sri
Lanka. Located in the southwest
corner of the island, Colombo is
strategically positioned on the main
east-west shipping route linking
www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016
partners — Mitsui, PSA and NYK
Line, among others — providing
about $1bn, while IPC will provide
about $1.5bn through internal
funds and debt, Mr Wignall said.
IPC raised a $1.6bn bond to fund
this and other projects in 2015.
The Jakarta International
Container Terminal, an affiliate of
IPC, announced in June 2016 the
successful trial of the joint gate
facility between JICT and TPK
Koja, helping support the smooth
flow of goods at Tanjung Priok.
The facility, built on 6.5 ha
of land, is equipped with the
integration of the entrance gate,
a larger truck area and weight-in-
motion bridge, JICT vice-president
director Riza Erivan said. An
average of 12,000 trucks per day
pass through JICT and TPK Koja.
Indonesian President Joko Widodo
has put the reduction of “dwelling
time” among his top priorities to
lower logistics costs and raise the
competitiveness of Southeast Asia’s
the Far East with Africa, Europe
and the east coast of the US.
Sri Lanka believes this makes
Colombo well-placed to be a
regional transhipment hub for
the expanding economies of
RANKINGS
largest economy. He has targeted
two to three days’ waiting time
at the port, reduced from up to a
week before his administration.
Three to four days is generally
achieved worldwide but shorter
than that may impose additional
costs on the economy. Last year,
the dwell time was seven to
nine days and has been brought
back to three to four days this
year, Mr Wignall said in April.
2015 throughput
5,201,118 teu 11.8%
Port authority
PT Pelabuhan Indonesia II (Persero), Jalan
Pasoso no. 1, Tanjung Priok, Jakarta Utara
24310 Indonesia
Website
www.indonesiaport.co.id
Email
corp_sec@indonesiaport.co.id
Terminal operators
Port Branch of Tanjung Priok
Jakarta International Container Terminal
Koja Container Terminal
the Indian subcontinent.
Over the past eight years, the
government of Sri Lanka has
expanded the Port of Colombo to
cater to the increasing demands
of the international shipping
59
 RANKINGS

2015 throughput
5,185,467 teu 5.7%

Port authority
Sri Lanka Ports Authority, 19 Chaithya Rd, PO
Box 595, Colombo 01, Sri Lanka

Website
www.slpa.lk

Email
info@slpa.lk

Terminal operators
GT Container Terminal
South Asia Gateway Terminals
Jaya Container Terminal
Unity Container Terminal
Colombo International Container Terminals

industry. Upon completion of
the project, the port will have
capacity of about 12m teu.
The port currently has three
container terminals, with 14
container berths and more
than 4 km of quay length.
In May 2015, it completed
the third phase of its Colombo
port expansion project. The
$8m East Container Terminal
Phase I, which includes a 1,200
m quay wall, a water depth of
18 m and a yard capacity of
2.4m teu, will boost container
handling in the port of Colombo.
In December 2015, Colombo
International Container Terminals
signed a strategic co-operation
agreement on container logistics
development with China’s
Zhanjiang Port Group, which
will tie in with China’s ‘One
Belt, One Road’ initiative.

28 / Lianyungang China
CONTAINER throughput at
Lianyungang stabilised last year, after
falling by 8.8% in 2014. Its volume
increased slightly, by 0.1% on year
in 2015, to approximately 5m teu.
However, this was still much lower
than the 2013 peak of 5.5m teu.
As China’s economic growth
slows, the Jiangsu-based port has
struggled to find its own niche.
Neighbouring giants Shanghai
and Qingdao have much larger
hinterlands and are more
geographically advantaged
to receive international
transhipment cargoes by sea.
On the other hand, Lianyungang
has had to position itself as the
departure point of the so-called
Eurasia land bridge, in the hope
of attracting cargoes from West
Asia via cross-border railways
for export in the Pacific.
This business model would
be obviously heavily exposed

www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 61
RANKINGS
to the economic situations in
neighbouring countries and
freight rates. In 2014, a rail freight
hike drove away many cargoes
from western China; the port
authority has since reduced the
rate to win back the cargoes.
The port has also sought to
win more transhipment to the
Yangtze River valley. The early
results have been positive this
year; for the January-May period,
29 / Tokyo Japan
TOKYO’s container traffic declined
over 5% in 2015, mirroring the
downward trend across most other
Japanese ports as they dealt with
China’s slowdown and a weak yen.
Nearly 40% of Japan’s box trade
is China-related, so the steady slide
in China’s economic indicators since
the second quarter of 2015 has
taken its toll on Tokyo’s position.
While growth in Tokyo’s container
throughput has been relatively
stagnant for several years,
this is the first time container
traffic at Japanese ports has
sunk significantly in six years.
Both domestic and foreign
container cargo throughput were
down in 2015, but exports were
hit particularly hard, declining 6%
overall in 2015, with China and
62 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
container volume increased
5.3% on year to 2.2m teu.
Improved container operations
failed to lift the financial
performance of Jiangsu
Lianyungang Port, the Shanghai-
listed flagship unit of main port
operator Lianyungang Port Group,
though. The Shanghai-listed firm
saw net profits fall 48.6% on year
to Yuan53.4m ($8.1m), mainly
due to lower dry bulk volumes.
Taiwan trade leading the slowdown.
Only Vietnam and India offered a
bright spot in terms of exports, while
Indonesia and Mexico represented
small gains on the import side.
US imports were also in decline.
The slowdown has not, however,
halted infrastructure investments,
with the redevelopment
of the port’s outer central
breakwater promising to deliver
an additional 1m teu capacity
each year from 2014-2017.
Yard 1’s 11.6 ha development
associated with Kamigumi Co and
Yard 2’s 18 ha development with
Hanjin are already operating.
Plans for Yard 3’s 23 ha site are
still undergoing an environmental
impact assessment; however, a
port spokesman said preparations
2015 throughput
5,009,000 teu 0.1%
Port authority
Lianyungang Port Authority, 99 Zhongshan
East Rd, Lianyungang, China
Website
www.lyggk.gov.cn
Terminal operators
Lianyungang New Oriental International
Container Terminal
Lianyungang-PSA Container Terminal
Jiangsu Lianyungang Port Co
for the project will be made
“as soon as possible”.
In addition to the new berths,
enhancement projects for
existing berths to accommodate
larger vessels continue and new
access roads are scheduled to
be delivered in time to help deal
with the Tokyo Olympics in 2020.
2015 throughput
4,629,000 teu 5.4%
Port authority
Bureau of Port and Harbor, Tokyo Metropolitan
Government, 8-1 Nishishinjuku 2-chome
Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 163-8001, Japan
Website
www.kouwan.metro.tokyo.jp
Email
kouwan_kouhou@section.metro.tokyo.jp
Terminal operators
Aomi berth one and two: Isewan Terminal
Service, Sankyu, Sumitomo Warehouse, Daiichi
Transportation & Terminal and Nippon Express
Aomi berth three: Mitsui-Soko and Nippon
Express
Aomi berth four: Suzue
Oi berth 01: Tokyo Kokusai Koun (lessee: K Line)
Oi berth 02: Daito (lessee: K Line)
Oi berth 03: UTOC (lessee: MOL)
Oi berth 04: International Container Terminal
Co (lessee: MOL)
Oi berth 05: Azuma Shipping (lessee: Wan Hai
Lines)
Oi berth 06: Nippon Container Terminals
(lessee: NYK)
Oi berth 07: Uni-x (lessee: NYK)
Shinagawa Container Terminal: Daiichi
Transportation & Terminal, The Sumitomo
Warehouse, Azuma Shipping, Nippon Express,
Sankyu

30 / Valencia Spain
AFTER a troubled period for
Valencia, when it was caught
up in lawsuits and arbitration,
the Spanish port performed
strongly in 2015 compared
with nearby rivals to establish
itself as the largest container
complex in the Mediterranean.
What helped the port fare
relatively well in such harsh trading
conditions was its local Spanish
traffic at a time when transhipment
cargo has been under severe
pressure. Valencia is less reliant on
transhipment cargo than its closest
competitor, Algeciras, and others
in the region, and is also the main
port for Madrid-bound cargo.
A dispute between JP Morgan-
owned Noatum, operator of
a common user terminal in
Valencia, and the port authority
Autoridad Portuaria de Valencia,
over Mediterranean Shipping
Co’s adjacent dedicated facility,
has also been resolved.
Noatum confirmed recently that
the terminal service agreement
application against APV had
been cancelled in relation to the
interpretation of the concession
of MSC’s terminal in Valencia.
A new port administration
following a change of government,
including a new chairman,
Aurelio Martinez, and other senior
management, has undoubtedly
www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016
helped to repair relations between
the port authority and its
tenants. Mr Martinez personally
intervened to resolve the dispute
and said in mid-2016 that all
lawsuits had been withdrawn.
What complicated the situation
was that MSC, in addition to having
its own terminal in Valencia, is
also a major Noatum customer.
So is MSC’s 2M alliance partner,
Maersk Line, which was calling at
both facilities. That added to the
pressure to end the litigation.
Noatum chief executive Douglas
Schultz has made it clear that
Spain’s largest terminal operator
had established a new relationship
with the port, as well as its
neighbour in Valencia, MSCTV.
The common goal now is to
provide 2M with the service it
requires at a time when ports are
having to adapt to the demands
of the big global alliances.
The inauguration in July of
Noatum’s Muelle de Costa berth
will add another 1m teu of capacity
and put Valencia in the rare position
of being able to handle up to
eight ultra large containerships at
the same time: four at Noatum
facilities, two at MSCTV and two
at the former TCV facility that is
now owned by APM Terminals.
Although the port more routinely
handles vessels of up to about
RANKINGS
16,000 teu, it expects 18,000
teu-class ships eventually to enter
the Asia-Mediterranean trades.
But despite the end of lawsuits,
and investment in new port facilities,
there are still concerns about
Valencia’s lack of competitiveness
and its relatively high costs
compared with, say, nearby
Barcelona. Mr Martinez has vowed
to cut port services costs by 15%.
“Our strength is our geographic
location and capability to handle
big ships; our weakness is our
cost structure,” a senior port
executive acknowledged.
Nevertheless, “we feel quietly
confident about the outlook for
Valencia”, now that legal action
has been withdrawn and all
parties are working together to
promote the port’s capabilities.
2015 throughput
4,615,196 teu 3.9%
Port authority
Autoridad Portuaria de Valencia, Avda Muelle
del Turia s/n 46024, Valencia, Spain
Website
www.valenciaport.com
Email
comercial@valenciaport.com
Terminal operators
Noatum Container Terminal Valencia: Noatum
MSC Terminal Valencia: Mediterranean
Shipping Co
APM Terminals Valencia: APM Terminals
63
RANKINGS

31 / Algeciras Spain
ALGECIRAS, located on the Spanish
side of the Strait of Gibraltar, saw
a 0.9% decline in its container
throughput figures in 2015,
from 4.6m teu to 4.5m teu.
As a result of the slight volume
drop, the Spanish transhipment
hub lost its number one status
as the largest box port in the
Mediterranean, losing out to
domestic rival Valencia.
Despite the overall fall in traffic, APMT, handling the lion’s share better suit larger vessel calls. The
there was still an increase in of traffic in Algeciras at around Hague-based operator upgraded
fully laden export containers at the 80% mark, saw volumes four of its ship-to-shore cranes and
the port’s two terminals, APM climb 5.8%, from 3.4m teu to added four new units alongside,
Terminals Algeciras and Total 3.6m teu; in contrast, TTI’s box as part of a $73m outlay on
Terminal International Algeciras. numbers fell some 26.6%, from infrastructure improvements.
According to Autoridad 1.1m teu to 900,150 teu.
Portuaria de la Bahia de Algeciras, TTI’s fall in traffic would have
2015 throughput
or the Algeciras Port Authority, been even lower if not for the 4,515,768 teu 0.9%
international loaded exports grew addition of seven direct calls
Port authority
4.8% from 2.8m teu to 3m teu. from CMA CGM that commenced Autoridad Portuaria de la Bahia de Algeciras,
The result was weighed down by a towards the middle of the year, as Paseo de la Conferencia s/n, Apartado 7,
considerable drop in empty domestic it rejigged its port rotation in the E-11207 Algeciras, Spain
and international containers, falling region. This included two services Website
12.3% and 35.4% respectively, from the Caribbean and northern www.apba.es

and fully laden domestic volumes, Brazil, in addition to the French Email
which slumped by nearly 10%, carrier’s flagship FAL1 service that comercial@apba.es

from 493,207 teu to 444,156 teu.
There were contrasting
fortunes when it came to
Algeciras’ two terminals.
links Asia with northern Europe. Terminal operators
Meanwhile, APMT continued APM Terminals Algeciras: APMT, Juan Carlos
1 Quay
to invest heavily in terms of Total Terminal International: TTIA, Outer Isla
equipment upgrades last year to Verde Quay

32 / Jawaharlal Nehru India

THE port of Mumbai, India’s biggest
container terminal, handled
4.5m teu last year. Although
only a slight increase on the
previous 12 months, volumes
reached the highest level since
it began operations in 1989.
Of the figure, Nhava Sheva
International Container Terminal
handled 1.1m teu or 24.4% of
total container volumes; DP
World’s Nhava Sheva International
Gateway Terminal handled 0.1m

64 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16

teu or 2.4% of total traffic; and
APM Terminals’ Gateway handled
1.9m teu or 42.6% of the total.
Jawaharlal Nehru Port
Container Terminal, owned and
operated by the port, handled
1.4m teu or 30.6%, surpassing
its previous all-time record of
slightly below 1.4m teu in 2006.
JNPT, also known as Nhava
Sheva, handles more than half
of the country’s containers
and is considered the most
congested port in the nation.
The port has ambitions to
handle 10m teu by 2020-2021,
with the addition of another
terminal, as it aims to become the
leading port in southern Asia.
33 / Jeddah Saudi Arabia
THE Port of Jeddah, officially the
Jeddah Islamic Port, consists
of three container terminals,
operated by three entities and
a nearby new port, the King
Abdullah Container Port.
DP World runs the Jeddah
South Terminal, while Gulftainer
runs the Jeddah North Terminal.
The Red Sea Gateway Terminal is
eponymously owned and the Port
Development Company operates
the King Abdullah Port, which is
www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016
In 2014, port authorities signed
a contract with PSA International
to build a fourth container terminal
under the public-private partnership
model. The terminal, which will be
completed in two phases, will have
a capacity of 4.8m teu per year.
In October, a unit of PSA laid
the foundation stone at the new
terminal, with completion and
operation of phase 1 expected
by the end of 2017, according
to the port’s website.
India’s government has massive
port development plans. It is
hoping to build eight new ports
as well as attracting investments
to modernise berths and deepen
draughts to accommodate
located 100 km north of Jeddah.
KAP is the country’s newest
port facility, located in a new
trade and economic zone as the
Saudi government aims to tap
into the potential of trade flows
passing through the Red Sea.
Plans for the port, which is
operated by National Container
Terminal, include creating the
largest multimodal terminal in the
Kingdom and connecting it to a
new pan-national rail network.
RANKINGS
2015 throughput
4,480,000 teu 0.7%
Port authority
Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust, Sheva, Navi
Mumbai, Maharashtra 400702, India
Website
www.jnport.gov.in/History.aspx
Email
manair@jnport.gov.in
Terminal operators
Jawaharlal Nehru Port Container Terminal:
JNPCT
Nhava Sheva International Container
Terminal: NSICT-DP World
Gateway Terminals India: GTI-APM Terminals
larger vessels in order to put the
nation on an equal footing with
other maritime powerhouses.
KAP handled 1,307,017 teu in
2015, its second year of operations.
It opened its fourth berth in May
2015, increasing capacity to
2.7m teu, although it promoted
a total capacity of 20m teu.
Berths at the port can
handle vessels with 18 m
draughts and the cranes have
a 25-container outreach.
The port also has a ro-ro facility,
which, following a partnership
agreement signed in 2015, will
be operated by Japan’s NYK
from the latter half of 2016.
2015 throughput
4,188,215 teu 0.7%
Port authority
Jeddah Islamic Port, PO Box 9285, Jeddah
21188, Saudi Arabia
Website
www.ports.gov.sa/English/SAPorts/Jeddah/
Email
pr-jip@ports.gov.sa
Terminal operators
Red Sea Gateway Terminal: RSGT
Jeddah South Container Terminal: DP World
Jeddah North Container Terminal: Gulftainer
King Abdullah Container Port: Port
Development Co
67
RANKINGS
34 / Sharjah/Khorfakkan
United Arab Emirates
GULFTAINER’S dual flagship
transhipment terminal facility in
the United Arab Emirates was the
big winner in the Middle East in
2015, after container throughput
figures surged 9% from 3.8m
teu to a record 4.1m teu.
This is compared to only
moderate growth recorded at
rival facilities in the region and
most notably that of fellow UAE
operator, DP World’s Jebel Ali.
Operated by Gulftainer on behalf
of the Government of the Sharjah
emirate, the twin terminals of
Khorfakkan Container Terminal and
Sharjah Container Terminal, known
as KCT and SCT respectively, are
located just outside the Gulf on
the edge of the Straits of Hormuz
and have been the scene of rapid
expansion in recent years.
Much of this development has
come at KCT, by far the largest of
the pair with an annual capacity
35 / Felixstowe UK
AFTER a near 10% jump in
volumes in 2014, the UK’s busiest
box port lost ground slightly in
2015, with volumes coming in
2.9% lower than last year at
just below the 4m teu barrier.
Given the dire state of the
container shipping sector and the
moribund European economy,
the small drop in volumes is
perhaps to be expected. Indeed,
many of Felixstowe’s northern
European neighbours reported
losses during the year.
Moreover, Felixstowe has,
in the main, managed to hold
up against DP World’s London
Gateway, its nearest major rival,
68 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
of approximately 5m teu, which
was also responsible for the lion’s
share of volume growth last year.
Box numbers were up by more than
300,000 teu to around 3.7m teu, as
the number of direct services into
the terminal continues to increase.
To meet this demand, Gulftainer
completed the second phase of a
major expansion of the terminal
last year. The project required
an investment of approximately
$60m and included the build of a
new 800 m quay, equipped with
six super post-panamax gantry 2015 throughput
4,142,00 teu 9.0%
and four mega-max tandem-
lift cranes to accommodate the Port authority
Sharjah Port Authority, PO Box 510, Sharjah,
world’s largest containerships. United Arab Emirates
KCT’s yard capacity has also been
Website
enhanced to around 450,000 sq m. www.sharjahports.gov.ae
Meanwhile, volumes at
Email
neighbouring SCT remained shiports@eim.ae
relatively flat in 2015; however,
Terminal operators
they exceeded 400,000 teu for Khorfakkan Container Terminal: Gulftainer
the second consecutive year. Sharjah Container Terminal: Gulftainer
which is coming up to speed. two containerships of more than
The figures for 2015 also do not 18,000 teu at the same time.
take into account Felixstowe’s The port also purchased three
new berth, which only opened new ship-to-shore gantry cranes
in November. The 190 m Berth capable of handling vessels with
9 extension allows it to handle containers stacked 10 high and
RANKINGS
24 wide on deck for the upgraded
terminal, which now has a quay
length of approximately 920 m.
With the new cranes added,
there are now a total of 10
cranes on Berth 8 and Berth 9
and 36 in the port as a whole.
Felixstowe’s quay length and
draught mean it has become
a regular stopping point for
some of the world’s largest
vessels, including the 19,224
36 / Manila Philippines
THE port of Manila registered a
4.3% rise in container throughput
in 2015, with principal facility the
Manila International Container
Terminal posting a 4.4%
increase in containers handled
last year from the year before,
according to data provided by
the Philippine Ports Authority.
The Philippines was shielded from
the slowdown in China that has
hurt other emerging naitions last
year, as the government stepped up
efforts to unlock bottlenecks in state
spending and entice investment.
Gross domestic product increased
6.3% in the three months through
to December from a year earlier.
The growth exceeded expectations
and the 6.1% pace in the third
quarter. For the whole of 2015,
Manila’s economy grew 5.8%.
MICT, the country’s largest
container port, handled nearly
2m teu in 2015, up from
1.9m teu the previous year,
according to data from PPA.
Philippine-listed International
Container Terminal Services
Inc inaugurated Yard 7 at its
flagship MICT, which included
the commissioning of four
new rubber-tyred gantries.
Yard 7, which is part of MICT’s
Peso5bn ($106m) investment,
will boost the terminal’s capacity
to 2.8m teu from 2.5m teu.
70 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
teu MSC Oscar and MSC Olivia.
Felixstowe has also been boosting
its landside operations, with the
first phase of a 1.4m sq ft logistics
park receiving planning permission.
The approval covers the first
four warehouses to be built as
part of the scheme at the port.
The four warehouses consented
as part of Phase 1 provide nearly
1m sq ft of storage space, with
the largest being 360,000 sq ft.
In September 2015, MICT rolled
out its terminal appointment
booking system ahead of
the anticipated increase in
container movements prior to
the Christmas holiday season.
Largely seen as an alternative to
the truck bans, TABS is an electronic
platform for booking containers
in the two international ports of
Manila. The system was developed
in response to restrictive road
policies that were introduced to
combat the heavy congestion of
Manila ports in 2014 as a result
of the truck ban imposed by
the Manila City government.
TABS addresses the unpredictable
surge of trucks that ply the roads
by scheduling time slots for
container pick-ups and drop-offs.
ICTSI also revived its inland
container depot at the Laguna
Gateway International Container
Terminal, which is part of ICTSI’s
short- and medium-term plan
to expand MICT. The inland
container depot effectively
2015 throughput
3,980,000 teu 2.9%
Port authority
Port of Felixstowe, Tomline House, The Dock,
Felixstowe IP11 3SY, UK
Website
www.portoffelixstowe.co.uk
Email
enquiries@fdrc.co.uk
Terminal operators
Trinity Terminal: Hutchison Ports UK
Berths eight and nine: HPUK
increases MICT’s yard capacity
by 10%, which translates into an
additional 250,000 teu annually.
In February 2015, ICTSI deployed
new generation reach stackers for
its Manila and Subic operations.
The new reach stackers brought
the number of mobile container
handlers deployed at MICT
and Subic terminals to 27.
The fleet of stackers and empty
container handlers is the largest
in the Philippines to date.
2015 throughput
3,975,747 teu 4.3%
Port authority
Philippine Ports Authority, Bonifacio Drive,
South Harbor, Port Area, Manila, Philippines
Website
www.ppa.gov.ph
Email
rtsan@ppa.com.ph
Terminal operators
Manila (International Container Terminal
(International Container Terminal Services)
Manila South Harbor, (PPA)
Manila North Harbor, (PPA)
 RANKINGS

