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Financing 6
f~wgKv
e¨w³, mgvR ev iv‡óªi A_©‰bwZK Kvh©µ‡gi Rb¨ A_©ms¯’vb ev A_©vqb cÖ‡qvRb nq| Dbœqb, Drcv`b, wkívqb
mewKQzi wcQ‡b i‡q‡Q A_©vqb| Avw`Kvj n‡Z eZ©g vb ch©šÍ mf¨Zv I weeZ©‡b kw³ hywM‡q‡Q-cuywR ev g~jab|
GKRb `ÿ D‡`¨v³v‡K Zvi D‡`¨vM MÖn‡bi †ÿ‡Î fve‡Z n‡e, wbe©vwPZ cÖKíwU Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e jvfRbK n‡e
wKbv| Gi Rb¨ cuywR Kx cwigvb jvM‡e, †Kvb Drm n‡Z Kg e¨‡qi gva¨‡g Zv ¯^í mg‡q cvIqv hv‡e, Kvg¨-gvÎvq
msM„nxZ n‡e, msM„n xZ g~jab †hb AcPq bv nq Giƒc eû cÖkœ wb‡q D‡`¨v³v‡K AMªmi n‡Z nq| D‡`¨v³vi Giƒc
cÖwµqvq wbe© vwPZ cÖK‡íi Rb¨ cuywR msMÖn Kiv‡KB ejv nq A_©vqb|

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GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV 6.1: A_©vq‡bi aviYv
cvV 6.2: A_© vq‡bi Drm
cvV 6.3: A_©vq‡b wbR¯^ mÂq, e¨vsK FY I GbwRI Gi f~ wgKv
cvV 6.4: cuywR evRv‡ii ¯^iƒc Ges Gi cÖfve
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cvV 6.1 A_©vq‡bi aviYv

Concept of Financing

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_© xiv-
 A_©vq‡bi avibv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wewfbœ `„wó‡Kvb †_‡K A_©vq‡bi †kÖwbwefvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

A_©vq‡bi avibv
mvaviYfv‡e †h‡Kv‡bv KvR Kivi j‡ÿ¨ A_© msMÖn Kiv Ges h_vh_ e¨envi‡K A_©vqb e‡j| †h‡Kv‡bv KvR Ki‡Z
n‡j A‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb| †hgb- e¨w³i wbR¯^ Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbv, e¨emvwqK D‡`¨vM MÖnb, SuywK wb‡q e¨emvq evwYR¨
cwiPvjbv, AjvfRbK cÖ wZôvb ¯’ vcb-¯‹zj K‡jR,wek¦we`¨vjq, nvmcvZvj, gmwR`, gv`ª vmv cÖf…w Z wewfbœ Lv‡Z
RbKj¨v‡Y cÖPzi A_© e¨q Ki‡Z nq| ZvB A_© vqb kãwU Øviv A‡_©i ms¯’ vb, ‡hvMvb ev msMÖnKiY‡K †evSvq|
A_©vqb aviYvwU msK©xY© ev †ewóK Ges cÖmvwiZ ev mgwóK A‡_©I cÖ`vb Kiv nq| e¨wóK A‡_© A_©vqb ej‡Z †Kv‡bv
e¨emvq ev Avw_©K cÖw Zôv‡bi Avw_©K cwiKíbv, Znwej msMÖn I m¤ú‡`i m‡e©vrK…ó e¨e¯’ vcbv‡K †evSvq|
cÿvšÍ‡i, mvgwóK A‡_© A_©vqb ej‡Z †`‡ki Af¨šÍixY I ewnwe©‡k¦i mv‡_ mvgwMÖK jvfRbK Dcv‡q e¨envi,
msiÿY, mgš^qKiY I wbqš¿‡Yi cÖwµqvB n‡jv A_©vqb| `ÿ A_©vq‡bi Ici Drcv`K cÖwZôv‡bi mvdj¨
A‡bKvs‡k wbf©ikxj|
A_©vqb m¤ú‡K© mvg¨K avibv ‡c‡Z n‡j A_© vq‡bi Kvh©vewj m¤ú‡K©I Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| †Kv‡bv cÖK‡í A_©vqb Ki‡Z
†M‡j cÖ_‡g Avw_©K cwiKíbv Z_v †Kvb Lv‡Z Kx cwigvb A_© mg‡qi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Zvi we¯Í vwiZ weeiYx cÖ ¯‘Z
Ki‡Z nq| Gi ci A‡_©i Drm mg~n mbv³ K‡i †mLvb †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq A_©msMÖn Ki‡Z nq| msM„nxZ A_©
cÖZ¨vc© b Ki‡Z nq e‡j cÖK‡íi SuywKi mv‡_ Av‡qi mgš^qmvab K‡i Znwej msiÿY Ki‡Z nq| c‡i M„nxZ cÖKí
†_‡K AwR©Z gybvdvi KZ Ask e¨emv‡q cybtwewb‡qvM I KZ Ask gvwjK ev †kqvi‡nvìvi‡`i g‡a¨ e›Ub Kiv
n‡eZv wba© viY I ev¯Íe vqb Ki‡Z nq| Gme QvovI cÖK‡íi Rb¨ ev‡RU cÖ Yqb, wnmveiÿY, Avw_©K cÖw Z‡e`b
cÖ¯‘ZKib, Ki cwiKíbv, exgvKib BZ¨vw` KvRI m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq|
A_©vq‡bi ‡kÖwbwefvM
Kv‡Ri aib I cÖK…w Z Abyh vqx A_© vq‡bi †kÖb xwefvM wb‡¤œi cÖe vn wP‡Î †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
A_©vqb

miKvwi A_©vqb †emiKvwi A_©vqb

e¨w³MZ A_©vqb Ae¨emvq A_©vqb

Af¨šÍixY Drm evwn¨K Drm

e¨emvq A_©vqb

gvwjKvbvi wfwˇZ ‡gqv‡`iwfwˇZ Dr‡mi wf‡Ë‡Z KvVv‡gvi wfwˇZ

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wb‡¤œ A_© vq‡bi †kÖwbwefvM Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:

