BDwbU

Bs‡iR Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb : †Kv¤úvwb Avgj

(1765-1857 wLª.) 6

f‚wgKv
1757 wLª÷v‡ã cjvkxi cÖvšÍ‡i Bs‡iR KZ…©‡Z¡i cÖ_g wfwË ¯’vwcZ nq| 1765 wLª÷v‡ã w`Dqvbx jv‡fi m‡½ m‡½
Dcgnv‡`‡k Bs‡iR mvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡ii cÖ_g Aa¨v‡qi mvgwqK cwimgvwß N‡U| Gici µ‡g KY©vU‡K divwm
†Kv¤úvwbi mvgªvR¨ev`x D”PvKv•ÿv I evwY‡R¨i cÖwZ‡hvwMZv mdjZvi m‡½ †gvKv‡ejv Ges evsjvq beve‡`i nvZ
n‡Z ivR‰bwZK I cÖkvmwbK ÿgZv `Lj K‡i Bs‡iRiv| Gfv‡e Bs‡iR‡`i mvgªvR¨ev`x D”PvKv•ÿv µ‡gB w`b w`b
evo‡Z _v‡K| evsjvi wecyj ab-m¤ú` GKw`‡K †hgb †Kv¤úvwbi DbœwZ I AMÖMwZ‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i, Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb
evsjv‡K †K›`ª K‡i Dcgnv‡`‡k Bs‡iR mvgªvR¨ ¯’vc‡bi GK myeY© my‡hvM Av‡m| my‡hv‡Mi mwVK mبenvi Ki‡Z
Bs‡iR‡`i Rywo †gjv fvi| †`kxq ivRkw³¸‡jvi Aeÿq Ges cvi¯úwiK †evSvcovi Afve I A‰bK¨ Bs‡iR-
mvgªvR¨ev‡`i c_ cÖk¯Í K‡i| Dcgnv‡`‡k mvgªvR¨ ¯’vc‡bi c‡_ Bs‡iR‡`i G mgq wZbwU cÖavb euvavi m¤§yLxb
n‡Z nq| AvV‡iv kZ‡Ki G‡Kev‡i †klfv‡M gnxk~i iv‡R¨i cZb NwU‡q mvgªvR¨ev`x jW© I‡q‡jmwj weªwUk
mvgªvR¨ev` wb®‹›UK K‡ib| Gici gvivVv †bZv‡`i Kjn I A‰b‡K¨i my‡hv‡M Bs‡iRiv gvivVv mvgªvR¨ ¯’vc‡bi
¯^cœ‡K †f‡½ w`‡q weªwUk mvgªvR¨ev` cÖmv‡ii c‡_ AviI GKwU weivU evav AwZµg K‡i| †kl †h kw³wU weªwUk
mvgªvR¨ev‡`i weiæ‡× weivU P¨v‡jÄ ¯^iƒc wQj Zv n‡jv iYwRZ wms‡ni †bZ…‡Z¡ wkL kw³| wKš‘ wkL kw³I
Bs‡iR‡`i Dcgnv‡`‡k weªwUk mvgªvR¨ cÖmvi _vgv‡Z cv‡i wb| d‡j Dcgnv‡`‡k Bs‡iRMY GK”QÎ AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi
K‡i weªwUk mvgªvR¨ ¯’vc‡b mÿg nq| G BDwb‡Ui mswkøó cv‡V weªwUk mvgªvR¨ ¯’vc‡bi c‡_ huviv AMÖYx f‚wgKv cvjb
K‡iwQ‡jb Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm, jW© Kb©Iqvwjm, jW© I‡q‡jm&wj I jW© Wvj‡nŠwmi bvg we‡klfv‡e
¯§iYxq |

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 2 mßvn

cvV-6.1 Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 Iqv‡ib †nw÷s‡mi ÿgZv jv‡fi cUf‚wg eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Iqv‡ib †nw÷s‡mi mxgvšÍ bxwZ m¤ú‡K© weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †nw÷s‡mi ivR¯^ I wePvi wefvMxq bxwZ we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †nw÷s‡mi A_© msMÖn bxwZi ¯^iƒc e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †nw÷s‡mi K…wZZ¡ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

gyL¨ kãgvjv ÔmvjeB-Gi mwÜÕ, B½ gvivVv hy×, IqvoMuvI Gi mwÜ, B½-gnxk~i hy×
ÿgZv jvf
Dcgnv‡`‡k weªwUk kw³ mymsnZ Ki‡Y †nw÷s‡mi Ae`vb
Acwimxg| gvÎ AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m wZwb KjKvZvq †Kv¤úvwbi GKRb
†jLK ev †KivYx wn‡m‡e Zuvi Kg©Rxeb ïiæ K‡ib Ges wbR Kg©`ÿZv ¸‡Y
AwZ Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ Kvwkg evRv‡ii Ô†iwm‡W›UÕ c‡` DbœxZ nb| wZwb
divwm I evsjv fvlv fvj K‡i Rvb‡Zb, D`©y I Aviwei m‡½ I Zuvi cwiPq
wQj| Zuvi kvmb Kvj‡K `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq, cÖ_gce©: 1772-1774
wLª÷vã ch©šÍ evsjvi Mfb©i wn‡m‡e Avi wØZxq ce©, 1774-1785 wLª÷vã
ch©šÍ Mfb©i †Rbv‡ji wn‡m‡e|
mxgvšÍ bxwZ
Mfb©i c‡` wbhy³ n‡q †nw÷sm me© cÖ_‡gB mxgvšÍ bxwZ wel‡q wKQy
cwieZ©b mvab K‡ib| wZwb jÿ K‡ib †h B‡Zvg‡a¨ †Kv¤úvwb evwYwR¨K
cÖwZôvb †_‡K ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôv‡b cwiYZ n‡q c‡o‡Q| myZivs
Dcgnv‡`‡k weªwUk AwaKvi ¯’vqx Ki‡Z n‡j †`kxq ivRv‡`i h_vm¤¢e Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm
weªwUk mvnv‡h¨i Dci wbf©ikxj K‡i †Zvjv cÖ‡qvRb| GRb¨ wZwb
AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZv bxwZi m~Pbv K‡ib hv cieZx© DËivwaKvixMY e¨vcKfv‡e cÖ‡qvM K‡ib|
Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm Bs‡iR‡`i kÎæ gvivVv‡`i Avkª‡q evm Kivi ARynv‡Z mgªvU kvn Avjg‡K †`q evwl©K QvweŸk jÿ
UvKv eÜ K‡i †`b Ges mgªv‡Ui wbKU n‡Z Ôevivbmxi mwÜÕ Øviv Gjvnvev` I Kviv †Rjv `yÔwU A‡hva¨vi beve‡K
cÂvk jÿ UvKvi wewbg‡q cÖ`vb K‡ib| Gfv‡e †nw÷sm A‡hva¨vi kw³ e„w× K‡i G‡K gvivVv I Bs‡iR‡`i g‡a¨
GKwU kw³kvjx evdvi †÷U wn‡m‡e M‡o Zzj‡Z mÿg nb|
†ivwnjv hy×
eZ©gvb hy³ cÖ‡`‡ki AwaevmxMY †ivwnjv AvdMvb bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| †ivwnjv‡`i mv‡_ Av‡M †_‡KB A‡hva¨vi
beve myRvD‡ÏŠjvi †Zgb m™¢ve wQj bv| wZwb †ivwnjvLÐ R‡qi Rb¨ 40 jÿ UvKvi wewbg‡q jW© †nw÷s‡mi mvnvh¨
cÖv_©bv Ki‡jb| 1774 wLª÷v‡ã Bs‡iR evwnbxi mvnv‡h¨ beve myRvD‡Ïvjv wgiY KvUivi hy‡× †ivwnjv‡`i civwRZ
K‡i †ivwnjvLÐ `Lj K‡i †bb| hy‡× †ivwnjv m`©vi nvwdR ingZ Lvb wbnZ nb| †ivwnjvLÐ bev‡ei ivR¨fz³ nq|
cÖ_g B½-gvivVv hy×
Iqv‡ib †nw÷s‡mi kvmbvg‡j Zuvi mxgvšÍ ev ciivóªbxwZi †ÿ‡Î GK cÖavb NUbv n‡jv B½ gvivVv hy× (1775
wLª:)| gvivVv‡`i DËivwaKvi msN‡l© Bs‡iR‡`i n¯Í‡ÿ‡ci d‡jB B½-gvivVv hy‡×i ïiæ nq| 1778 wLª÷v‡ã B½
gvivVv hy× ïiæ n‡j †nw÷sm WvB‡i±i mfvi wb‡`©‡k gvivVv m`©vi iNybv_ ivI‡qi c‡ÿ hvb| †Z‡jMvuI Gi hy‡×
Bs‡iR evwnbx †kvPbxqfv‡e civwRZ nq Ges 1779 wLª÷v‡ã IqvoMuvI Gi mwÜ †gvZv‡eK Zuviv iNybv_ ivI‡qi
cÿ Z¨vM Ki‡Z Ges wewRZ ivR¨¸‡jv gvivVv‡`i wbKU †diZ w`‡Z ivRx nq| wKš‘ jW© †nw÷sm G mwÜ A¯^xKvi
K‡i †mbvcwZ MW©v‡Wi mnvqZvq Avn‡g` bMi I †ewmb `Lj K‡ib| cybvi hy‡× gvivVv‡`i wbKU MW©vW civwRZ
n‡jI †mbvcwZ ccnv‡gi †bZ…‡Z¡ Bs‡iRMY †Mvqvwjqi `yM© AwaKvi K‡ib| Ae‡k‡l, wmwÜqvi cÖ‡Póvq Bs‡iR I
gvivVv‡`i g‡a¨ ÔmvjeB-Gi mwÜÕ (1782 wLª:) ¯^vÿwiZ nq|
B½-gnxk~i hy×
Iqv‡ib †nw÷s‡mi ciivóª bxwZi Aci cÖavb NUbv wQj B½-gnxk~i hy×| gnxk~‡ii ivRv K…ò ivq‡K bv‡g gvÎ
ÿgZvq †i‡L Zuvi AZ¨vPvix gš¿x bvbivR I fvB †`eivR cÖK…Z ÿgZv `Lj K‡ib| Ak¦v‡ivnx evwnbxi cÖavb nvq`i
Avjx bvbivR‡K ÿgZvPz¨Z K‡i ÿgZv `Lj K‡ib Ges gnxk~i‡K kw³kvjx iv‡R¨ cwiYZ K‡ib| nvq`i Avjxi
Afy¨Ìvb‡K Bs‡iR, gvivVv I wbRvg G wZb kw³ m‡›`‡ni †Pv‡L †`‡Lb| G wZb kw³ gnxk~i iv‡R¨i weiæ‡× hy‡×

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 83
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq BwZnvm 1g cÎ

AeZxY© n‡j nvq`i Avjx Zuvi K‚Ueyw×i Øviv gvivVv I wbRvg‡K Bs‡iRcÿ Z¨vM Kwi‡q wbR c‡ÿ Avb‡Z mÿg
nb| d‡j nvq`‡ii wbKU †ev¤^vB I gv`ªv‡Ri Bs‡iR evwnbx civwRZ nq| 1769 wLª÷v‡ã Ôgv`ªv‡Ri mwÜiÕ Øviv
cÖ_g B½-gnxk~i hy‡×i Aemvb N‡U| Dfqcÿ G‡K A‡b¨i `LjK…Z ivR¨ I hy×e›`x †diZ w`‡Z ivRx nq|
Z`ycwi nvq`i Avjx Ab¨‡Kv‡bv kw³ KZ©„K AvµvšÍ n‡j Bs‡iR evwnbx Zuv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡e e‡j Bs‡iR‡`i KvQ
†_‡K cÖwZkÖæwZ Av`vq K‡i|
wØZxq gnxk~i hy×
cÖ_g B½-gnxk~i hy‡×i mgq nvq`i Avjx I Bs‡iR‡`i g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z Pzw³ cieZx©Kv‡j Bs‡iRMY Agvb¨ K‡i| G
wek¦vmNvZKZvi Rb¨ nvq`i Avjx Bs‡iR‡`i cÖwZ we‡Ølfve †cvlY Ki‡Zb| 1778 wLª÷v‡ã Av‡gwiKvi ¯^vaxbZv
hy‡×i m~Î a‡i Dcgnv‡`‡k Bs‡iRMY divwm KZ…©Z¡vaxb gv‡n e›`iwU `Lj K‡i †bq hv gnxk~i iv‡R¨i AšÍfz©³
wQj| nvq`i Avjx Gi cÖwZev` K‡i e¨_© nb| AMZ¨v wZwb wbRv‡gi msMV‡b †hvM`vb K‡i Bs‡iR‡`i weiæ‡× hy×
†NvlYv K‡ib|
1782 wLª÷v‡ã nvq`i Avjxi g„Zz¨ NU‡j Zuvi my‡hvM¨ cyÎ wUcy myjZvb Bs‡iR‡`i weiæ‡× hy× Pvwj‡q †h‡Z _v‡Kb
Ges †e`‡bvi I e¨v½‡jvi AwaKvi K‡ib| Ae‡k‡l 1784 wLª÷v‡ã Bs‡iR I wUcy myjZv‡bi g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z
Ôe¨v½‡jv‡ii mwÜiÕ ga¨ w`‡q wØZxq gnxk~i hy‡×i Aemvb N‡U| wKš‘ wUcy myjZv‡bi m‡½ Bs‡iR †Kv¤úvbxi ؇›×i
mgvwß N‡U wb|
A_©‰bwZK ms¯‹vi
Dcgnv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m bvbvwea ms¯‹vig~jK Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †nw÷s‡mi bvg wPi¯§iYxq n‡q Av‡Q| Zuvi ÿgZv jv‡fi
Av‡M G‡`‡k †Kv¤úvwbi kvmbe¨e¯’v bvbvb mgm¨v I `ybx©wZMÖ¯’ wQj| Mfb©i wn‡m‡e wZwb G mKj mgm¨v I `ybx©wZi
mgvav‡b Av‡Z¡vwb‡qvM K‡ib| Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm †h cÖkvmwbK ¯’vc‡Z¨i wfwË ¯’vcb K‡ib Zvi Dci Aci
cÖkvmKMY GKwU wekvj †mŠa wbg©vY Ki‡Z mÿg nb|
ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi myôz e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©b Ges w`Dqvbx wePvi e¨e¯’vi ms¯‹vi mvab †nw÷s‡mi Af¨šÍixY kvmb bxwZi g~j
D‡Ïk¨ wQj| wZwb ˆØZ kvmb e¨e¯’vi we‡jvc mvab K‡i kvmb I ivR¯^ wefvM †Kv¤úvwbi Aax‡b ¯’vcb K‡ib Ges
AZ¨vPv‡ii Awf‡hv‡M †iRv Lvb I †mZve ivq‡K c`Pz¨Z K‡ib| bv‡qe w`Iqv‡bi c` we‡jvc Kiv nq| ivR¯^
wefv‡Mi `ybx©wZ `~i Ki‡Z I Gi myôz cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ ivR‡Kvl gywk©`vev` n‡Z KjKvZvq ¯’vbvšÍi K‡i GKwU ivR¯^
†evW© MVb K‡ib| ivR¯^ Lv‡Z Avq e„w×i Rb¨ wZwb cuvP eQi †gqv‡` m‡e©v”P g~‡j¨ Rwg`vix BRviv †`qvi wbqg
cÖeZ©b K‡ib| hv ÔcuvPmvjv e‡›`ve¯‘Õ bv‡g cwiwPZ| G e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g Rwg`viMY cÖRv‡`i Dci †Rvi Ryjyg K‡i
A_© Av`vq Ki‡Zv| d‡j cÖRv‡`i `y:L `y`©kvi mxgv Qvwo‡q hvq| wZwb c‡i GKvmvjv e‡›`ve¯ÍI cÖeZ©b K‡ib|
evwYR¨ ms¯‹vi
†nw÷sm †Kv¤úvwbi evwYR¨ wefv‡M wKQy ms¯‹vi Pvjy K‡ib| wZwb †Kv¤úvwbi Kg©Pvix‡`i webv ï‡é e¨w³MZ evwYR¨
eÜ K‡i †`b| `¯ÍK cÖ_v AvBbZ †jvc cvq| wZwb gvj PjvP‡ji myweavi Rb¨ KjKvZv, ûMwj, gywk©`vev`, XvKv I
cvUbv Qvov mg¯Í ïé †PŠwK eÜ K‡i †`b| d‡j Rwg`viMY B”QvgZ ïé Av`v‡qi ÿgZv nvivq| †Kv¤úvwbi ¯^v‡_©
Kvco ˆZwii Rb¨ ZuvwZ‡`i Dci wZwb Ryjyg wbwl× K‡ib| wZwb f‚Uvb I wZeŸ‡Zi m‡½ evwYwR¨K m¤úK© ¯’vcb
K‡ib|
wePvi ms¯‹vi
Iqv‡ib †nw÷s‡mi wePvi wefv‡Mi ms¯‹vi wQj AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wZwb †gvMj wePvi e¨e¯’v‡K AbymiY K‡i Zv‡K
k„•Ljvc~Y© I b¨vqwePvig~jK Kivi bxwZ MÖnY K‡ib| wePvi e¨e¯’vi †ÿ‡Î wZwb BD‡ivcxq AvBb Pvjy Kivi
cÿcvZx wQ‡jb bv| wZwb †Kv¤úvwbi evwYR¨ wefvM‡K kvmb wefvM †_‡K c„_K K‡ib hv‡Z kvmb Kv‡R n¯Í‡ÿc
Ki‡Z bv cv‡i| wZwb wePvi wefvM‡K ivR¯^ wefvM n‡Z c„_K K‡i cÖ‡Z¨K †Rjvq GKwU K‡i w`Iqvbx I †dŠR`vix
Av`vjZ ¯’vcb K‡ib| Bs‡iR Kv‡jK&Ui I †`kxq wePviKMY h_vµ‡g w`Iqvbx I †dŠR`vix Av`vj‡Zi wePviK
wQ‡jb| wZwb w`Iqvbx I †dŠR`vix †gvKÏgvi Avcx‡ji Rb¨ Ôm`i w`Iqvbx Av`vjZÕ I Ôm`i †bRvgZ Av`vjZÕ
bv‡g `yÕwU D”P Av`vjZ ¯’vcb K‡i wePvi e¨e¯’vi `ÿZv e„w× K‡ib| w`Iqvbx Av`vjZ Mfb©i I Zuvi cwil‡`i