37 / Port Said Egypt

EGYPT’s $8bn gamble on expanding
the Suez Canal has yet to pay off, if
the declining figures for Port Said,
the Mediterranean gateway to
the canal, are anything to go by.
President al-Sisi banked
national pride, state security and
economic development on the
development of the 97 km canal
expansion programme that was
officially opened last August.
Designed to allow up to 97
transits a day, up from the previous
47, the expansion programme was
supposed to see higher revenues
for the canal and form the bedrock
for a Suez Canal Economic Zone
on the Sinai Peninsula that would
boost Egypt’s trade and economy.
The opening, however, coincided
with the worst downturn in shipping
in a generation and the number
of transits has actually fallen
since the new channel opened.
Struggling container lines have
been opting to utilise the low cost
of bunkers to take the longer route
around Africa on the backhaul,
rather than pay the fees required
to transit the canal. The situation
has become dire enough for the
Suez Canal Authority to start
offering discounts of up to 65%.
Given the circumstances, Port
Said’s ability to keep as much
transhipment cargo as it has is
testament to its location as the
feeder port of choice for much
of the eastern Mediterranean.
More remains to be done,
however. APM Terminals’ Suez
Canal Container Terminal at East
Port Said remains isolated on the
Sinai side of the canal and has
had no direct road links since the
closure of the al-Salam bridge.
The dredging of the eastern
approach channel, completed earlier
this year, should help increase the
number of vessels calling at SCCT,
but better hinterland links are
required if the zone is to develop
beyond its one terminal customer.
2015 throughput
3,850,00 teu 2.8%
Port authority
Port Said Port Authority, Mostafa Kamel and
Azmy Streets, Port Said, Egypt
Website
www.psdports.org
Email
info@psdports.org
Terminal operators
Abbas Quay, Container Terminal: Port Said
Container & Cargo Handling
Suez Canal Container Terminal

38 / Santos Brazil
IT WAS a mixed year for Brazil’s
busiest port. Santos continued its
growth in container throughput,
but at a reduced pace, reflecting
the country’s political corruption
and economic struggles.
Container throughput grew by
2.6%, dropping off from a 6.9%
growth rate in the previous year.
The port’s lack of significant
growth can be attributed in large
part to the nation’s ongoing corruption saga in government drop in imports through 2015 and
economic woes, which were and oil giant enterprise Petrobras. a further 10% reduction through
exacerbated by the continuing Brazil experienced close to a 20% to February 2016. Trade between

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RANKINGS
Brazil and China, making up a
weighty 30% of East Asian-South
American trade in 2014, dropped
by 6% in 2015, and is projected
to diminish further in 2016.
However, with 208,953 teu
handled by the end of the first
quarter of 2016, the Tecon Santos
terminal posted a 10.4% growth
in operating volume compared
to the same period in 2015.
Tecon Vila do Conde also
posted a growth in volume of
6.5% in the same timeframe.
Tecon Imbituda’s volume, on the
other hand, dropped by 11.7%.
Despite lacklustre growth,
the port of Santos continued
with plans for infrastructure
39 / Taicang China
MOST Chinese ports are
experiencing weak or negative
figures as the world’s second-
largest economy suffers its slowest
growth since the early 1990s.
To some extent, this also applies
to Taicang — but even slower
growth at the Yangtze River’s
busiest port is still astonishing.
In 2015, the port’s box volume
reached nearly 3.8m teu, up
21.2% on the year. The throughput
has still been expanding at a
breakneck pace, albeit slower
than the 2014 rate of 40.9%.
Taicang has continued to benefit
from its alliance with Shanghai,
the world’s largest port. From last
year, Shanghai has transferred its
Yangtze transhipment business
to Taicang due to crowded
dockyards of the old Waigaoqiao
harbour. Customs operations
have also been streamlined.
With the aid from this
neighbouring giant, transhipment
volume at Taicang amounted
to around 2.1m teu, up 30% on
year. It increased shipments to
Shanghai by 400,000 teu.
74 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
projects to accommodate larger
neo-panamax containerships.
Operational capacity is set to
increase from 2m teu to 2.4m
teu, and a dredging operation
will increase the terminal’s depth
to 15 m. The mooring quay will
also be enlarged to 1.2 km.
Such expansion will allow
for concurrent mooring of
three 7,000 teu to 12,500 teu
neo-panamax containerships.
Furthermore, the length of
four-railway branches will be
doubled from 400 m to 800 m in
order to accommodate an entire
railroad system in the terminal.
The works, scheduled to begin in
2016, will conclude in four years.
Further expansion is expected
as Taicang is still running below
capacity. As of the end of 2015,
Taicang had 10 berths and
a design capacity of nearly
4.4m teu, and there were 177
services to and from the port.
In the first quarter of this year,
two services linking the port to
South Asia were launched. Box
throughput reached 854,000 teu
for January-March, representing a
gain of 17.1% on the previous year.
For the long run, Taicang has
a masternplan to increase its
box-handling capacity to more
than 20m teu — which would be
an extraordinary achievement
for a river port. Even if the target
is threatened by the overall
2015 throughput
3,779,99 teu 2.6%
Port authority
Dock Company of the State of São Paulo,
CODESP, Avenue Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves,
s/nº Macuco, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil CEP
11015-900
Website
www.portodesantos.com.br/
www.santosbrasil.com.br/en-us
Email
comunicacaosocial@portodesantos.com.br
Terminal operators
Tecon Santos: Santos Brasil
Terminal 35: Gruppo Libra
Terminal 37: Gruppo Libra
Tecondi: Ecoporto
Embraport: Embraport
Saboo: Rodrimar
Brasil Terminal Porturtario: Terminal
Investment Ltd and APM Terminals
Chinese economic slowdown,
Suzhou Daily reported another
phase of construction could
start this year, indicating the
port is still far from its ceiling.
2015 throughput
3,760,000 teu 21.2%
Port authority
Jiangsu Taicang Port Administration
Committee, 8 Beihuan Rd, Taicang Port
Development Area, Jiangsu Province, China
Website
www.tcport.gov.cn
Email
www.tcport.gov.cn/LeadMail.aspx
Terminal operators
Taicang Port SIPG Zhenghe Container Terminal
Taicang International Container Terminal: joint
venture between Taicang Port Group, Cosco
Pacific and Modern Terminals
RANKINGS

40 / Savannah US
SAVANNAH once again had a solid
year in 2015, with an 11.7% growth
rate in container throughput, due
to heightened demand in the US
southeast, the port’s logistical
advantages and cargo being
diverted from the west coast.
In late November, Georgia
and South Carolina Port
Authorities signed a framework
agreement for the joint
development and operation
of Jasper Ocean Terminal, a
$4.5bn project that aims to
develop the US’ largest single
deepwater container terminal.
Although it is well situated
to accept some of the largest
containerships with its deepwater
and intermodal facilities, the port
of Savannah kicked off its $706m
dredging project in September
2015 after 16 years of waiting for
studies and funding to be finalised.
Having addressed its landside
challenges, the port is solely
focused on deepening the
Savannah River from a 49 ft to
56 ft high-tide depth, which is
expected to be done by 2021.
The port authority has
earmarked $12.8m to expand
port of Brunswick’s vehicle storage
area by 63 acres, while ongoing
initiatives to increase capacity at
the port of Savannah will see a new
truck gate, eight interchange lanes,
four new ship-to-shore cranes and
30 new rubber-tyred gantry cranes
turn operational in 2016, both
driven by high market demand.
The crane purchases and the
ongoing Savannah Harbour
deepening project are in line
with the move in the world
fleet towards larger ships.
Curtis Foltz has stepped down
as executive director of Georgia
Ports Authority and been replaced
by Griff Lynch, GPA’s previous
chief operating officer. The
fastest-growing US port in 2014,
Savannah once again earned the
title in 2015 ahead of the port
of New York and New Jersey.
2015 throughput
3,737,400 teu 11.7%
Port authority
Georgia Ports Authority, PO Box 2406,
Savannah, GA 31402 US
Website
www.gaports.com
Email
drhodes@gaports.com
Terminal operators
Garden City Terminal: Georgia Ports Authority
Ocean Terminal: Georgia Ports Authority

41 / Colon Panama
PANAMA’s Colon port complex
reported an 8.8% hike in its box
throughput figures for 2015, but
there were contrasting fortunes
for its trio of container terminals.
The Manzanillo International
Terminal, responsible for the
lion’s share of Colon’s container
volumes and operated by
US-based SSA Marine, reported
a disappointing year as
volumes slipped 5% on 2014
levels to just shy of 2m teu.
MIT attributed the decline to the
devaluation of both Chinese and

76 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16

Latin American economies, which
dented Asian imports significantly.
Meanwhile, Colon’s two other
terminals fared considerably
better than MIT. Cristobal,
operated by Hutchison subsidiary
Panama Ports, saw volumes
climb 14% to 812,783 teu, while
Evergreen’s Colon Container
Terminal surged some 57.1%
to 789,663 teu, after numerous
services returned to the
Taiwanese carrier’s facility.
And there is more reason to
celebrate for Evergreen, given
the recent news that it has
agreed a 20-year extension
to its current lease at CCT.
42 / Seattle/Tacoma US
LAST year’s decision by the
adjacent ports of Seattle and
Tacoma to stop competing
against each other and instead
combine forces was a landmark
move by the Puget Sound pair.
The Northwest Seaport Alliance,
the first of its kind in North America,
was formally inaugurated in
August 2015, bringing together
the management of the two ports’
marine cargo facilities, and creating
the fifth-largest gateway in the
country for container traffic.
Volumes handled by the
alliance rose 4% in 2015, after
a modest decline in 2014, with
throughput up despite the weaker
Chinese economy and disruption
www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016
However, like the port’s two other
terminals, MIT, with room to move
up to 3.5m teu annually, is looking
for the expanded Panama Canal to
help drive new traffic to the region.
With larger vessels transiting
the Central American artery, MIT
completed works on a new 400
m quay in the final quarter of
2015. The dedicated container
berth has been dotted with four
ship-to-shore cranes boasting the
longest outreach in the Caribbean,
with each unit able to operate
at 25 containers across deck.
MIT has also equipped the yard
with six new automatic rail-
mounted gantry cranes, while
earlier in the year during US west
coast labour negotiations.
Export containers increased
by 12% to 1.3m teu, helped by
the high number of empties
being returned to Asia.
Terminal 18 in Seattle also
showed it was capable of handling
the world’s largest ships by receiving
the 18,000 teu-class CMA CGM
Benjamin Franklin in early 2016,
while a $141m investment has
been approved that will enable two
ultra large containerships to dock
simultaneously at Husky Terminal.
The development includes a
20-year lease extension, allowing
Husky Terminal and Stevedoring
to operate the facility until 2046.
RANKINGS
2015 throughput
3,577,427 teu 8.8%
Port authority
Apartado Postal: 0843-0533 Balboa, Ancón,
Panama
Website
www.amp.gob.pa
Email
ampadmon@amp.gob.pa
Terminal operators
Manzanillo International Terminal: SA Group
Colon Container Terminal: Evergreen
Cristobal: Panama Ports Co
dredging works have also been
carried out to deepen two of its
neo-panamax berths, its turning
basin and access channel to 16.5 m.
The first four months of 2016
saw volumes broadly flat at
just over 1m teu. Exports of full
containers were15% higher
but empties were 16% lower,
while domestic container traffic
to Alaska was also weak.
2015 throughput
3,529,084 teu 4.0%
Port authority
Ports of Seattle and Tacoma, The Northwest
Seaport Alliance, PO Box 2985, Tacoma WA
98401-2985, US
Website
www.nwseaportalliance.com
Email
info@nwseaportalliance.com
Terminal operators
APM Terminals
Olympic Container Terminal: Olympic
Container
Husky Terminal: Husky Terminal and
Stevedoring
Pierce County Terminal: Everport Terminal
Services
Tote Maritime Alaska Terminal: TOTE
Washington United Terminals: Washington
United Terminals
Terminal 5: Port of Seattle
Terminal 18: SSA Terminals
Terminal 30: SSA Terminals
Terminal 46: Total Terminals International
Terminal 115: Alaska Marine Lines
77

43 / Dongguan/Humen China
THE Port of Humen lies in the coastal
town of Humen, in Dongguan city,
in the southern Chinese province
of Guangdong. It is part of the
port cluster that serves the Pearl
River Delta, which is one of the
world’s most densely populated
and heavily industrialised regions.
The Pearl River Delta has
been one of the engines of
China’s economic boom and
industrialisation, on the back of
manufacturing hotspots like the
cities of Shenzhen and Guangzhou.
Dongguan is sandwiched between
Shenzhen and Guangzhou, and
is itself a manufacturing hub for
everything from electronics to
textiles. This drives much of the port’s
traffic. Dongguan also serves as the
logistics link between the global
trade centres of Hong Kong to the
south and Guangzhou to the north.
Humen port posted an above-
average 9.1% growth in container
throughput in 2015, rising to
3.4m teu from 2.9m teu in
2014, according to port data.
It comprises two main container
terminals: PSA Dongguan
Container Terminal, operated by
PSA, and the Dongguan Container
Terminal, operated by Sinotrans.
44 / Piraeus Greece
LAST year’s results showed a 7%
drop in container throughput
at Piraeus, Greece’s largest
port, but this has already faded
amid the excitement of the
port’s privatisation in 2016.
Earlier this year, the Greek
government accepted an offer
of €368.5m ($410.7m) for a 67%
majority stake in the port from
China Cosco Group, which — to
no-one’s surprise — emerged
www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016
PSA said in 2015, its own terminal
posted 9.8% growth in container
throughput, at 1m teu.
In 2015, a new direct service
between Humen Port and Vietnam
and a domestic service between
Tianjin and Humen were launched,
which boosted both foreign and
domestic trade volumes.
While no new terminals were
set up in 2015, the port started
construction of two new berths
numbered nine and 10, which
have a planned capacity of
1.2m teu and are expected to
be completed in early 2017.
Humen port also expects to
finish building a dedicated barge
terminal in the third quarter to
compete in the Pearl River Delta by
as the winning bidder.
Prior to 2009, when the Chinese
group’s terminals arm Cosco Pacific
began a 35-year concession as
operator of the lion’s share of
the port’s container terminal, the
port had been seen as a weak
competitor, prone to sleepy
management and disruptive strikes.
But throughput has grown
rapidly since then and last year
is likely to be a blip in the growth
RANKINGS
providing low-cost transhipment
services to shipping lines.
PSA said its joint venture
subsidiary DGCT installed new
cranes in 2015 that increased
its capacity to 1.3m teu.
2015 throughput
3,362,657 teu 16.3%
Port authority
Humen Port, 10,11 Floor Dongguan Humen
Port Road, Shatian port area of Humen Port
Services Building, China
Website
www.hmport.com/index.asp
Email
yangxianlong@hmport.com
Terminal operators
PSA Dongguan Container Terminal: PSA
Dongguan Container Terminal: Sinotrans
story. The reduction stemmed
squarely from a 51% collapse in
the number of containers handled
by the pier directly operated
by the Greek port authority. It
handled fewer than 300,000 teu,
down from nearly 600,000 teu
at the same facility in 2014.
By contrast, the Chinese-
controlled PCT operation, which
had expanded with last year’s
inauguration of the port’s third pier,
79
RANKINGS

2015 throughput
3,330,000 teu 7.1%

Port authority
Piraeus Port Authority, 10 Akti Miaouli, 185 38
Piraeus, Greece

Website
www.olp.gr

Email
olp@olp.gr

Terminal operators
Pier I: Piraeus Port Authority SA*
Piers II and III: Piraeus Container Terminal SA*
*Following a recent privatisation agreement, both
terminal operators will be under the control of China
Cosco Shipping Group

handled 10 times that figure. Its
side of the terminal registered a
yearly increase of 1.6% in volumes.
Piraeus has long been courted
by China as a strategic gateway
to European markets under its
One Belt, One Road strategy. The
terminal’s improved facilities
have attracted a greater spread
of shipping lines, as well as
multinationals using Piraeus as their
main European distribution centre.
Another key step in the
port’s transformation has been
completion of the terminal’s rail
link, after decades of dislocation
from the national rail grid. A
high-speed freight rail service to
central Europe is now viable.
In addition to the privatisation
figure agreed with Athens, China
Cosco has earmarked a further
€500m to plough into Piraeus.
Not all of this will be spent on the
container business — the Chinese
appear to back existing plans to
boost the Greek port as a hub for
car transhipment, international
passenger cruising and shiprepair.
However, the new owner will
also be upgrading box-handling
capabilities, with improved
logistics and storage facilities.
The Chinese projection is that
Piraeus will be capable of handling
up to 10m teu in the future.