K. miKvwi A_©vqb( : ivóª ev †K›`ª xq I ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii A_©vqb‡K miKvwi A_©vqb ejv nq|
wkÿv cÖmvi,mvgvwRK Kj¨vY, A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb, m¤ú‡`i mylg e›Ub, cjøx Dbœqb, Kg©ms¯’vb, RvZxq Avq e„w ×,
g~j¨¯Íi‡K Kvw•ÿZ j‡ÿ¨ cwiPvwjZ KivB miKvwi A_©vq‡bi D‡Ïk¨| G‡K Avevi `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_vÑ
( Af¨šÍixY Drm( : †Kvb †`‡ki miKvi Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxq A‡_©i GKwU Ask Af¨šÍixY Drm
n‡Z Ki,ïé, A-Ki ivR¯^ BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g msMÖn K‡i|
( evwn¨K Drm ( ):miKvi Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxq Dbœqb I Abybœ qb e¨v‡qi GKwU Ask wewfbœ †`k,
mvnvh¨ ms¯’v, AvšÍR©vwZK Avw_©K cÖw Zôvb †hgbÑ wek^e¨vsK,AvšÍR© vwZK A_© Znwej, Gkxq Dbœqb e¨vsK, Bmjvwg
Dbœqb e¨vsK, weªKm e¨vsK, BBD cÖf…w Zi KvQ †_‡K FY, Aby `vb, `vb BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g A_© vqb K‡i|
L. †emiKvix A_©vqb: miKvwi cÖwZôvb Qvov Ab¨ mKj e¨w³ ev Ae¨w³K A_©vqb‡K †emiKvwi A_©vqb e‡j| G
ai‡bi A_©vqb Avevi wZb cÖKvi| h_v:
1. e¨w³MZ A_©vqb: mvaviYZ e¨w³gvwjKvbvq cwiPvwjZ e¨emvq cÖw Zôvb¸‡jvi †Kvb ai‡bi A_©vqb‡K e¨w³MZ
A_©vqb e‡j| e¨w³ wbR¯^ Avq,cvwievwiK Avq, AvZ¥xq ¯^Rb, eÜzevÜe, cÖ‡qvR‡b e¨vsK I Ab¨vb¨ Avw_©K cÖw Zôvb
n‡Z FYMÖnb K‡i Giƒc A_© vqb K‡i|
2. e¨vemvq A_©vqb: gybvdv AR©‡bi Dχk¨ cwiPvwjZ e¨emvq Kvh©vewj cwiPjbvi Rb¨ A_©vqb‡K e¨emvq A_©vqb
e‡j|
3. e¨emvq A_©vqb Pvi cÖK vi:
K. gvwjKvbvwfwˇZ A_©vqb: gvwjKvbvi wfwˇZ A_© vqb wZb cÖKvi| h_v;
* GK gvwjKvbv : GK gvwjKvbv Kviev‡i A_©vqb †hLv‡b, †mLv‡b mxgvnxb `vwqZ¡ I SuywK †ewk|
* Askx`vwi Kviev‡ii A_©vqb: Gai‡bi Kviev‡ii A_©vqb Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e mnR n‡jI Askx`vi‡`i mgvb `vq
_v‡K|
* †hŠ_g~jabx Kvievi: †hŠ_g~jabx Kviev‡ii A_©vqb Zzj bvg~jKfv‡e wbivc` I SuywK me©wb¤œ _‡K|
L. †gqv` wfwˇZ: †gqvw` wfwˇZ A_©vqb wZb cÖKvi| h_v:
* ¯^í †gqvw`: 1 eQi ev Zvi Kg mg‡qi Rb¨ †h A_©vqb nq|
* ga¨‡gqvw`:1 eQi n‡Z 5 eQi mg‡qi Rb¨ Giƒc A_© vqb nq|
* `xN©‡gqvw` : 5 eQi n‡Z 20 eQi mg‡qi Rb¨ Giƒc A_© vqb nq|
M. Dr‡mi wfwˇZ: Dr‡mi wfwˇZ A_© vqb `yB cÖK vi| h_v:
1| Af¨šÍixY Drm: D‡`¨v³vMY KZ„©K mieivnK…Z g~jab, †kqvi, Aew›UZ gybvdv I mwÂZ Znwej Af¨šÍixY Drm
wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
2| evwn¨K Drm: gvwjKvYv ev D‡`¨v³vi wbR¯^ g~jab Ges Aew›UZ gyb vdv Qvov FY wn‡m‡e †h mg¯Í Drm n‡Z A_©
msMÖn Kiv nq Zv‡K evwn¨K Drm e‡j| GwU Avevi `yB cÖKvi| h_v:
†`kxq: cÖvc¨ wej, evÆvKiY, cÖ‡`qwej, evwYwR¨KcÎ, †µZv n‡Z AMÖ xg MÖnY, gRy` gvj eÜKxKiY, evwbwR¨K
e¨vsK I we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK I MÖvgxY gnvRb, my‡ `i Kvievwi|
AvšÍR©vwZK: `vZv †`k I ms¯’v KZ©„K mvnvh¨, FY, `vb, Aby `vb cÖ f…wZ|
N. Dr‡mi KvVv‡gvi wfwˇZ: Dr‡mi KvVv‡gv wfwˇZ A_©vqb `yB cÖK vi| h_v:

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* cÖvwZôvwbK Drm: hLb †Kvb ¯^xK„ Z ev ivóª xqfv‡e ˆea Avw_©K cÖw Zôvb †_‡K A_© vqb Kiv nq, ZLb Zv‡K
cÖvwZôvwbK A_©vqb e‡j|
* AcÖvwZôvwbK A_©vqb: AvZ¥xq ¯^Rb, eÜz-evÜe, MÖvg¨ gnvRb, ¯^Y©Kvi cÖf…wZ AcÖ vwZôvwbK A_© vq‡bi Drm wn‡m‡e
we‡ewPZ|
3| A-e¨emvq A_©vqb: gybvdvi D‡Ïk¨ e¨ZxZ †`‡ki RbM‡bi Kj¨v‡bi j‡ÿ¨ mgv‡Ri weËevb I gvbe `i`x‡`i
Aby`vb I mvnv‡h¨ Giƒc A_©vqb nq|

wkÿv_©xi KvR
A_©vq‡bi eY©b v e¨vL¨v Ki| A_©vq‡bi †kÖY xwefvM eY©bv Ki|

mvims‡¶c
 mvaviYfv‡e †h †Kvb KvR Kivi j‡ÿ¨ A_© msMÖn Kiv Ges h_vh_ e¨envi‡K A_©vqb ejv nq| e¨wóK
A‡_© A_©vqb ej‡Z †Kv‡bv e¨emvq ev Avw_©K cÖw Zôv‡bi Avw_©K cwiKíbv, Znwej msMÖn I m¤ú‡`i
m‡ev©rK…ó e¨e¯’vcbv‡K †evSvq, cÿvšÍ‡imvgwóK A‡_© A_© vqb ej‡Z †`‡ki Af¨šÍixb I ewnwe‡k^i
mv‡_ mvgwMÖK jvfRbK Dcv‡q e¨envi msiÿY I wbqš¿‡Yi cwµqvq n‡jv A_©vqb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 6.1

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| †emiKvwi A_©vqb wK?
i. e¨w³MZ A_©vqb
ii. e¨emvq A_©vqb
iii. Ae¨emvq A_©vqb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) i I iii M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii

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cvV 6.2 A_©vq‡bi Drm

Sources of Financing

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_© xiv-
 A_©vq‡bi Drmmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki mvgwMÖK Dbœq b cwiKíbv‡K mvd‡j¨i mv‡_ iƒcvšÍixZ Ki‡Z n‡j wecyj cwigvY A‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb
nq| `ªæZ wk‡ívbœqb,K…wl e¨e¯’vi cybM©Vb I Dbœqb Ges wkÿv,¯^v¯’¨ cÖf…w Z mgvRKj¨vbg~jK Kg©m~wPi ev¯Íe iƒc`vb
Ki‡Z Av_©‰bwZK cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g A_©ms¯’ v‡bi Rb¨ we‡kl e¨e¯’v Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq|
Dbœqb cwiKíbvq e¨q wbe© v‡ni Rb¨ e¨w³, cÖwZôvb Ges miKvi †h wewfbœ Drm †_‡K g~jab msMÖn K‡i, Zv‡K
A_©vq‡bi Drm e‡j| DbœqY cwiKíbvq A_© vq‡bi Drm¸‡jv cÖavbZ `yfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgbÑ
1. Af¨šÍixY Drm Ges
2. evwn¨K Drm
Af¨šÍixY Drm g~jZ wbR¯^ mÂq, e¨vsK FY, GbwRI, cuywRevRv‡ii Dci wbf©ikxj| GQvov miKvwifv‡e ivR¯^
DØ„Ë, wbU g~jab Avq, AwZwi³ Ki avh©, ev‡RU NvUwZ cÖf…wZ A_©vq‡bi f~wgKv iv‡L|
wb‡¤œ A_© vq‡bi Drm mg~n wek`fv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv;
1. Af¨šÍixY Drm
(K) Af¨šÍixY mÂq: Av‡qi mv‡_ m‡qi GKwU wbweo m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| gvbyl Zvi eZ©g vb Av‡qi †h Ask
†fvM bv K‡i fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ Rgv iv‡L Zv‡K mÂq e‡j| mÂq †_‡K cuywR ev g~ja‡bi m„wó ev wewb‡qvM
K‡i gybvdv ev Avq Kiv hvq| mÂq wZbwU Dcv‡q ˆZwi Kiv hvq| †hgb:
mÂq

bM` A_© ¯’vqx m¤ú` wmwKDwiwU

miKvwi †emiKvwi

wb‡P m‡qi Dcvqmg~‡ni Av‡jvPbv Kiv njv:

bM` A_©: e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb Zv‡`i mÂq bM‡` wb‡Ri nv‡Z A_ev wbivcËvi Rb¨ PjwZ ev mÂqx wnmve Ly‡j
Rgv ivL‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î e¨vs‡K Rgv ivL‡j A‡_©i wbivcËvi mv‡_ mv‡_ wKQz gybvdvI cvIqv hvq| Giƒc bM`
mÂq me‡P‡q Zij m¤ú` hv cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i hLbB B”Qv e¨q Kiv hvq|