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 84
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

`yÔRb m`m¨ wb‡q MwVZ nq| †dŠR`vix Av`vj‡Zi cÖavb wQ‡jb beve ev bvwRg| wZwb †`kxq KvRx ev gydZxi
mvnv‡h¨ wePvi KvR cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb Ges wn›`y I gymwjg AvBb Abymv‡i wePv‡ii e¨vL¨v I KvR Pvjv‡Zb|
A_© msMÖ‡ni bxwZ
†nw÷sm GK Pig `y‡h©vMgq gyn~‡Z© evsjvi kvmbfvi MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb G‡`‡ki `ywf©ÿ cxwoZ RbMY‡K euvPv‡Z
weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›Ui wbKU n‡Z `k jÿ cvDÛ FY MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| Avi, G Kvi‡Y wZwb FY cwi‡kva I Avw_©K
DbœwZi Rb¨ e¨q-ms‡KvPb bxwZ MÖnY K‡i Mwn©Z I bxwZ weiæ× Kv‡R nvZ †`b|
wZwb evsjvi e„wË cÖvß bev‡ei evwl©K fvZv A‡a©K Kwg‡q †`b| Av‡MB †R‡b‡Qb, wZwb mgªvU kvn& Avj‡gi evwl©K
fvZv eÜ K‡i w`‡q Zuvi KvQ †_‡K Kviv I Gjvnvev` †RjvØq †Rvic~e©K `Lj †bb Ges 50 jÿ UvKvi wewbg‡q
A‡hva¨vi beve‡K cÖ`vb K‡ib| Dciš‘ †nw÷sm 50 jÿ UvKv Ges Bs‡iR ˆmb¨‡`i hveZxq e¨qfvi en‡bi
wewbg‡q wbivciva †ivwnjv‡`i weiæ‡× A‡hva¨vi bev‡ei cÿvej¤^b K‡ib| GgbwK Zuvi A_© DcvR©‡bi jvjmv n‡Z
evivbmxi ivRv ˆPrwmsn I A‡hva¨vi †eMgMYI †invB cvq wb|
†i¸‡jwUs G¨v± (1773 wLª:)
GZw`b Dcgnv‡`‡k †Kv¤úvwbi hveZxq KvR cÖ_‡g Bsj¨v‡Ûi †evW© Ae WvB‡iK&Uim cwiPvjbv KiZ| Kvjµ‡g
G‡`‡k ivR¨ we¯Ív‡ii m‡½ m‡½ kvmb Kv‡RI bvbv wek„•Ljv †`Lv †`q| G wek„sLjv `~i Kivi Rb¨ weªwUk cvj©v‡g›U
me©cÖ_g Dcgnv‡`‡ki kvmb Kv‡R n¯Í‡ÿc K‡i| Z`vbxšÍb weªwUk cÖavbgš¿x jW© b_© 1773 wLª÷v‡ã Dcgnv‡`‡k
kvmb AvBb bv‡g GKwU AvBb cvm K‡ib hv Ô†i¸‡jwUs G¨v±Õ bv‡g BwZnv‡m weL¨vZ| †i¸‡jwUs G¨v± Gi Øviv
†evW© Ae WvB‡iKU&im‡K weªwUk miKv‡ii wbKU †Kv¤úvwbi kvmb I ivR¯^ m¤ú‡K© mKj Z_¨ cvVv‡Z n‡Zv| evsjvi
Mfb©i‡K Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij AvL¨v †`qv nq| Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨ Pvi m`m¨ wewkó GKwU ÔKvDwÝjÕ
MwVZ nq Ges mevi mgvb AwaKvi †`qv nq| GB †i¸‡jwUs G¨v± Abymv‡i evsjvi Mfb©i Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm cÖ_g
Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij wbhy³ nb| G †i¸‡jwUs G¨v± Gi †`vl-
ÎæwU _vK‡jI Zv Dcgnv‡`‡ki kvmbZvwš¿K BwZnv‡m
we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ enb K‡i| Aek¨ Kvjµ‡g GB G¨v‡±i
Lvivc w`K¸‡jv 1781-1784 I 1786 wLª÷v‡ã AvBb
Øviv ms‡kvvwaZ nq|
PvU©vi G¨v± (1784 wLª:)
Mfb©i †Rbv‡ji †nw÷sm I cÖavbgš¿x jW© b‡_©i D‡`¨v‡M
1781 wLª÷v‡ã PvU©vi G¨v± cvm nq| G AvB‡b mycÖxg
†KvU© Ges Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij I Zuvi KvDb&wm‡ji ÿgZv
my¯úófv‡e DwjøwLZ n‡qwQj|
wc‡Ui BwÛqv G¨v± (1784 wLª:)
†i¸‡jwUs G¨v±-Gi fzjÎæwU ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨ 1784
wLª÷v‡ã Bsj¨v‡Ûi cÖavbgš¿x DBwjqvg wcU GKwU AvBb
cvm K‡ib hv BwZnv‡m ÔwcU Gi BwÛqv G¨v±Õ bv‡g
cwiwPZ| G AvBb Øviv cvj©v‡g›U Dcgnv‡`k kvm‡bi
mKj ÿgZv MÖnY K‡i| G AvB‡bi e‡j weªwUk miKv‡ii
wbhy³ 6 Rb Ges Bsj¨v‡Ûi gš¿x mfvi 1 Rb m`m¨
mgš^‡q MwVZ Ô†evW© Ad K‡›UªvjÕ Gi Dci Dcgnv‡`k
kvmb I ch©‡eÿ‡Yi fvi Awc©Z nq| Mfb©i †Rbv‡i‡ji
ÿgZv evov‡bv nq| mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i ÿgZv wbw`©ó K‡i †`qv
nq| GQvov, †Kv¤úvwbi wZbRb WvB‡i±i wb‡q GKwU
fviZel©, Iqv‡ib †nw÷s‡mi mgq

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 85
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq BwZnvm 1g cÎ

Ôwm‡µU KwgwUÕI MwVZ nq|

c`Z¨vM I BgcxP‡g›U
†nw÷s‡mi Kvh©Kv‡ji †kl w`‡K Bsj¨v‡Û Zuvi weiæ‡× bvbv cÖKvi Awf‡hvM I Acev` cÖKvk †c‡Z _v‡K| 1785
wLª÷v‡ã †nw÷sm c`Z¨vM K‡i †`‡k wd‡i hvb| DBwjqvg wcU I jW© RvÛv‡mi †Póvi d‡j †nw÷sm‡K wewfbœ
Aciv‡a Awfhy³ Kiv nq| we‡kl K‡i ˆPr wmsn, A‡hva¨vi †eMg‡`i cÖwZ Am`vPviY I AZ¨vPv‡ii Awf‡hvM wQj
¸iæZi| mvZ ermi a‡i wePv‡ii ci †nw÷sm Awf‡hvM n‡Z gy³ n‡jb e‡U, wKš‘ AvZ¥cÿ mg_©‡bi e¨q msKzjvb
Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb G‡Kev‡i me©¯^všÍ n‡jb| wcU I WvÛv‡mi we‡ivwaZvi d‡j Zuvi fvZvI eÜ K‡i †`qv nq|
wkÿvi c„ô‡cvlK
Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm fviZxq wkÿv-mvwn‡Z¨i c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb| Zvi Avg‡j gymjgvb‡`i D”P wkÿvi Rb¨ KjKvZv
gv`ªvmv cÖwZwôZ nq (1781)| M‡elYvi Rb¨ cÖwZwôZ nq GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU Ae †e½j| †nw÷sm Gi
c„ô‡cvlKZvq Pvj©m DBjwKb&m evsjvq QvcvLvbv (†cÖm) ¯’vcb K‡i|
K…wZZ¡
†nw÷s‡mi Rxe‡bi †kl cwiYwZ `y:LRbK n‡jI G K_v gvb‡Z n‡e †h evsjv hLb ˆØZ kvm‡bi d‡j RR©wiZ,
Av‡gwiKv hLb weªwUk kvmb †_‡K wew”Qbœ, ciivóª bxwZ‡Z Bsj¨v‡Ûi †MŠie hLb ÿzYœ, †fuvm‡j, wbRvg, nvq`i-Gi
Avµg‡Y hLb Bs‡iR cÖfz‡Z¡i wfwË cÖKw¤úZ, gš^šÍ‡i Rbc` hLb weivb, †Kv¤úvwbi †KvlvMvi hLb k~b¨ cÖvq,
ZLb †nw÷sm Bs‡iR †Kv¤úvwbi gh©v`v I kw³‡K mycÖwZwôZ K‡iwQ‡jb| ˆah©¨, mvnm I `„p g‡bvej Øviv wZwb
kvmb e¨e¯’vq k„•Ljv ¯’vcb K‡ib|

wkÿv_©xi KvR Iqv‡ib †nw÷s‡mi ÿgZv jv‡fi cUf‚wg wb‡q GKwU wbeÜ wjLyb|

mvivsk
Dcgnv‡`‡k e„wUk kw³‡K my`„p Kivi †cQ‡b †nw÷s‡mi Ae`vb Ab¯^xKvh©| K¬vB‡fi kvmb e¨e¯’vi d‡j hLb
evsjvi mvgvwRK ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v AZ¨šÍ KiæY, wVK †m gyn~‡Z© †nw÷sm G‡`‡ki kvmbfvi MÖnY
K‡ib| †nw÷s‡mi mxgvšÍ bxwZi g~j D‡Ïk¨B wQj †Kv¤úvwbi Aax‡b weªwUk mvgªv‡R¨i wbivcËv weavb I we¯Ívi|
Af¨šÍixY †ÿ‡Î †nw÷s‡mi bxwZ wQj ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi myôz e¨e¯’v Kiv Ges wePvi wefv‡Mi ms¯‹vi mvab Kiv|
eûgyLx cÖwZfvi AwaKvix n‡qI e¨w³MZfv‡e †nw÷sm wQ‡jb Am”PwiÎ, wek¦vmNvZK, A_©‡jvfx I
cÖwZwnsmvcivqb| Z‡e G Dcgnv‡`‡k †h mg¯Í kvmK G‡mwQ‡jb Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ †nw÷s‡mi Ae`vbB wQj
¸iæZ¡c~Y©| †nw÷sm hLb ÿgZvq Av‡mb ZLb †Kv¤úvwb wQj ivR¯^ Av`vqKvix GKwU evwYwR¨K cÖwZôvb gvÎ|
wZwb hLb Kg©fvi Z¨vM K‡i †`‡k hvÎv K‡ib ZLb †Kv¤úvwb G Dcgnv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg cÖavb kw³‡Z cwiYZ
nq| ZvB †nw÷sm‡K Dcgnv‡`‡k weªwUk mvgªv‡R¨i wØZxq cÖwZôvZv ejv P‡j|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| AaxgZvg~jK wgÎZv bxwZ cÖeZ©b K‡ib †K?
K) †nw÷sm L) Kb©Iqvwjm
M) I‡q‡jmwj N) †ew›UsK
2| KZ wLª÷v‡ã cÖ_g B½ gnxk~i hy‡×i Aemvb nq?
K) 1768 L) 1769
M) 1770 N) 1771
3| wUcy myjZvb KZ wLª÷v‡ã wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnb K‡ib?

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 86
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

K) 1780 L) 1781
M) 1782 N) 1783
4| ÒBwÛqv G¨v±Ó AvBb cvm K‡ib †K?
K) jW© b_© L) DBwjqvg wcU
M) Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm N) jW© Kb©Iqvwjm
5| KZ wLª÷v‡ã †nw&÷sm c`Z¨vM K‡i †`‡k wd‡i hvb?
K) 1782 L) 1783
M) 1784 N) 1785
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
DBwjqvg Rywbqi Aí eq‡m †Kivbx wn‡m‡e Rxeb ïiæ K‡i wbR Kg©`ÿZvq Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ †Kv¤úvbxi †iwm‡W›U
c‡` DbœxZ nq| cieZx©‡Z wZwbB †Kv¤úvbxi m‡e©v”P c` AjsK…Z K‡ib| wKš‘ Zvi Rxe‡bi †kl cwiYwZ `ytLRbK
n‡jI GK_v mZ¨ †h, wewfbœ bxwZi d‡j †Kv¤úvYxi †MŠie hLb ÿzYœ, †`kxq ivRv‡`i Avµg‡b †Kv¤úvYxi fxZ
hLb cÖKw¤úZ, Rbc` hLb weivb, †KvlvMvi hLb k~b¨ cÖvq, wVK ZLb DBwjqvg RywbqiB †Kv¤úvYxi ghv©`v I
kw³‡K mycÖwZwôZ K‡iwQ‡jb| ZvB Zv‡K †Kv¤úvYxi wØZxq cÖwZôvZv ejv nq|
K. ˆØZ kvmb e¨e¯’vi we‡jvc mvab K‡ib †K? 1
L. Ò†i¸‡jwUs &G¨v±Ó Kx? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki DBwjqvg Rywbq‡ii mv‡_ cvV¨ cy¯Í‡Ki †Kv¤úvYxi Avg‡ji †h Kg©KZ©vi mv`„k¨ Av‡Q Zvi evwYR¨
ms¯‹v‡ii weeiY w`b| 3
N. D³ Kg©KZ©v‡K weªwUk mvgªv‡R¨i wØZxq cÖwZôvZv ejv nqÑ we‡kølY Kiæb| 4

cvV-6.2 jW© Kb©Iqvwjm

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 jW© Kb©Iqvwj‡mi cÖkvmwbK ms¯‹vi m¤ú‡K© weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 jW© Kb©Iqvwj‡mi wePvi wefv‡Mi ms¯‹vi m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 jW© Kb©Iqvwj‡mi cywjk wefv‡Mi ms¯‹vi m¤ú‡K© weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 jW© Kb©Iqvwj‡mi evwYR¨ msµvšÍ ms¯‹vi m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 jW© Kb©Iqvwj‡mi f‚wg ivR¯^ ms¯‹vi m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 jW© Kb©Iqvwj‡mi ciivóªbxwZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kãgvjv cÖkvmwbK ms¯‹vi, wePvi ms¯‹vi, †dŠR`vix wePvi e¨e¯’v, Kb©Iqvwjm †KvW

`vwqZ¡ MÖnY
Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm c`Z¨vM K‡i Bsj¨v‡Û wd‡i †M‡j m¨vi Rb g¨vKdvimb GK ermi A¯’vqx Mfb©i
†Rbv‡ij wn‡m‡e KvR K‡ib| †nw÷sm Gi Kvh©Kjvc †m mgq Bsj¨v‡Ûi Rbg‡b G aviYvi Rš§ w`‡qwQj †h,
†Kv¤úvwbi `ybx©wZc~Y© AvenvIqv Øviv cÖfvweZ †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K Avi Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij c‡` wbhy³ Kiv mgxPxb bq|
Avi G Kvi‡YB †evW© Ae K‡›Uªvj Gi mfvcwZ †nbix WvÛvm I weªwUk cÖavbgš¿x wcU-Gi Nwbó eÜz jW© KY©Iqvwjm
Zv‡`i Avkxe©v` cyó n‡q Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij wnmv‡e Dcgnv‡`‡k Av‡mb 1786 wLª÷v‡ã| wZwb Bsj¨v‡Ûi GK Rwg`vi
es‡k Rš§MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb wQ‡jb mrPwi‡Îi AwaKvix| wZwb Av‡gwiKvi ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× †mbvcwZ wn‡m‡e mZZv I
Kg©KzkjZvi cwiPq †`b| weªwUk cvj©v‡g›U †Kv¤úvwbi Kg©Pvix‡`i `ybx©wZ `~i Kivi Rb¨ Zuv‡K ¯’vqx Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 87
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq BwZnvm 1g cÎ