45 / Ambarli Turkey
AMBARLI saw volumes slump
some 7.7% from 3.5m teu to
3.2m teu in 2015, as Turkey’s
top container port felt the brunt
of a sharp fall in trade with
its Black Sea neighbours.
Located on the outskirts of
Istanbul in Turkey’s Mamara
region, Ambarli was heavily
exposed to the impact of
sanctions against Russia and the
re-escalation of conflict in the
Ukraine, two of the port’s key
trading partners, which dented
throughput figures significantly.
The port’s two largest
terminals handle a large chunk
of transhipment cargo fed to
and from Russian and Ukrainian
ports in the north, given its ideal
location near the Bosporus,

80 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16

the entry point to the Black
Sea from the Mediterranean.
Marport, Ambarli’s biggest box
facility, reported a 10.9% fall in
volumes from 1.8m teu to 1.6m
teu, while Kumport witnessed
volume declines of 21% to
from 1.4m teu to 1.2m teu.
The big news coming out of
Ambarli last year, however, came
in September, when two major
Chinese port operators, China
Merchants Holdings (International)
and Cosco Pacific, and CIC
Capital inked an agreement to
46 / Tanjung Perak Indonesia
INDONESIA’s Tanjung Perak port,
the second-largest in the country,
handled a slightly greater number
of containers in 2015 than the
previous year, with throughput
edging up 0.5% to 3.1m teu,
as the economy expanded
marginally better than expected.
The throughput numbers included
those of Terminal Petikemas
Surabaya, Berlian Jasa Terminal
Indonesia and Terminal Teluk
Lamong, which are all managed
by state-owned Pelabuhan
Indonesia III (Pelindo III).
Indonesia’s economic expansion
of 5% in the fourth quarter
of 2015 from a year earlier
exceeded analysts’ estimates,
bringing gross domestic product
growth for the year at a slightly
better-than-consensus 4.8%.
The port of Tanjung Perak, which
is located in the city of Surabaya
on the island of Java, is the
gateway to eastern Indonesia.
TPS, located on the northern
shore of eastern Java, is managed
under a concession by DP World,
which owns 49%, while the
remaining 51% is held by Pelindo
III. It is the largest terminal in
Surabaya and is ideally located
to act as an international and
www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016
acquire Kumport, adding to
the momentum for overseas
expansion as part of Beijing’s
Maritime Silk Road initiative.
The trio signed the deal, via a
joint venture, with Fina Holding
and its individual shareholders
to purchase a 65% stake in
the terminal for $940m.
The Chinese companies will also
join Terminal Investment Ltd, MSC’s
terminal operating arm, in Ambarli,
having opened its new Asyaport
facility last year. In its first year, the
new terminal handled 129,297 teu.
domestic transhipment point for
all of north and east Indonesia.
Pelindo III has completed the first
phase of the Terminal Teluk Lamong
expansion, built as an extension of
Tanjung Perak Port. In May 2015,
Indonesian president Joko Widodo
launched the Lamong Bay terminal,
saying improvements should lead to
lower transport and logistics costs.
President Widodo said 200 ha
of port should be built, with a
minimum 2,000 ha of industrial
area to enable the integration of
the terminal with a power plant.
The terminal is expected to reach
a capacity of at least 5.5m teu
in 2020 from an initial 1.5m teu.
The expansion of TTL is expected
to be completed in 2030.
The revitalisation of Surabaya’s
West Shipping Channel was also
undertaken, allowing vessels with
RANKINGS
2015 throughput
3,220,506 teu 7.7%
Port authority
Atlas (Ambarli Liman Tesisleri AS), Ambarli
Liman Tesisleri, Angurya Cifligi Mevkii, 34904
Yakuplu Buyuk Cekmecec, Istanbul, Turkey
Website
www.altasliman.com
Email
altas@altasliman.com
Terminal operators
West, Main and Limas: Marport Terminals
Kumport: China Merchants Holdings
(International) and Cosco Pacific
Mardas: Mardaşport
Asyaport: Terminal Investment Ltd
larger dimensions to pass and
berth at Tanjung Perak Port.
Pelindo III manages 43 ports
across the provinces of East Java,
Central Java, South Kalimantan,
Central Kalimantan, Bali, West Nusa
Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara.
2015 throughput
3,120,683 teu 0.5%
Port authority
Humas PT Pelabuhan Indonesia III (Persero),
Jl Perak Timur No 610, Surabaya, Indonesia
Website
www.pelindo.co.id
Email
Humas@pelindo.co.id
Terminal operators
Terminal Petikemas Surabaya (Pelindo III and
DP World)
Berlian Jasa Terminal Indonesia (Pelindo III)
Terminal Teluk Lamong (Pelindo III)
Conventional terminals Jamrud, Mirah, Nilam
and Kalimas (Pelindo III)
81

47 / Balboa Panama
BALBOA, the largest port on
Panama’s Pacific coastline
and right at the mouth of
the canal, saw volumes slip
4.9% in 2015 to 3.1m teu.
Box numbers at the Central
American transhipment hub,
operated by Hutchison subsidiary
Panama Ports, were hit hard by
the ongoing struggles of key
South American economies.
As local currencies have become
weaker in the global market, it
has had a major impact on the
region’s purchasing power. The PPC
attributed this as the core reason
behind last year’s fall in throughput
figures, following a sharp decline in
Balboa’s handling of raw materials,
such as oil, zinc, copper and steel.
Nevertheless, the future of
Balboa looks bright. The port is
likely to be a major beneficiary of
the multi-billion-dollar Panama
Canal expansion that was finally
completed at the end of June,
and it has been readying its
infrastructure in preparation,
with PPC having invested more
than $800m in the port.
48 / Marsaxlokk Malta
LAST year was another strong
one for Malta Freeport, located
at the port of Marsaxlokk. Not
only did it boost throughput
by another 6.8% to more than
3m teu for the first time, but it
marked a milestone in the port’s
development programme that
has seen remarkable expansion
since it was privatised in 2004.
At the end of October 2015,
Malta Freeport — which operates
two terminals at Marsaxlokk
— took delivery of four new
China-built quayside cranes
www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016
Balboa has recently completed
phase IV of its ongoing expansion.
With the latest milestone reached,
the port now boasts additional
storage facilities to increase
annual container capacity from
4m teu to 5m teu, as well as its
reefer capacity, which has been
enhanced to accommodate
as many as 3,468 reefer plugs
from its original 2,112 plugs.
PPC also hopes new cargo
corridors opened up by the
enlarged canal will encourage
more business via its rail link
from Balboa to its sister facility
at Cristóbal port, located at the
Atlantic entrance of the waterway.
with an outreach of 72 m, a
capacity of 85 tonnes, a lifting
height under spreader above
rail of 54 m and a capability of
handling twin-lift spreaders.
Three of the cranes were
deployed on Terminal One north
quay and the fourth crane on
Terminal Two north quay, allowing
the port to brand itself as the sole
hub in the Mediterranean with two
berths capable of handling vessels
of 18,000 teu capacity and more.
The investment to position the
port for the current generation of
RANKINGS
The terminal operator
describes the connection as a
“one-stop shop for transhipment
and logistics services in Latin
America and the Caribbean”.
2015 throughput
3,078,101 teu 4.9%
Port authority
Panama Ports, Edif 39, Av Amulfo Arias
Madrid, Apartado 637, Balboa, Ancon,
Panama
Website
www.ppc.com.pa
Email
comunicacion@ppc.com
Terminal operators
Port of Balboa: Panama Ports
ultra large container carriers has
also included dredging, extension
of the terminal’s container
yard, and manpower training.
In August 2016, the port
welcomed the 19,000 teu MSC
Sveva, the largest boxship ever to
call at Malta. The hub has been
successful in attracting leading
shipping lines, including the 2M
and Ocean Three alliances.
One of its often-cited
advantages is a central location
in the Mediterranean that also
entails minimal deviation for
83
RANKINGS
navigation between Gibraltar
and the Suez Canal.
Management of Malta Freeport
has acknowledged the need
to continue developing in a
highly competitive regional
transhipment business.
“The Malta Freeport competes
with much larger ports around
49 / Vancouver Canada
THE Port of Vancouver, famous
for its landscape and the
striking presence of giant yellow
piles of sulphur, is Canada’s
leading container port.
The port has four container
terminals, at Centerm, Vanterm,
Deltaport and the Frazer Surrey
Docks. Within the north part of the
harbour authority’s jurisdiction,
near the city, there is the DP
World Centerm container facility,
with Global Container Terminals
running the Vanterm terminal.
The port’s largest terminal is
the more southerly and remote
Deltaport. The smaller Fraser Surrey
Docks is a breakbulk and container
terminal on the River Fraser.
The port is pushing through a
number of expansion projects,
not just with its container
terminals, but with its wet and
dry bulk-handling facilities too.
For its container traffic, it has
a proposed Centerm Expansion
Project, which is a series of
84 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
the Mediterranean. Without
continuous investment,
the Freeport would lose its
competitivity, which would result
in less work,” it said in mid-2016.
The next goal is to increase
the capacity of the terminals
to 4.2m teu “in the coming
years”, from 3.5m teu.
improvements to increase the
number of containers that can be
handled at the existing terminal
by approximately two-thirds.
This will take the capacity from a
current 900,000 teu to 1.5m teu.
These proposed improvements
include an expansion of the
terminal area, reconfiguration
of the terminal, and road and
rail access improvements.
The Roberts Bank Terminal
2 Project is a proposed new
three-berth container terminal
at Roberts Bank in Delta. The
project would provide 2.4 m teu
capacity to the Deltaport facility.
Recently, the port issued a
project permit to Global Container
Terminals Canada to reconfigure
the Deltaport Container Terminal’s
intermodal yard, including new
container-handling equipment,
as well as construction of a new
rail maintenance facility building
and associated infrastructure
upgrades at the facility.
2015 throughput
3,064,005 teu 6.8%
Port authority
Malta Freeport Terminals Ltd, Freeport Centre,
Port of Marsaxlokk, Kalafrana, BBG 3011, Malta
Website
www.maltafreeport.com.mt
Email
marketing@maltafreeport.com.mt
Terminal operators
Terminal One and Terminal Two: Malta
Freeport Terminals
While increased efficiencies
such as greater automation are
being looked at, the question of
physically expanding the footprint
of the port has lately sparked a
degree of political controversy in a
country where land is at a premium.
However, further land reclamation
for the port could be another option.
2015 throughput
3,054,467 teu 4.9%
Port authority
Port Metro Vancouver, 100 The Pointe, 999
Canada Place, Vancouver, BC V6C 3T4 Canada
Website
www.portmetrovancouver.com
Email
info@portmetrovancouver.com
Terminal operators
Deltaport: TSI Terminal Systems
Vanterm: TSI Terminal Systems
Centerm: DP World Vancouver
Lynnterm: Western Stevedoring
RANKINGS

50 / Tanger Med Morocco

TANGER Med’s rapidly rising
throughput figures hit a wall in
2015, falling slightly from the
year before. Given its rapid rise
since it first opened in 2007,
and the 20% growth it saw in
2014, this was only natural.
Less than 10 miles from the
southern European mainland,
Tanger Med has established itself
as one of the Mediterranean’s
major transhipment hubs, as
carriers traversing the region on
the east-west trades can call at
the port without having to deviate
from their traditional route.
Like many ports in the
Mediterranean, Tanger Med was
affected by the slowdown in the
Chinese and European economies
in 2015. Moreover, dynamics in the
container shipping industry have
seen many lines attempting to avoid
the Suez Canal on the backhaul
in favour of rerouting around the
south of Africa, hence missing return
calls to hubs such as Tanger Med.
The development of deepwater
terminals in West Africa is also
reducing some of the need for
transhipment at terminals such as
Tanger Med, with lines now making
direct calls from Asia instead of
feedering via the Mediterranean.
With two state-of-the-art
terminals dedicated to serving
the latest generation of container
vessels, Tanger Med boasts
nearly all of the major shipping
lines in its customer portfolio
and a network reach to more
than 160 ports in 60 countries.
TMPA is also constructing Tanger
Med 2 to facilitate further growth 2015 throughput
2,964,324 teu 3.8%
in the years to come. Phase one of
the new development, or Terminal Port authority
Tanger Med Port Authority, Zone Franche Ksar
4 (TC4), is nearly complete, and el-Majaz, Oued R’mel, BP 80 Tangier, Morocco
will be operated by Marsa Maroc,
Website
while construction work on phase www.tmpa.ma
two, Terminal 3 (TC3), for which a
Email
concession holder has still to be tmsa.port@tmsa.ma
decided, will begin soon. At full
Terminal operators
build-out, Tanger Med’s capacity will APM Terminals Tangier: APM Terminals
stand at approximately 8m teu. Eurogate Tanger: Eurogate
Earlier this year, APM Terminals
announced it would build a automated terminal in Africa.
complementary terminal to its Total investment in the new
facility at Tanger Med 1. MedPort terminal is expected to be €758m
Tangier is set to become operational ($858.4m) and Maersk Line will be a
in 2019 and will be the first major customer of the new terminal.

51 / Nanjing China
NANJING has fallen behind
Taicang in its bid to become the
top port of Yangtze River, with
the latter’s stronger ability to
secure transhipment cargoes
to and from Shanghai.
Still, its performance last year
was decent. Growth of container
throughput was 6.5%, compared to
the 2014 level of 3.4%. This was still
slower than the double-digit rate
seen earlier this century, though.
Nanjing’s stated goal has
been to become the gateway
of Yangtze River’s hinterland
to the ocean. However, as
Shanghai, the world’s largest
busiest port, signed an exclusive

86 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
 RANKINGS

transhipment deal with Taicang,
Nanjing has been developing
its own coastal and shortsea
services to attract cargoes.
According to Nanjing’s port
association, the port has seen new
services linked to Jingtang and
Yingkou along the Chinese coast,
Luzhou in the Sichuan province,
and even Japan. Nanjing has
continued to position itself as a
river port capable of receiving large
vessels, with continued works to
build a 12.5 m deepwater channel.
For the first quarter of this year,
the port was still seeing healthy
growth. Quarterly box volume
amounted to 730,000 teu, up
8.3%. This came as total cargo
throughput softened by 0.9% on
year to 51.4m tonnes, suggesting
containers were taking on a bigger
role in the overall port operations.
Nanjing Port Group, the main
port operator owned by the
Chinese government, has been
diversifying its business. The
company set up a container
management firm in Nanchang
and sealed a strategy agreement
with Minsheng Shipping, a joint
venture between Minsheng
Industrial Group and Shanghai
International Port Group,
over co-operation in shipping,
logistics and information
exchange. It is seeking to
enhance its competiveness
as China shifts to a more
consumer-oriented economy.
2015 throughput
2,940,000 teu 6.5%
Port authority
Nanjing Port Group Co, 19 Jiangbian Rd,
Nanjing, Jiangsu Prov, China
Website
www.njp.com.cn
Email
www.njp.com.cn/into/email.html
Terminal operators
Nanjing Port Longtan Container Co, joint
venture between Nanjing Port, Shanghai Port,
Cosco Pacific and Sinotrans

52 / Mundra India
LOCATED on the Gulf of
Kachchh, Mundra port plays
a major role as an economic
gateway to the landlocked
northern hinterland of India.
Although 2015 was a year of
slow growth in the container
market, total throughput at
Mundra amounted to 2.8m teu,
up 6% from 2014. That compares
to a surge of 13.8% in 2013.
Adani-owned Mundra port
currently facilitates three terminals,
with a fourth terminal likely to start
operations from July this year.
Adani Mundra Container
Terminal, which has two berths,
has a maximum capacity of 1m
teu. The terminal claimed to have
handled 910,000 teu last year.
Adani International Container
Terminal, the port’s other terminal,
had a 37% share of Mundra’s total
traffic in 2015. The terminal has
a total capacity of 1.3m teu.
Work has been ongoing to
increase the capacity of the port,
with a fourth terminal, Adani
CMA Mundra Terminal, with a
capacity to handle 1.3m teu,
being developed through a 50:50
joint venture with Adani ports new container transhipment
and Terminal Investment Ltd, hub at Vizhinjam near
an arm of Switzerland-based Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala.
Mediterranean Shipping Co.
Post-expansion, Mundra will
2015 throughput
become India’s largest container 2,895,046 teu 6.4%
port, with a cumulative handling
Port authority
capacity of 6.6m teu, surpassing Adani Ports and SEZ Ltd. Navinal Island,
Jawaharlal Nehru port. Mundra, Kachchh, Gujarat , 370421 India
With much more capacity Website
potential, Adani chairman and www.adaniports.com
founder Gautam Adani plans to Email
turn Mundra port into a major houssam.haddad@adani.com
regional transhipment hub, Terminal operators
catering to the Middle East, Adani Mundra Container Terminal: Adani Ports
South Asia and India region. Adani International Container Terminal:
Adani Ports
In December last year, Adani Mundra International Container terminal:
Ports also started work on a DP World

www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 87

53 / Rizhao China
THE port of Rizhao, located
in China’s eastern Shandong
province, saw container
throughput rise 16.1%
to 2.8m teu in 2015.
The total handled might be less
compelling in a country where a
box port needs at least 5m teu
to enter the top 10 list. But the
growth rate at Rizhao has outrun
most of its Chinese peers.
The bullish performance
is backed by the port’s vast
hinterland, connected by a well-
developed railway network that
reaches the main cities in central
and even western China.
It is also a result of Rizhao’s
all-out efforts to expand its
container business, as the originally
bulk-centred port is losing steam in
its conventional source of strength.
Since February 2015, 27 cabotage
services have been successively
put into operation, while three
overseas routes have been
launched to cover South Korean
terminals in Pyeongtaek and Busan.
The port will soon open new
weekly line services to Australia
this July. Discharge ports
include Brisbane, Sydney, Bell
54 / Yokohama Japan
JAPAN suffered an overall
contraction in container
volumes in 2015, and Yokohama
was no exception, with a
3.5% drop in throughput.
The country’s container
throughput woes are likely
symptoms of the general
maladie in world trade, as is
being felt around much of Asia.
The Japanese government is
not taking the decline lying down,
however, and has announced
www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016
bay-Tasmania, Melbourne and
Fremantle, with sailing times
between 11 and 22 days.
Rizhao Port Group, the main
port operator, has also ramped
up its investment in building
infrastructure. Total investment
in port construction last year
topped Yuan4.3bn ($647.7m).
The tally for the following five
years between 2016 and 2020 is
planned to reach nearly Yuan20bn,
part of which will be used to
build new container berths and
upgrade the existing ones.
The port currently has four
box-only berths, while it is
upgrading 11 other general berths
to specialise in container handling.
However, increasing competition
from adjacent ports has put
Rizhao’s prospects to test.
Early last year, RPG turned
a former joint venture, Riqing
Container Terminal, into its
wholly-owned subsidiary,
Rizhao Port Container Terminal
Development. The neighbouring
port of Qingdao disposed of its
50% stake in Riqing to RPG, ending
the seven-year collaboration.
Since the separation, Qingdao has
strategies to support Yokohama.
From the start of the 2016
financial year in April, Japan’s
Ministry of Transport is raising
funds for strategic international
container ports, which
includes Yokohama, by 8%.
The port will be hoping that
the extra funds bring similar
prosperity to that experienced
at Kobe, another designated
strategic international container
port, which reported an increase
RANKINGS
been revving up its efforts to build
its own box terminals, especially in
the Dongjiakou port area, which is
just 50 km away from Rizhao’s port.
Facing a slowing economy in
China, Rizhao is expected to engage
in hand-to-hand wrestling with
its close neighbour in snatching
box cargoes in the region.
RPG targeted throughput of
3m teu in 2016, about 6.8%
growth compared to last year.
2015 throughput
2,810,00 teu 16.1%
Port authority
Rizhao Port Authority, Huanghai No 1 Road,
Rizhao, China
Website
www.rzport.com
Terminal operators
Rizhao Port Group
Rizhao Port Container Terminal Development
in throughput for 2015.
Controlling stakes in both
Yokohama and Kawasaki ports
were recently purchased by
Japan’s government as a show of
further support for the sector.
A port operating company,
Yokohama Kawasaki International
Port, has been set up to oversee
cargo sales and strategic planning
across both ports, and will be
headed by former International
Chamber of Shipping chairman
89
RANKINGS