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¯’vqx m¤ú`: mwÂZ A_© e¨vs‡K Rgv ev wmwKDwiwU µq bv K‡i A‡cÿvK…Z Kg ¯’vqx m¤ú‡` wewb‡qvM Kiv
DËg| †hgbÑ fzwg, `vjvb‡KvVv, GcvU©‡g›U ev ¯’vqx AcPbkxj gvjvgvj µq K‡i wewb‡qvM Kiv n‡j cÖ‡qvR‡bi
mgq wewµ K‡i Zij A‡_© iƒcvšÍi Kiv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î ch©vß gybvdvI AwR©Z nIqvi m¤¢ebv _v‡K|
( wmwKDwiwU µq: mwÂZ A_© Øviv miKvwi I †emiKvwi wmwKDwiwU µq K‡i wewb‡qvM Kiv hvq| wmwKDwiwU
mg~n n‡jv: †kqvi mvwU©wd‡KU, FYcÎ, cÖvBReÛ, wewbgq wej, ¯^ xK…wZcÎ,evwbwR¨K KvMR cÖf…wZ| Giƒc
wmwKDwiwU‡Z wewb‡qvM Ki‡j †KvbwU‡Z my`, †KvbwU‡Z jUvwi, BZ¨vw` cvIqv hvq| wmwKDwiwU cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi|
h_v:
(1) miKvwi wmwKDwiwU: miKvwi wmwKDwiwUmg~‡ni gvwjKvbv miKv‡ii ev Gm‡ei Bmy¨Kvix KZ„©cÿ miKvi|
G¸‡jv n‡jv; †UªR vwi wej, †UªRvwi eÛ, ‡UªRvwi †bvU Ges miKvwi cÖ vBReÛ BZ¨vw`|
(2) †emiKvwi wmwKDwiwU: Giƒc wmwKDwiwUi gvwjKvbv miKvi bq, †emiKvwi| †hgb: †Kv¤úvwb cÖw Zôv‡bi
mvaviY †kqvi, †UªR vwi eÛ, ‡UªR vwi †bvU Ges FYcÎ BZ¨vw`|
DcwiD³ cÖwµqvq Af¨šÍixY mÂq n‡Z A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq A_©ms¯’ vb Kiv hvq, GwU
A_©vq‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Drm|Rvcvb Ges †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi BwZnvm ch© v‡jvPbv K‡i †`Lv
hvq, Gme †`k cÖvq we‡`wk g~jab QvovB Af¨šÍixY m¤ú‡`i mvnv‡h¨ Zv‡`i Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq
A_©ms¯’vb K‡i‡Q|
(L) AwZwi³ Ki avh©: ev‡R‡U AwZwi³ Ki c„_Kfv‡e Av‡ivc K‡i msMnxZ A_© wbw`©ó †ÿ‡Î Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ e¨q
Kiv nq| A‡bK Dbœ Z †`‡k Gfv‡e Dbœqb e¨q ms¯’ vb Ki‡jI AbybœZ †`‡k G Dr‡mi f~wgKv bMb¨|
(M) FY MÖnb: †h mKj †`‡k A_© I g~jab evRvi kw³kvjx ‡m ai‡bi miKvwi eÛ †UªR vix wej, mÂq cÎ,
cÖvBReÛ BZ¨vw` RbMb I wewfbœ cÖw Zôv‡bi Kv‡Q weµq K‡i Dbœq b e¨‡qi GKvsk wgUv‡bvi †Póv K‡i|
(N) wbU g~jab Avq: GwU `yfv‡e AvnwiZ nq| †hgbÑ miKvi Dbœqb cwiKíbvi Rb¨ Rbmvavi‡bi wbKU wewfbœ
ai‡bi FYcÎ weµq K‡i A_©ms¯’vb K‡i| Avevi ivóªvqvË¡ cÖwZôvb Ges cÖ vB‡fU I cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb
mg~‡ni m‡qi GKwU Ask Dbœqb cwiKíbvq A_© vqb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
(O) NvUwZ A_©ms¯’ vb : Dbœqb e¨q wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ A‡bK mgq Ab¨vb¨ Drm n‡Z ch©vß A_©vqb bv n‡j miKvi Ki
n«vm; e¨q e„w×; Ki I e¨q mgcwigv‡Y e„w×, FY MÖnb, bZzb A_© Qvcv‡bv, ivóªxq wkí cÖw Zôv‡bi gybvdv msMÖn A_ev
miKvi AZx‡Z mwÂZ ev cywÄf~Z A_© D‡Ëvj‡bi gva¨‡g NvUwZ A_©ms¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’ v Ki‡Z cv‡i| AbybœZ I
Dbœqbkxj †`‡k Acivci Af¨šÍixY Drm AcÖ Zzj _v‡K e‡j miKvi Dbœ qb e¨‡qi A_©vq‡bi Rb¨ GB Dr‡mi Dci
†ewk ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i|
2. evwn¨K Drm: G‡ÿ‡Î ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨B cÖavb| we‡k¦i eû †`k I ms¯’v Dbœqb cwiKíbvq A_©vq‡bi j‡ÿ¨
m¤ú` cÖ `vb K‡i,Zv‡K ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨ e‡j| ˆe‡`wkK mvnv‡h¨i ˆewkó¨ wb¤œiƒc:
( `vb I FY: `vZv †`k I ms¯’ vi cÖ‡`q A_© A‡dir‡hvM¨ I my`wenxb n‡j Zv‡K `vb Ges cÖ‡ `q A_© wbw`©ó
mg‡qi g‡a¨ my`mn †dir cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡j Zv‡K FY e‡j|
( †Kvgj I KwVb kZ©: `vZv †`k I ms¯’vi wbKU n‡Z M„nxZ F‡Yi my‡`i nvi Kg I cwi‡kv‡ai †gqv` †ewk ev
`xN©w`b n‡j Giƒc FY‡K ‡Kvgj kZ©hy³ FY e‡j| cÿvšÍ‡i †h F‡Yi my‡`i nvi †ewk Ges cwi‡kv‡ai †gqv` ¯^í
w`b, Zv‡K KwVb kZ©hy³ FY e‡j|
( kZ©nxb I kZ©h³ y FY: wKQz ‰e‡`wkK F‡Yi g‡a¨ KwVb kZ©h³
y _vK‡Z cv‡i, my‡`i nvi †ewk, cwi‡kv‡ai
mgq Kg,wbw`©ó Lv‡Zi evB‡i e¨q Kiv hv‡e bv| Gme FY eZ©gv‡b c¨v‡KR-&i gva¨‡g _v‡K| †hgb GKwU myFY

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(my‡`i nvi Kg, cwi‡kva Kvj AwaK) Gi mv‡_ 1ev 2wU Kz-FY (my‡`i nvi †ewk, wbR †`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv wecbœ
nIqvi m¤¢ebv _v‡K ‡m iKg kZ© v‡ivc)|
( Lv`¨ mvnvh¨: cY¨ mvnvh¨ Ges wKQz cÖKí mvnvh¨ cvIqv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î Lv`¨ mvnvh¨ n‡jv- Pvj, Mg cY¨
mvnvh¨ n‡jv `ªe¨ mvgMÖx |
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evsjv‡`‡k cÖK… Z we‡`wk wewb‡qvM Gi mv¤úªwZK aviv n‡jv:

eQi 2006 2008 2012 2013 2014
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Role of Personal savings, Bank Debt and
NGO’s in Financing

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Capital Market Chart and It’s Impact