K‡i G‡`‡k †cÖiY K‡ib| ZvB cÖ‡qvR‡b wZwb kvmb cwil‡`i gZvgZ D‡cÿv K‡i wbR wm×všÍ wb‡Z cvi‡Zb|
GKvav‡i wZwb Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij I cÖavb †mbvcwZi ÿgZv jvf K‡ib| wcU-Gi BwÛqv G¨v± Abymv‡i Kb©Iqvwjm‡K
G‡`‡k ivR¨ we¯Ívi I hy×bxwZ n‡Z m¤ú~Y©fv‡e weiZ _vK‡Z wb‡`©k †`qv nq| ZvB jW© Kb©Iqvwjm ivR¨ we¯Í‡ii
†P‡q wewRZ iv‡R¨ kvwšÍ k„•Ljv ¯’vc‡bi Dci AwaK ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡ib| Avi G D‡Ï‡k¨ wZwb wewfbœ ms¯‹v‡ii
cÖwZ g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib|
cÖkvmwbK ms¯‹vi
ms¯‹vig~jK Kv‡Ri Rb¨ KY©Iqvwj‡mi kvmbKvj G‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wZwb †nw÷sm cÖewZ©Z kvmb
e¨e¯’vi ms¯‹vi mvab K‡i G Dcgnv‡`kxq kvmb e¨e¯’vi g~j KvVv‡gv M‡o Zz‡jwQ‡jb| ZvB jW© KY©Iqvwjm
me©cÖ_g Kg©Pvix‡`i †eZb e„w× K‡i e¨w³MZ evwYR¨ wKsev A‰ea c‡_ A_© DcvR©b m¤ú~Y©fv‡e wbwl× †NvlYv
K‡ib| wVK GKB mgq wZwb Kg©Pvix Kvh© bxwZ e¨vL¨v K‡i "Kb©Iqvwjm †KvW" bv‡g KZ¸‡jv wbqg Kvbyb Pvjy
K‡ib| wZwb †Kv¤úvwbi Kg©Pvix‡`i AvbyMZ¨, mZZv I wbqgvbyewZ©Zvi Dci †Rvi w`‡q kvmb e¨e¯’vi `ÿZv e„w×
K‡ib| jW© KY©Iqvwjm Kg©Pvixi msL¨v n«vm K‡ib Ges mve©ÿwYK KvR Kivi wb‡`©k †`b| Gfv‡e wZwb †Kv¤úvwbi
KgPvix‡`i Kvh© bxwZ I Kvh© c×wZi cwieZ©b K‡i ÔBwÛqvb wmwfj mvwf©‡miÕ HwZn¨ MV‡b mvnvh¨ K‡ib|
wePvi ms¯‹vi
jW© KY©Iqvwjm wePvi wefv‡Mi ms¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ L¨vwZ AR©b K‡ib| wc.B. ievU©m Gi g‡Z w`Iqvbx I †dŠR`vix
msµvšÍ wePvi m¤ú‡K© †nw÷sm †h kvmb e¨e¯’vi cËb K‡iwQ‡jb, KY©Iqvwjm Zv m¤úbœ K‡ib| KY©Iqvwjm ivR¯^
I wePvi wefvM‡K m¤ú~Y© c„_K K‡i c„_K Kg©Pvix‡`i Dci Gi `vwqZ¡fvi b¨¯Í K‡ib| Av‡M Kv‡j±iMY ivR¯^
Av`v‡qi m‡½ m‡½ wePvi Kvh© cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb| KY©Iqvwj‡mi bZzb e¨e¯’vq Zuv‡`i Kvh© ïay ivR¯^ msMÖ‡ni g‡a¨
mxgve× _v‡K|
wZwb w`Iqvbx wePvi e¨e¯’vi me©wb¤œ Av`vjZ †`kxq gyb‡md I m`i Avwg‡bi Aax‡b ¯’vcb K‡ib| m`i Avwgb I
gyb‡mdx wePvivj‡qi Dc‡i cÖwZ †Rjvq GKwU K‡i †Rjv-‡KvU© ¯’vcb Kiv nq| †Rjv †KvU©¸‡jv GK GKRb
Bs‡iR R‡Ri Aax‡b wQj Ges Zuviv G‡`kxq AvBbÁ‡`i mvnv‡h¨ wePvi Ki‡Zb| wb¤œ Av`vjZ n‡Z Avcx‡ji Rb¨
KY©Iqvwjm KjKvZv, gywk©`vev`, cvUbv I XvKvq PviwU cÖv‡`wkK Av`vjZ ¯’vcb K‡i Zv‡Z Bs‡iR RR wbhy³
K‡ib| w`Iqvbx wePv‡ii m‡e©v”P wePvivjq m`i w`Iqvbx Av`vjZ bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij I KvDwÝj
GB wePvivj‡qi wePviKvh© cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb|
†dŠR`vix wePvi e¨e¯’v
†dŠR`vix †gvKÏgvi wePv‡ii Rb¨ m‡e©v”P Av`vjZ Ôm`i wbRvgZ Av`vjZÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| †nw÷sm GB
Av`vjZ gywk©`vev‡` ¯’vcb K‡iwQ‡jb| jW© KY©Iqvwjm m`i wbRvgZ Av`vjZ gywk©`vevv` †_‡K KjKvZvq
¯’vbvšÍwiZ K‡ib| Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij I KvDw݇ji m`m¨ G Av`vj‡Zi wePviK wQ‡jb| †dŠR`vix wePv‡ii Rb¨
KY©Iqvwjm PviwU Ô†mmb Av`vjZÕ ¯’vcb K‡ib| cÖ‡Z¨K Av`vj‡Z `yÕRb K‡i Bs‡iR RR I KwZcq G‡`kxq
gymjgvb I wn›`y AvBbÁ e¨w³i mvnv‡h¨ wePviKvh© Pj‡Zv| G Av`vjZ wbR wbR GjvKvi †Rjv¸‡jv‡Z Ny‡i Ny‡i
†dŠR`vix †gvKÏgvi wePvi Ki‡Zv e‡j G Av`vjZ¸‡jv‡K Ôåvg¨gvb Av`vjZÕ ejv n‡Zv| åvg¨gvb wePvivj‡qi
wePviKMY eQ‡i `yÕevi K‡i wewfbœ †Rjvq †h‡Zb Ges ¯’vbxq †dŠR`vwi wePviKvh© m¤úv`b Ki‡Zb| c~‡e© †Kv‡bv
†Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î †h mKj wbôzi `Û `v‡bi ixwZ wQj KY©Iqvwjm Zv DwV‡q †`b| KY©Iqvwjm nZ¨vi Aciva‡K mgvR
we‡ivax e‡j †NvlYv K‡ib Ges mKj ˆelg¨g~jK e¨envi DwV‡q w`‡q AvB‡bi †Pv‡L mKj‡K mgvb AwaKvi `vb
K‡ib|
evwYR¨ e¨e¯’v
jW© Kb©Iqvwjm †Kv¤úvwbi evwYR¨ msµvšÍ ms¯‹v‡ii DciI ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡ib| cÖ_g n‡ZB †Kv¤úvwbi Bs‡iR
Kg©PvwiMY †Kv¤úvwbi ¯^v_© bv †`‡L e¨w³MZ ¯^v‡_© e¨emv-evwY‡R¨ DrmvwnZ nq| c~‡e© G †`k n‡Z †h mg¯Í cY¨

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 88
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

Bsj¨v‡Û idZvwb Kiv n‡Zv Zv Bs‡iR Kg©PvwiMY wVKv`vi wn‡m‡e †`kxq ewYK‡`i wbKU †_‡K µq KiZ| d‡j
Kg©Pvwi‡`i jvf n‡Zv e‡U, wKš‘ †Kv¤úvwb weivU jf¨vsk n‡Z ewÂZ n‡Zv| ZvB KY©Iqvwjm †Kv¤úvwbi ¯^v‡_©
mivmwi †`kxq ewYK‡`i wbKU †_‡K gvjvgvj msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ Pzw³e× nIqvi wbqg cÖeZ©b K‡ib| †Kv¤úvwbi
Kg©Pvwiiv †`kxq ewYK‡`i Dci AZ¨vPvi KiZ| ZvB KY©Iqvwjm †`kxq ewYK‡`i mv‡_ mبenvi Kivi Rb¨
†Kv¤úvwbi Kg©Pvwi‡`i wb‡`©k †`b| G e¨e¯’v †Kv¤úvwb I †`kxq ewYK‡`i DcKvi mvab K‡iwQj|
cywjk e¨e¯’v
KY©Iqvwjm G‡`kxq kvmb e¨e¯’v‡K mymsnZ I mywbqwš¿Z Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡`k¸‡jv‡K †Rjvq Ges †Rjv¸‡jv‡K _vbvq
wef³ K‡ib| cÖwZ _vbvq GKRb K‡i G‡`kxq `v‡ivMv wbhy³ Kiv nq| †Rjvi me©gq KZ©v wQ‡jb †Rjv g¨vwR‡÷ªU
Ges Zuvi Dci cywjk wefv‡Mi `vwqZ¡ wQj| †Rjv g¨vwR‡÷ªU I cywjk mycvwi‡›U‡ÛU †Rjvi kvwšÍ k„•Ljv iÿv
Ki‡Zb| c~‡e© Rwg`viM‡Yi Dci wbR GjvKvq kvwšÍ iÿvi Rb¨ †h `vwqZ¡ I ÿgZv wQj Zv cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv nq Ges
Zv‡`i iwÿ evwnbx †f‡½ †`qv nq| cywjk evwnbxi Rb¨ wbqwgZ †eZb cÖ`v‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq| KjKvZvi kvwšÍ
k„•Ljv iÿvi Rb¨ GKRb cywjk mycvwi‡›U‡ÛU wbhy³ Kiv nq| Gfv‡e cywjk e¨e¯’vi my`~icÖmvix cwieZ©b Avbvqb
Kiv nq|
f‚wg ivR¯^ e¨e¯’v
jW© Kb©Iqvwj‡mi kvmbvg‡ji f‚wg ivR¯^ ms¯‹vi GKwU ¸iZ¡c~Y© c`‡ÿc| Iqv‡ib †nw÷s‡mi cÖewZ©Z Rwgi
cuvPmvjv I GKmvjv e‡›`ve‡¯Íi fzjÎæwU wbim‡bi Rb¨ jW© KY©Iqvwjm Rwgi `kmvjv e‡›`ve¯Í cÖeZ©b K‡ib| GB
ms¯‹vi 1793 wLª÷v‡ã wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Í cwiYZ nq| G e¨e¯’vi d‡j Rwg`viiv Rwgi ¯’vqx gvwjK nb Ges Zuv‡`i
†`q K‡ii cwigvY wbw`©ó n‡q hvq| Zuviv wbqwgZ Ki cÖ`vb mv‡c‡ÿ ¯’vqxfv‡e Rwgi gvwjK n‡q hvb| Z‡e G
e¨e¯’vi d‡j K…lK‡`i `y`©kv †e‡o hvq I Rwgi Dbœqb e¨vnZ nq| G e¨e¯’vq m~hv© ¯Í AvB‡bi e‡j eû Rwg`vix
wbjv‡g D‡V Ges eû bZzb Rwg`vi †kªwYi m„wó nq hv G‡`‡k we‡`wk kvmK‡`i nvZ‡K kw³kvjx Ki‡Z mvnvh¨
K‡i|

ciivóªbxwZ
wcU Gi BwÛqv G¨v± Gi kZ©vbyhvqx KY©Iqvwjm‡K Dcgnv‡`‡k ivR¨ we¯Ívi I hy× weMÖn †_‡K m¤ú~Y©fv‡e weiZ
_vKvi wb‡`©k †`Iqv n‡jI wZwb †ÿÎ we‡k‡l Zv cvjb K‡ib wb| gvivVviv A‡hva¨vq †Mvj‡hvM m„wó Ki‡j
KY©Iqvwjm wmwÜqv‡K mvnvh¨ K‡iwQ‡jb| `vwÿYv‡Z¨ Bs‡iR‡`i cÖej kÎæ gnxk~‡ii wUcy myjZvb‡K `gb Kivi
Rb¨ jW© KY©Iqvwjm wbRv‡gi mv‡_ wgÎZv K‡ib| d‡j wUcy e¨v½v‡jv‡ii mwÜi (1784 wLª:) kZ©vevj f½ K‡i
Bs‡iR‡`i wgÎ ivR¨ wÎev¼zi AvµgY K‡ib| Gfv‡e Z…Zxq B½-gnxk~i hy‡×i m~Pbv nq (1789 wLª:)|
jW© Kb©Iqvwjm gvivVv Ges wbRv‡gi mv‡_ GK n‡q wUcyi ivRavbx kªxi½cËg Aeiæ× Ki‡j, wUcy Bs‡iR‡`i mv‡_
mwÜ Ki‡Z eva¨ nb| kªxi½cˇgi mwÜi kZ©vbymv‡i wUcy gnxk~i iv‡R¨i GKvsk Ges hy‡×i ÿwZc~iY ¯^iƒc A_©
Bs‡iR‡`i cÖ`vb Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡jb| fwel¨Z AvPi‡Yi Rvwgb wn‡m‡e wUcy Zuvi `yB cy·K Bs‡iR‡`i nv‡Z Zz‡j
w`‡Z eva¨ n‡jb| Gfv‡e KY©Iqvwjm Dcgnv‡`‡ki `wÿY fv‡M Bs‡iR AvwacZ¨ we¯Ív‡ii mÿg nb|
1773 wLª÷v‡ã †i¸‡jwUs G¨v± Abymv‡i †Kv¤úvwbi Dcgnv‡`‡k wek ermi evwYR¨ Kivi GK‡PwUqv AwaKvi jvf
K‡iwQj| 1793 wLª÷v‡ã cybivq †Kv¤úvwb‡K G‡`‡k evwY‡R¨i AwaKvi †`qvi weiæ‡× Bsj¨v‡Û GK Zxeª Av‡›`vjb
nq| G Av‡›`vj‡bi D‡Ïk¨ wQj G‡`‡ki evwYR¨ mKj Bs‡iR ewYK Ges evwYR¨ cÖwZôv‡bi wbKU mgfv‡e Dš§y³
K‡i †`qv| wKš‘ †m `vex Abyhvqx †Kv¤úvwbi GK‡PwUqv AwaKvi DwV‡q w`‡j Ab¨vb¨ Bs‡iR ewYK‡`i ci¯úi
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq Bsj¨v‡Ûi G‡`kxq evwY‡R¨i me©bvk NU‡e, G hyw³ †`wL‡q 1793 wLª÷v‡ãi PvU©vi G¨v± Øviv AviI
wek erm‡ii Rb¨ †Kv¤úvwb‡K G‡`‡k evwYR¨ Kivi GK‡PwUqv AwaKvi †`qv n‡jv|

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 89
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq BwZnvm 1g cÎ

wkÿv_©xi KvR Kb©Iqvwj‡mi kvmbKv‡ji Dci GKwU wbeÜ iPbv Ki‡eb|

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 90
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

mvivsk
†evW© Ae WvB‡iKUim& Gi mfvcwZ jW© WvÛvm Ges cÖavbgš¿x wcU Gi AšÍi½ eÜz jW© KY©Iqvwjm 1786
wLª÷v‡ã Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij wn‡m‡e ÿgZvq e‡mb| Dcgnv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m Zuvi kvmbKvj ivR¨ we¯Ívi A‡cÿv
ms¯‹vig~jK Kv‡h©i Rb¨ we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wZwb wePvi I f‚wg ivR‡¯^i †ÿ‡Î weivU cwieZ©b Av‡bb| ÔKb©Iqvwjm
†KvWÕ Øviv Kvh© bxwZi cwieZ©b mvab †Kv¤úvwbi Kg©Pvix‡`i HwZn¨ MV‡b mvnvh¨ K‡iwQ‡jb| GQvov Bs‡iR
hy‡M BwÛqvb wmwfj mvwf©m bv‡g †h D”P c`¯’ Kg©Pvixiv cÖwm× n‡qwQj Zvi cÖ_g cËb KY©Iqvwjm K‡iwQ‡jb|
Zuvi mg‡qB cywjk e¨e¯’vi my`~icÖmvix cwieZ©b Avbvqb Kiv nq| ZvB jW© KY©Iqvwj‡mi kvmbKvj Dcgnv‡`‡ki
BwZnv‡m we‡klfv‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| Kb©Iqvwjm KZ wLª÷v‡ã Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij n‡q fvi‡Z Av‡mb?
K) 1775 L) 1776 M) 1778 N) 1779
2| BwÛqvb wmwfj mvwf©‡mi †Mvov cËb K‡ib †K?
K) Kb©Iqvwjm L) I‡q‡jmwj M) †ew›UsK N) Wvj‡nŠwm
3| m~h©v¯Í AvBb cÖeZ©b K‡ib †K?
K) †nw÷sK L) Kb©Iqvwjm M) I‡q‡jmwj N) Wvj‡nŠwm
DÏxcKwU c‡o 4 I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
†Kv¤úvwbi Kg©Pvix‡`i `ybx©wZ `~i Kivi Rb¨ cvj©v‡g›U Rb wcUvi‡K ¯’vqx Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij K‡i †cÖiY K‡ib|
ZvB wZwb kvmb cwil‡`i gZvgZ‡K D‡cÿv K‡i GKvB wm×všÍ wb‡Z cvi‡Zb| KviY GKvav‡i wZwb Mfb©i
†Rbv‡ij I cÖavb †mbvcwZi ÿgZv jvf K‡iwQ‡jb|
4| DÏxc‡Ki RbwcUv‡ii mv‡_ cvV¨ cy¯Í‡Ki †Kv¤úvwb Avg‡ji †Kvb Kg©KZ©vi mv`„k¨ Av‡Q?
K) K¬vBf L) †nw÷sm M) Kb©Iqvwjm N) I‡q‡jmwj
5| D³ Kg©KZv© wQ‡jbÑ
i. †evW© Ae WvB‡i±im Gi mfvcwZ †nbwi WvÛvm Gi Nwbó eÜz
ii. weªwUk cÖavbgš¿x wcU Gi AšÍi½ eÜz
iii. Av‡gwiKvi ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× †mbvcwZ
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) i I iii M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii

cvV-6.3 wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í I djvdj

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi †cÖÿvcU m¤ú‡K© weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í Kx Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi mydj I Kzdj m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kãgvjv wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í, K…wl wecøe