2015 throughput
2,787,296 teu 3.5%

Port authority
Port & Harbour Bureau, City of Yokohama,
Industry and Trade Centre Building, 5th
floor, 2 Yamashita-cho, Naka-uk Yokohama,
Kanagawa Pref 231-0023 Japan

Website
www.city.yokohama.lg.jp/kowan

Email
portoubo@city.yokohama.jp

and NYK Bulk and Project
Carriers chairman and chief
executive, Masamichi Morooka.
Yokohama is one of the
world’s most productive
container terminals, and
counts Busan in South Korea
among its main competitors.
Terminal operators
Terminal C-3: Nippon Express/Kamigumi
Terminal C-4: Uni-X/Mitsubishi Logistics
Terminal D-4: American President Lines
Terminal D-5: Utoc
Terminal MC-1/2: Mitsubishi Logistics/Nissan
Terminal T9: Mitsui-Soko
Terminal A-5/A-6: Daito
Terminals A-6/ A-7: Nissin/Keihin Koun
Terminals BC1, C5-9: Yokohama Port Mega
Terminal

55 / Keelung & Taipei Taiwan

THE ports of Keelung and Taipei
posted a combined throughput
of 2.8m teu in 2015, a 5.6% drop
from a year earlier, dragged
down by the double-digit
decline in the volumes handled
by the port of Keelung.
The fall in container volumes
comes hot on the heels of
weak demand for the island’s
exports, which damaged its
economy in 2015. Taiwan’s
gross domestic product grew at
a slower-than-expected 0.9%
last year, logging its slowest
annual growth since 2009.
Amid the era of megaships and
Three new 18-row gantry cranes
and four new rail-mounted gantry
cranes were delivered to the two
wharves and the container yard
in June, TIPC said. The project will
be completed by August 2016.
These new cranes, which are all
electric-powered, zero-emission,
low-noise models, will vastly
improve air and ambient noise
2015 throughput
quality at the port as they replace 2,779,843 teu 5.6%
the current diesel-driven equipment.
Port authority
One unit of 16-row gantry cranes Taiwan International Ports, Ltd. Port of
was procured in 2015 by China Keelung, No.1, Chung Cheng Rd, Keelung
Container Terminal Corp and was 20202, Taiwan
delivered to Berth West 20 last Website
February. CCTC, the only container kl.twport.com.tw/en

their subsequent cascading effect, terminal listed on the Taiwan Email

the Keelung port is undergoing Stock Exchange, runs Wharves 19 public@twport.com.tw

modernisation, according to the to Wharves 21 quayside, as well Terminal operators

Taiwan International Ports Corp.
The deepening and upgrading
of Wharves 22 and 23 are under
way, which will allow them
to accommodate 8,000 teu
vessels. These improvements
will also significantly decrease
the required berth time for
large containerships.
as the container yard operation. Keelung:
Container berths E8-E11: United Logistics
TIPC is also working actively International
to reclaim land for the Taipei Container berths W16-W18: Taiwan
Port Offshore Logistics and International Ports
Container berths W19-W21: China Container
Warehouse Center, the largest Terminal Corp
port land-reclamation project Container berths E22-W26: Taiwan
in northern Taiwan. Three new International Ports
Taipei:
lots for investment and/or Berths N3-N6: Taipei Port Container Terminal
development will be opened up. Corp

90 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
 RANKINGS

56 / Durban South Africa

THE port of Durban, southern
Africa’s largest and busiest, saw
throughput increase 4% in 2015
to 2.8m teu despite the poor state
of the local and global economy.
However, throughput capacity
is likely to drop to about 2m teu
while expansion works take place
through the rest of this decade.
Transhipment volumes have been
lost to some direct calls in West Africa
and the low oil price has resulted
in transhipment cargo to Angola
virtually disappearing altogether,
according to a port official.
Durban’s two container terminals
— pier 1 and pier 2 — handle about
65% of the country’s volumes, with
combined capacity of 3.6m teu.
Work was scheduled to start this
year to increase the limit to 4m teu,
with berth extensions and plans
to deepen the draught to 16.5 m
from the current depth of 12.8 m
to enable larger vessels to call.
The expansion project, which is
expected to cost billions of rand,
hit a snag when the environmental
authorisation, granted in January
2015, was appealed on account of
concerns about climate change.
Last September, however, the
Minister of Environmental Affairs
ruled in favour of the port authority,
allowing work to proceed.
Durban Container Terminal stack
rehabilitation and installation of
two ship-to-shore cranes have
been completed, while phase 1
work, which entails deepening and
lengthening of berth 205, will begin
in May 2017 and last for 18 months,
according to a presentation.
Phase 2, involving berth 204,
will start in March 2019, with the
aim of being completed by August
2020, allowing phase 3 work on
berth 203 to begin about a month
later and last until February 2022.
A new 9.5m teu capacity port
2015 throughput
2,770,335 teu 3.9%
Port authority
Transnet National Ports Authority, Ocean
Terminal Building, Port of Durban, 4001, South
Africa
Website
www.transnet-tpt.net/Ports/Pages/Durban_
Container.aspx
Email
customercare@transnet.net
Terminal operators
Pier 1: Transnet National Ports Authority
Pier 2: Transnet National Ports Authority
on the site of the former airport is
also being proposed, which, if given
the go-ahead, will start operations
well into the the next decade.

57 / Kobe Japan
KOBE, Japan’s busiest box port, saw
its traffic rise 3.4% over the year
to 2.7m teu in 2015. The volumes
handled were the second-highest
on record and the most since 1995,
when the port was devastated by
the Great Hanshin earthquake.
Foreign trade volume at the
port increased by 3% in 2015 to
2.1m teu, while domestic trade
at the port was 500,000 teu, up
4.7% compared to a year ago.
A port spokesperson told Lloyds
List the principal reason for the
increase in container volumes
is that the port of Kobe and the
port of Osaka have together
been designated as “strategic
international container ports,”
which allows them to receive
higher levels of financial support
2015 throughput
from the national government. 2,706,967 teu 3.5%
The increased backing from the
Port authority
government will allow the Japanese Port and Urban Projects Bureau, City of Kobe,
ports to better compete with rival 6-5-1 Kano-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8570,
ports in other Asian countries, such Japan
as the port of Busan in South Korea. Website
“The port of Kobe has contributed www.city.kobe.lg.jp/life/access/harbor/index.
html
to the Japanese government’s
policy for strategic international Email
kobeport@office.city.kobe.lg.jp
container ports by promoting
consolidation of freight, mainly Terminal operators
Port Island, Terminals
from ports of western Japan,” PC13: Sumitomo Warehouse
the spokesperson said. PC14: Nissin
“The port is working on the PC15-17: Shosen Koun/ Sankyu/ Sumitomo
Warehouse/ Nickel & Lyons
expansion of the trunk lines to PC18: Kamigumi
and from North American and Rokko Island, Terminals
European ports,” he added. RC2: Mitsui-Soko
RC4 & RC5: Nitto Total Logistics/ Mitsubishi Logistics
Meanwhile, several steps RC6 & RC7: Nippon Container Terminals/
have been taken to improve Mitsubishi Logistics/ Uni-X

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RANKINGS

operations, including the

installation of high-spec gantry
cranes capable of handling 22
rows of containers, along with
facilities to make the port as
earthquake-resistant as possible.
In an effort to attract
traffic, the port authorities
have also subsidised rates for
container lines switching to
new routes that include Kobe
and Osaka from conventional
ones via other Asian ports.

58 / Nagoya Japan
THE port of Nagoya is located
at the very centre of Japan and
lies in the Chubu region, which
is home to one of Japan’s most
prominent manufacturing hubs.
Chubu is the centre for Japan’s
transportation industry, especially
the manufacture of automobiles
and aircraft. The trade for finished
vehicles and car parts therefore
forms a large chunk of trade
through Nagoya port, making
it the topmost automobile-
exporting port in Japan.
Nagoya port first opened for
international trade in 1907 and
was damaged heavily during
World War II. Today it is the
largest port in Japan, and the
Nagoya port district covers a
greater area than the combined
ports of Tokyo and Yokohama.
Although Nagoya port has the
largest cargo throughput, it lags
behind Tokyo and Yokohama in
terms of container throughput.
Nagoya’s container throughput
also shrank by 3.9% in 2015, to
2.6m teu from 2.7m teu in 2014,
on account of weaker global
trade and a softening of the
Japanese economy. The decline
has been in both international
and domestic trade volumes.
Nagoya port has five container
terminals, four of which are at
the Tobishima Pier and one is
at the Nabeta Pier Container
Terminal. The Nabeta Pier
Container Terminal is the largest
by capacity, and mainly handles
trade with China and Japan.
The second-largest terminal is the
Tobishima Pier South Side Terminal,
which was designed as a quake-
resistant terminal, with deepwater
berths that can accommodate
ultra large container ships.
This is also Japan’s first
automated terminal, with remote
vehicles and gantries and is mainly
used for North American west
coast and European trades.
China and the US are the top
trading partners for Nagoya port in
the containers segment. Nagoya
port aims to be a strategic industrial
port for the Japanese economy,
and has already been selected as
an international strategic bulk port
due to its importance in the supply
of grains and agricultural products.
2015 throughput
2,630,804 teu 3.9%
Port authority
Port of Nagoya, 455-0033, 1-11 Minato-
machi, Minato-ku, Nagoya, Japan
Website
www.port-of-nagoya.jp/english
Email
info@port-of-nagoya.jp
info@union.nagoyako.lg.jp
Terminal operators
Nabeta Pier Container Terminal: Nagoya
United Container Terminal Co
NCB Terminal: Nagoya Terminal Service Center
Tobishima Pier South Side Terminal: Tobishima
Container Berth Co
Tobishima Pier North Terminal: Public
Tobishima Pier South Terminal: Public

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59 / Melbourne Australia
AFTER a drop in throughput in
2013, Melbourne has returned
two consecutive years of modest
growth. While 2014’s success
was pinned on an increase in
imports, 2015’s 2.2% growth
was attributed to a rise in
export containers, according
to a port spokesperson.
Expressions of interest have
been gathered for a 50-year
lease of Australasia’s largest
container port, part of an ongoing
infrastructure sell-off programme
by the Australian government.
The A$1.6bn ($1.2bn) container
terminal development by Victoria
International Container Terminal
in the Webb Dock precinct has
passed multiple milestones
and is nearing completion. The
35 ha terminal is expected to
accommodate 1m teu and
has been developed alongside
a now complete 10 ha empty
container storage facility.
60 / Cartagena Colombia
IN January 2016, heavy-hitting
terminal operator APM Terminals
finalised the incorporation of
Cartagena Container Terminal
Operator, a joint venture with the
Colombian-based port and terminal
operating company, Compañia de
Puertos Asociados (Compas SA).
APM Terminals will hold a 51%
majority share in the operation,
which includes annual throughput
capacities of 250,000 teu and
1.5m tonnes of general cargo.
It is a signifcant deal. Compas
SA and CCTO will jointly invest
more than $200m in upgrading
and expanding the facility
to triple annual throughput
capacity, allowing Cartagena to
www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016
The developers have called
the terminal project the most
significant port project in
Melbourne for a generation.
Commissioning and testing of 11
driverless automatic container
carriers has already begun,
along with 12 rail-mounted
automated stacking cranes and
three remote-controlled post-
panamax ship-to-shore cranes.
Construction of the
administration building and gate
control area is also complete.
Containers are currently
handled primarily at two
terminals at Swanson Dock:
Swanson Dock West, which
handle vessels up to 13,000 teu,
which will be able to transit the
Panama Canal now that the new
locks have been completed.
Cartagena is South America’s
second-busiest container port and
CCTO is the sixth operational Latin
American facility within the APM
Terminals global terminal network.
Cartagena port lies on
Colombia’s northern Caribbean
shore, some 640 km northwest
of the capital, Bogota.
SPRC purchased the Container
Terminal of Cartagena (Contecar)
11 years ago, and since then has
increased the port’s capacity, as
well as streamlining procedures and
establishing tight security measures.
RANKINGS
2015 throughput
2,610,739 teu 3.1%
Port authority
Port of Melbourne, GPO Box 261, Melbourne,
Victoria 3001, Australia
Website
www.portofmelbourne.com
Email
information@portofmelbourne.com
Terminal operators
Swanson Dock East: Patrick Stevedores
Swanson Dock West: DP World
Webb Dock East international container
terminal (under construction): Victorian
International Container Terminal Ltd
Webb Dock West (under construction):
Melbourne International Ro-Ro Automotive
Terminal
Station Pier: TT-Line Terminal sails to and from
this location, which is operated by Port of
Melbourne (as a leaseholder/tenant)
Webb Dock East berth one: Toll Shipping
(leaseholder/tenant)
Webb Dock East berth two: SeaRoad Shipping
(leaseholder/tenant)
is operated by DP World; and
Swanson Dock East, which is
operated by Patrick Stevedores.
2015 throughput
2,610,059 teu 9.4%
Port authority
Sociedad Portuaria de Cartagena, Managa
Terminal Maritimo, AA 7954 Cartagena,
Colombia
Website
www.puertocartagena.com
Email
comercial@sprc.com.co
Terminal operators
Sociedad Portuaria de Cartagena
Contecar
93
RANKINGS
61 / Salalah Oman
THE port of Salalah saw a
significant drop in containers
handled in 2015 due to the launch
of the 2M alliance, as MSC and
Maersk Line, two of the port’s
main customers, rationalised
some of their services.
Overall, the port, which has
six container berths, is confident
it can return to positive growth
following the formation of the
2M alliance by offering new
opportunities to its clients.
The geographical position of
Oman and of the port, which
lies to the south of the country,
towards the Yemen border,
may be part of the reasons why
Evergreen, CMA CGM and X-Press
Feeders have all announced
additional calls at Salalah since
the last Top 100 ports report.
These new calls are mostly
with vessels on routes calling in
Africa. The port continues to sell
its geographical position and its
services as a transhipment hub.
62 / Le Havre France
THE port of Le Havre felt the effects
of consolidation in the global
container line sector and the further
introduction of mega ships in 2015.
In 2015, the port handled 382
calls from vessels of 10,000 teu
and above, which was 51, or
13.4%, more than in 2014.
Container services at Le Havre
underwent considerable change in
2015, as the 2M, Ocean Three, CKYHE
and G6 alliances replaced previous
services operated by separate
members of these alliances.
These changes continued in
2016 on the news of even greater
industry consolidation and alliance
restructuring. Maersk and MSC, for
94 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
Over the past year, the focus
has been on the general cargo
and liquid terminals in the
port rather than the container
terminal, with expansion of
berths in a $143m project and the
introduction of new equipment.
Continuing to play on the port’s
strategic position, it launched,
in 2011, a 2030 vision that sees
the port of Salalah making the 2015 throughput
2,569,363 teu 15.3%
most of the GCC rail link. This
rail network will link the port of Port authority
Salalah Port Authority and offices Salalah Port
Salalah with many urbanised Services Co. (SAOG), PO Box 369 Postal Code
areas in the GCC countries, hence 211, Salalah, Oman
the intention to sell Salalah as Website
a regional distribution hub and www.salalahport.com
entry point for the region. Email
Yet, as this rail link also info@portofsalalah.com
connects with other GCC Terminal operators
ports that have similar claims APM Terminals
regarding location and efficiency,
competition will be tough. port. An Omani state pension
The whole Port of Salalah, fund owns 23% and the country’s
including non-container services, government a further 20%. The
is managed by APM Terminals, remaining 27% is owned by various
which has a 30% stake in the institutional and private investors.
example, cut a number of 2M direct
port calls on its Asia-North Europe 2015 throughput
service. From mid-2016, Le Havre 2,560,000 teu 0.4%
will be served via the Lion service Port authority
instead of the Albatross service. Grand Port Maritime du Havre, Terre-Plein de
la Barre, CS 81413, 76067, Le Havre, Cedex,
The merger of CSAV and Hapag- France
Lloyd also had consequences
Website
on the previous partnerships of www.havre-port.fr
the two shipping lines with other
Email
stakeholders, according to the port. dir.marketing@havre-port.fr
The downturn in the Asia-north
Terminal operators
Europe trades generated blank Terminal de l’Atlantique: Compagnie Nouvelle
sailings from all alliances. de Manutention Portuaire
Terminal Nord: Generale de Manutention
Accounting for 61% of the
Portuaire
container traffic in France, Le Port 2000 GMP: GMP
Havre recorded a rise in inland Port 2000 Terminal Porte Oceane: TPO
Porte 2000 Terminal Normandie: MSC or
traffic of 56,000 teu, for a total of
TNMSC
1.9m teu. It recorded a slight drop
 RANKINGS

in transhipment, which the port The new facility is equipped

called “by nature, more volatile”.
Le Havre opened its new €140m
($158.3m) multimodal terminal
on June 20, after undergoing
what it described as “technical
troubles”. The project is an effort
to regain its share of hinterland
traffic, and the port aims to
reach 114,000 containers in the
first year, split between 40% for
river traffic and 60% for rail.
with eight electrified lines for
direct train access, a rail yard
with eight tracks served by two
gantry cranes, a 400 m river wharf,
and a 3,000 teu storage area.
It serves to provide momentum
to the ‘Seine corridor’, a logistics
network of industrialists, logisticians,
stevedores and other businesses
in the three ports operated by
Haropa: Le Havre, Rouen and Paris.