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A‡±vei †_‡K Kvh©µg ïiæ K‡i|
6.4.2 †kqv‡ii †kÖwbwefvM: †kqvi mvaviYZ wZb cÖK vi: h_vt (1) †cÖdv‡iÝÕ/AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi (2) mvaviY †kqvi
Ges (3) wejw¤^Z `vwehy³ †kqvi
†cÖdv‡iÝ †kqvi: †Kv¤úvwb jvf Ki‡j cÖ_‡gB G ai‡bi †kqvi gvwjKiv GKwU wbw`©ó nv‡i jf¨vsk †c‡q _v‡Kb|
†Kv¤úvwb wejyß n‡jI cÖ_‡g G cÖKvi gvwjKiv g~jab †diZ cvq| myZivs †h †kqv‡ii †ÿ‡Î gvwjKiv AMÖvwaKv‡ii
wfwˇZ wbw`©ó nv‡i jf¨vsk Ges g~jab †diZ cvq, Zv‡K AMÖ vwaKvi †kqvi e‡j| G †kqv‡i SuywK A‡bK Kg
_v‡K| AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi wewfbœ cÖK vi nq, †hgbÑ
AwZwi³ gybvdvhy³ AMÖ vwaKvi †kqvi : G ai‡bi †kqv‡ii gvwjKMY mvaviY AMÖ vwaKvi †kqv‡ii gvwj‡Ki b¨vq
wbw`©ó nv‡i jf¨vsk cvIqvi ci mvaviY †kqv‡ii gvwjK‡`i mv‡_ cybivq †Kv¤úvwbi DØ„Ë gybvdvi AskI †c‡q
_v‡Kb|
cwi‡kva¨ AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi: Giƒc †kqv‡ii g~j¨ wbw`©ó mgq †k‡l gvwjK‡K Aek¨B †diZ †`qv nq| GwU F‡Yi
ch©v‡q c‡o|
AmÂqx AMÖ vwaKvi †kqvi: G ai‡bi †kqvi gvwjKiv †Kv¤úvwbi gyb vdv bv nIqvi Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv eQi jf¨vsk n‡Z
ewÂZ n‡j cieZ©x eQ‡ii gybvdv n‡Z Zv‡`i cvIbv cwi‡kva Kiv nq bv|
mÂqx AMÖ vwaKvi †kqvi: Giƒc †kqvi gvwjK‡`i wbw`©ó `vwe KL‡bv †kl nq bv| †Kv¤úvwbi gybvdv †h eQi AwR©Z
n‡e, D³ eQ‡i Zv‡`i c~‡e©i `vwe e‡Kqv cwi‡kva Ki‡Z nq|
Acwi‡kva¨ AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi: G ai‡bi AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi g~jab GKwU wbw`©ó mgq ci †diZ †`Iqv nq bv|
mvaviY †kqvi: ‡cÖdv‡iÝ †kqvi‡nvìviMY †Kv¤úvwbi jf¨vsk cvIqvi ci mvaviY †kqvi‡nvìviMb Zv‡`i jf¨vsk
cv‡e| G †kqv‡ii jf¨vsk Kg‡ewk n‡Z cv‡i| G‡K BKz¨BwU †kqvi ejv nq| †cÖdv‡iÝ †kqv‡ii jf¨vsk fvM
Kivi ci ev g~jab ‡diZ †`Iqvi ci †k‡l mvaviY †kqvi †nvìvi‡`i jf¨vsk ev g~jab †diZ †`Iqv nq|
Aewkó wKQz bv _vK‡j wKQzB cvq bv| Z‡e †Kv¤úvwbi gvwjK Kvievi cwiPvjbvq mvaviYZ gvwjK‡`i AwaKvi
`vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ A‡bK †ewk _v‡K Ges †fvUvwaKvi Aeva| Giƒc †kqvi‡nvìviiv mxgve× AwaKvi †fvM K‡i Ges
wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g cwiPvjK wbhy³ n‡q Kvievi cwiPvjbvqI Zviv Ask wb‡Z cv‡i| †Kv¤úvwb KL‡bv ÿwZi m¤§yLxb
n‡j mvaviY †kqvi‡nvìviiv †Kv¤úvwbi wejywßi Rb¨ Av‡e`b Ki‡Z cv‡i| †Kv¤úvwbi wnmve eB cixÿv Kiv Ges
wewfbœ Kvh©µg cwi`k© b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
wejw¤^Z `vwehy³ †kqvi: †cÖdv‡iÝ †kqvi I mvaviY †kqvi‡nvìvi‡`i jf¨vsk †diZ cvIqvi ci Aewkó hv _v‡K,
ZvB G‡`i g‡a¨ e›Ub K‡i †`qv nq| ZvB G‡K wejw¤^Z `vwehy³ †kqvi e‡j| †Kv¤úvwb wejyß n‡jI mevi `vwe,
jf¨vsk, g~jab †diZ †`qvi ci G gvwjK‡`i g~jab ev jf¨vsk †diZ †`qvi ci Aewkó wKQy bv cvIqv †M‡j G
gvwjKiv wKQzB cvB bv|
†kqvi Av‡iv K‡qK cÖKvi n‡Z cv‡i, hv wb¤œiƒc:
cÖv_wgK †kqvi: ‡Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwb evRv‡i cÖ_g †h †kqvi Qv‡o, Zv‡K cÖv_wgK †kqvi e‡j|
gva¨wgK †kqvi: cÖv_wgK †kqv‡ii gvwjKiv hLb Zv‡`i †kqvi weµq K‡i bM` jvf K‡i, ZLb H †kqvi gva¨wgK
†kqv‡i iƒcvšÍwiZ nq|
ivBU †kqvi: †Kv¤úvwb Zvi cwi‡kvwaZ g~jab evov‡Z PvB‡j ivBU †kqvi Bmy¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i| eZ©gvb †kqvi
†nvìviMbB G ai‡Yi †kqvi wKb‡Z cv‡i|