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 91
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq BwZnvm 1g cÎ

1786 wLª÷v‡ã Iqv‡ib †nw÷s‡mi ci jW© KY©Iqvwjm AvUPwjøk eQi eq‡m evsjvi Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij
wbhy³ nb| Zuvi kvmbKvj bvbvwea ms¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ cÖwm×| Zvi g‡a¨ f‚wg ivR¯^ e¨e¯’v wQj me‡P‡q
D‡jøL‡hvM¨| f‚wg ivR¯^ e¨e¯’v‡K GKUv wbwðZ I `„p wfwËi Dci cÖwZwôZ Kivi Rb¨ jW© Kb©Iqvwjm f‚wg ivR¯^
msµvšÍ GK bZzb e¨e¯’vi cÖ¯Íve †Kv¤úvwbi wbKU †ck K‡ib hv 1793 wLª÷v‡ã Aby‡gv`b jvf K‡i| Zv BwZnv‡m
ÔwPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯ÍÕ bv‡g cÖwmw× jvf K‡i| G e‡›`ve‡¯Íi cÖfve wQj my`~icÖmvix|
e‡›`ve‡¯Íi D‡Ïk¨
1772 wLª÷v‡ãi ci †_‡KB wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi Av‡jvPbvi m~ÎcvZ nq| Gi c‡ÿ KY©Iqvwj‡mi hyw³ wQj GB †h,
f‚wg e¨e¯’vq ¯’vwqZ¡ G‡j ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB Rwg`viMY f‚wg‡Z cyuwRwewb‡qvM Ki‡eb Ges wbR ¯^v‡_©B Rwg`vi Zuvi
D×…Ë A_© Rwgi Dbœq‡b e¨envi Ki‡eb| Zvi d‡j Rwg DbœZ n‡e, K…wl‡Z Drcv`b evo‡e †`‡ki A_©bxwZ Pv½v
n‡e| KY©Iqvwjm Rwg`vi cyÎ wQ‡jb e‡jB g‡b K‡iwQ‡jb †h, Bsj¨v‡Û †hgb f‚g¨waKvix mgvR K…wl‡Z wecøe mvab
K‡iwQj, †Zgwb Dcgnv‡`‡kI AbyMZ Rwg`vi m„wói gva¨‡g K…wl wecøe m¤¢e n‡e| ZvB wZwb cÖRvi w`‡K †Zgb
bRi w`‡jb bv| wZwb Ggb GK AwfÁ Rwg`vi †kªwY Lvov K‡i w`‡Z PvB‡jb hviv kZ evavi g‡a¨I Bs‡iR‡`i
AbyMZ _vK‡e| Avi Ggwbfv‡eB G †kªwY n‡e Dcgnv‡`‡k Bs‡iR-iv‡Ri ivR‰bwZK wfwË|
wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi cUf‚wg
KY©Iqvwjm hLb G‡`‡ki kvmbfvi MÖnY K‡ib, ZLb evsjvi f‚wg ivR¯^ e¨e¯’vq `ybx©wZ I wek„•Ljvi AšÍ wQj bv|
†Kvb GKK Kvi‡Y wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í cÖeZ©b Kiv nq wb| Gi †cQ‡b eûwea KviY i‡q‡Q|
c~e©eZ©x Mfb©i †nw÷sm ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi Rb¨ †h cuvPmvjv e‡›`ve‡¯Íi (1772 wLª:) cÖ_v Pvjy K‡ib, Zv‡Z f‚wg ivR¯^
wbjvg Kiv n‡Zv Ges whwb WvK †c‡Zb wZwbB Rwgi gvwjK n‡Zb| G e¨e¯’vq D”Pnv‡i WvK wb‡q Rwgi e‡›`ve¯Í
wb‡jI †m Abycv‡Z ivR¯^ Av`vq bv nIqvq I mgqmxgv _vKvq Rwg`viMY cÖRv cxob KiZ wKš‘ Dbœqb KiZ bv|
d‡j K…lKMY Rwg Pvl bv Kivq Zv eQi a‡i Abvev`x Ae¯’vq c‡o _vKZ I Rwgi `vg K‡g †hZ| Gme Kzdj
†`Lv †`qvq †nw÷sm Rwg`viM‡Yi mv‡_ ÔGKmvjvÕ e¨e¯’v Pvjy K‡ib| wKš‘ G‡ZI miKvi, Rwg`vi I cÖRv‡`i
Amyweav †`Lv †`qvq KY©Iqvwjm `kmvjv e‡›`ve¯Í cÖeZ©b K‡ib (1789 wLª:)| mv‡_ mv‡_ Kb©Iqvwjm G e‡›`ve¯Í
wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í n‡e e‡jI Avk¦vm †`b| G wel‡q m¨vi Rb †kv‡ii mv‡_ KY©Iqvwj‡mi bvbv ZK© weZ©K nq|
Ae‡k‡l †Kv¤úvwbi †evW© Ae WvB‡iK&Uim& Gi Aby‡gv`b jv‡fi ci Kb©Iqvwjm 1793 wLª÷v‡ã `kmvjv
e‡›`ve¯Í‡K wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡ib|
wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í Abymv‡i ivR‡¯^i cwigvY wPiw`‡bi Rb¨ wbw`©ó n‡q hvq Ges Rwgi Dci Rwg`vi‡`i gvwjKvbv
ÿgZv Ges AvwacZ¨ cÖwZwôZ nq| Rwg n¯ÍvšÍi ev `vb Kivi ÿgZvI Zuviv cvb| Rwg`viMY wbR Lykx gZ kZ©
mv‡c‡ÿ Rwg cËb ev BRviv †`qvi ÿgZvI jvf K‡ib| †Kej ïé Av`v‡qi ÿgZv, wePvi I cywjkx ÿgZv Zuv‡`i
nv‡Z †`qv nq wb| ZvQvov Rwgi ivR¯^ wKw¯Í wbw`©ó w`‡b m~hv© ‡¯Íi c~‡e© w`‡Z mÿg bv n‡j Rwg wbjv‡g wewµ Kivi
ÿgZv miKv‡ii nv‡ZB i‡q †Mj| ZvB GB wbqg m~hv© ¯Í AvBb bv‡g cwiwPZ nq|
wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi mydj I Kzdj m¤ú‡K© HwZnvwmK‡`i g‡a¨ gZ‡f` _vK‡jI wbi‡cÿ wePv‡i †`Lv hvq †h
wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi myd‡ji †P‡q KzdjB wQj †ewk|

mydj
cÖ_gZ: Rwg`viMY Rwgi ¯’vqx gvwjKvbv ¯^Z¡ jvf K‡i Rwgi DbœwZ weav‡bi Rb¨ mva¨gZ †Póv Ki‡Z jvM‡jb|
d‡j, Rwgi Drcv`b kw³ I g~j¨ †e‡o †Mj| wØZxqZ: miKvi cÖwZermi wbw`©ó ivR¯^ Av`vq-m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ n‡q
bZzb Rwg`vi †kªwYi c„ô‡cvlKZv jvf Ki‡Z jvM‡jb| Z…ZxqZ: †`‡ki GB cÖfvekvjx Rwg`viMY Bs‡iR
miKv‡ii mnvqZv Kivq Bs‡iR kvmb e¨e¯’v we‡kl RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡i| PZz_©Z: wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í Bs‡iR
kvm‡bi eywbqv` my`„p K‡i evsjvi mvgvwRK I ˆelwqK DbœwZ mva‡bI we‡klfv‡e mnvqZv K‡iwQj| cÂgZ:
weËevb Rwg`viMY we`¨vjq I `vZe¨ wPwKrmvjq ¯’vcb, Rjvkq I w`wN Lbb, iv¯ÍvNvU wbg©vY Ges cvjv cve©b I
mvgvwRK Drm‡e cÖPzi A_© e¨q K‡i MÖvg evsjvi MÖvgxb Rxeb‡K mPj K‡i †i‡LwQ‡jb| lôZ: G mg‡qB Rwg`vi

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 92
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

†kªwY I K…lK †kªwYi g‡a¨ ms‡hv‡Mi gva¨giƒ‡c K…wlRwgi Dc-¯^Z¡‡fvMx GK ga¨weË †kªwYi D™¢e nq| mßgZ: Avq
mywbwðZ nIqv‡Z †Kv¤úvwbi evwl©K ev‡RU cÖYqb I cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡b myweav nq| A¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi d‡j D™¢‚Z
Kzdj¸‡jv wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi Øviv `~i Kiv m¤¢e n‡qwQj|

Kzdj
cÖ_gZ: wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Í mwVK Rwi‡ci gva¨‡g Rwg fvM bv nIqvq wb®‹i Rwgi Dci †ewk K‡i ivR¯^ wba©vwiZ
nq Ges Rwgi mxgvbv wba©vwiZ bv nIqvq cieZx©Kv‡j gvgjv †gvKÏgvi m„wó n‡Z _v‡K|
wØZxqZ: GB e¨e¯’vi d‡j cieZx©Kv‡j Rwgi g~j¨ e„w× †c‡Z _vK‡jI miKv‡ii ivR¯^ e„w× nq bvB| d‡j miKvi
ewa©Z ivR‡¯^i jvf n‡Z ewÂZ nq|
Z…ZxqZ: wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi `iæY cÖRv I K…lK‡`i †Kv‡bv DbœwZ nq wb| Rwg‡Z cÖRv‡`i cyivZb ¯^Z¡ wPiZ‡i
wejyß nq Ges Zviv Rwg`vi‡`i KiæYvi Dci wbf©ikxj n‡Z eva¨ nq| Rwg`vi B”Qv Ki‡j †h‡Kv‡bv mgq D‡”Q`
Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb| cwikªg K‡iI K…lKMY h_vh_ cvwikªwgK †c‡Zv bv|
PZz_©Z: m~hv© ¯Í AvB‡bi K‡VviZvi Rb¨ A‡bK eo eo Rwg`vix wbwðý n‡q hvq| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ea©gv‡bi, bv‡Uv‡ii,
w`bvRcy‡ii, b`xqvi, exif‚‡gi I weòzc‡y ii Rwg`vix D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Z‡e Gu‡`i g‡a¨ GKgvÎ ea©gv‡bi Rwg`vix
Qvov Avi Ab¨me Rwg`vix wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi cÖ_g mvZ eQ‡ii g‡a¨B aŸsm n‡q hvq|
cÂgZ: Rwg`vixi ¯^Z¡ I Avq m¤^‡Ü wbwðZ n‡q bv‡qe †Mvg¯Ív‡`i Dci `vwqZ¡ †Q‡o w`‡q Rwg`viMY MÖvg †Q‡o
kn‡i emevm ïiæ K‡i| d‡j MÖv‡gi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v w`b w`b Lviv‡ci w`‡K †h‡Z _v‡K|
lôZ: Rwg‡Z A_© wewb‡qvM K‡i Abvqv‡m m¤ú` I gh©v`v jv‡fi Avkvq wkí-evwYR¨ cwiZ¨³ n‡Z _v‡K| d‡j
MÖvg evsjvi KzwUi wkí I kªg wkí µgk aŸs‡mi w`‡K AMÖmi n‡Z _v‡K|
mßgZ: wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi d‡j evsjvi gymjgvbMY me‡P‡q †ewk ÿwZMÖ¯’ n‡qwQj| DBwjqvg nv›Uv‡ii g‡Z,
ÒMZ cuPvËi eQ‡ii g‡a¨ evsjvi gymjgvb cwievi¸‡jvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ nq c„w_exi eyK †_‡K gy‡Q †M‡Q, bv nq Bs‡iR‡`i
m„ó bZzb abx mgv‡Ri bx‡P G mgq XvKv c‡o‡Q|Ó
G mgq bv‡qe †Mvg¯Ív‡`i AZ¨vPvi mxgv Qvwo‡q hvq| d‡j jW© K¨vwbs 1859 wLª÷v‡ã ivR¯^ AvBb Øviv LvRbv
e„w× eÜ K‡ib Ges 1885 wLª÷v‡ã cÖRv¯^Z¡ AvBb Øviv Rwg †_‡K D‡”Q` wbwl× K‡i †`b| cvwK¯Ívb AR©‡bi ci
1950 wLª÷v‡ã wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í DwV‡q w`‡q cÖRv‡`i m‡½ mivmwi Rwgi e‡›`ve¯Í †`qvi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq| Rwg`vi
cyÎ jW© KY©Iqvwjm †h Avkvq G cÖ_v Pvjy K‡iwQ‡jb Zuvi †m Avkv m¤ú~Y© wedj n‡qwQj|
wkÿv_©xi KvR wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi †cÖÿvcU I djvdj Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb|

mvivsk
1786 wLª÷v‡ã Iqv‡ib †nwms‡mi c‡i jW© Kb©Iqvwjm evsjvi Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij wbhy³ nb| KY©Iqvwjm †nw÷sm
KZ…©K f‚wg e¨e¯’vcbvi Amyweav¸‡jv jÿ K‡i hv‡Z fwel¨‡Z Avi †Kv‡bv Amyweavi m„wó bv nq Zvi Rb¨ GK
bZzb cÖ_vi cÖeZ©b K‡ib hv BwZnv‡m wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í bv‡g L¨vZ| wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í e¨e¯’v wQj Bs‡iR‡`i
GKwU mvgªvR¨ev`x e¨e¯’v| Kb©Iqvwjm Bsj¨‡Ûi Rwg`vix cÖ_vi Av‡jv‡K G‡`‡k AwfRvZ Rwg`vi †kªwY ˆZwi
Ki‡Z PvB‡jb cÖRvi g½‡ji w`‡K bRi bv w`‡qB| Gfv‡eB Bs‡iRiv G‡`‡k A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK wfwË
my`„p K‡iwQj| G e¨e¯’vi myd‡ji †P‡q KzdjB wQj †ewk| G e¨e¯’vi d‡j gymjgvbMY me‡P‡q ÿwZMÖ¯’
n‡qwQj| wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í Rwi‡ci gva¨‡g bv nIqvq †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î †ewk Avevi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î Kg
aiv n‡qwQj| d‡j Rwg`vi I miKvi Df‡qB jvf-ÿwZi m¤§yLxb n‡qwQj| m~hv© ¯Í AvB‡b A‡bK m¤£všÍ Rwg`vi
me©kvšÍ nq Avevi A‡bK msMwZ m¤úbœ gnvRb, bv‡qe, †Mvg¯Ív, e¨emvqx cÖgyL Rwg`vi n‡q hvq| GivB Kvjµ‡g
Bs‡iR‡`i mvnvh¨ K‡i Ges ivRv gnvivRv I beve Dcvwa cÖvß nq| myZivs wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯‘ G‡`‡ki mvgvwRK
BwZnv‡m GK bZzb hy‡Mi m~ÎcvZ K‡i|

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 93
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq BwZnvm 1g cÎ