63 / Virginia US
THE Port of Virginia reported
its most productive year on
record in 2015, with a 6.5%
increase in container traffic,
recovering well from the extreme
pressure faced in 2012.
The back-to-back snowstorms
and bitter cold had a significant
impact on productivity and
volume at the port in February
2015. However, record volumes of
229,000 teu in March returned it
to profitability, reversing the losses
suffered at the start of the year.
In May last year, the board
approved the purchase of 500 new
chassis to improve the service to
motor carriers. This was in addition
to replacing scales at Norfolk
International Terminals, facility
upgrades at Pinners Point Container
Yard, and container-handling
equipment being delivered to
Portsmouth Marine Terminal.
There was also the interim
expansion of Virginia International
Gateway, which is seeking more
space and funding to handle
the increased volumes coming
through as larger boxships enter
the transatlantic trades.
In July, Governor Terry
McAuliffe announced the port
of Virginia’s preliminary results
for fiscal year 2015 indicated
it would post its first yearly
operating profit since 2008.
The port is forecast to turn a
$16.1m profit for fiscal year 2015,
which ended in June, a $31.5m
improvement in operating income
compared with the prior fiscal year.
To reinvest the profits in the
terminals, the port of Virginia
launched its Green Operator
Program in August 2015, one that
provides funds to replace older
vehicles with more emission-
efficient engines and retrofit older
trucks with tailpipe technologies.
It also recognises partners in
order to reduce air pollution and
greenhouse gases associated
with the transport of goods.
With a current water depth
of 50 ft, the port is studying
ways of further deepening
it to 55 ft. Adding capacity
and cargo-conveyancing
equipment, making greater use
of technology and strategic
planning is all in the pipeline.
2015 throughput
2,549,270 teu 6.5%
Port authority
Virginia Port Authority, 600 World Trade
Centre, Norfolk VA 23510, US
Website
www.portofvirginia.com
Email
www.portofvirginia.com/contact/contact.aspx
Terminal operators
Virginia International Gateway: Virginia
International Terminals
Norfolk International Terminal: Virginia
International Terminals
Virginia Inland Port: Virginia International
Terminals
Portsmouth Marine Terminal: Virginia
International Terminals
Newport News Marine Terminal: Virginia
International Terminals

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RANKINGS
64 / Gioia Tauro Italy
UPHEAVALS in the global container
trades have continued to weigh on
Gioia Tauro, which has suffered more
than some other Mediterranean
hubs because of its heavy reliance
on transhipment cargo.
Volumes through Contship
Italia’s Medcenter Container
Terminal, which celebrated its 20th
anniversary in 2015, fell 14.2% last
year to 2.5m teu, having slipped
3.8% in 2014. This compares with
annual capacity of 4.2m teu.
The terminal had been hoping
for a recovery in 2015 but instead
saw traffic levels dragged down,
largely by events beyond its control.
Of Contship’s five terminals in
Italy, Gioia Tauro was the worst hit
by weak volumes and container
lines’ network adjustments in
response to big tonnage supply
and demand imbalances in
the Asia-Europe trades.
Unlike some of its competitors
that can rely on local import and
65 / Yantai China
LIKE many other Chinese
ports, Yantai is not seeing
double-digit growth in
container volume any more.
Total throughput in 2015
amounted to 2.5m teu,
representing an on-year gain
of 4.1%. While decent, this was
slower than the expansion rates of
9.8% in 2014 and 16.2% in 2013.
Within the Shandong province,
Yantai’s container volume has
also fallen behind neighbouring
Rizhao, a deepwater port that
attracted more new services.
To maintain its competitive
edge, Yantai has launched
many initiatives. It has begun
to receive tank containers to
96 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
export markets to help offset weak
transhipment volumes, Gioia Tauro
has virtually no such hinterland.
Contship Italia group president
Cecilia Eckelmann-Battistello
acknowledged that Gioia Tauro’s
customers “continue with their
main challenges — sustainable
trade growth, capacity, revenues,
environment, uncertainty in global
markets, leading to increasing
questions about the outlook for
demand in the world economy”.
In response, Contship is
developing integrated port-to-
door services for its customers.
“Italy has changed and will
keep changing. Contship will
continue to drive that change in
the supply chain sector,” says
Mrs Eckelmann-Battistello.
In a recent interview, she
described market conditions as
“madness” and warned that the
new generation of ultra large
containerships were a false
diversify its cargo sources.
An “international shipping
centre,” where all customs
operations will be consolidated,
2015 throughput
2,547,000 teu 14.2%
Port authority
Contrada Lamia, 89013 Gioia Tauro, Italy
Website
www.portodigioiatauro.it
Email
info@portodigioiatauro.it
Terminal operators
Medcenter Container Terminal: Contship Italia
economy, as they placed additional
investment pressures on ports
and terminals, and operators
only benefited from their scale if
the ships are at least 95%-96%
full. Yet there are many more of
these ships still to be delivered.
2015 throughput
2,452,200 teu 4.1%
Port authority
Yantai Port & Navigation Administration, No. 2,
Huanhai Road, Yantai City, China
Website
www.ytghglj.com
Email
ytsghglj@sina.com
Terminal operators
Long Kou Port: YPG subsidiary
Yantai Container Terminal: Yantai Port Co
Yantai International Container Terminals:
ICTSI Hong Kong, YPC and DP World
has been under construction,
with a due date in 2019.
However, the most interesting
initiative would be the plan of

main port operator Yantai Port
Group to expand its own fleet.
With its geographical position,
Yantai has focused more on
Northeast Asian trades. However,
in October 2015, YPG launched
a service with its own fleet,
linking Jinzhou, Yantai and
66 / Manzanillo Mexico
MEXICO’s largest port, Manzanillo,
located on the Pacific coast
in the state of Colima, saw
volumes climb 3.8% in 2015.
Although throughput growth
was some way off the impressive
double-digit gains witnessed
the previous year, the main
contributor of this increase once
again came from the port’s
newest box facility, Contecon
Manzanillo SA, or CMSA, a subsidiary
of Philippine-based container
terminal operator International
Container Terminal Services Inc.
One of a trio of terminals at the
port, which also includes Hutchison-
operated Terminal Internacional
de Manzanillo and US-based
operator’s SSA Mexico Manilla
International Terminal, CMSA has
continued to ramp up operations
following its opening in 2013.
Last year, it continued to add to
its equipment portfolio, including
six rubber-tyred gantry cranes.
“Container traffic has increased,
even surpassing productivity
targets for the new terminal,
and existing port capacity has
doubled,” said CMSA general
manager Fortino Landeros.
Mr Landeros is also optimistic for
the future of the terminal, given
its ambitious expansion project,
which gained the necessary funding
in the final quarter of last year.
www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016
Quanzhou, to expand its presence
in Chinese coastal trade.
In the long run, YPG is aiming
to operate more vessels by
itself. “Our goal is to have more
container shipping services
and maintain cargo growth,”
said a web statement.
Parent company ICTSI, on
behalf of CMSA, secured a $260m
loan with International Finance
Corporation, Inter-American
Development Bank, Standard
Chartered Bank and Ipex Bank,
which has 12-year tenor and a long
availability period of four years.
The financing package will help
CMSA fund the first two of three
expansion phases. Phase one
will see capacity increased by a
further 750,000 teu, while phase
two, expected to be completed
by 2020, will add an extra 1.4m
teu of capacity to the terminal.
Phase three, which is slated for
completion in 2023, will see the
project meet its full build-out
target capacity of 2.2m teu.
Meanwhile, the SSAM facility can
now lay claim to being the first
container terminal in the Americas
RANKINGS
It remains to be seen whether
those investments can pay
dividends. Yantai missed its
target of 2.6m teu in 2015;
the port is reportedly aiming
for the same handling volume
this year, suggesting Yantai is
becoming less ambitious.
to operate 100% on electric power,
following the completion a full-
scale electrification project carried
out by Conductix-Wampfler. The
ambitious project included the
conversion of 32 rubber-tyred
gantry cranes from diesel to electric.
2015 throughput
2,458,135 teu 3.8%
Port authority
Administración Portuaria Integral de
Manzanillo, Av Teniente Azueta 9, Col
Burocrata, 28250 Manzanillo, Mexico
Website
www.puertomanzanillo.com.mx
Email
gcomercial@puertomanzanillo.com.mx
Terminal operators
Contecon Manzanillo SA: International
Container Terminal Services Inc
Manilla International Terminal: SSA Mexico
Terminal Internacional de Manzanillo:
Hutchison
97
RANKINGS
67 / Yeosu Gwangyang South Korea
YEOSU Gwangyang did not have
a good year in 2015. Its container
throughput fell by 0.5%, compared
to a gain of 2% in 2014.
Like most Asian economies,
South Korea was not immune to
the Chinese economic slowdown.
The country’s economy was
expanding at a slower pace
last year, dragged down by a
weak export performance.
However, Yeosu Gwangyang
also appeared to be losing out in
its competition with other South
Korean ports. Nearby giant Busan
still enjoyed a 4.2% growth in
box volume last year. Incheon,
with close proximity to Seoul,
also held on to a 1.8% gain.
Compared to the ports of Busan
and Incheon, Yeosu Gwangyang
is further away from the major
South Korean cities, which might
have hit its performance.
That said, the port has
been undergoing a $356m
68 / Incheon South Korea
INCHEON Port Authority posted
a 1.8% growth in throughput
in 2015, increasing total teu
transported from 2.3m teu in
2014 to 2.4m teu in 2015.
Slowing trade between Asia
and Europe and declining freight
rates in 2015 contributed to
Incheon’s lack of material growth.
From 2014 to 2015, imports
rose 1.7% to 1.2m teu, exports
grew 2%, transhipment
remained flat, and coastal
container traffic fell by 11%.
Notwithstanding this
minimal growth, Incheon
proceeded with several
infrastructure developments.
Last year, the port opened
98 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
expansion project despite
demand-side worries.
The Phase 3-2 project, which
will be Yeosu Gwangyang’s largest
expansion since 2007, will add
four berths with a total length
of 1,940 m to the port when it
is commissioned next year.
The port authority said it could
add more berths with a total
length of 1,750 m in the Phase 3-3
expansion, but it remains to be
seen whether that will go ahead. 2015 throughput
2,327,335 teu 0.5%
Much will depend on the port’s
overall performances in the future. Port authority
Gwangyang Port Authority, 545-030 465
With all the macro-side Hangmandaero, Gwangyang si, Jeollanam-do,
uncertainties, Yeosu Gwangyang South Korea
is working on enhancing its Website
owner competiveness. It has www.ygpa.or.kr/en
placed a $36m order for three Email
24-row gantry cranes, which info@portgy.com
will be installed by 2017. Terminal operators
To increase its productivity, Terminal Phase One: GICT, Sebang+ Hanjin
Yeosu Gwangyang is pushing Shipping: Hutchison Korea
Terminal Phase Two: Dongbu Express: Korea
forward its plan to receive ultra International Terminal
large container vessels. Terminal Phase Three: CJ Korea Express
commercial service at the Incheon since 2007. The terminal has a
New Port, a container terminal quay with a linear length of 1,600
that had been under construction m and an 8,000 teu ship capacity.

The port has plans to construct
a group of 20 deepsea container
berths with 16 m draughts, due
for completion by 2017, which
will be able to accommodate
13,000 teu vessels.
It will also construct the
Incheon New Passenger Terminal,
capable of accommodating
150,000 gt cruiseships.
Incheon also opened the
Sun Kwang Incheon Container
Terminal in June 2015.
Looking ahead, Incheon plans
to build logistics centres of up
to 6,113,000 sq m by 2030 to
69 / Sydney Australia
THREE years after the New
South Wales Ports consortium
won a 99-year lease for Port
Botany, Port Kembla, Cooks
River Intermodal Terminal and
the Enfield Intermodal Logistics
Centre, things are running
steadily in southeast Australia.
www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016
be used by both the container
port and the Incheon airport.
In June 2015, Incheon Port
Authority launched HDM Service, a
container service linking Incheon
and the Middle East. The port hopes
to provide materials to bolster
Iran’s economic development and
to further trade with neighbouring
Middle Eastern countries.
Despite lacklustre growth in
2015, Incheon has experienced
a rally so far in 2016. The
port handled a record high of
1.2m teu in the first half of
the year, up 8.8% on 2015.
Port Botany’s third terminal
has been firmly established, and
with the A$5.3bn ($4bn) lease
agreements all in place, the
port reported volume growth
around 2.6% for 2015, cooling
from growth of 4.4% in 2014.
In 2015, NSW Ports released
RANKINGS
2015 throughput
2,376,996 teu 1.8%
Port authority
Incheon Port Authority, (22332) New
JungSeok Building, 366, Seohae-daero, Jung-
gu, Incheon Metropolitan City, South Korea
Website
www.icpa.or.kr/eng
Email
mykim08@icpa.or.kr
Terminal operators
ICT: ICT/PSA
E1CT: E1 Container Terminal
CJKE: CJ Korea Express
SNCT: Sun Kwang Incheon Container Terminal
HJIT: Hanjin Container Terminal
2015 throughput
2,309,757 teu 2.6%
Port authority
Private consortium NSW Ports, Brotherson
House, Level 2, Gate B103 Penrhyn Road, Port
Botany NSW 2036, Australia
Website
www.nswportsbotany.com.au
Email
Adem.Long@nswports.com.au
Terminal operators
Brotherson Dock, north side: Patrick Stevedores
Brotherson Dock, south side: DP World
Hayes Dock: SICTL, Hutchison Ports Australia
a new 30-year master plan,
focusing on sustainability, both
economically and environmentally.
One of the main themes of the
plan is of exploiting existing
infrastructure to full capacity
before investing in expansion.
Operations at Enfield
Intermodal Logistics Centre
have begun and are expected
to handle increasing volumes
of containers through sidings
from a freight rail connection.
Rail transport is a priority for
NSW Ports, with a stated target
of moving 3m teu annually by rail
by 2045 and a proposal for the
duplication of the existing rail link.
99
RANKINGS
70 / Oakland US
JUST as it was recovering from
the troubles of 2015, when labour
issues and severe congestion hit
all US west coast ports, Oakland
suffered another blow.
In early 2016, its Outer
Harbor Terminal suddenly filed
for Chapter 11 protection from
bankruptcy after just seven years
of its 50-year concession.
The move was thought to
be linked to efforts by parent
company Ports America to attract
new shareholders for the rest
of its business, but left the port
authority struggling to make
alternative arrangements for
Outer Harbor’s customers.
Nevertheless, with surplus
container-handling capacity,
Oakland’s executive director Chris
Lytle moved swiftly to allay concerns
about a loss of business, and instead
said the closure of Ourer Harbor
could be regarded as “a blessing in
disguise”, enabling the remaining
terminals to be better utilised.
71 / Genoa Italy
THE port of Genoa clocked up its
best ever container throughput
numbers last year, with a gain
of more than 3%, split evenly
between import and export boxes.
The fact that transhipment
stood at less than 10% of the
overall tally underlines its standing
as a gateway port in Italy.
Completion of dredging
operations, thanks to investment
on the part of the port authority,
has paved the way for the latest
generation of containerships.
Meanwhile, land reclamation
works mean the new Calata
Bettolo container terminal
is near completion and will
100 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
Like other US west coast ports,
Oakland is also preparing for the
next generation of containerships
after successfully handling the
18,000 teu CMA CGM Benjamin
Franklin in early 2016 and is now
working with one of the terminal
operators to raise cranes to a
height that would enable this class
of vessel to arrive fully laden.
After the miseries of last year 2015 throughput
2,277,521 teu 4.9%
that saw total volumes drop
almost 5% to the lowest level Port authority
Port of Oakland, 530 Water Street, Oakland,
since the 2009 slump, 2016 CA 94607, US
started off on a much better
Website
note for Oakland, with a strong www.portofoakland.com
recovery in container moves in
Email
the first few weeks of the year. maritime@portoakland.com
But as with other Californian
Terminal operators
ports, Oakland still faces the risk TraPac Terminal
of losing some discretionary cargo Ben E. Nutter Terminal: (Everport Terminal
now the new Panama Canal locks Services)
Oakland International Container Terminal:
are completed, and the prospect (Stevedoring Services of America)
of more industrial unrest unless Matson Terminal: (Stevedoring Services of
the current contract for longshore America)
Charles P. Howard Terminal: Available for
workers that is due to expire in lease, currently not being operated as a
three years’ time is extended. marine terminal
eventually be able to handle the Sampierdarena basin will
550,000 teu per annum. create a 680-m quay with an
In addition, the landfill between alongside depth of 15 m.
Ronco and Canepa piers in Investments in quayside

equipment include delivery
of four super-post-panamax
gooseneck container gantries
at Voltri Terminal Europa.
The new cranes have an outreach
of 25 rows, and a height under
spreader of 53 m above sea level,
accommodating containerships up
to 20,000 teu. The cranes will be
fully operational by the end of June.
An additional four identical
cranes are due for delivery by
the end of 2016, bringing the
number of STS gantry cranes
in the terminal to 12.
72 / Osaka Japan
THE Japanese port of Osaka
continued to face contraction of
container throughput in 2015,
having suffered from macro-side
weakness on several fronts, and
having lacked growth drivers.
However, the fall of box volume
at 8.8% last year was even sharper
than the 2014 level of 1.9%.
The port in western Japan
was seriously hurt by the
economic slowdown in China,
whose cargoes accounted for
60% of its foreign volumes.
China, the world’s second-largest
www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016
Furthermore, VTE’s plans to
replace its entire fleet of reach
stackers is under way and the
first three new models have
been delivered by CVS Ferrari.
Developments at the Southern
European Container Hub terminal,
or SECH, include upgrades to four
of the five super-post-panamax
gantry cranes to a 20-row outreach,
thereby equipping the terminal to
serve vessels up to 14,000 teu.
An eighth new mobile harbour
crane has been installed at the
Spinelli-Genoa Port Terminal.
economy, encountered its slowest
expansion in around a quarter of a
century in 2015, and most analysts
expect even softer growth this year.
In addition, the persistent
weakness of the Japanese yen
has hit the purchasing power
of the country’s population,
exerting downwards pressure
on import volumes.
However, having positioned itself
as the hub of the Kansai region
of Japan, Osaka still has some
minor expansion plans to meet
its operational requirements.
RANKINGS
2015 throughput
2,242,902 teu 3.2%
Port authority
Autorita Portuale di Genova, Palazzo San Giorgio,
Via della Mercanzia 2, 1-16124 Genoa, Italy
Website
www.porto.genova.it
Email
promo@porto.genova.it
Terminal operators
VTE, Voltri Terminal Europa: PSA International
SECH, Southern European Container Hub:
Terminal Contenitori Porto di Genova Spa
Messina Terminal: Messina Line
TSG, Terminal San Giorgio: Gavio group
GPT, Genoa Port Terminal: Spinelli Group
At Yumeshima Container
Terminals, a 250 m long,
16 m deep berth is being
commissioned in mid-2016.
Also, Kobe-Osaka International
Port upgraded two gantry cranes
in the Nanko C-9 terminal to
17-line correspondence from
16-line correspondence.
Looking forward, Osaka is likely
to remain a key gateway port of
western Japan. But its volume
will remain under pressure from
the country’s flattening growth
and China’s slowdown.
2015 throughput
2,221,828 teu 8.8%
Port authority
Port and Harbor Bureau, 10th floor ATC
Building, 2-1-10, Nanko-kita, Suminoe-ward,
City of Osaka, 559-0034 Japan
Website
www.city.osaka.lg.jp/port
Email
na0001@city.osaka.lg.jp
Terminal operators
C-1: Hanjin Shipping
C-2: Mitsui OSK Lines
C-3: Tatsumi Shokai
C-4: Tatsumi Shokai
C-8: Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha and Kamigumi
C-9: Mitsubishi Logistics, Mitsui Warehouse
Terminal Service
C-10, C-11, C-12: Evergreen Line, Dream
Island Container Terminal
101
RANKINGS