BDwbU Qq c„ôv-176
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†evbvm †kqvi: †Kv¤úvwb hw` Zvi gybvdvjä e›Ub‡hvM¨ A_© e¨emvq cÖm v‡i wb‡qvM Ki‡Z Pvq †m‡ÿ‡Î †Kv¤úvwb
Gi cwie‡Z© †kqvi‡nvìvi‡`i‡K GKB g~‡j¨i †kqvi eivÏ K‡i| G AwZwi³ †kqvi‡K †evbvm †kqvi e‡j|
AbvKvw•ÿZ †kqvi: G †kqv‡ii c~e© g~j¨ _v‡K bv| eQi †k‡l †Kv¤úvwbi †gvU m¤ú` n‡Z hveZxq `vq ev` w`‡q
†h DØ„Ë _v‡K Zv‡K g~jab we‡ePbv K‡i †kqv‡i wef³ Kiv nq|
6.4.3 †kqvi I e‡Ûi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨:
‡kqvi gv‡K©U I eÛ gv‡K©U Dfq‡ÿ‡ÎB FYcÎ †jb‡`b nq| Z‡e G `ywU FYc‡Îi g‡a¨ †gŠwjK wKQz cv_©K¨
_vKvq evRvi `ywUi g‡a¨I cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq| wb‡P wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K G evRvi `yw Ui g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡jv;
1. msÁvMZ cv_©K¨: †h gv‡K©‡ U cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi †Kbv-‡ePv nq G‡K †kqvi gv‡K© U e‡j|
Ab¨w`‡K, eÛ gv‡K©U n‡jv Ggb ai‡bi F‡Yi gv‡K©U †hLv‡b Bmy¨qviiv Zv‡`i eÛ wewµ K‡i Ges ciewZ©‡Z
Zv Zv‡`i †µZv-we‡µZv‡`i g‡a¨ †jb‡`b n‡Z _v‡K|
2. SuywKi wfwˇZ: †kqvi gv‡K©‡Ui gva¨‡g A_©vqb Ki‡j msM„nxZ g~ja‡bi Rb¨ my` w`‡Z nq bv| †Kv¤úvwb jvf
bv Ki‡j †kqvi‡nvìvi‡`i‡K †Kv‡bv jf¨vsk †`Iqv nq bv| GRb¨ G gv‡K©‡Ui SuywK A‡bK Kg| eÛ gv‡K©‡Ui
gva¨‡g A_©vqb Ki‡j †kqvi‡nvìvi‡`i‡K jf¨vsk w`‡Z nq|
3. Znwej msMÖn eve` e¨‡qi wfwˇZ: †kqvi gv‡K©U †_‡K A_©vqb Ki‡j g~jab msMÖn e¨q Lye Kg nq| wKš‘ eÛ
gv‡K©U †_‡K A_©vqb Ki‡j wbqgg‡Zv my` cÖ`vb, wnmve msiÿY BZ¨vw` eve` h‡_ó A_© e¨q Ki‡Z nq|
4. my‡`i wfwˇZ: †kqvi gv‡K©U †kqv‡ii jvf-‡jvKmv‡bi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z, my‡`i nv‡ii mv‡_ bq| Ab¨w`‡K, eÛ
gv‡K©U my‡`i nv‡ii mv‡_ mivmwi m¤úwK©Z | †Kv¤úvwbi jvf-‡jvKmvb hvB †nvK bv †Kb, eÛ aviK‡K
wba©vwiZ nv‡i my` cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq|
5. g~ja‡bi cwigv‡ci wfwˇZ: †kqvi gv‡K©U †_‡K ‡Kv¤úvwb wecyj cwigvb g~jab msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKšÍy eÛ
gv‡K©U †_‡K †kqvi gv‡K©‡ Ui Zzjbvq A‡bK Kg A_© †Zvjv nq|
6. mgq †gqv‡`i wfwˇZ: †kqvi gv‡K©‡U ‡jb‡`bK…Z †kqv‡ii †Kvb mgq †gqv` _v‡K bv; hZw`b †Kv¤úvwbi
Aw¯ÍZ¡ _v‡K ZZw`b evRv‡i Zvi †kqvi I _v‡K| wKš‘ eÛ gv‡K©‡U †jb‡`bK…Z e‡Ûi GKwU wbw`©ó mgq †gqv`
_v‡K| †gqv`‡k‡l mvaviYZ GKms‡M F‡Yi m¤ú~Y© UvKv cwi‡kva Ki‡Z n‡e|
7. wewb‡qv‡M AskMÖnbKvix‡`i wfwˇZ cv_©K¨: †kqvi gv‡K©‡U mvaviY I cÖ vwZôvwbK wewb‡qvMKvix mevB
AskMÖnb K‡i| wKšÍy eÛ gv‡K©‡U cÖvwZôvwbK wewb‡qvMKvixivB eÛ †Kbv †ePvq Ask †bq| mswkøó Kviev‡ii
hw` ÿwZ nq ZeyI eÛavix‡K wba©vwiZ nv‡i my` w`‡Z nq| GRb¨ G gv‡K©‡Ui SuywK †ewk|

6.4.4 wkí cuywR MV‡b †kqvi gv‡K©‡ Ui f~wgKv:

†Kv‡bv †`‡k `ªæZ wk‡ívbœq‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ KjKâv, hš¿ cvwZ, wkíR KuvPvgvj cÖf„w Z AwaK cwigv‡Y Drcv`b I
KjKviLvbv ¯’ vc‡bi Rb¨ †ewk K‡i KviLvbv Ni, we`y¨r †K›`ª BZ¨vw` wbg©vY Kiv‡K GK‡Î wkí cuywR MwVZ nq|
cÖK…Zc‡ÿ †`‡k Avw_©K mÂq m„wó, mwÂZ A_© msMÖn I Zv wk‡íi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq g~jabx `ªe¨ Drcv`‡b wewb‡qvM
Ki‡j †`‡k wkí cuywR MwVZ nq|
†`‡k `ªæZ wk‡ívbœq‡bi Rb¨ wkí cuywR MVb Acwinvh©| G‡ÿ‡Î †kqvi gv‡K©U ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i|
Avm‡j wk‡ívbœq‡b A_©vq‡bi m‡e©vrK„ó Drm n‡jv †kqvi gv‡K© U| wb‡P welqwU Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1| mn‡R FY msMÖn: KjKviLvbvi Rb¨ †ewkifvM †ÿ‡Î `xN©‡gqvw` F‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| †kqvi I eÛ weµq
K‡i mn‡R Zv msMÖn Kiv hvq|