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.3
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í cÖeZ©b K‡ib †K?
K) Kb©Iqvwjm L) I‡q‡jmwj M) †ew›Usm N) Wvj‡nŠwm
2| KZ wLª÷v‡ã wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í Aby‡gvw`Z nq?
K) 1792 L) 1793 M) 1794 N) 1795
3| Kb©Iqvwj‡mi evev wQ‡jbÑ
K) ivRv L) jW© M) Rwg`vi N) mvaviY cÖRv
4| cÖRv¯^Z¡ AvBb Kiv nq KZ wLª÷v‡ã?
K) 1882 L) 1883 M) 1884 N) 1885
5| wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í KZ wLª÷v‡ã DwV‡q †`qv nq?
K) 1947 L) 1950 M) 1952 N) 1954
6| wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi Kvi‡YÑ
i. ivR‡¯^i cwigvY wPiw`‡bi Rb¨ wbw`©ó n‡q hvq
ii. Rwgi Dci Rwg`vi‡`i gvwjKvbv cÖwZwôZ nq
iii. Rwg`viiv Rwg n¯ÍvšÍi Kivi ÿgZv cvq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) i I iii M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii

cvV-6.4 jW© I‡q‡jmwj

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 jW© I‡q‡jmwji mgm¨vmg~n m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 I‡q‡jmwji D‡Ïk¨ I AaxbZvg~jK bxwZ Kx Zv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡i AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZv bxwZi cÖ‡qvM m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 AaxbZvg~jK bxwZi djvdj m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 I‡q‡jmwji ms¯‹vi m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 I‡q‡jmwji PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡ m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kãgvjv mv¤ªvR¨ev`, wmwÜqv, I‡q‡jmwj, wUcy myjZvb

mgm¨vmg~n
1798 wLª÷v‡ã jW© I‡q‡jmwj fviZ e‡l©i MfY©©i †Rbv‡ij wbhy³ nb| Zuvi kvmbKvj‡K Dcgnv‡`‡ki
BwZnv‡m msKUgq hyM ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| Rb †kv‡ii D`vi wbi‡cÿbxwZi d‡j kvmb fvi MÖnY K‡iB I‡q‡jmwj
bvbv mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb nb|

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 94
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cÖ_gZ: Bs‡iR‡`i wPikÎæ gnxk~‡ii wUcy myjZvb Z…Zxq B½-gnxk~i hy‡×i ci cÖwZ‡kva MÖnY Kivi Rb¨ d«v‡Ýi
we‡`ªvnx †R‡Kvweb K¬v‡ei mv‡_ Ges gwikv‡mi divwm kvmbKZ©vi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM iÿv K‡ib| Dciš‘ wZwb divwm
†mbvcwZ Øviv cÖwkÿY cÖvß †mbv‡`i mvnv‡h¨ Bs‡iR‡`i weiæ‡× hy× cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY K‡ib|
wØZxqZ: †Kv¤úvwbi kZ© Abyhvqx gvivVv‡`i weiæ‡× wbRvg‡K mvnvh¨ bv Kivq wbRvg Bs‡iR‡`i cÖwZ Amyš‘ó n‡q
divwm †mbvcwZ †ig‡Ûi †bZ…‡Z¡ wbR evwnbx‡K mymw¾Z K‡i †Zv‡jb|
Z…ZxqZ: †`ŠjZivI wmwÜqv divwm †mbvcwZ †ci‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ Bs‡iR‡`i
weiæ‡× †mbvevwnbx M‡o †Zv‡jb|
PZz_©Z: GKgvÎ KzM© Qvov gvjvev‡ii mKj ivRv Bs‡iR we‡ivax n‡q
D‡Vb|
cÂgZ: Kvey‡ji Rvgvb kv‡ni Dcgnv‡`k weR‡qi ûgwK Bs‡iR‡`i
f‡q fxZ K‡i †Zv‡j|
lôZ: G mgq divmx-Bs‡iR kÎæZvi †Ri a‡i divwm exi †b‡cvwjqb
Dcgnv‡`k weR‡qi cwiKíbv K‡iwQ‡jb|
mßgZ: G mgq †Kv¤úvwbi Avw_©K Ae¯’vI †kvPbxq ch©v‡q †b‡g hvq|
e„wUk mvgªvR¨ hLb Ggwbfv‡e bvbv mgm¨vq RR©wiZ wVK †mB msKUgq jW© I‡q‡jmwj
gyn~‡Z© jW© I‡q‡jmwj‡K kÎæ †gvKvwejvq AMÖmi n‡Z nq|
D‡Ïk¨ I bxwZ
jW© I‡q‡jmwj wQ‡jb GKRb †Nvi mvgªvR¨ev`x kvmK| cÖwZfvevb, weØvb, AvZœgh©v`v m¤úbœ I AwfRvZ myjf jW©
I‡q‡jmwj †P‡qwQ‡jb Dcgnv‡`‡k weªwUk kw³‡K me‡P‡q eo I kw³kvjx K‡i Zzj‡Z| G Qvov G Dcgnv‡`k
†_‡K divwm cÖfve I cÖvavb¨ m¤ú~Y©fv‡e `~i K‡i divwm mvgªvR¨ ¯’vcb wedj KivI Zuvi AviI GKwU D‡Ïk¨ wQj|
G mKj D‡Ïk¨ mdj K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ ¯^fveZ:B mvgvR¨ev`x I‡q‡jm&jx mvgªvR¨ m¤úÖmviY bxwZ Aej¤^b K‡ib|

wgÎZv bxwZ
jW© I‡q‡jmwj cvðvZ¨ mf¨Zvi †kªô‡Z¡ wek¦vmx wQ‡jb e‡jB G‡`kevmxi PvIqv cvIqv‡K we‡ePbvi †hvM¨ g‡b
K‡ib wb| ci¯úi wee`gvb G‡`kxq ivRvMY‡K BD‡ivcxq mvgwiK mvnvh¨ MÖn‡Y AvMÖnx I Drmvnx †`‡L jW©
I‡q‡jmwj Zuv‡`i‡K cy‡ivcywi Bs‡iR mvnv‡h¨i Dci wbf©ikxj K‡i Zzj‡Z PvB‡jb| G bxwZ I‡q‡jmwji Av‡M
K¬vBf Ges we‡kl K‡i †nw÷sm KZ…©K Abym„Z n‡qwQj| Z‡e I‡q‡jmwj G bxwZ‡K wbcyYZvi mv‡_ e¨vcKfv‡e
Kvh©Ki K‡iwQ‡jb| ZvB wZwb m¨vi Rb †kv‡ii wbi‡cÿ bxwZ Z¨vM K‡i mvgwiK AaxbZvi wfwˇZ MwVZ G bxwZi
bvgKiY Ki‡jb ÔAaxbZvg~jK wgÎZv bxwZÕ|

kZ©vejx
jW© I‡q‡jmwji cÖewZ©Z G bxwZi cÖK…Z D‡Ïk¨ wQ‡jv :-
cÖ_gZ: †h mKj †`kxq ivRv AaxbZv g~jK wgÎZv e܇b Ave× n‡eb, Zuviv Bs‡iR‡`i webv AbygwZ‡Z
Ab¨‡Kv‡bv iv‡R¨i weiæ‡× hy× †NvlYv Ki‡Z wKsev †KvbcÖKvi Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv Pvjv‡Z cvi‡eb bv|
wØZxqZ: †`kxq ivRv‡`i g‡a¨ huviv kw³kvjx Zuviv wbR †mbvevwnbx ivL‡Z cvi‡eb Z‡e Zv GKRb Bs‡iR
†mbvcwZi Aax‡b ivL‡Z n‡e|
Z…ZxqZ: wgÎZve× †`kxq ivR¨mg~n n‡Z GKgvÎ Bs‡iR e¨ZxZ mKj BD‡ivcxq Kg©Pvix I bvMwiK‡K weZvwoZ
Ki‡Z n‡e|

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 95
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq BwZnvm 1g cÎ

PZ©y_Z: wgÎZv bxwZ‡Z Ave× †h‡Kv‡bv †`k Zuv‡`i iv‡R¨ GK`j ˆmb¨ cvjb Ki‡eb Ges Zv‡`i e¨qfvi
wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ bM` A_© ev wbR iv‡R¨i GKvsk †Q‡o †`‡eb| ms‡ÿ‡c
ejv hvq †h, †`kxq ivRv‡`i wbivcËvi wewbg‡q Zuv‡`i ¯^vaxb ivR‰bwZK
mËvi wem©RbB G bxwZi g~j jÿ¨ wQj|
jW© I‡q‡jmwji AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZv bxwZ G Dcgnv‡`‡k weªwUk mvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡ii
†ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q|
cÖ_gZ: G bxwZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi cÖ_g wkKvi nb nvq`ªvev‡`i `ye©j wbRvg|
wØZxqZ: gnxk~‡ii evN wUcy myjZvb G bxwZ MÖnY Ki‡Z ivRx bv n‡j †Kv¤úvwbi
m‡½ hy‡× Zuv‡K civwRZ I wbnZ K‡i Zuvi ivR¨ weªwUk mvgªvR¨fz³ K‡ib|
Z…ZxqZ: gvivVv kw³‡K hy‡× civwRZ K‡i gvivVv ivR¨ weªwUk mvgªvR¨ fz³ K‡ib|
PZz_©Z: I‡q‡jmwj †QvU †QvU ivR¨ †hgb Zv‡Ävi myivU I KY©v‡Ui Dci ej cÖ‡qvM
K‡i Zv‡`i AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZv MÖn‡Y eva¨ K‡ib| A‡hva¨vi g‡Zv eo ivR¨ I G
bxwZi AvIZv n‡Z ev` c‡o wb| wUcy myjZvb
ms¯‹vi
K…wl: jW© I‡q‡jmwj Dcgnv‡`‡ki K…wli DbœwZi Rb¨
†Póv K‡ib| we‡kl K‡i gnxk~‡ii Ges gvjvev‡ii †h
Ask Bs‡iR AwaKv‡i Av‡m †mLv‡b wZwb Rwg Rwic
Kivi Rb¨ W. d«vwÝm eyKvbb‡K wbhy³ K‡ib| ïay ZvB
bq G‡`‡ki K…wl e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K©I wewfbœ Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i
wM‡q‡Qb hv †_‡K cieZx©Kv‡j fviZ miKvi K…wl
m¤ú‡K© GKUv my¯úó aviYv jv‡f mÿg n‡qwQj|
wePvi e¨e¯’v: 1. †KvU© wd cybivq Pvjy K‡ib| 2. Avwcj
Kivi wbqg Kvbyb I Av‡Mi †P‡q KwVb Kiv nq| 3.
mnKvix R‡Ri msL¨vI evov‡bv nq| 4. m`i w`Dqvbx
Av`vj‡Zi gvgjvi msL¨v †e‡o hvIqv‡Z I‡q‡jmwj
Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij I Zuvi KvDb&wm‡ji Dci †_‡K wePv‡ii
fvi mwi‡q wb‡q wZbRb I c‡i PviRb R‡Ri Dci G
`vwqZ¡ w`‡q †`b|
Rwg`v‡ii ÿgZv
jW© I‡q‡jmwj ivqZ‡`i D‡”Q` Kievi I Zv‡`i‡K
†MÖdZvi Kievi ÿgZv wdwi‡q w`‡q Rwg`vi‡`i ÿgZv
e„w× Ki‡jb|
wkÿv: jW© I‡q‡jmwj G Dcgnv‡`‡k bZzb Bs‡iR
Kg©Pvix‡`i wkÿvi Rb¨ KjKvZvi †dvU© DBwjqv‡g
GKwU K‡jR ¯’vc‡bi cÖ¯Íve K‡ib| wKš‘ †evW© Ae
WvB‡iKUim& Zuvi G cwiKíbv Aby‡gv`b bv Kivq c‡i
Zv fviZxq fvlv wkÿvi K‡j‡R cwiYZ nq| ZviB I‡q‡jmwji mgq Bs‡iR ivR¨
wb‡`©‡k KjKvZvi eZ©gvb Mfb©i febwU wbwg©Z nq|
PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 96
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

G Dcgnv‡`‡k weªwUk mvgªvR¨ MV‡b †h mKj Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij AmvaviY K…wZ‡Z¡i cwiPq w`‡qwQ‡jb, jW© I‡q‡jmwj
wQ‡jb Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg|
cÖ_gZ: †Kv¤úvwbi msKUgq gyn~‡Z© I‡q‡jmwj `vwqZ¡ wb‡q G‡K G‡K mKj mgm¨vi mgvavb K‡i †Kv¤úvwbi
mvgªv‡R¨i we¯Í…wZ NUvb|
wØZxqZ: I‡q‡jmwj fviZxq ivRv‡`i g‡a¨ me †P‡q ¯^vaxb‡PZv, Bs‡i‡Ri wPikÎæ wUcy‡K civwRZ I wbnZ K‡i
`vwÿYv‡Z¨ Bs‡iR kw³‡K AcÖwZnZ K‡i †Zv‡jb|
Z…ZxqZ: I‡q‡jmwj gvivVv kw³‡K aŸsm K‡i gvivVv‡`i m¤ú~Y©fv‡e †Kv¤úvwbi Dci wbf©ikxj K‡i †Zv‡jb|
PZz_©Z: I‡q‡jmwj nvq`ªvev` gnxk~i I gvivVv msN‡K aŸsm K‡i `vwÿYvZ¨ n‡Z divwm cÖfve I cÖvavb¨ m¤ú~Y©fv‡e
we‡jvc K‡ib|
cÂgZ: wZwb wgk‡ii w`‡K divwm AMÖMwZ‡K eÜ Kivi Rb¨ wgki‡K mvgwiK mvnvh¨ w`‡q Ges cvi‡m¨i w`‡K
ivwkqvi AMÖMwZ‡K evav`v‡bi Rb¨ cvi‡m¨ GKwU wgkb †cÖiY K‡i Zuvi ivR‰bwZK I K‚U‰bwZK eyw×i cwiPq †`b|
lôZ: I‡q‡jmwj Af¨šÍixY kvmb e¨e¯’vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Dcjwä Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb e‡jB wePvi, K…wl I ivR¯^
e¨e¯’vi ms¯‹vi mva‡b g‡bvwb‡ek K‡iwQ‡jb| GUv Zuvi K…wZ‡Z¡iB cwiPvqK| wKš‘ Zvm‡Ë¡I wZwb wQ‡jb †Nvi
mvgªvR¨ev`x I hy×evR| d‡j Zuv‡K ¯^‡`‡k wd‡i †h‡Z nq| wZwb GZB AnsKvix wQ‡jb †h Zv J×Z¨ e‡j g‡b
n‡Zv| wZwb A‡b¨i Amyweav I Kó‡K wKQy g‡b bv K‡i wb‡Ri B”Qv‡KB Pvwc‡q w`‡Zb| d‡j G‡`kxq gvby‡li `ytL
`y`©kv †e‡o wM‡qwQj|

wkÿv_©xi KvR fvi‡Z mv¤ªvR¨ev`x kvmb wKfv‡e ïiæ n‡qwQj Zv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb|

mvivsk
1797 wLª÷v‡ã jW© I‡q‡jmwj fviZe‡l©i Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij n‡q Av‡mb| †h‡Kv‡bv Dcv‡q †nvK, Bs‡iR
mvgªv‡R¨i we¯Í…wZi Rb¨ e¨vKzj G mvgªvR¨ev`x Bs‡iR G‡`‡ki `ye©jZv †Kv_vq Zv eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb| Avi G
my‡hvM wb‡qB jW© I‡q‡jmwj mvgwiK AaxbZvi wfwˇZ GK bxwZ cÖeZ©b K‡ib hv BwZnv‡m AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZv
bxwZ bv‡g L¨vZ| wZwb wbRvg I gvivVv‡`i AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZv Pzw³ MÖn‡Y eva¨ K‡ib| Ab¨vqfv‡e wUcyi weiæ‡×
hy× †NvlYv K‡i Zuv‡K civwRZ I wbnZ K‡ib| M„nweev‡`i my‡hv‡M †QvU †QvU †`kxq ivR¨¸‡jv‡K weªwUk Aax‡b
wb‡q Av‡mb| Gfv‡e jW© I‡q‡jmwj Q‡j e‡j †KŠk‡j Dcgnv‡`‡ki cÖavb wZb cÖwZØ›Øx kw³ gnxk~i, wbRvg I
gvivVv‡`i cZb NwU‡q G‡`‡k weªwUk mvgªvR¨ev‡`i AvwacZ¨ cÖwZwôZ K‡ib| G‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi ¯^v_© Zuvi jÿ¨
wQj bv| jÿ¨ wQj ïay weªwUk mvgªv‡R¨i we¯Í…wZ|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.4
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZvbxwZ cÖeZ©b K‡ib †K?
K) jW© Kb©Iqvwjm L) jW© I‡q‡jmwj M) jW© Wvj‡nŠwm N) jW© KvR©b
2| gnxk~‡ii evN ejv nq Kv‡K?
K) nvq`vi Avjx L) wUcy myjZvb M) wbRvg N) Avwmd D‡ÏŠjv
3| †h Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij Dcgnv‡`‡k mvgªvR¨ev`x e‡j cwiwPZ, Zvi bvg Kx?
K) jW© KvR©b L) jW© I‡q‡jmwj M) jW© nvwW©Ä N) jW© Kb©Iqvwjm

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 97
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq BwZnvm 1g cÎ