73 / London UK
LONDON’s two big container
terminals are at the heart
of a ferocious battle for
cargo in southeast England,
driven by considerable port
capacity expansion at a time
of weak trade conditions.
DP World’s London Gateway,
which opened in 2013, and
Tilbury’s London Container Terminal
face stiff competition from
Felixstowe and Southampton.
At one stage, it looked as if Tilbury
could be the loser. Instead, it is
Hutchison’s Thamesport, across the
river on the Isle of Grain, that is now
diversifying into the breakbulk sector,
after seeing most of its container
line customers move elsewhere.
London Gateway’s arrival has
undoubtedly helped to propel
London into the top 100, with
the state-of-the-art facility also
showing that it is able to handle
the largest ships in operation,
including Maersk Line Triple-Es and
other 18,000 teu vessels that have
also checked out the facilities.
Still London Gateway, which
will eventually have an annual
capacity of 3.5m teu, has still
to attract a regular Asia-Europe
service, while some if its customers
have been lured from Forth
Ports’ nearby Tilbury, which saw
volumes dip from 818,000 teu in
2014 to 720,000 teu last year. 2015 throughput
The smaller terminal is 2,217,000 teu 5.7%
nevertheless fighting back, with Port authority
20% growth in container traffic Port of London Authority, London River House,
Royal Pier Road, Gravesend, Kent DA12 2BG, UK
forecast for 2016, helped by
the return of shortsea operator Website
www.pla.co.uk
MacAndrews from Thamesport.
London’s total container Email
glenda.frost@pla.co.uk
throughput, which rose almost
6% last year, includes ro-ro Terminal operators
London Gateway: DP World
traffic moved through Cobelfret’s London Container Terminal, Tilbury:
facilities on the Thames. Forth Ports

74 / Houston US
THE Port of Houston handled
more than 2m loaded containers
for the first time in its history in
2015, up over 9% on 2014 levels.
To meet increasing demand,
Houston Port Authority executive
director Roger Guenther said
four new super post-panamax
ship-to-shore cranes at the
Barbours Cut Container Terminal
have been commissioned
and are now in operation.
Despite the downturn in
the energy sector in 2015, the
port authority’s public facilities
handled more than 4.8m tonnes
of steel, the sixth-highest total
in its history, according to the
port’s 2015 annual report. due to continued growth in $91m in capital improvements in
The port realised a 7% increase vessel and cargo activity. 2015, including an $80m dredging
in operating revenues for 2015 The port authority invested project at Barbours Cut and the

102 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16

Bayport Container Terminal.
Future infrastructure plans call
for $700m to be invested over the
next decade to modernise the
Barbours Cut Container Terminal
to increase efficiency, facilitate
larger vessels and double the
container-handling capacity.
In November 2015, Enterprise
Products Partners completed the
reconstruction of Wharf 7 for its
liquefied petroleum gas export
facility and started the operation.
75 / Fuzhou China
PORT of Fuzhou experienced a
9.3% increase in container volumes
handled in 2015 to 2.1m teu as
a result of new foreign services,
such as Mediterranean Shipping
Co’s Middle East service, and
Evergreen Line’s direct call at
Fuzhou Port’s Jiangyin Port Area.
Domestic shipping lines were
also part of the throughput
equation, with new services such
as Shanghai Hai Hua Shipping’s
Shanghai-Jiangyin service, Yang
Pu Zhong Liang Shipping’s Mawei-
Quanzhou-Xiamen service, Ming Fa
Shipping’s Rizhao-Jiangyin service
and China Shipping Container
Line’s (now merged with China
Cosco) Shantou-Jiangyin service.
During the year, shippers such as
Nine Dragons Paper Holdings, Giti
Tyre, Sateri, and TPV moved volumes
through Fuzhou’s Jiangyin Port Area
instead of Xiamen and Quanzhou
as a result of the enhanced network
and efficient customs procedures.
Additionally, companies such
as OOCL Logistics commenced
operations at a logistics park in the
Jiangyin Port Area, which led to
more food and beverage products
being imported from Taiwan,
which is just a stone’s throw from
Fuzhou Port relatively speaking.
In April 2015, Fujian Jiangyin
International Container Terminal
www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016
RANKINGS
Enterprise Products Partners,
the North American midstream 2015 throughput
energy services provider, entered 2,131,000 teu 9.2%
into a 30-year lease in 2014 with Port authority
Houston port authority to build Port of Houston Authority, 111 East Loop
North Houston, Texas 77029 US
the world’s largest ethane export
facility on the Barbours channel. Website
www.portofhouston.com
At the start of 2016, Grimaldi
Lines, the Italian shipping and Email
lashley@poha.com
logistics group, launched the
first regular direct container Terminal operators
Barbours Cut Container Terminal: Ports
service between Port of Houston America
and 15 ports in West Africa. Bayport Container Terminal: Ports America
acquired two shore cranes to
handle robust growth in general 2015 throughput
cargo volumes, while Fuzhou 2,118,848 teu 9.3%
Qingzhou Container Terminal Port authority
added a new quay crane unit in Fuzhou Port Authority, 3 Gangkou Road,
Mawei District, Fuzhou 350015, Fujian
July 2015 to replace an older unit
Province, China
that was being phased out.
Website
FJCT also has two new berths
www.fzport.com
under construction, which are
Email
expected to be ready in 2017.
webmaster@fzport.com
Intermodal transportation has
played a key role in the growth in Terminal operators
Fuzhou Qingzhou Container Terminal: Fuzhou
container throughput, as well with Port Group and PSA
Fuzhou port’s sea-to-rail network, Fuzhou International Container Terminal:
which traverses up and down the Fuzhou Port Group and PSA
Fujian Jiangyin International Container
coast of Fujian province, as well
Terminal: Fuzhou Port Group and PSA
as deep into the hinterlands.
103
RANKINGS

76 / Chittagong Bangladesh
CHITTAGONG is the most
important port in Bangladesh,
handling around 92% of the
nation’s seaborne trade.
In 2015, Chittagong saw
a significant 24.8% rise in
container volumes over 2014,
to 2m teu, despite the recent
slowdown in global trade.
Chittagong Port Authority
said the reason for the higher
throughput included the substantial
expansion of the port, with the
New Mooring Container Terminal
having five new berths operational
since October last year.
This development, along with
area, designed to accommodate
a projected increase in traffic.
Investments last year also
included the purchase of 40 items
of container-handling equipment
and three reconditioned container
vessels to ply Chittagong and
Pangaon Inland container terminal.
Chittagong port, which has 11
berths dedicated to containerships,
has further expansion plans, 2015 throughput
including the construction of three 2,024,207 teu 24.8%
additional terminals known as Port authority
Bay Terminal, Patenga Container Bandar Bhaban, PO Box 2013
Terminal and Laldia Terminal. Chittagong-4100, Bangladesh
Indian cargo vessels were Website
allowed to call at the Chittagong www.cpa.gov.bd

the growth in GDP, attracted huge and Mongla ports in Bangladesh Email
volumes from major shipping lines. as domestic vessels, following secretary@cpa.gov.bd

Apart from this, CPA has recently
completed the construction of
44,551 teu container-stacking slots
and a 77,467 sq m cargo-handling
the bilateral trade agreement
between India and Bangladesh in
November. The move is expected
to induce more traffic in 2016.
Terminal operators
Chittagong Container Terminal:
Chittagong Port Authority
New Mooring Container Terminal:
Chittagong Port Authority

77 / Quanzhou China
QUANZHOU, located in south
eastern China’s Fuijan province,
reported healthy growth of 6.1%
from 1.9m teu to 2m teu in 2015.
The lion’s share of boxes were
handled by the port’s principle
container facility, the Quanzhou
Pacific Container Terminal, a
joint venture between Cosco
Pacific and the state-owned
Quanzhou Harbour Group,
which saw volumes climb
5% to a record 1.2m teu.
QPCT says the result was all the
more pleasing given numerous
external pressures, including
complex international and
domestic economic conditions
and increased competition from
the region’s container market.
Last year, QPCT reached an
agreement to add a further two
berths to the four currently in
operation at the terminal. This is in
line with its ambitious plans to add
a new quay and new liner each
year through to 2020, at which
stage it hopes to be handling in
the region of 2.5m teu annually.
To support this anticipated 2015 throughput
growth in container throughput, 2,000,000 teu 6.1%
the Quanzhou Municipal Port authority
Government is also playing a Quanzhou Pacific Container Terminal Co
Ltd, Shihu Port, Shisi, Quanzhou City, Fujian
major role. For every ¥300m Province, 362700 China
($3m) invested into the port, the
Website
government will pay a one-off www.qzgw.com (QHG)
subsidy of ¥1.5m, while for every www.qpct.com.cn (QPCT)
¥100m-¥300m, it will pledge Email
¥500,000 and a further ¥200,000 master@qpct.com.cn (QPCT)
for every ¥50m-¥100m invested. Terminal operators
The government is also Quanzhou Pacific Container Terminal:
encouraging further international Cosco Pacific and Quanzhou Harbour Group
Hou Zhu Terminal: Quanzhou Harbour Group
and domestic business by Quanzhou Shenhu Terminal:
offering subsidies per teu. Quanzhou Harbour Group

104 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
 RANKINGS

78 / Charleston US
CHARLESTON, the deepest
habour in the region which
stretches from Wilmington to
Jacksonville, saw a 10% increase
in container throughput in
2015, due to strong population
growth in the US southeast.
As the fastest-growing region
of the US, the southeast provides
an increasing consumption base
that drives import gains. It is also
home to a rising export base,
featuring both manufactured
goods and agricultural products.
The growth of automotive
manufacturing in South
Carolina, specifically, is a trend
driving volume increases of
both imported materials and
components and exported
finished products.
In 2015, South Carolina
Ports Authority invested nearly
$8m in terminal equipment,
of which more than $5m
was invested in container-
handling equipment upgrades
at the Wando Welch and North
Charleston container terminals.
SCPA received final approval
from the US Army Corps of
Engineers in September for its
Charleston harbour deepening
project. The dredging project
will allow Charleston to
accommodate post-panamax 2015 throughput
1,973,202 teu 10.1%
vessels at all states of tide.
Construction is estimated to be Port authority
176 Concord Street, Charleston, South
completed by 2020. The project Carolina 29401 US
will increase Charleston’s depth
Website
from 45 ft to 52 ft at mean low www.scspa.com
water, making it the deepest
Terminal operators
harbour on the east coast. Charleston: South Carolina Ports Authority
The port of Charleston has Greer: South Carolina Ports Authority
been a pioneer in the US to offer
weight checks in compliance shipping lines, as measured on
with amendments to the Safety scales certified by the competent
of Life at Sea Convention. The state authority and outlined
port provides shippers with the in the International Maritime
same weight data they give to Organization regulations.

79 / Barcelona Spain
SPAIN’s diversified port of Barcelona
posted record figures for some
cargo sectors last year, with
containerised exports achieving a
particularly strong performance.
Container volumes were up 3.8%
at just shy of 2m teu, with the port
noting this growth was even higher
when considering overseas traffic
alone. Export containers through the
port increased by 6.5%, while on the
import side there was growth of 9%.
The results also indicate
that Barcelona’s export
container traffic last year was
52% higher than before the
onset of the crisis in 2008.
In addition to showing faster
growth, the port said the figures
also point to a significant change

www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 105
RANKINGS
in the make-up of the foreign
trade handled. While imports
accounted for 54% of international
trade and exports for 46% in
2008, today this ratio has been
inverted, with 58% of containers
for export and 42% for import.
The volume of goods transported
by the motorways of the sea
— the shortsea shipping lines
connecting the Catalan capital
with several destinations in Italy
and North Africa — was also at a
record high, at 136,659 intermodal
80 / Karachi Pakistan
PAKISTAN’s largest container
port, the Karachi Port Trust,
continues to witness strong
growth in its container traffic.
According to figures posted by
different local media, Karachi
port handled nearly 2m teu in
the financial year 2015-16 as
compared to 1.7m teu in the
same period a year ago, up 14%.
Double-digit growth was also
recorded in both exports and
imports, climbing 12.2% to
950,000 teu and 14.8% to 1m teu
respectively. The port also handled
738 containerships in 2015.
KPT, also known as Keamari,
incorporates three container
terminals. Two are privately
controlled by major international
port chains: Karachi International
Container Terminal, a subsidiary
of Hutchison Port Holdings; and
Pakistan International Container
Terminal, now majority held by
Philippines group International
Container Terminal Services Inc.
In the meantime, KPT is
investing heavily in various
mega development projects,
like a deepwater container port,
reconstruction of berths and a
cable stay bridge to improve port
infrastructure and streamline
the supply chain management.
106 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
transport units, equivalent to
one truck, platform or trailer, 2015 throughput
representing an increase of 21.5%. 1,965,240 teu 3.8%
Top terminal operator APM Port authority
Terminals now has a major interest Barcelona Port Authority, World Trade Center,
in Barcelona after purchasing Barcelona wharf 08039, Barcelona, Spain
the remaining 39% shareholding Website
of Grup Maritim TCB to become www.portdebarcelona.cat
the sole controlling shareholder Email
of the group, which has 11 sac@portdebarcelona.cat
container terminals with an annual Terminal operators
throughput capacity of 4.3m Barcelona Europe South Terminal (Hutchison
Port Holdings)
teu and an estimated annual Terminal de Contenidors de Barcelona TCB
container volume of 3.5m teu. (TCB Group)
KPT broke ground for the
construction of a cargo village 2015 throughput
and industrial park to be 1,960,000 teu* 14.0%**
located at the northeast tip Port authority
of the western backwaters of Karachi Port Trust, Eduljee Dinshaw Road,
Karachi, Pakistan 74000
Karachi Port in March 2016.
In other news, KPT has decided Website
www.kpt.gov.pk
to build a 10 km-long elevated
Email
expressway at a cost of around
chairman@kpt.gov.pk
$568.7m to connect the main
Terminal operators
port with the Pakistan Deep Water
Karachi International Container Terminal: HPH
Container Port. The port authority Pakistan International Container Terminal: ICTSI
also has plans to recover the cost Qasim International Container Terminal:
Karachi Port Trust
of the project by levying a nominal
surcharge on cargo containers *Container volumes handled during 2015-16 fiscal year
** Container volumes handled during 2014-15 fiscal year
moving in and out of the PDWCP.

81 / Dammam Saudi Arabia
KING Abdulaziz Port, Dammam,
is the main gateway through
which cargoes from all over
the world enter the eastern
and central provinces of the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
It is strategically placed to
service the requirements of
the oil industry, the continuous
development of Riyadh, the capital,
and the major provincial cities in
the eastern and central provinces.
The port is fully self-sufficient,
with its own administration offices,
mechanical and marine workshops,
electrical, telephone and marine
communication networks and
water treatment plants.
It has its own clinic, fire
department and a large
housing complex for port
employees, complete with
mosques and a supermarket.
82 / Callao Peru
THE main reason for the decrease
in throughput at the port of Callao
was the downturn of Peruvian
economy, due to the slowdown
of the Chinese economy, its
largest commercial partner.
In addition, some customers
moved to the new container
facility managed by APM Terminals,
which started operations in 2015.
There are plans to expand the
current berth up to 960 m and
additional reclamation for storage,
which would increase the capacity
of Muelle Sur up to 1.6m teu.
The plan requires the approval
of the Peruvian government.
A seventh super post-
panamax quay crane was
installed last December.
Callao offers vessels a system
of berth windows, which have
www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016
RANKINGS
The whole port covers an area
of approximately 193m sq m. For
increased efficiency, two container
gantry cranes have been moved
from berth 22 to berth 23 and
refurbished, and the port now boasts
a total of 25 terminal tractors,
and 20 three-tonne forklift trucks.
Two empty container handlers
are being added to the fleet.
The port has two container 2015 throughput
1,954,364 teu 11.8%
terminals, one run by International
Port Services, which is a subsidiary Port authority
King Abdulaziz Port, PO Box 28062, Dammam
of Hutchison Port Holdings, formed 311188 Saudi Arabia
as a joint venture partnership with
Website
Maritime Company for Navigation, www.ports.gov.sa/English/SAports/Dammam
one of the largest maritime
Email
companies in the kingdom. info@ports.gov.sa
The second terminal is run by
Terminal operators
Saudi Global Ports, a joint venture International Ports Services (IPS)
between the Port of Singapore www.ips.com.sa
Authority International and the Saudi Global Ports (SGP)
www.saudiglobalports.com.sa
Saudi Public Investment Fund.
been previously agreed and cut-offs and cargo delivery times,
co-ordinated with the shipping fuel economy, predictable berth
lines. It says this provides efficient availability, and efficient planning
planning of vessel schedules, cargo of empty equipment flow.
107
RANKINGS
The port’s operations processes
and top-of-the-line systems and
equipment help it deliver world-
class productivity and service
to shipping lines, it claims.
Its systems and processes aim
to facilitates an efficient use of port
infrastructure. Callao offers direct
access to the terminal for shippers
and consignees, without the need to
use off-dock depots, competitive and
transparent tariffs for cargo owners,
83 / Southampton UK
AFTER recording the highest
volume jump in percentage terms
of all ports in northern Europe the
previous year, Southampton saw
growth slow somewhat in 2015.
The UK’s second-largest port
saw throughput levels climb 2% to
1.9m teu last year, but given the
fate of other ports in the region,
this a more than respectable tally.
The increase in volume was
largely helped by the return of
Maersk Line to its docks after a
four-year hiatus. The Danish carrier
arrived back in Southampton
via its direct AE9 service at the
start of the year, as part of its 2M
partnership with Mediterranean
Shipping Co, although volumes
were perhaps less than originally
expected after the pair pulled
the plug on the loop as part of a
reduced winter sailings programme.
Having inaugurated a new
deepwater container berth,
SCT 5, in 2014, built specifically
to accommodate the influx of
ultra large containerships at
the Hampshire facility, the port
has continued in the upgrade
of its infrastructure to meet the
demands of these behemoths.
A spokesperson for the port’s
operator, DP World, said it is
nearing completion on works to
extend the yard adjacent to SCT
5, having leased the land from
108 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
generally valid for the calendar year,
and year-round 24-hour attention 2015 throughput
1,900,444 teu 4.6%
to customers’ requirements.
Callao is ranked as the top Port authority
DP World Callao s.r.l. Av. Manco Capac 113
container terminal facility in South Callao 1, Peru
America by several of its shipping
Website
line customers. As a result, DP www.dpworldcallao.com.pe
World Callao has positioned itself
Email
as the undisputed gateway for DPWC.Info@dpworldcallao.com.pe
Peru’s import and export container
Terminal operators
traffic, as well as an interesting DP World Callao s.r.l
point for regional transhipments. APM Terminals
landlord Associated British Ports. Southampton Container Terminals,
The investment includes as it was then known, as part of
approximately 24,000 sq m of the operator’s P&O purchase. The
replacement concrete paving, five terminal was certified as DP World
new high mast lights and new Southampton the following year.
speed gates. DP World has also
ordered a further nine straddle
carriers for its fleet, due for delivery
2015 throughput
in the final months of 2016. 1,933,000 teu* 2.0%
But the big news coming out
Port authority
of Southampton over the past 12 DP World Southampton, Western Docks,
months was that DP World had Southampton, SO15 1DA,UK
reached an agreement with ABP to Website
acquire the remaining 49% stake dpworldsouthampton.com
in DP World Southampton to take Email
full control of the port business. info@dpworldsouthampton.com
DP World has had a presence Terminal operators
in Southampton since 2006, DP World Southampton: DP World
when it took a 51% share in *Dynamar estimate