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2| AwaK A_© cÖvwß: bZzb bZzb KjKviLvbv ¯’vcb, cyivZb KjKviLvbvi m¤úªmviY I Dbœqb, wk‡íi Rb¨ ¯’ vqx
m¤úwË µq BZ¨vw`i Rb¨ cÖPzi A‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi wewµi gva¨‡g G A‡_©i ms¯’vb Kiv hvq|
e¨vsK ev †Kv‡bv Avw_©K cÖwZôvb †_‡K cÖ vß F‡Yi Zzjbvq †kqvi wewµ †_‡K cÖvß A_© A‡bK †ewk nq| AwaK A_©
cÖvwß `ªæZ Drcv`b I wk‡ívbœq‡bi mnvqK|
3| wkícÖwZôv‡bi Ici cyivZb gvwjK‡`i e¨e¯’vcbvMZ wbqš¿Y: `xN©‡gqvw` A_©vqb hw` †kqvi wewµi gva¨‡g nq
Zv‡Z gvwj‡Ki msL¨v ev‡o bv bB‡j cyivZb gvwjK‡`iB cÖwZôv‡bi e¨e¯’vcbvi Ici wbqš¿Y Aÿzbœ _v‡K| d‡j
wkícÖw Zôv‡bi e¨e¯’ vcbv msµvšÍ Kvh©µg evavnxbfv‡e Pj‡Z _v‡K|
4| m¤ú` e„w×: †kqvi n‡jv GKai‡bi A¯’ vei m¤ú`| †kqvi evRvi RbmvaviY‡K †kqvi µ‡q D™¢z× Kivi gva¨‡g
m¤ú` e„wׇZ mvnvh¨ K‡i|
5| mÂq e„w×: wkí cuywR MV‡bi Rb¨ mÂq e„w× AZ¨vek¨K| ‡kqvi evRvi gvby‡li mÂq cÖeYZv evwo‡q mÂq
e„wׇZ mvnvh¨ K‡i| †kqvi †_‡K jvf cvIqv hvq e‡j RbmvaviY †kqvi µ‡qi Rb¨ mÂq K‡i ev cuywR MV‡b
Ae`vb iv‡L|
6| `xN©mg‡q wbðqZv: wkívqb `xN©‡gqvw` cÖwµqv nIqvq G †ÿ‡Î A_© wewb‡qvM Ki‡j Zvi dj †c‡Z A‡bK mgq
jv‡M| wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡`i‡K †kqvi µ‡q DrmvwnZ Kiv cuywR MV‡biB GKwU Ask e‡U|
7| m¤ú‡`i Zvij¨ eRvq: †kqvi cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq mn‡RB wewµ K‡i bM` A‡_© iƒcvšÍi Kiv hvq| †kqvi evRvi
ZvB wewb‡qvMKvix‡`i‡K †kqvi µ‡q DrmvwnZ K‡i cuyw Ri †hvMvb e„w× K‡i|
8| AvbyôvwbKZv Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg: FY wb‡q KjKviLvbv ¯’ vcb Ki‡Z wM‡q bvb Avbyô vwbKZv cvj‡bi cÖ‡qvRb
c‡o| Gi d‡j wkí cÖwZôvb ¯’ vcb I cwiPvjbv Kiv mgqmv‡cÿ e¨vcvi n‡q `uvovq| wKš‘ ‡kqvi wewµi gva¨‡g
wkí cÖw Zôv‡bi A_©vqb Kiv n‡j avi Kiv A_© †c‡Z wewfbœ Avbyô vwbKZv cvj‡bi `iKvi c‡o bv|
9| Kg e¨qmva¨: KjKviLvbv cÖw Zôv Ki‡Z wM‡q †Kv_vI †_‡K FY wb‡j wbqwgZ Zvi my` cwi‡kva Ki‡Z nq|
d‡j Drcv`b e¨q ev‡o| wKš‘ †kqvi wewµi gva¨‡g cÖ‡qvRbxq A_© msMÖn Kiv †M‡j Zvi my` w`‡Z nq bv| GRb¨
†kqv‡ii gva¨‡g A_©vq‡b wkí cÖw Zôvb cÖw Zôv I cwiPvjbv A‡cÿvK„Z Kg e¨qmva¨ nq|
10| ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv msMÖn: †kqvi evRvi †`‡ki †fZ‡i I evB‡i Aby‡gvw`Z †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv‡K cwiwPZ K‡i †Zv‡j|
we‡`wk wewb‡qvMKvixiv fv‡jv fv‡jv †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi µq Ki‡j Zvi gva¨‡g †`‡k ˆe‡`wkK g~ja‡bi AvMgb
N‡U|
11| ÿz`ª wewb‡qvMKvix‡`i KjKviLvbvi gvwjKvbv jvf: ÿz`ª wewb‡qvMKvixiv KL‡bvB wb‡R‡`i Aí mÂq I
cÖvwZôvwbK FY wb‡q wecyj g~ja‡b Mov KjKviLvbvi gvwjK n‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‘ †kqvi µq K‡i ¯^í wewb‡qv‡Mi
gva¨‡gI Zviv eo eo cÖwZôv‡bi AvswkK gvwjKvbv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i|
12| cÖevmx‡`i A‡_© wkí cuywR MVb: cÖ‡Z¨K †`‡kiB †kqvi evRvi †m †`‡ki cÖevmx‡`i Rb¨ AMÖvwaKv‡ii wfwˇZ
Dš§y³ _v‡K| cÖevmxiv Zv‡`i ‡cÖwiZ ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv Øviv †mLvb †_‡K †kqvi, eÛ BZ¨vw` µq Ki‡j Avm‡jB Zv
wkí cuywR MV‡b mnvqK nq|
13| cybtcybt A_© vqb wb®úÖ‡qvRb: wk‡ív‡`¨vM MÖn‡bi Rb¨ †kqvi wewµi gva¨‡g Znwej msMÖn Ki‡j cybtcyb t FY
†bIqvi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv| Gi d‡j GKw`‡K A_©vq‡bi e¨q K‡g Ges Ab¨w`‡K cÖwZôv‡bi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨
`xN©‡gqvw` Dbœqb cwiíbv MÖnb Kiv hvq|
14| RvgvbZ QvovB g~jab msMÖn: A‡bK wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡`i c‡ÿ e¨vs‡K Ni evwo, Rwg BZ¨vw` RvgvbZ †i‡L FY
†bqv m¤¢e nq bv| wKš‘ †kqvi wewµi gva¨‡g g~jab msMÖn Ki‡j †Kv_vI †Kvb RvgvbZ ivLvi cÖ‡qvRb c‡i bv|
Gfv‡e †`Lv hvq ‡kqvi evRvi †`‡k wkí cuywR MV‡b ¸iæZ¡ c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