DÏxcKwU c‡o 4 I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|

DBwjqvg d«vwÝm Af¨šÍixY kvmb e¨e¯’vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyaveb Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb e‡jB wZwb wePvi, K…wl I
ivR¯^ e¨e¯’vi ms¯‹vi mvab K‡ib; Zv m‡Ë¡I wZwb wQ‡jb †Nvi mvgªvR¨ev`x I hy×evR| d‡j Zv‡K ¯^‡`‡k
wd‡i †hZ nq|
4| DÏxc‡Ki DBwjqvg d«vw݇mi mv‡_ cvV¨ cy¯Í‡Ki †Kv¤úvwb Avg‡ji †Kvb kvm‡Ki mv`„k¨ Av‡Q?
K) jW© Kb©Iqvwjm L) jW© I‡q‡jmwj M) jW© Wvj‡nŠwm N) jW© KvR©b
5| D³ kvmKÑ
i. wbRvg I gvivVv‡`i AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZvbxwZ MÖn‡Y eva¨ K‡ib
ii. M„n weev‡`i my‡hv‡M †QvU †QvU †`kxq ivR¨¸‡jv‡K weªwUk kvmbvax‡b Av‡bb
iii. Ab¨vqfv‡e wUcyi weiæ‡× hy× †NvlYv K‡i Zv‡K civwRZ I wbnZ K‡ib
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) i I iii M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii

cvV-6.5 jW© DBwjqvg †ew›U¼

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 †ew›U‡¼i A_©‰bwZK ms¯‹vi m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †ew›U‡¼i cÖkvmwbK ms¯‹vi m¤ú‡K© weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †ew›U‡¼i mgvR ms¯‹vi m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †ew›U‡¼i wkÿv ms¯‹vi m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †ew›U‡¼i ˆe‡`wkK bxwZi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †ew›U‡¼i PwiÎ I K…wZ‡Z¡i welq Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kãgvjv Mfb©i, KvDwÝj, jW© Avgnv÷, mZx`vn, mngiY, VMx `gb, K‡b©j úxgvb

jW© DBwjqvg †ew›U¼ cÖ_g Rxe‡b gv`ªvR KvDw݇ji Mfb©i wbhy³

n‡q GB Dcgnv‡`‡k AvMgb K‡ib| G mg‡q †f‡jv‡i †h wmcvnx
we‡`ªvn msNwUZ nq Zv `g‡b wZwb e¨_© n‡j Bsj¨vÛ KZ©„cÿ Zuv‡K ¯^‡`‡k
wdwi‡q †bb| AZtci jW© Avgnv÷© †¯^”Qvq †`‡k wd‡i †M‡j 1828 wLª÷vã
cybivh †ew›U¼‡K Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij wbhy³ K‡i G‡`‡k cvVv‡bv nq Ges wZwb
1835 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ ¯^c‡` envj wQ‡jb| wZwb GKRb kvwšÍwcÖq D`vicš’x
kvmK wQ‡jb| wZwb cÖ_g Dcjwä K‡iwQ‡jb †h kvwmZ‡`i Kj¨vY mvavb
KivB kvm‡Ki cÖavb KZ©e¨| ZvB Zuvi kvmbvgj Dcgnv‡`‡k mvgªvR¨ we¯Ívi
A‡cÿv wewfbœ Kj¨vYgyLx Kv‡Ri Rb¨ weL¨vZ n‡q Av‡Q|
A_©‰bwZK ms¯‹vi
cÖ_g eªþhy‡×i ci †Kv¤úvwbi A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v hLb Pig AvKvi aviY K‡i
wVK †mB mgq kvmbfvi MÖnY K‡i †ew›U¼ Avw_©K mgm¨v mgvav‡b g‡bv‡hvM
†`b| ZvB wZwb cÖ_g Ae¯’v‡Z e¨q ms‡KvP I ivR¯^ Av‡qi e¨e¯’v K‡ib| †ew›UsK

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 98
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

†evW© Ae WvB‡i±‡ii wb‡`©k †c‡q wZwb mvgwiK I †emvgwiK e¨vq Kgv‡bvi j‡ÿ¨ K‡qKwU cš’v MÖnY K‡ib|
kvwšÍKvjxb mg‡q mvgwiK evwnbxi Kg©Pvix‡`i A‡a©K fvZv †`qvi †h wbqg Pvjy wQj Zv wZwb Zz‡j †`b| wZwb
Da©Zb †emvgwiK Kg©KZ©v‡`i †eZb Kwg‡q †`b| wZwb †Kv¤úvwbi AwZwi³ Kg©Pvix‡`iI QuvUvB K‡ib| Ggb wK
wZwb †Kv¤úvwbi Kg©Pvix‡`i `ÿZv I Kvh©Kjvc m¤ú‡K© Da©Zb Awdmvi‡`i wbKU n‡Z †Mvcb msev` †bqviI
e¨e¯’v Pvjy K‡ib|
†Kv¤úvwbi ivR¯^ Avq e„w×i Rb¨ jW© †ew›UK gvj‡e Drcbœ Avwd‡gi Dci Ki avh© K‡ib| †hme Rwg A‰eafv‡e
wb®‹i e‡j †`Lvb n‡qwQj, †m¸‡jvi Dci wZwb Ki emvb| gv`ªvR I AvMÖvq ivqZIqvix cÖ_vi cÖeZ©b K‡i wZwb
†Kv¤úvwbi Avq evov‡bvi e¨e¯’v K‡ib| wZwb wmÜzi Avgxi I cvÄv‡ei ibwRZ wms‡ni mv‡_ evwYR¨ Pzw³ m¤úv`b
K‡ib| G mKj e¨e¯’v †bqvi d‡j †Kv¤úvwbi †h NvUwZ wQj Zv c~i‡Yi ci DØ„Ë nq Ges †Kv¤úvwbi Avw_©K
¯^”QjZv wd‡i Av‡m|
kvmb ms¯‹vi
kvmb msµvšÍ ms¯‹v‡i n¯Í‡ÿc K‡i cÖ_‡gB wZwb wePvi wefv‡Mi DbœwZ mvab K‡ib| †ew›U¼B me©cÖ_‡g
G‡`kxq‡`i kvmb I wePvi msµvšÍ D”Pc‡` wb‡qvM K‡ib| wZwb KY©Iqvwjm cÖewZ©Z cÖv‡`wkK wePvivjq¸‡jv Zz‡j
w`‡q †Rjv Kv‡jK&U‡ii Dci †dŠR`vix gvgjvi wePvi Kivi `vwqZ¡ †`b| wZwb K‡qKwU †Rjv‡K GKwÎZ K‡i
GKwU wefvM MVb K‡i cÖwZwU wefv‡M GKRb K‡i Kwgkbvi wbhy³ K‡ib| †WcywU Ges R‡q›U g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui c`I
m„wó Kiv nq| m`i Avwg‡bi c‡`I G‡`kxq‡`i wb‡qvM Kiv nq|
G‡`kxq wePviK Ges Kg©Pvix‡`i †eZb †¯‹j I c‡` gh©v`v evov‡bv nq| cÖkvmwbK myweav‡_© wZwb †evW© Ae
†iwfwbD Gi m`i `ßi KjKvZv †_‡K Gjvnvev‡` mwi‡q wb‡q Av‡mb| wZwb G‡`kxq wePvivjq¸‡jv‡Z gymwjg
Avgj †_‡K cÖPwjZ dvwm© fvlvi cwie‡Z© †`kxq fvlvi cÖPjb ïiæ K‡ib| wZwb evsjvq me©cÖ_g ÔRyix e¨e¯’viÕ
cÖeZ©b K‡ib| Zuvi mg‡q G‡`kxq‡`i Ryixi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM Kiv nq| Zuvi AviI GKwU ms¯‹vi wQj G‡`‡ki
†dŠR`vix AvBb wewai msKjb| eûKvj a‡i cÖPwiZ gymwjg AvBb I Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij‡`i †NvwlZ AvBb Øviv
†dŠR`vix gvgjv Pvjv‡bv n‡Zv| †ew›U¼ jW© †gK‡ji mnvqZvq AvBb Kwgkb MVb K‡i ÔBwÛqvb †cbvj †KvWÕ ˆZwi
K‡ib hv †dŠR`vix gvgjv wb®úwËi †ÿ‡Î MvBW eyK wnmv‡e ¯^xK…wZ cvq| Gfv‡e †ew›U¼ myk„•Lj I `ÿ kvmb
e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©b K‡ib|
mvgvwRK ms¯‹vi
mgvR ms¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ †ew›U‡¼i bvg G Dcgnv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m wPi¯§iYxq| mZx`vn wbeviY I VMx `gb n‡jv
†ew›U‡¼i me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KxwZ©| wZwb mZx`vn cÖ_vi we‡jvc mvab K‡ib| eû cÖvPxbKvj †_‡K G‡`‡ki wn›`y
mgv‡R ÔmngiYÕ (g„Z ¯^vgxi mv‡_ †¯^”Qvq GKB wPZvq ¯¿xi g„Zz¨eiY Kiv) Ges ÔAbygiYÕ (we‡`‡k ¯^vgxi g„Zz¨ n‡j
weaev‡K GKvKx wPZvq cywo‡q gviv) cÖ_vi cÖPjb wQj| Gfv‡e ¯¿xMY mZx n‡Zb| A‡bK mgq mvgvwRKZv iÿvi
Rb¨ g„Z e¨w³i cwievi cwiRb weaev‡K Awb”Qvm‡Ë¡I †Rvic~e©K wPZvq cywo‡q gvi‡Zv| jW© KY©Iqvwjm I Zuvi
c‡ii A‡bK Mfb©i †Rbv‡ijB G AgvbweK cÖ_v‡K DwV‡q †`qvi †Póv K‡ib| wKš‘ G‡`kxq fvev`‡k© AvNvZ
jvM‡Z cv‡i e‡j Zuviv ZZUv †Rvi †`b wb| jW© †ew›U¼ K‡qKRb G‡`kxq D`vicš’x ms¯‹viK we‡kl K‡i ivRv
ivg‡gvnb ivq I wcÖÝ ØviKvbv_ VvKz‡ii mg_©b I mnvqZv jvf K‡ib| m`i wbRvgZ Av`vj‡Zi RR‡`i mg_©b
wb‡q 1829 wLª÷v‡ã GK Av‡`k e‡j GB AgvbweK cÖ_v iwnZ K‡ib| GQvov ZrKvjxb wn›`y ixwZ Abyhvqx
†`eZv‡K Lywk Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Ri cÖ_g mšÍvb‡K M½v b`x‡Z wb‡ÿc I weevn †`qvi AÿgZv‡nZz wbR wkï Kb¨v‡K
MjvwU‡c nZ¨v Kivi wbqgI †ew›U¼ wPiZ‡i eÜ K‡i †`b|
VMx‡`i K_v eû Av‡M †_‡K Rvbv hvq| VMxiv QÙ‡e‡k nVvr K‡i G‡m wbixn cw_K‡`i, Zx_©hvÎx‡`i I
ågYKvix‡`i Mjvq duvm jvwM‡q nZ¨v K‡i Zv‡`i mewKQy jyV K‡i wb‡q †h‡Zv| GUv wQj VMx‡`i †ckv| Kw_Z
Av‡Q †h †gvMj mgªvU AvKei G‡Uvqv †Rjv‡Z cÖvq cuvP‡kv VMx‡K nZ¨v K‡ib| we‡`wk ågYKvix‡`i KvQ †_‡KI
Rvbv hvq †h †gvMj mgªvU AvIi½‡R‡ei mg‡qI VMx‡`i †ek DrcvZ wQj| m¤¢eZ Bs‡iR Avg‡j G‡`i †`ŠovZ¥

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 99
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq BwZnvm 1g cÎ

†e‡o wM‡qwQj| VMxiv wQj AZ¨šÍ k„•Ljve× WvKvZ`j| G `‡j wn›`y-gymwjg Dfq †Mv‡Îi †jvK wQj| Giv
cy‡ivwnZ, `i‡ek BZ¨vw` QÙ‡e‡k WvKvwZ Ki‡Zv| nvq`ªvev` †_‡K A‡hva¨v, ivRcyZvbv I ey‡›`jL‡Û VMx‡`i
Av¯Ívbv wQj| Zviv mvs‡KwZK fvlvq wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ K_vevZ©v ej‡Zv| ZvB RbM‡Yi wbivcËvi Rb¨ jW© †ew›U¼
K‡Y©j úxgv‡bi Dci VMx `g‡bi fvi †`b| K‡b©j úxgvb VMx‡`i fvlv AvqZ¡ K‡i Ges †dwiwNqv bv‡g GKRb VMxi
Kv‡Q †_‡K VMx‡`i †KŠkj I †Mvcb Av¯Ívbv¸‡jvi Lei †R‡b wb‡q cÖvq c‡bik VMx‡K a‡i †d‡jb Ges Zv‡`i
K‡Vvi kvw¯Í †`b (1830 wLª:)|
wkÿv ms¯‹vi
G‡`‡k cvðvZ¨ wkÿvi cÖeZ©b jW© DBwjqvg †ew›U‡¼i Ab¨Zg †kªô KxwZ©| eû Av‡M †_‡K Dcgnv‡`‡k ms¯‹Z … I
dviwm fvlv cÖPwjZ wQj| 1813 wLª÷v‡ãi PvU©vi G¨v± Øviv †Kv¤úvwb G‡`kxq‡`i wkÿv we¯Ív‡ii Rb¨ erm‡i GK
jÿ UvKv e¨q Ki‡Z eva¨ wQj| G A_© †Kej ms¯‹Z … , dviwm cÖf…wZ cÖvP¨ fvlv wkÿvi Rb¨ e¨q n‡Zv| 1833
wLª÷v‡ã †ew›U¼ Bs‡iwRi gva¨‡g wkÿv`vb Ges cvðvZ¨ ÁvbweÁv‡bi cÖmv‡ii D‡`¨vM wb‡j `ywU gZ ev `‡ji m„wó
nq|
GK`j cÖvP¨ fvlv (ms¯‹…Z I dviwm) wkÿvi cÿcvZx wQ‡jb| Ab¨`j, cvðvZ¨ fvlv I ÁvbweÁv‡bi (Bs‡iwR)
wkÿvi cÿcvwZ wQ‡jb| †k‡lv³ `‡ji mg_©K wQ‡jb Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij cwil‡`i AvBb welqK m`m¨ jW© †gK‡j
Ges G‡`kxq mgvR ms¯‹viK ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq| jW© †gK‡j Bs‡iwR wkÿvi c‡ÿ hyw³ †`wL‡q 1835 wLª÷v‡ã
GKwU ¯§viKwjwc Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij †ew›U‡¼i Kv‡Q †ck K‡ib| G wel‡q Av‡›`vjb n‡jI †ew›U¼ G‡`‡k cvðvZ¨
wkÿv cÖeZ©‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Dcjwä K‡ib| wZwb Bs‡iwR wkÿvi Rb¨ cÖPzi A_© eivÏ K‡ib Ges dvm©xi cwie‡Z©
Bs‡iwR‡K miKvwi fvlviƒ‡c †NvlYv K‡ib| H ermiB (1835 wLª:) †ew›U‡¼i †Póvi d‡j cvðvZ¨ avivi
wkÿv`v‡bi Rb¨ KjKvZvq GKwU †gwWK¨vj K‡jR I †ev¤^vB‡q (eZ©gvb gy¤^vB) Gjwdb‡÷vb Bbw÷wUDkb cÖwZwôZ
nq| GRb¨ wZwb BwZnv‡m AvRI ¯§iYxq e¨w³Z¡ wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ n‡q Av‡Qb|
Ab¨vb¨
GQvov †ew›U¼ G‡`‡ki †fZ‡i gvjvgvj PjvP‡ji Dci ïé DwV‡q †`b| b`x I mgy`ªc‡_ RvnvR PjvP‡j Drmvn
†`b| Pv I Kwd Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ Pv-evMvb ¯’vc‡b Drmvn †`b| wZwb Rj †mP e¨e¯’vi DbœwZi †Póv K‡ib| G‡`kxq
†mbvevwnbx‡Z †eÎvNvZ K‡i kvw¯Í cÖ`v‡bi †h wbqg wQj Zv wZwb eÜ K‡i †`b| Dcgnv‡`‡ki †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b
biewji †h wbqg wQj ZvI wZwb eÜ K‡i †`b| †ew›U‡¼i G mKj ms¯‹v‡ii d‡j mgvRRxeb h‡_ó cwigv‡Y DbœZ
n‡qwQj|
ˆe‡`wkK bxwZ
ˆe‡`wkK bxwZ †g‡b Pjvi †ÿ‡Î †ew›U¼ wbi‡cÿ bxwZ AbymiY K‡i Pjvi cÿcvwZ wQ‡jb| Z‡e †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv
†ÿ‡Î Gi e¨wZµg †`Lv hvq| Zuvi wbi‡cÿ bxwZi my‡hvM wb‡q e‡iv`vi MvB‡Kvqvo Bs‡iR‡`i weiæ‡× cÖKv‡k¨
we‡ivwaZv ïiæ K‡i| f‚cvj, †Mvqvwjqi I Rqcy‡i †Mvj‡hvM ïiæ n‡j †ew›U¼ G mKj iv‡R¨i Af¨šÍixY wel‡q
n¯Í‡ÿc Ki‡Z eva¨ nb| KvQv‡oi ivRv DËivwaKvix bv †i‡L gviv †M‡j †m iv‡R¨i Rbmvavi‡Yi B”Qv Abyhvqx
†ew›U¼ Zv †Kv¤úvwbi kvm‡b wb‡q Av‡mb| Kz‡M©i (gnvk~‡ii Kv‡Q) ivRvi AZ¨vPv‡i cÖRviv AwZô n‡q DV‡j wZwb
KzM©I AwaKvi K‡ib| Avmv‡gi ˆRwšÍqv ciMbvi RbMY K‡qKRb Bs‡iR‡K biewj w`‡Z a‡i wb‡q hvq| †Kv¤úvwbi
Aby‡iva m‡Ë¡I Zv‡`i †Q‡o bv †`qvq †ew›U¼ eva¨ n‡q ˆRwšÍqv ciMYv wbR kvmbvax‡b wb‡q Av‡mb| Kzkvmb I
AivRKZvi Awf‡hv‡M gnxk~i iv‡R¨I wZwb A¯’vqxfv‡e Bs‡iR kvmb cÖeZ©b K‡ib|
Dcgnv‡`‡ki DËi cwðg mxgv‡šÍ ivwkqvi Aïf cÖfve eÜ Kivi Rb¨ wZwb cvÄv‡ei iYwRZ wms‡ni mv‡_ wPi¯’vqx
wgÎZv Ges wmÜz cÖ‡`‡ki AvgxiM‡Yi mv‡_ eÜzZ¡ ¯’vcb K‡i Bs‡iR ¯^v_© iÿv K‡ib|
PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡
Dcgnv‡`‡k weªwUk hy‡Mi BZnv‡m jW© DBwjqvg †ew›U¼ GK †MŠi‡ev¾¡j ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡i Av‡Qb| mvgwiK
cÖwZfvi Afve †ew›U‡¼i Pwi‡Î _vK‡jI `qvcÖeYZv wePÿYZv, AvbyMZ¨ I RbKj¨v‡Yi B”Qv cÖf…wZ ¸Yvewji wewPÎ