84 / Dandong China
PORT of Dandong reported
a 9.6% increase in container
throughput over 2015 compared
with the previous year.
Consisting of five cargo berths,
the container port is in the process
of upgrading its facilities in order
to be able to have the capacity to
handle up to 14,000 teu container
vessels, compared with its existing
maximum of 10,000 teu.
It has a service network linking
to Japan and South Korea, as
well as the major domestic
ports for shipping companies.
The launch of the high-speed
railway network from Shenyang to
Dandong and Dandong to Dalian
provides a good opportunity for
port of Dandong to improve on
certain aspects of intermodal
transportation, with port
authorities aiming to expand the
logistics distribution network.
In the next three to five years,
port authorities are looking
to develop the port into a key
transhipment hub in North Asia by
improving operational processes
and upgrading port facilities
through increased automation
85 / Guayaquil Ecuador
ECUADOR is the smallest OPEC
member and the world’s top
banana exporter; Guayaquil, its
largest port, handles roughly
70% of the country’s cargo.
In terms of container volumes,
last year was a bumper one for
the port, located on the northern
tip of the South American west
coast, with volumes swelling 8.9%
from 1.6m teu to 1.7m teu.
The port’s sole container facility
and multipurpose terminals are
run by Philippine port operator
www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016
and information management.
Dandong, along with the ports of
Dalian and Yingkou, all in Liaoning
Province, are important distribution
centres in northeast China.
Infrastructure such as specialised
deepwater berths and supporting
facilities to handle and store more
oil products, ore cargoes and
containers are also being planned,
with more than 60 deepwater
berths and an annual cargo capacity
of 400m tonnes being targeted.
After a barter zone was
established in July 2013 for a
goods exchange for the people
of Dandong and North Korea, the
latter has become Dandong’s
largest trading partner.
A significant volume of
international trade moves to and
from North Korea through the
port, which lies on the right bank
of the Yalu River. The North Korean
city of Sinuiju lies just across the
international border of the river
and is connected to Dandong
city by the Yalu River Bridge.
There is one issue that might
throw a spanner in the works,
though. In March this year, the US
International Terminal Container
Services Inc’s subsidiary, Contecon
Guayaquil, while the bulk terminal is
RANKINGS
2015 throughput
1,830,000 teu 9.6%
Port authority
Dandong Port Authority, 7 Xingwu Road,
Dandong, Zhenxing 118000, China
Website
www.english.dandongport.com
Terminal operators
Dandong Port Group Co
received backing from China on
fresh sanctions from the UN Security
Council against North Korea.
The UN resolution banned the
leasing and chartering of vessels to
North Korea, while all states should
closely inspect cargo transiting
or within their jurisdictions — at
sea ports, airports and free trade
zones — which might originate
or be heading to that country.
run by Ecuadorian firm Andipuertos.
ICTSI has effectively held
a monopoly over Ecuador’s
2015 throughput
1,764,937 teu 8.9%
Port authority
Autoridad Portuaria de Guayaquil, Av. de
La Marina vía Puerto Maritimo Guayaquil,
Ecuador
Website
www.apg.gob.ec
Terminal operators
Contecon Guayaquil: ICTSI
109
RANKINGS

containerised sector since it took
over the reins at the country’s
principle port upon signing a
20-year concession in 2007.
However, this is all set to change,
with news that DP World is soon
to enter the fray, having finalised
terms on a 50-year concession
to develop a greenfield multi-
purpose port project at Posorja,
65 km south of Guayaquil.
The threat to Guayaquil’s
long-term future as the premier
box port in the region is very
real. DP World has earmarked
$1bn to the project’s first phase
and, with containers as its
core focus, it will boast a 15 m
draught compared to the 9.8 m at
Guayaquil in order to accommodate
ultra large containerships.
Furthermore — and perhaps
more importantly — it will also
be located closer to the Panama
Canal and therefore closer to
the main transpacific trade
lanes, allowing lines handling
Ecuadorian cargo the option of
reducing their transit times.
DP World says the new port has
long-term expansion potential,
with up to 2 km of berth and more
than 200 ha of terminal area.
Construction is expected to start
before the end of 2016 and take
around 24 months to complete.

86 / St Petersburg Russia
CONDITIONS have gone from
bad to worse for St Petersburg in
the past 12 months. Throughput
at container terminals in
Russia as a whole declined
by 26% in 2015 compared to
2014. For St Petersburg, that
percentage slide was marginally
more, at just under 28%.
Russia’s ports have been
suffering as a result of changes in
the macroeconomic environment.
Low global oil prices, devaluation
of the rouble, and a decline
in consumer purchasing
power has led to a reduction
in demand for imports.
Reciprocal financial and trade
sanctions between Russia, the US
and European Union, following conditions, Global Ports has no per annum, with a focus on
Russia’s incursion into Crimea, plans to increase capacity at its maintaining reliability, safety
have also hit port throughput hard. terminals. There were no sizeable and quality of services, it said.
Conditions deteriorated further acquisitions of container-handling
in 2015 for leading box terminal equipment made in 2015.
operator Global Ports. Its three The group’s capital expenditure 2015 throughput
largest operations, First Container for the years ended 2014 1,715,139 teu 27.8%
Terminals, Petrolesport and Moby and 2015 was $23.6m and Port authority
Dik, recorded throughput declines $11.7m, respectively, and was Port Authority of St Petersburg, 10
of 39%, 43% and 26% respectively, made primarily to finance Gapsalskaya St, 198035 St Petersburg, Russia
according to the Association purchase and renovate property, Website
of Sea Commercial Ports. plant and equipment, and in www.pasp.ru

In comparison, Container connection with maintenance Email

Terminal St Petersburg, part expenditures and investments public@mail.pasp.ru

of UCL Holding, recorded a 3% in safety of operations. Terminal operators

rise in throughput for 2015. Global Ports expects capital Moby Dik: Global Ports Investments
Petrolesport: GPI
Not surprisingly, given the expenditure over the next few First Container Terminal: GPI
difficult and persistent market years of between $25m-$30m Container Terminal St Petersburg: UCL Port

110 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16

87 / Shahid Rajaee Iran
DESPITE a 4.5% increase in
throughput in 2014, Shahid
Rajaee port in Bandar Abbas on
Iran’s Gulf coast saw a steep
downturn during 2015, falling
8.9% to just under 1.7m teu.
This is despite the gradual
relaxing of sanctions against Iran
following agreements over the
nation’s nuclear programmes,
and efforts by lines to resume
services to the country.
A number of European
maritime interests have already
held talks with — and in some
cases visited — Iran to discuss
possible trade post-sanctions.
In May, Iran’s Ports and
Maritime Organisation announced
that some shipping lines had
not waited for sanctions to be
waived, and had entered into
negotiations with Iranian entities.
A number of news sources
have since reported that seven
international shipping lines have
resumed calls at Shahid Rajaee,
including Messina, CMA CGM,
PIL, Evergreen and Wan Hai.
Antwerp Port sent a delegation
to Iran in October and again in
November. Billed as a “fact-finding
mission”, port alderman and port
authority chairman Marc Van
Peel met the Ports and Maritime
88 / Alexandria Egypt
EGYPT has experienced a tumultuous
few years following the Arab Spring
uprising, which saw former Muslim
Brotherhood President Mohammed
Morsi ousted in July 2013.
In January 2014, voters in North
Africa’s most populous country
approved a new constitution by
referendum and in May 2014,
elected Abdel Fatah al-Sisi as
www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016
Organisation head Mohammad
Saeednejad, Islamic Republic
Shipping Lines head Mohammad
Saeidi, the Iranian Customs service
and the Iranian Investment
Organisation, as well as a number
of private Iranian companies.
Mediterranean Shipping Co
resumed direct services to Iran
at the beginning of this year after
a three-year gap following the
imposition of sanctions by the US,
Europe and certain other countries.
The resumption of services
followed a visit to Iran last year
by MSC president and chief
executive Diego Aponte, who
was invited by the government
for informal meetings with
logistics partners to understand
the trading landscape and
prepare the ground for business
operations in post-sanctions Iran.
Iran’s state-owned Islamic
Republic of Iran Shipping Lines’
reintroduction to world trade
has also seen new services
calling at Shahid Rajaee and
a regular container service
connecting Incheon port directly
to the Middle East has been
launched for the first time.
Infrastructure and port
upgrade works are also in the
early planning stage. Contship
RANKINGS
2015 throughput
1,678,000 teu* 8.9%
Port authority
Shahid Rajaee Port Authority, Bandar Abbas
Port, Iran
Website
www.shahidrajaeeport.pmo.ir
Email
info@pmo.ir
Terminal operators
Container terminal one: Sina Port and
Maritime Co
Container terminal two: Sina Port and
Maritime Co
*According to Dynamar figures
Italia and parent company
Eurogate signed a memorandum
of understanding with Shahid
Rajaee port operator Sina Port
& Marine at the end of July.
Located at the mouth of the
Strait of Hormuz, 23 km west of
Bandar Abbas, Shahid Rajaee’s
area of 2,400 ha accounts for
90% of Iran’s container traffic.
111
RANKINGS
president. Egypt elected a new
legislature in December 2015,
the first parliament since 2012.
Egypt’s government under
president al-Sisi has identified the
maritime transportation sector as
one of the country’s key economic
pillars, as part of its plan to build
Egypt into one of the world’s 30
largest economies by 2030.
The jewel in its crown was the
expansion of the Suez Canal,
which was completed in July
2015. The channel was officially
inaugurated on August 6, 2015.
A report by SRM Banco di Napoli
shortly after the opening found
that The New Suez Canal would
save owners €180m ($205.8m)
a year and provide an important
89 / Kingston Jamaica
KINGSTON’s throughput figures
climbed marginally in 2015 by
0.9% to 1.7m teu on the back
of healthy volumes at the port’s
multipurpose facility, operated
by Kingston Wharves Ltd,
particularly from its customer
SeaFreight Line, according to
the Port Authority of Jamaica.
However, the big news coming
out of Kingston over the past 12
months was confirmation that the
PAJ has finalised the privatisation
of its dedicated container
terminal, the aptly named
Kingston Container Terminal.
As part of a 30-year concession,
Kingston Freeport Terminal
Ltd, a subsidiary of CMA CGM
and Terminal Link, will now
be responsible for financing,
managing, expanding and
operating KCT, and plans from
the outset look impressive,
while the agreement couldn’t
have been better timed.
CMA CGM says it will add an
extra 80 ha to the existing terminal
to increase Kingston’s annual box
112 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
boost for container shipping.
According to BMI Research, 2015 throughput
1,688,301 teu 0.6%
Egypt was accelerating plans to
develop both Alexandria and Port Port authority
Alexandria Port Authority, 106 El- Horyiea
Said to capitalise on the recent Avenue, Alexandria, Egypt
expansion of the Suez Canal.
Website
In November 2015, Singapore’s www.apa.gov.eg
PSA International signed a
Email
memorandum of understanding info@apa.gov.eg
with Egypt to help develop,
Terminal operators
manage and operate ports in Alexandria:
the country. Alexandria and Alexandria International Container Terminals
Damietta were a key focus of the Alexandria Container and Cargo Handling Co
El-Dekheila:
initiative, including training for Alexandria International Container Terminals
local workers in port operations. Alexandria Container and Cargo Handling Co
Any benefits of those initiatives
has not trickled through to Maritime Transport Sector,
Alexandria throughput in 2015. Alexandria had a throughput of
According to official figures 1.7m teu in 2015 — up a mere
published by the Government 0.6% on 2014 numbers.
capacity to as much as 3.6m teu. hubs, such as the Panamanian
Kingston’s quay will be ports of Balboa and Colon.
lengthened to 2.4 km and its
berths deepened to 15.5 m,
providing ample room for vessels 2015 throughput
up to 14,000 teu expected to 1,653,272 teu 0.9%
transit the recently enhanced Port authority
Panama Canal in the near future. The Port Authority of Jamaica, 15 -17 Duke
Street, Kingston, Jamaica
The terminal will also be
equipped with 14 new gantry Website
www.portjam.com
cranes and 60 port riders,
according to CMA CGM. Email
paj@portjam.com
As a result of KCT’s expansion,
CMA CGM hopes to position the Terminal operators
Kingston Container Terminal:
Jamaican port as a new rival CMA CGM/Terminal Link
to neighbouring transhipment Port Bustamante: Kingston Wharves Ltd

90 / Zeebrugge Belgium
THE reshuffling of alliances, weak
trade between Asia and Europe,
and the sanctions against Russia
all conspired to lead to a dire year
for the Belgian port of Zebrugge.
Despite its easy access to
deepsea trade lanes, Zeebrugge
lost nearly a quarter of its
container throughput during 2015,
reversing two years of solid gains
that had seen it push through
the 2m teu per year barrier.
The formation of the Ocean
Three alliance of CMA CGM, CSCL
and UASC saw the alliance bring
its most important services to
Zeebrugge. On the other hand, the
2M alliance removed calls by MSC
and Maersk. Moreover, CMA CGM
redirected a feeder network and
also suspended and then cancelled
its FAL3 service, due to overcapacity.
That is not to say the port did
not receive its fair share of ultra
large tonnage. In 2015, Zeebrugge
received calls from the 19,100
teu CSCL Globe, the 17,772 teu
91 / Chennai India
CHENNAI port, situated on the
Coromandel coast of southeast
India, witnessed marginal gains
in its container throughput
figures in 2015.The port handled
1.5m teu last year, up 1%
compared to the previous year.
Although there was no
significant increase in volume,
Chennai celebrated a memorable
year as it marked the highest
throughput to date at the port.
The 135-year-old state-
owned port in India has two
terminals: the DP World-operated
Chennai Container Terminal,
which handled 867,549 teu in
2015; and PSA International’s
www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016
CMA CGM Kerguelen and CMA CGM
Georg Forster and 18,800 teu UASC
Barzan and UASC Al Muryakh.
There were some positives
during the year. APM Terminals
Zeebrugge added a service
from Containerships, which
will call on Zeebrugge once a
week with a loop between the
Baltic, the UK and Belgium.
Zeebrugge expects 2016 will
bring consolidation of container
traffic at the APM Terminals facility.
Two CMA CGM services (FAL 1 and
FAL 8), formerly handled at the
CHZ terminal, are moving to the
APMT terminal at the Albert II
dock. Together with the existing
services on the APMT container
terminal, this means all container
services will be concentrated at
the same terminal in Zeebrugge.
At the end of 2015, CMA CGM
announced a new Caribbean
service with the first reefership
of the service expected
launching in January 2016.
Chennai International Terminal,
which handled 695,611 teu.
CCT includes four berths with
a total quay of 885 m, a yard
space of 52 acres and an annual
capacity of 1.6m teu, while CIT
has three berths of 832 m, an
89-acre storage area and a
capacity of 1.5m teu per annum.
RANKINGS
2015 throughput
1,568,938 teu 23.3%
Port authority
Port of Zeebrugge, Isabellalaa, 8380
Zeebrugge, Belgium
Website
www.portofzeebrugge.be
Email
mbz@zeebruggeport.be
Terminal operators
APM Terminals Zeebrugge: APMT
Belgian New Fruit Wharf: Sea-Invest
CRO Ports Zeebrugge: CRO
Container Handling Zeebrugge: PSA
Zeebrugge International Port: PSA
WWL Zeebrugge: WWL
Chennai Port Trust Authority
said the port has been facing
severe competition from some
of its neighbouring ports, such as
Krishnapatnam, Karaikal, Kamarajar
and Kattupalli, due to ongoing
problems with congestion.
Faced with dwindling cargo
traffic, the port has unveiled a
113
RANKINGS
new expansion project, known
as Mission Resurge Chennai
Port 2016, to regain its earlier
status and improve growth.
The port has also expanded
its docking capabilities this year
and has become the deepest
port for container vessels in
India, with a draught of 18.5 m.
Chennai port has decided to
provide tariff concessions on
container vessels, ranging from 5%
to 40% ad valorem, said Chennai
92 / Bangkok Thailand
FOR a third consecutive year,
Bangkok Port handled more
containers, with throughput
up 2.6% to 1.6m teu in 2015
from the previous year.
Box volumes rose as Thailand’s
economic growth accelerated in
2015 following the government’s
move to increase spending
to boost Southeast Asia’s
second-largest economy after
years of political turmoil.
Gross domestic product rose 2.8%
last year, rebounding from 0.8% in
2014, the slowest rate in three years.
The improvement and
development of the 20G coastal
terminal at Bangkok Port is
under way and is estimated to
be completed in 2017, the Port
Authority of Thailand said.
The move will help to meet
the increasing demand for
coastal barge service to ship
containers from the deepsea Laem
Chabang Port to Bangkok Port.
The 20G terminal has not been in
service for a decade, as its grounds
could not support the crane weight.
It was previously used for serving
barges that carried oil drilling
and construction equipment.
The PAT has approved a
Baht614m ($18m) budget for the
renovation of the 20G terminal.
Under the plan, the quay area will
114 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
port’s traffic manager, B. Vimal.
“Chennai port has also started
supplying bunker fuel to ships
at anchorage with the aim of
converting the port into a bunker
hub on the east coast,” he said.
“The port will also supply
bunker fuel from barge to vessel
berthed at five nautical miles
from the port, which makes sense
as it saves them from paying
pilotage, berthing and wharfage
charges and time,” he added.
be expanded to 150 m from 90 m,
allowing the port to accommodate
two coastal ships simultaneously.
The port will also carry out
dredging work to increase the water
depth in front of the quay and install
two rail-mounted gantry cranes.
Once the 20G terminal is
operational, the port will ask the
Customs authority to open a bonded
warehouse to accommodate cargoes
that can be loaded at Bangkok Port
and redirected for export at Laem
Chabang Port. This will increase
coastal traffic between the two
ports, enabling the 20G Terminal to
serve 4,000 coastal ships a year.
The coastal service is expected
to commence at the beginning
of 2017. The PAT expects
the 20G Terminal not only to
support shipments between
the ports of Bangkok and Laem
Chabang but also to facilitate
inland waterway networks
linking the south of Thailand.
The network will link ports
in Suratthani, Chumporn and
Songkhla with Laem Chabang
and Bangkok. Bangkok Port is
located on the Chao Praya river in
the capital’s Klongtoey District.
In other developments, Bangkok
Port’s Cargo Checking Post 3 was
opened in January 2015, increasing
the number of gates and facilitating
2015 throughput
1,565,130 teu 1.0%
Port authority
1 Rajaji Salai, Chennai - 600 001, Tamil Nadu,
India
Website
www.chennaiport.gov.in
Email
info@chennaiport.gov.in
Terminal operators
Chennai Container Terminal: DP World
Chennai International Terminals:
PSA International
better movement of cargoes in and
out of the port, as well as organising
truck traffic. Previously, there was
only one gate for inbound trucks.
The port of Bangkok also acquired
88 units of container chassis along
with two tractors in 2015, the PAT
added. A one-stop service centre
is also being planned at Bangkok
Port, via an investment in the next
three years, the port authority said.
2015 throughput
1,559,000 teu 2.6%
Port authority
Port Authority of Thailand, 444 Tarua Road,
Klongtoey, Bangkok, 10110 Thailand
Website
www.port.co.th
Email
info@port.co.th
Terminal operators
Siam Bangkok Terminal: Siam Bangkok
TPT Terminal: Thai Prosperity
Unithai Container Terminal:
United Thai Shipping
Bangkok Modern Terminal: BMT Pacific