BDwbU Qq c„ôv-178
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wkÿv_©xi KvR
1| †kqvi I e‡Ûi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wb‡`© k Kiæb|
2| wkí cuywR MV‡b †kqvi evRv‡ii f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

mvims‡¶c
 mvaviYZ †kqvi evRvi n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖ wZôvb, ms¯’v ev Aby‡gvw`Z ¯’ vb †hLv‡b Gi ZvwjKvf~³
cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi I FYcÎ †Kbv‡ePv Kiv nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 6.4

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| †KvbwU †K›`ª xq e¨vs‡Ki KvR?
K. m”QjZvi mb` cÖ `vb L. MÖvnK‡`i m¤úwË iÿbv‡eÿY
M. AvšÍe¨vsK †jb‡`b wb®úwË N. †kqvi µq-weµq
2| evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii Av‡qi cÖavb Drm Kx?
K. AveMvwi kyé L. evwbR¨ ïé M. Avq Ki N. f~wg ivR¯^
3| evwYwR¨K e¨vsK Kxfv‡e RbMb‡K m‡qi Drmvn †`q?
K. my` w`‡q L. FY w`‡q M. ûwÛ evÆv K‡i N. A_© ¯’vbvšÍi K‡i

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
1| Rwjj wgqv GKRb wkwÿZ †eKvi hyeK wQj| R‰bK hyeK Dbœqb Kg©KZ©vi civg‡k© ¯’vbxq hyeDbœqb †K‡›`ª
cÖwkÿY I FY wb‡q †m GKwU †gvgevwZi KviLvbv ˆZwi K‡i| G‡Z Zvi Av‡qi c_ m„wó nq| eZ©gv‡b Zvi
KviLvbvq †ekwKQz msL¨K bvix cyiæl kÖwgK KvR Ki‡Q|
K) FY Kx?
L) evsjv‡`‡k F‡Yi Drm wK wK?
M) evsjv‡`‡k †eKviZ¡ `yixKi‡b miKvwi I †emiKvwi ms¯’vi f~wgKv D‡jøL Kiæb|
N) evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b mnRjf¨ †Uªwbs I A_©vqb Acwinvh©Ñ we‡kølY Kiæb|
2| iwngv †eMg MÖv‡gi weaev gwnjv| †m cuvP nvRvi UvKv e¨vsK FY wb‡q euvk I †eZ wK‡b| Zvi †Q‡j †g‡qi
mvnv‡h¨ wb‡q Szwo, dzj`vwb BZ¨vw` ˆZwi K‡i jvfevb n‡Z _v‡K, G‡Z gv I †Q‡j‡g‡qiv DrmvwnZ n‡q e¨vsK
†_‡K AviI †ewk FY wb‡q GKwU ivBm wgj ¯’ vcb K‡i|
K) e¨vsK FY wK?
L) evsjv‡`‡ki wkíLvZ¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiæb|
M) iwngv †eM‡gi ¯’ vwcZ cÖ_g wkíwUi aib e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N) evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœ q‡b mnRjf¨ A_©vqb I †Uªwbs Gi ¸iæZ¡ iwngv †eM‡gi c‡ii KvRwUi Av‡jv‡K
we‡kølY Kiæb|
3| eZ©gvb hy‡M †Kv‡bv †`‡ki mvwe©K A_©‰bwZK Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î e¨vsK bvgK Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡bi †Kvb
weKí †bB| †`‡ki miKvi Zvi Avw_©K Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Af¨šÍixb I ˆe‡`wkK F‡Yi wnmve ivLv Ggb wK
we‡kl gyû‡Z© miKvi‡K FY cÖ`vb I Avw_©K Dc‡`k cÖ `vb e¨vsK K‡i _v‡K| Avevi Ggb wKQz e¨vsK i‡q‡Q

BDwbU Qq c„ôv-179
GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

†h¸‡jv RbM‡bi KvQ †_‡K AvgvbZ wn‡m‡e UvKv MÖn b K‡i wewfbœ Drcv`b cÖw Zôvb I e¨emv cÖ wZôvb‡K
RvgvbZ wb‡q ¯^í‡gqvw` FY`vb K‡i _v‡K|
K) †Kvb ai‡bi e¨vsK Rbmvavi‡bi KvQ †_‡K AvgvbZ MÖnb K‡i Avevi RbMb‡K FY cÖ`vb K‡i?
L) G e¨vs‡Ki AvgvbZ MÖnb I FY cÖ `v‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨ Kx?
M) miKvi †h e¨vsK †_‡K FY MÖn b K‡i _v‡K †m e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©ejx ms‡ÿ‡c Zz‡j aiæb|
N) miKv‡ii FY cÖ`vbKvix e¨vsKwU‡K Ab¨vb¨ e¨vs‡Ki e¨vsK ejvi †cQ‡b Kx hyw³ i‡q‡Q e‡j Avcwb g‡b
K‡ib?
(Kg© m¤úv`‡b wewfbœ Drm †_‡K Z‡_¨i mn‡hvMxZv †bIqv n‡q‡Q, Zv K…ZÁZvi mv‡_ ¯§iY KiwQ)|

DËigvjv
cvV 6.1: 1| N
cvV 6.2: 1| K 2| K
cvV 6.3: 1| K 2| K
cvV 6.4: 1| M 2| L 3| K

BDwbU Qq c„ôv-180