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 100

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

mgv‡ek Zuvi Pwi‡Î cÖwZdwjZ nq| jW© †gK‡j †ew›U¼‡K Rbwn‰Zlx I RbKj¨vYKvgx kvmK e‡j‡Qb| G‡`kxq
mgv‡Ri Kzms¯‹vi `~ixKiY, G‡`kxq I Bs‡iR Kg©Pvix‡`i g‡a¨ ˆelg¨ `~ixKiY, G‡`kxq‡`i wkÿv-`xÿvi DbœwZ
mvab cÖf…wZi Rb¨ jW© †gK‡j †ew›U‡¼i cÖksmv Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡j‡Qb †h wZwbB me©cÖ_g cÖvP¨ †`kxq AZ¨vPvix
kvm‡bi ¯’‡j weªwUk ¯^vaxbZvi ¯^v` G‡`kevmx‡K w`‡qwQ‡jb| GKw`‡K Bs‡iR ¯^v_© iÿvi Rb¨ wZwb †hgb iYwRZ
wmsn Ges wmÜzi Avgxi‡`i m‡½ eÜzZ¡ K‡ib, Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb gnxk~i, KvQvo, KzM©, ˆRwšÍqv ivR¨ `Lj Ki‡Z KzwÚZ
nb wb| ZeyI mew`K †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j Dcgnv‡`‡k weªwUk hy‡Mi BwZnv‡m †ew›U‡¼i bvg K…ZÁZv mnKv‡i ¯§iY
Ki‡Z n‡e|
wkÿv_©xi KvR jW© DBwjqvg †ew›U‡¼i kvmbKv‡ji Dci GKwU wbeÜ wjLyb|

mvivsk
1828 wLª÷v‡ã jW© †ew›U¼ G‡`‡k Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij n‡q Av‡mb| cÖ_g Rxe‡b wZwb †b‡cvwjq‡bi weiæ‡×
IqvUvijyi hy× we‡RZv wWDK Ad I‡qwjsU‡bi †mbv evwnbx‡Z wQ‡jb| wZwb hLb G‡`‡k Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij
wn‡m‡e Av‡mb ZLb Zuvi G‡`‡k mvgwiK ˆbcyY¨ †`Lv‡bvi †Kv‡bv my‡hvM wQj bv| KviY †m mgqUv wQj ms¯‹v‡ii
hyM| ZvB wb:m‡›`‡n ejv hvh †h, †ew›U¼B cÖ_g Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij whwb Dcjwä K‡iwQ‡jb †h G‡`‡k cÖRv‡`i
Kj¨vY mvabB kvm‡Ki cÖavb KZ©e¨| Zuvi cÖ‡Póvi d‡jB G‡`‡k cvðvZ¨ wkÿv I mf¨Zvi Aeva cÖmv‡ii c_
Dš§y³ nq| †ew›U‡¼i mgvR ms¯‹vi ag©xq †Muvovgx I wbcxo‡bi nvZ †_‡K G`‡ki RbMY‡K iÿv K‡iwQj| Zuvi
wkÿv ms¯‹vi cieZ©xKv‡j G‡`kxq‡`i g‡bvRM‡Z GK weivU Av‡jvob I cwieZ©b wb‡q Av‡m hv G‡`‡ki mgvR
I mf¨Zvi AMÖMwZ‡K Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i Zz‡jwQj| ZvB AvRI jW© DBwjqvg †ew›U¼ Dcgvn‡`‡ki weªwUk hy‡Mi
BwZnv‡m wPi¯§iYxq n‡q Av‡Qb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.5
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| ÒjW© DBwjqvg †ew›UsK KZ wLª÷v‡ã Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij n‡qÓ fvi‡Z Av‡mb?
K) 1828 L) 1829 M) 1830 N) 1831
2| wePvi I kvmb wefv‡Mi D”P c‡` G‡`kxq‡`i wb‡qvM cÖ`vb Kiv nq| D³ wb‡qvM cÖ`vb K‡ib †K?
K) jW© †nw÷s L) jW© †ew›UsK M) jW© Kb©Iqvwjm N) jW© Wvj‡nŠwm
3| fvi‡Z D”P wkÿvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e Bs‡iwR fvlv Pvjy K‡ibÑ
K) jW© †nw÷sm L) jW© †ew›UsK M) jW© Kb©Iqvwjm N) jW© Wvj‡nŠwm
4| VMx`my¨‡`i `gb K‡ib †K?
K) K‡b©j wmøg¨vb L) K‡b©j AvcUb M) K‡b©j P¨vw¤úqvb N) K‡b©j †eªBbI‡qU
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
jW© n¨vwimbB cÖ_g kvmK whwb Dcjwä K‡iwQ‡jb †h cÖRv‡`i Kj¨vY mvabB kvm‡Ki cÖavb KZ©e¨| Zvi cÖ‡Póvq
G †`‡k cvðvZ¨ wkÿv I mf¨Zvi c_ D›gy³ nq| mvgvwRK Kzms¯‹vi I agx©q †Mvovgxi nvZ †_‡K RbMY iÿv
cvq| Zvi wkÿv ms¯‹vi G †`kxq g‡bvRM‡Z Av‡jvob I cwieZ©b wb‡q Av‡m hv G‡`‡ki mgvR I mf¨Zvi
AMÖMwZ‡K Zivwš^Z K‡iwQj| ZvB AvRI Dcgnv‡`‡ki weªwUk hy‡Mi BwZnv‡m jW© n¨vwimb wPi¯§Yxq n‡q Av‡Qb|
K. mZx`vn cÖ_v iwnZ K‡ib †K? 1
L. ÒVMxiv wQj AZ¨šÍ k„sLjve× WvKvZ `jÓÑ e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki jW© n¨vwim‡bi mv‡_ cvV¨ cy¯Í‡Ki †Kv¤úvwb Avg‡ji †h kvm‡Ki mv`„k¨ Av‡Q Zvi mvgvwRK ms¯‹vi
Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| 3

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 101

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq BwZnvm 1g cÎ

N. Ògwiqv cÖgvb Kwi‡Z nB‡e Zzwg mZx?Ñ we‡kølY Kiæb| 4

cvV-6.6 jW© Wvj‡nŠmx
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 jW© Wvj‡nŠmxi mvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡ii jÿ¨¸‡jv Kx Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 jW© Wvj‡nŠmxi ¯^Z¡ we‡jvc bxwZ wK I G bxwZi cÖ‡qvM m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Wvj‡nŠmxi ¯^Z¡ we‡jvc bxwZi djvdj m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 jW© Wvj‡nŠmxi kvmb ms¯‹vi m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kãgvjv jW© nvwW©Ä, jW© Wvj‡nŠwm, ¯^Z¡we‡jvc bxwZ

1848 wLª÷v‡ã jW© nvwW©‡Äi ci gvÎ QwÎk ermi eq‡m jW©

Wvj‡nŠmx G Dcgnv‡`‡k Av‡mb| Avmvi c~‡e© wZwb †evW© Ad
†Uª‡Wi mfvcwZ wn‡m‡e weªwUk gš¿x mfvq wQ‡jb| Bsj¨vÛ KZ©„cÿ G ch©šÍ
hZ mvgªvR¨ev`x kvmK G Dcgnv‡`‡k †cÖiY K‡i‡Qb Zvi g‡a¨ jW©
Wvj‡nŠmx wQ‡jb †Nvi mvgªvR¨ev`x| jW© Wvj‡nŠmxi mvgªvR¨ev` bxwZi
wZbwU jÿ¨ wQj-
K. cvðvZ¨ mf¨Zv I kvm‡bi cÖmvi
L. Bs‡iR mvgªv‡R¨i msnwZ ¯’vcb I
M. Dcgnv‡`‡k weªwUk c‡Y¨i evRvi m„wó
G D‡Ïk¨mg~n nvwm‡ji Rb¨ †h Dcvq Aej¤^b Kiv n‡qwQj Zv G‡`‡ki
RbM‡Yi Rb¨ KZUv Kj¨vYgyLx wQj, Gme wPšÍv Zuvi Kv‡Q †MŠY wQj| jW© Wvj‡nŠmx
Wvj‡nŠmx e„wUk ivóª we¯Ív‡i †h bxwZ¸‡jv MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb Zvi wZbwU wfbœ
wfbœ w`K wQ‡jv- 1. cÖZ¨ÿ hy‡×i Øviv ivR¨ Rq 2. ¯^Z¡we‡jvc bxwZi Øviv ivR¨ Rq 3. Kzkvmb I AivRKZvi
ARynv‡Z ciivR¨ `Lj| Gi g‡a¨ wZwb ¯^Z¡we‡jvc bxwZ cÖ‡qvM K‡iB me‡P‡q †ewk ivR¨ weªwUk mvgªvR¨fz³ K‡ib|
hy‡×i Øviv ivR¨ Rq
wØZxq wkL hy× ( 1848 - 49 wLª:): jW© nvwW©‡Äi mg‡qi cÖ_g wkL hy‡×i civRq wkL RvwZ fzj‡Z cv‡i wb|
GQvov nvwW©‡Äi wKQy c`‡ÿc wkL‡`i D‡ËwRZ K‡i Zz‡jwQj| cvÄv‡e wbhy³ †Kv¤úvwb Kg©Pvix‡`i A‡kvfb
AvPiY, wkL ¸iæ`yqviv¸‡jvi cÖwZ Am¤§vb †`Lv‡bv, wkL igbx‡`i wbh©vZb, wkL‡`i ag©wek¦vm I m¤§v‡b AvNvZ
†`q| Bs‡iR‡`i Ab¨v‡qi weiæ‡× ivYx wS›`‡`i cÖwZev` wkL‡`i Av‡jvwoZ K‡i|
†`Iqvb g~jivR wQ‡jb cvÄv‡ii kvmbKZ©v| jv‡nv‡ii Bs‡iR †iwm‡W›U g~jivR‡K wnmvecÎ `vwLj Ki‡Z ejvq
g~jivR c`Z¨v‡Mi fvb K‡ib| `yRb Bs‡iR Kg©Pvixmn bewbhy³ kvmKZ©v‡K Kg©¯’‡j cvVv‡bv n‡j g~jivR Zv‡`i
nZ¨v K‡i cybivq cvÄv‡e cÖfzË ¯’vcb K‡ib| m‡½ m‡½ cvÄv‡ei Ab¨Î wkL †hv×viv Bs‡iR‡`i weiæ‡× we‡`ªvn
K‡i| †ki wms‡ni †bZ…‡Z¡ KwZcq wkL †hv×v Bs‡iR‡`i c‡ÿ †M‡jI c‡i g~jiv‡Ri c‡ÿ P‡j Av‡m|
†c‡kvqvi cybiæ×v‡ii Avkvq AvdMvb RvwZI GB wkL we‡`ªv‡n †hvM †`q| eva¨ n‡q jW© Wvj‡nŠmx wkL‡`i weiæ‡×
hy× †NvlYv K‡ib| BwZnv‡m GB hy× wØZxq wkL hy× bv‡g cwiwPZ| weªwUk †mbvcwZ jW© Mvd wSjvg b`xi Zx‡i
wPwjqvbIqvjv bvgK ¯’v‡b wkL †mbvcwZ †kiwms‡ni nv‡Z †kvPbxqfv‡e civwRZ n‡jb| wKš‘ wPbve b`xi wbK‡U
¸Riv‡Ui hy‡× wkL evwnbx m¤ú~Y©fv‡e civwRZ n‡q cjvqb K‡i| Wvj‡nŠmx Bsj¨vÛ KZ©„c‡ÿi gZvg‡Zi A‡cÿv
bv K‡i cvÄve AwaKvi K‡i wb‡jb| d‡j Dcgnv‡`‡k weªwUk mvgªvR¨ AvdMvwb¯Ívb ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z n‡jv|