93 / Lagos Nigeria
LAGOS, comprising of the twin
terminal sites of Tin-Can Island and
Apapa — operated by global port
operating giants China Merchants
Holdings International and APM
Terminals respectively — reported
another year to forget in 2015.
The largest port in West Africa
saw volumes slump some 17%
from 1.9m teu to 1.5m teu last
year, as the Nigerian port complex
continued to feel the burn of
the low oil price so vital to the
country’s economic prowess.
Fully laden export and import
containers were down 12.6% from
1.1m teu to 929,239 teu, while
empties fell 23% to 608,847 teu.
But the major worry for Lagos,
as with Nigeria’s other ports,
is that approximately 90%
of containers are leaving its
terminals empty, as alluded to
in a recent study conducted by
the Nigerian Ports Authority.
94 / Tangshan China
THE Port of Tangshan is one
of the few rising stars in
China’s container industry.
For the first time, the
Hebei-based port entered
our list of top 100 ports after
breakneck volume growth. Its
box throughput increased by
37% to 1.5m teu in 2015.
Positioned as a feeder port in
the Bohai Economic Rim, Tangshan
has benefited from buoyant
coastal development in Hebei and
taken advantage of economic
growth in Beijing and Tianjin.
This has come after years of
capacity expansion. In 2011-
2015, 32 berths — including those
for boxships and other types of
vessels — were commissioned
www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016
RANKINGS
The NPA says there is an
urgent need to complement
the considerable investment
made in new infrastructure and
automated technologies at its
affiliated ports, by generating
enough export cargo to make
up for the shortfall of imports.
But one area that has certainly
improved is the reliability of
Nigerian ports, where congestion
was previously an all too common
feature at its terminals.
In Lagos, access by road to the 2015 throughput
two terminals has been enhanced 1,538,086 teu 17.0%
greatly. At Tin Can Island, a three Port authority
lane truck highway has been put Nigerian Ports Authority, 26/28 Marina, Lagos.
P.M.B 12588 Lagos, Nigeria
in place, while at APMT’s terminal,
the Apapa-Oshodi express way has Website
www.nigerianports.org
also undergone major repairs.
On the quayside, the NPA is Email
info@nigerianports.org
also busy upgrading quay walls
and aprons and deepening and Terminal operators
Tin-Can Island Container Terminal: China
clearing channels to improve port Merchants Holdings International
access for the shipping lines. Apapa Container Terminal: APM Terminals
at the port. A total of 66 2015, nearly quadrupled
container services were linked from the end-2010 level.
to the port as of end-December The future looks bright for
115
RANKINGS

the port. During the first half of
2016, the port’s overall container
throughput expanded by 49.4%
to 848,788 teu. And it is poised
to continue development around
the Jingtang area, where the main
container operations are based.
In July, Tangshan Port Group,
the main port operator, signed
a deal to team up with nearby
giant Tianjin — the world’s
10th-busiest container port.
Tangshan Port and Tianjin
Port Group agreed to establish 2015 throughput
1,520,000 teu 37.1%
a joint venture majority owned
by the former to purchase Port authority
Tangshan Ganghang Management Bureau,
container-handling terminals No 125, Dali Road, Lubei District, Tangshan
in Jingtang, with a registered City, China
capital of Yuan500m ($74.7m). Website
If the plan pans out, Tangshan www.tsjtys.com
will continue to develop as a Email
feeder port, with the aid of tstraffic@126.com
Tianjin as a hub. Both sides are Terminal operators
hoping for a win-win situation. Tangshan Port Group

95 / Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates

THE UAE port of Abu Dhabi
makes its top 100 debut this year
after enjoying yet another 12
months of exponential growth.
In just its third year of
operation, the port’s Khalifa Port
Container Terminal, operated
by Abu Dhabi Terminals — a
subsidiary of Abu Dhabi Ports
— handled a record 1.5m
teu, representing a 32.2%
rise in traffic over 2014.
Since its inception, KPCT has
become the fastest-growing
container terminal in the Middle
East, accruing double-digit
growth annually. It is part of
the Khalifa Industrial Zone
Abu Dhabi, or KIZAD, located
between Abu Dhabi and Dubai.
Its rapid rise has meant the port
is already planning its next phase
of expansion by adding to its
current port equipment portfolio
throughout 2016 and into 2017.
According to ADT, three ship- KCT will be the first port in the
2015 throughput
to-shore cranes and a further 10 UAE with on-dock rail access 1,504,293 teu 32.2%
automated rail gantry cranes will connected to the network.
Port authority
be procured during this period, With unrivalled access to the Abu Dhabi Ports Company (ADPC), Al Meena,
ensuring sufficient capacity network, ADT expects annual Mina St, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates,
PO Box 54477
is in place to keep up with box volumes to grow by a
increasing demand for services. further 1m teu over the next two Website
www.adports.ae
The terminal operator also years to 2.5m teu. However, its
expects a significant volume ambition does not stop there, Email
customerservice@adports.ae
of cargo to be moved through with the capability of further
the port from next year, when expansion to accommodate as Terminal operators
Khalifa Port Container Terminal:
Etihad Rail is fully operational. much as 5m teu in the future. Abu Dhabi Terminals

116 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16

96 / Mersin Turkey
TURKEY’s Mersin International
Port, a joint operation between
Singaporean giant PSA
International and domestic firm
Akfen Holding, saw throughput
drop 2.2% from 1.49m teu to
1.46m teu in 2015, reversing its
fortunes of the previous year, when
a near 9% traffic hike was reported.
The fall in MIP’s volumes comes
as a result of increased competition
in the eastern Mediterranean,
with Turkey fighting for a share
of the same hinterland cargo,
according to freelance port
consultant Huseyin Sipahioglu, who
specialises in the Turkish region.
Whereas before MIP operated
unrivalled, serving the south and
south eastern Anatolia regions
of the country, its monopoly is
under threat from two new ports:
Assan and LimakPort İskenderun.
As recently as 2011, Mersin
handled more than 97% of
containerised trade in the region,
but this figure has been falling
annually and by last year, it
97 / Taichung Taiwan
WITH slowing global growth —
especially in the US and China
— hitting most export-dependent
economies, the Port of Taichung,
being one of Taiwan’s main
ports, was inevitably affected.
In 2015, container throughput
fell 4.4% compared with
the previous year, to 1.4m
teu. This, however, has not
stopped port authorities from
continuing with plans to
improve and expand facilities.
Plans have been under way
since December 2015 to increase
the total number of berths
from 54 to more than 78, boost
www.lloydslist.com/topports16 | Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016
RANKINGS
had shrunk to around 86%. three empty container-handlers,
The newly-built ports of Assan seven reachstackers, 15 terminal
and LimakPort have the advantage trucks and trailers and one
of being both closer to the region’s rail-mounted gantry crane.
industrial cities and having been
subject to considerable investment.
Assan is perhaps the biggest
threat, having agreed a partnership
with Mediterranean Shipping
Co’s terminal operating arm
Terminal Investment Ltd, as the
Geneva-based carrier continues to
strengthen its presence in the area.
However, to stem the falling tide
of traffic, MIP has fought back,
having completed an ambitious
expansion project, costing as much 2015 throughput
as $170m, at the start of 2015. 1,466,119 teu 2.2%
The core focus of the project Port authority
was to make MIP accessible to the Mersin International Port Management,
Yenimahalle 101, Cd 5307, Sk5, 33100
world’s largest containerships and Mersin, Turkey
encourage more direct voyages.
Website
In addition to deepening its www.mersinport.com.tr
berths, MIP has added four
Email
new quayside gantry cranes info@mersinport.com.tr
capable of handling 23 rows of
Terminal operators
containers across, four super- Mersin International Port:
post-panamax quay cranes, PSA International and Akfen Holding
container vessel traffic and build export warehousing, as well
the port into a distribution centre/ as a centre for chemical and
logistics hub for processing and petroleum product transportation.
117
RANKINGS
The authorities are in the process
of constructing berths 105, 44,
45 and 18, which are all expected
to be completed by end-2016.
The Taichung Port Economic
Processing Zone, located in close
proximity to major highways,
Taichung International Airport
and a high-speed railway
station, is part of the local
government’s plan to create a
hub for transhipment, as well
as the processing of exports.
This zone will act as a nexus
for international and domestic
98 / Montreal Canada
EXPANSION works at the port of
Montreal’s new Viau container
terminal are currently under way,
with construction well advanced
and set to be completed by 2018.
Upon completion, it will
increase the port’s total
capacity by 600,000 teu from
1.5m teu to 2.1m teu. The
first phase will be completed
towards the end of 2016 and
118 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16
manufacturers, where they
can locate their production
facilities as well as shipping
and logistics operations.
Generous exemptions are
also provided for companies
with factories in the zone that
import machinery, raw or
processed materials and semi-
finished goods into Taiwan for
the purpose of trade, warehouse
storage or transhipment. These
companies are exempt from
import duties, commodity
as well as business taxes.
see an additional 350,000 teu
added to the port’s capacity.
The terminal is operated by
Termont Montreal Inc, which
has also been operating the
Maisonneuve Terminal since
1987, with Mediterranean
Shipping Co being a major
partner in the project.
In December 2015, the expansion
project of the new Contrecoeur
2015 throughput
1,447,390 teu 4.4%
Port authority
Port of Taichung, Taiwan International Ports
Corp, No 2 Sec 10, Taiwan Boulevard, Wu-Chi
District, Taichung, Taiwan
Website
www.tc.twport.tw
Email
tipcservice@twport.com.tw
Terminal operators
Terminal One, Berths 10-11:
China Container Terminal Corp
Terminal Two, Berths 32-33:
Evergreen International Corp
Terminal Two, Berths 34-35: Wan Hai Lines
Port Terminal reached a new
stage when the Montreal Port
Authority submitted its project
description to the Canadian
Environmental Assessment Agency.
The guidelines were issued
and the MPA is now proceeding
with impact studies.
A first new container terminal on
site could be operational at the start
of the next decade, conditional to
obtaining the required authorisations
and continued market growth.
The terminal, situated near
to rail and road links in an
industrial neighbourhood, would
add 1.1m teu to the port’s
capacity in its first phase.
2015 throughput
1,446,075 teu 3.1%
Port authority
Montreal Port Authority, 2100 Pierre-Dupuy
Ave, Wing 1, Montreal, QC H3C 3R5, Canada
Website
www.port-montreal.com
Email
info@port-montreal.com
Terminal operators
Bickerdike Terminal: Empire Stevedoring
Cast Terminal: Montreal Gateway Terminals
Partnership
Maisonneuve Terminal: Termont Montreal
Racine Terminal: Montreal Gateway Terminals
Partnership
 RANKINGS

99 / Freeport Bahamas
FREEPORT Container Port — part
of the worldwide Hutchison Ports
chain — clocked up solid growth
last year, thanks to finding itself in
the right place at the right time.
Last year saw Maersk join FCP’s
list of clients, following the Danish
giant’s hook-up with existing user
Mediterranean Shipping Co in the
2M alliance, which generated
additional volumes. MSC has
a large shareholding in FCP.
On top of that, new services
were also introduced to Freeport
as part of MSC’s network
design, in anticipation of the
Panama Canal expansion.
Three new straddle carriers
were commissioned during 2015,
precisely in anticipation of increased
volumes. These units are diesel
electric machines with excellent fuel
efficiency. All of them can twin pick,
which allows FCP to significantly
improve yard performance.
Improvements under way include
major refurbishment to stacking
areas, specifically roadways,
which began during 2015 and is
still ongoing. This is in order to
improve straddle carrier travel
efficiency and reduce potential
damage to yard equipment.
Following a memorandum
of understanding between the
government and the Grand
Bahama Port Authority, the way
is paved for new investment.
Hutchison has even waived an
exclusivity agreement, thus
allowing Carnival to build a cruise
terminal, which is intended to act
as a catalyst for regeneration.
FCP’s prospects seem to be bright.
Its depths alongside, equipment 2015 throughput
such as nine post-panamax cranes 1,440,000 teu 2.9%
and one super-post-panamax Port authority
crane, and an entrance channel Freeport Harbour Company, PO Box F-42465,
Freeport, Grand Bahama, Bahamas
of 16 m leave it well placed
to receive the larger vessels Website
www.freeportcontainerport.com/
transiting the Panama Canal. freeport-harbour-company
In addition, its location makes
Email
it well suited as a transhipment commercial.marketing@fcpbahamas.com
hub to service the US east coast,
Terminal operators
with no deviation from the Freeport Harbour: Hutchison Port Holdings
major east-west trade lanes. Freeport Container Port: Hutchison Port Holdings

100 / Buenos Aires Argentina

FOLLOWING successive years of
falling traffic figures in Buenos
Aires, there were signs in 2015 that
Argentina’s principle container port
was finally getting its act together,
as volumes rebounded — albeit
marginally — on the previous year.
A box throughput figure of 1.43m
teu represented a 0.3% increase
in 2015 over the previous year.
Last year also signalled the
end of Hutchison Port Holding’s
concession at Terminal 5, the
Buenos Aires Container Terminal.
However, HPH managed to stave
off competition from fellow global
player International Container
Terminal Services Inc through
its South American subsidiary
Tecplata, when the terminal’s
tender came up for renewal.
But HPH’s long-term future in
the port is still far from certain,
given that the new concession only
runs for a period of four years.
However, HPH is not the only
one with room to be concerned,
with the lease agreements of DP
World and APM Terminals held at
their respective Terminales Rio de la
Plata and Terminal 4 facilities also
due to expire at the end of 2019.
It is thought the government only
feels it necessary to continue with
2015 throughput
1,433,053 teu 0.3%
Port authority
Administracion General de Puertos, Av Ing
Huergo 431 - CP 1107, Ciudad Autónoma de
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Website
www.puertobuenosaires.gob.ar
Email
institucionales@puertobuenosaires.gob.ar
Terminal operators
Terminals 1/2/3, Terminales Río de la Plata:
DP World
Terminal 4: APM Terminals
Buenos Aires Container Terminal Services:
Hutchison Port Holdings
Exolgan: PSA

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RANKINGS

two of the three operators — in

addition to PSA, which operates
the Exolgan terminal — as it looks
to usher in a new era at the port
and with it reduce the competitive
playing field in Buenos Aires.
The ambitious plans are for a new
area of land further out from the city
to be reclaimed to accommodate
the world’s largest containerships
that simply cannot call at the
port due to its urban locale.
A tender for construction works,
including deeper draughts and
longer quays, is expected to be
announced in early 2017.

THE TOP 100 PORTS IN 2015

2015 annual 2015 annual 2015 annual
throughput throughput throughput
Port (teu) % +/- Port (teu) % +/- Port (teu) % +/-
95 Abu Dhabi 1,504,293 32.2% 74 Houston 2,131,000 9.2% 53 Rizhao 2,810,000 16.1%
88 Alexandria 1,688,301 0.6% 68 Incheon* 2,376,996 1.8% 11 Rotterdam 12,235,000 -0.5%
31 Algeciras 4,515,768 -0.9% 32 Jawaharlal Nehru 4,480,000 0.7% 61 Salalah 2,569,363 -15.3%
45 Ambarli 3,220,506 -7.7% 33 Jeddah 4,188,215 -0.7% 38 Santos 3,779,999 2.6%
14 Antwerp 9,654,000 7.5% 13 Kaohsiung 10,264,420 -3.1% 40 Savannah 3,737,400 11.7%
47 Balboa 3,078,101 -4.9% 80 Karachi 1,960,000 14.0% 42 Seattle/Tacoma 3,529,084 4.0%
92 Bangkok 1,559,000 2.6% 55 Keelung + Taipei 2,779,843 -5.6% 87 Shahid Rajaee 1,678,000 -8.9%
79 Barcelona 1,965,240 3.8% 89 Kingston 1,653,272 0.9% 1 Shanghai 36,537,000 3.5%
25 Bremen/ 5,300,000 -8.6% 57 Kobe 2,706,967 3.5% 34 Sharjah/Khorfakkan 4,142,000 9.0%
Bremerhaven 21 Laem Chabang 6,780,000 3.0% 3 Shenzhen 24,204,000 0.7%
100 Buenos Aires 1,433,053 0.3% 93 Lagos 1,538,086 -17.0% 2 Singapore 30,922,300 -8.7%
6 Busan 19,469,000 4.2% 62 Le Havre 2,560,000 0.4% 83 Southampton 1,933,000 2.0%
82 Callao 1,900,444 -4.6% 28 Lianyungang 5,009,000 0.1% 86 St Petersburg 1,715,139 -27.8%
60 Cartagena 2,610,059 9.4% 19 Los Angeles 8,160,457 -2.2% 69 Sydney 2,309,757 2.6%
78 Charleston 1,973,202 10.1% 73 London 2,217,000 5.7% 39 Taicang 3,760,000 21.2%
91 Chennai 1,565,130 1.0% 20 Long Beach 7,192,066 5.4% 97 Taichung 1,447,390 -4.4%
76 Chittagong 2,024,207 24.8% 48 Marsaxlokk 3,064,005 6.8% 50 Tanger Med 2,964,324 -3.8%
41 Colon (Panama) 3,577,427 8.8% 36 Manila 3,975,747 4.3% 94 Tangshan 1,520,000 37.1%
27 Colombo 5,185,467 5.7% 66 Manzanillo 2,458,135 3.8% 17 Tanjung Pelepas 9,120,000 7.0%
15 Dalian 9,450,000 -6.7% 59 Melbourne 2,610,739 3.1% 46 Tanjung Perak 3,120,683 0.5%
81 Dammam 1,954,364 11.8% 96 Mersin 1,466,119 -2.2% 26 Tanjung Priok 5,201,118 -11.8%
84 Dandong 1,830,000 9.6% 98 Montreal 1,446,075 3.1% 10 Tianjin 14,100,000 0.4%
43 Dongguan/Humen 3,362,657 16.3% 52 Mundra 2,895,046 6.4% 29 Tokyo 4,629,000 -5.4%
9 Dubai 15,592,000 2.2% 58 Nagoya 2,630,804 -3.9% 30 Valencia 4,615,196 3.9%
56 Durban 2,770,335 3.9% 51 Nanjing 2,940,000 6.5% 49 Vancouver 3,054,467 4.9%
35 Felixstowe 3,980,000 -2.9% 22 New York/ 6,372,000 10.4% 63 Virginia 2,549,270 6.5%
99 Freeport 1,440,000 2.9% New Jersey
16 Xiamen 9,182,800 7.1%
75 Fuzhou 2,118,848 9.3% 4 Ningbo-Zhoushan 20,620,000 6.1%
65 Yantai 2,452,200 4.1%
71 Genoa 2,242,902 3.2% 70 Oakland 2,277,521 -4.9%
67 Yeosu Gwangyang 2,327,335 -0.5%
64 Gioia Tauro 2,547,000 -14.2% 72 Osaka 2,221,828 -8.8%
23 Yingkou 5,922,000 5.5%
7 Guangzhou 17,624,900 6.0% 44 Piraeus 3,330,000 -7.1%
54 Yokohama 2,787,296 -3.5%
85 Guayaquil 1,764,937 8.9% 12 Port Klang 11,890,000 8.6%
90 Zeebrugge 1,568,938 -23.3%
18 Hamburg 8,821,481 -9.3% 37 Port Said 3,850,000 -2.8%
24 Ho Chi Minh City 5,788,084 7.8% 8 Qingdao 17,510,000 5.3%
5 Hong Kong 20,114,000 -9.7% 77 Quanzhou 2,000,000 6.1%

120 Lloyd’s List and Containerisation International Top 100 Container Ports 2016 | www.lloydslist.com/topports16