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 102

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

wØZxq B½-evg©v hy×

jW© Wvj‡nŠmxi ivRZ¡Kv‡j evwYR¨ msµvšÍ weev‡`i d‡j wØZxq evg©v (gvqvbgvi) hy‡×i m~ÎcvZ N‡U| 1826
wLª÷v‡ã msNwUZ cÖ_g evg©v ci n‡ZB eg©xMY Bs‡iR‡`i cÖwZ kÎæfvevcbœ wQj Ges µ‡g Zv‡`i m¤ú‡K©i Ggwb
AebwZ N‡U †h 1840 wLª÷v‡ã eªþivR Bs‡iR †iwm‡W›U‡K evg©v Z¨v‡Mi Av‡`k †`b| 1851 wLª÷v‡ã K‡qKRb
Bs‡iR ewYK eg©x‡`i nv‡Z AcgvwbZ n‡q‡Q msev` †c‡q Wvj‡nŠmx ZLbB evg©vi ivRvi Kv‡Q ÿwZc~iY `vwe K‡i
cvVvb| ÿwZc~iY Av`v‡qi Rb¨ Wvj‡nŠmx †bŠ-†mbvcwZ K‡gvWi j¨v¤^wU‡K iYZixmn evg©vq cvVvb| eªþivR hy‡×i
cÿcvZx wQ‡jb bv weavq Wvj‡nŠmxi mg_©b Av`v‡qi Rb¨ `ye¨©env‡ii `v‡q †i½y‡bi Mfb©i‡K c`Pz¨Z K‡ib| wKš‘
†bŠ-†mbvcwZ j¨v¤^vwU© G‡Z Lywk bv n‡q eªþiv‡Ri GKwU iYZix `Lj K‡i †bq| d‡j eg©xMY j¨v¤^vwU©i Rvnv‡R
†Mvjvel©Y ïiæ Ki‡j wØZxq evg©v hy‡×i m~ÎcvZ N‡U|
Wvj‡nŠmx j¨v¤^vwU‡K mvnv‡h¨i Rb¨ †Rbv‡ij MWDBb‡K †cÖiY K‡ib| AíKv‡ji g‡a¨B †i½yb †cÖvg I †c¸
AwaK…Z n‡jv| eªþivR mwÜc‡Î ¯^vÿi Ki‡Z A¯^xKvi Ki‡j Wvj‡nŠmx mgMÖ †c¸ cÖ‡`k weªwUk mvgªvR¨fz³ K‡ib|
Gfv‡e evg©vi DcK‚j AÂj weªwUk mvgªvR¨fz³ nIqvq PÆMÖvg n‡Z wm½vcyi ch©šÍ mgMÖ DcK‚j AÂj †hgb weªwUk
AwaKvifz³ n‡jv †Zgwb evg©v mgy‡`ªi mv‡_ ms‡hvM c‡_i Rb¨ weªwU‡ki Dci m¤ú~Y© wbf©ikxj n‡q coj| GQvov
Wvj‡nŠmx 1849 wLª÷v‡ã wmwKg ivR¨ e„wUk mvgªvR¨fz³ K‡ib|
¯^Z¡we‡jvc bxwZi msÁv: cÖvPxb wn›`y ixwZi D‡”Q` NwU‡q e„wUk kw³i Dci wbf©ikxj †`kxq ivR¨¸‡jv KzwÿMZ
Kivi Rb¨ †h bZzb bxwZ D™¢vweZ n‡qwQj ZvB ¯^Z¡ we‡jvc bxwZ bv‡g cwiwPZ| G bxwZi A_© n‡jv GB †h, Bs‡iR
AvwkªZ I AbyM„nxZ †Kv‡bv †`kxq iv‡R¨i ivRv AcyÎK Ae¯’vq gviv †M‡j Zuvi ivR¨ e„wUk mvgªvR¨fz³ n‡e; †Kv‡bv
cvwjZ cy‡Îi AwaKvi ¯^xKvi Kiv n‡e bv| cÖvPxb wn›`y ixwZ Abyhvqx AcyÎK ivRv ivResk I ivR¨ iÿv Kivi Rb¨
cyÎ cvjK wb‡Z cvi‡Zb| Av‡M G ai‡bi †ÿ‡Î Bs‡i‡Ri Kv‡Q †_‡K ivRviv we‡kl AbygwZ wb‡q `ËK MÖnY
Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb| wKš‘ Wvj‡nŠmx K‡VviZvi mv‡_ Av‡Mi ixwZ eÜ K‡i w`‡q ¯^Z¡we‡jvc bxwZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g weªwUk
mvgªvR¨ cÖmv‡ii c_ AviI cÖk¯Í K‡i †Zv‡jb|
¯^Z¡we‡jvc bxwZi cÖ‡qvM
hy‡×i Øviv mvgªvR¨ we¯Ívi QvovI jW© Wvj‡nŠmx ¯^Z¡we‡jvc bxwZi cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g ivR¨ cÖmv‡i D‡`¨vM †bb|
g‡bcÖv‡Y mvgªvR¨ev`x Wvj‡nŠmx me©cÖ_g muvZviv iv‡R¨i Dci Zvi ¯^Z¡we‡jvc bxwZi cÖ‡qvM K‡ib| muvZvivi ivRv
Bs‡i‡Ri webv AbygwZ‡Z `ËK cyÎ MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| d‡j 1848 wLª÷v‡ã ivRv gviv †M‡j Wvj‡nŠmx `ËK cy‡Îi
`vwe AMÖvn¨ K‡i muvZviv ivR¨ weªwUk mvgªvR¨fz³ K‡ib| Gici m¤^jcyi iv‡R¨i ivRv AcyÎK Ae¯’vq gviv †M‡j
Wvj‡nŠmx m¤^jcyi ivR¨wUI weªwUk mvgªvR¨fz³ K‡ib (1850 wLª:)|
1853 wLª÷v‡ã †fuvm‡j es‡ki †kl ivRv AcyÎK Ae¯’vq gviv †M‡j Wvj‡nŠmx bvMcyi weªwUk mvgªvR¨fz³ K‡ib|
KviY bvMcyi Bs‡i‡Ri cÖZ¨ÿ AwaKv‡i Avmvq †Kvb †`kxq iv‡R¨i GjvKvq bv Xz‡K KjKvZv †_‡K †ev¤^vB (gy¤^vB)
hvZvqv‡Zi c_ Bs‡iR‡`i Rb¨ †mvRv n‡q †Mj| 1853 wLª÷v‡ã Suvwmi ivRv gviv †M‡j Zuvi `ËK cy‡Îi `vwe
A¯^xKvi K‡i Wvj‡nŠmx Suvmx‡K weªwUk mvgªvR¨fz³ K‡ib| H fv‡e kZ`ªæ b`xi wbKU fMr ivR¨, ga¨cÖ‡`‡k
D`qcyi, ivR¯’v‡b K‡iŠwj cÖf…wZ ivR¨¸‡jv weªwUk mvgªvR¨fz³ nq|
Bs‡iR cÖ`Ë fvZv I †LZv‡ei ¯^Z¡ †jvc: AZtci Wvj‡nŠmx Bs‡iR cÖ`Ë †`kxq‡`i fvZv I †LZv‡ei †ÿ‡ÎI ¯^Z¡
we‡jvc bxwZ cÖ‡qvM K‡ib| 1851 wLª÷v‡ã †c‡kvqv wØZxq evRxivI gviv †M‡j Wvj‡nŠmx evRxivI Gi `ËKcyÎ
bvbv mv‡n‡ei fvZv eÜ K‡i †`b| GKBfv‡e Zv‡Äv‡ii ivRv gviv †M‡j Zuvi `yÕKb¨v mšÍvb _vK‡jI Zuv‡`i
DËivwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ Kiv nq Ges †m m‡½ Zv‡Äv‡ii ivRc` I fvZv eÜ Kiv nq| Wvj‡nŠmx †gvMj mgªvU
wØZxq evnv`~i kv‡ni †LZve I fvZv †jvc Kivi †Póv K‡ib| wKš‘ cwiPvjK mfv evav †`qvi d‡j wZwb mdj nb
wb|
Kzkvm‡bi ARynvZ: Gici jW© Wvj‡nŠmx Kzkvm‡bi ARynv‡Z A‡hva¨v ivR¨wU weªwUk mvgªvR¨fz³ K‡ib| ivR¨
kvm‡bi `vwqZ¡ bev‡ei nv‡Z _vK‡jI cÖK…Z ÿgZv wQj Bs‡iR‡`i nv‡Z| d‡j ivR¨ kvm‡b RwUjZvi m„wó nq|

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 103

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq BwZnvm 1g cÎ

ZvB Zuv‡K A‡hva¨v †Q‡o KjKvZvi wLw`icy‡i ev‡iv jÿ UvKv wb‡q evm Ki‡Z eva¨ Kiv nq| wVK Kzkvm‡bi Kvi‡Y
bv n‡jI nvq`ªvev‡`i wbRvg Bs‡iR †mbvewnbxi e¨qfvi en‡bi Rb¨ †h A_© w`‡Zb Zv evwK covq Wvj‡nŠmx
wbRv‡gi wbKU n‡Z †eivi cÖ‡`kwU †K‡o wb‡q weªwUk mvgªvR¨fz³ K‡ib|
¯^Ë¡we‡jvc bxwZi djvdj
Wvj‡nŠmxi c~e©eZ©x kvmKM‡Yi bxwZ wQj †hLv‡b cviZc‡ÿ Bs‡iR kvmb m¤úÖmviY bv Kiv, †mLv‡b Wvj‡nŠmxi
bxwZ wQj hZ`~i ch©šÍ m¤úÖmviY Kiv hvq ZZ`‚i ch©šÍ m¤úÖmviY Kiv| wZwb Zuvi D™¢vweZ ¯^Z¡we‡jvc bxwZ
cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g G‡`kxq beve-ivRv I Rwg`vi Ges cÖRvi g‡b fxwZ I Am‡šÍv‡li m„wó K‡iwQ‡jb| †Kbbv Zuviv
cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Zuv‡`i iv‡R¨i wbivcËv I mve©‡fŠgZ¡ m¤ú‡K© mw›`nvb wQ‡jb| G bxwZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi Øviv wZwb wewfbœ
ARynv‡Z G‡Ki ci GK ivR¨ weªwUk mvgªvR¨fz³ K‡ib| Q‡j e‡j †KŠk‡j bv n‡j wZwb hy‡×i Øviv ivR¨ `Lj
Ki‡Zb| Dciš‘, Wvj‡nŠmx G bxwZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi mgq G‡`‡ki cÖPwjZ ixwZbxwZ I ag©xq g‡bvfve Ges RbgZ‡K
m¤ú~Y©fv‡e D‡cÿv K‡ib| G a~gvwqZ Bs‡iR we‡ivax Am‡šÍvlB 1857 wLª÷v‡ã we‡`ªv‡ni Rb¨ we‡klfv‡e `vqx wQj|
ms¯‹vi
jW© Wvj‡nŠmx ïay GKRb mvgªvR¨ev`x wQ‡jb bv ies wZwb GKRb †kªô kvmKI wQ‡jb| Wvj‡nŠmxi Kg©kw³ wQj
AmvaviY| cÖkvmwbK †ÿ‡Îi cÖ‡Z¨K wefv‡MB wZwb ms¯‹vi mvab K‡ib|
kvmb ms¯‹vi: wZwb Mfb©i †Rbv‡i‡ji Kv‡Ri Pvc Kgv‡bvi j‡ÿ¨ evsjvi Rb¨ GKRb †jd‡Ub¨v›U Mfb©i (†QvU
jvU) wbhy³ K‡ib| mgMÖ weªwUk fviZ‡K wewfbœ †Rjvq fvM Kiv nq| d‡j ivR Kg©Pvix‡`i `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ †e‡o
hvq| wZwb evwl©K msev` msMÖ‡ni e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©b K‡ib Ges †e-mvgwiK Kg©Pvix‡`i wefvMxq cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯’v MÖnY
K‡ib| wZwb †K›`ªxq AvBbmfvi ¯^vaxbZv iÿvq †Póv K‡ib| ZrKvjxb evsjvi †mbv‡`i mvgwiK †hvM¨Zvi Afve
jÿ K‡i wZwb cÖ‡Z¨K my¯’ mej †jv‡Ki mvgwiK cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯’v MÖnY K‡ib hv‡Z fwel¨‡Z mvgwiK evwnbx‡Z
†hvM w`‡Z cv‡i| me‡k‡l wZwb e›`xw`M‡K Bb&m‡cKUi‡`i Aax‡b ivLvi GKwU bZzb e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©b K‡ib|
mvgvwRK ms¯‹vi: mgvR ms¯‹viK wn‡m‡e Wvj‡nŠmx Aek¨B cÖksmvi †hvM¨| Wvj‡nŠmx AvU eQ‡ii g‡a¨ eû ms¯‹vi
cÖeZ©b K‡i AvaywbK hy‡Mi m~Pbv K‡ib| †hgb: wZwb weaev weevn AvBb cvm K‡i wn›`y weaev we‡q‡K AvBbm½Z
K‡ib| G wel‡q cwÐZ Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi Wvj‡nŠmx‡K mvnvh¨ K‡ib| Wvj‡nŠmx Ggb GKwU AvBb cvm Kivb
hv‡Z G‡`kxqMY ag©všÍwiZ n‡jI Zv‡`i ˆcwÎK m¤úwË †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Wvj‡nŠmxi kvmbKvj wewfbœ RbwnZKi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ weL¨vZ| wZwb c~Z©wefv‡Mi cÖwZwôZ M½v Lvj Lbb I Rj †mP
e¨e¯’vi DbœwZ mvab K‡ib| wZwb ivRc_ I moK¸‡jvi Dbœqb K‡ib| ZuviB mg‡q KjKvZv n‡Z †c‡kvqvi ch©šÍ
MÖ¨vÛ Uªv¼ †ivW cybivq Pvjy nq| G‡`kxq †ijc_ e¨e¯’vi RbK wQ‡jb Wvj‡nŠmx| Zuvi mg‡q †ev¤^vB n‡Z Uvbv
ch©šÍ †ijjvBb Pvjy nq ( 1853 wLª:)|
Wvj‡nŠwm WvK wefv‡Mi ms¯‹vi, KjKvZv n‡Z AvMÖv ch©šÍ cÖ_g †UwjMÖvd e¨e¯’v I †cbx †cv÷KvW© e¨e¯’v Pvjy
K‡ib| wZwb ebf‚wg msiÿY bxwZ cÖeZ©b K‡ib Ges Pv I Kwd evMv‡bi cÖmvi mvab K‡ib| Zuvi Avg‡j †gwiqv
bvgK GK mgvR we‡ivax `j wewfbœ A‡j Îv‡mi ivRZ¡ m„wó K‡i| wZwb GB †gwiqv Dc`ª‡ci Aemvb NUvb|
wkÿv ms¯‹vi: Wvj‡nŠmx G‡`‡k wkÿvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Dcjwä K‡i wkÿvi Dbœq‡b g‡bv‡hvM †`b| G mgq †evW© Ae
K‡›Uªv‡ji mfvcwZ Pvj©m DW GKwU wkÿv cwiKíbv ˆZwi K‡ib hv D‡Wi †Wmc¨vP bv‡g weL¨vZ| GB e¨e¯’v eZ©gvb
wkÿv c×wZi wfwË MV‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| G cwiKíbv Abymv‡i Wvj‡nŠmx Ôwkÿv wefvMÕ m„wó K‡ib Ges ZuviB cÖ‡Póvq
G‡`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b ¯‹zj, K‡jR cÖwZwôZ nq| Rbmvavi‡Yi cÖwZwôZ cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K MÖv›U-Bb-GBW †`qvi e¨e¯’v
Kiv nq| D‡Wi †Wmc¨v‡P KjKvZv, gv`ªvR I †ev¤^vB‡q wZbwU BDwbfviwmwU ¯’vc‡bi mycvwik Kiv nq|
Wvj‡nŠmx bvix wkÿvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvI Dcjwä K‡ib Ges Zuvi I KvDwÝj m`m¨ †e_yb mv‡n‡ei cÖ‡Póvq †e_yb
K‡jR ¯’vwcZ nq| wZwb cÖv_wgK wkÿvi K_vI fv‡eb| wZwb iæiwKi BwÄwbqvwis K‡jRI ¯’vcb K‡ib| G mKj
DbœwZ mvab K‡i Wvj‡nŠmx G‡`‡k weªwUk kvmb my`„p K‡ib|

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 104

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

wkÿv_©xi KvR ¯^Z¡we‡jvc bxwZi Dci GKwU wbeÜ iPbv Kiæb|

mvivsk
GKRb mvgªvR¨ev`x kvmK wn‡m‡e Wvj‡nŠmxi D‡Ïk¨ wQj G‡`kxq cÖRve‡M©i Kj¨vY mvab Kiv| †m Kvi‡Y wZwb
g‡b Ki‡Zb †h †`kxq kvmb A‡cÿv Bs‡iR kvmb e¨e¯’v AwaKZi DbœZ I g½jRbK| d‡j G mvgªvR¨ev`x
`„wófw½ ekZ wZwb Q‡j e‡j †KŠk‡j †`kxq ivR¨ `L‡ji bxwZ MÖnY K‡ib| Gfv‡e ¯^Z¡ we‡jvc bxwZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi
gva¨‡g wZwb mvZviv m¤^jcyi, bvMcyi, Suvwm, D`qcyi, ˆRšÍvcyi I fMrcyi weªwUk mvgªvR¨fz³ K‡ib| wmÜz b`
n‡Z evg©vi (gvqvbgvi) BiveZxi Zxi ch©šÍ Wvj‡nŠmx weªwUk cZvKv Dwo‡q †`b|
Aek¨ Af¨šÍixY ms¯‹v‡iI Zuvi Ae`vb Kg bq| AvU eQ‡ii g‡a¨ wZwb eû ms¯‹vi cÖeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g AvaywbK
hy‡Mi m~Pbv K‡ib| wZwb †ijc_, †UwjMÖvd I c~Z©wefvM I Rbwkÿv e¨e¯’vi RbK wQ‡jb| wZwb †hvMv‡hvM,
weaev weevn cÖ_v, Rj‡mP e¨e¯’vi ms¯‹vi mvab K‡ib| wkÿv †ÿ‡ÎI Zuvi Ae`vb Abb¨| Zuvi mg‡q we`¨vjq I
wek¦we`¨vjq ¯’vwcZ nq| wZwb wQ‡jb bvix wkÿvi AMÖ`~Z| ZvB kvmK I ms¯‹viK wnmv‡e Wvj‡nŠmx Aek¨B
cÖksmv †c‡Z cv‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.6
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| ¯^Ë¡we‡jvcbxwZ cÖeZ©b K‡ib †K?
K) jW© Kb©Iqvwjm L) jW©I‡q‡jmwj
M) jW© Wvj‡nŠwm N) jW© †ew›UsK
2| jW© Wvj‡nŠwm wQ‡jbÑ
K) mvgªvR¨ev`x L) mgvR ms¯‹viK
M) `ÿ cÖkvmK N) MYZš¿gbv
3| mgMÖ Dcgnv‡`‡k weªwUk mvgªvR¨ m¤úÖmvwiZ nq Kvi mg‡q?
K) jW© nvwW©Ä L) jW© Rj‡nŠwm
M) jW© Kb©Iqvwjm N) jW© AKj¨vÛ
4| fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k †ij I †UªwjMÖvd cÖ_vi cÖeZ©b K‡ib †K?
K) jW© Wvj‡nŠmx L) jW© †nw÷sm
M) jW© I‡q‡jmwj N) jW© nvwW©Ä

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
gnv‡`e P›`ª wQ‡jb mvuZviv iv‡R¨i ivRv| wbmšÍvb ivRv ivRc‡`i fwel¨r wPšÍv K‡i Bs‡iR‡`i AbygwZ QvovB
`ËKcyÎ MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| wKš‘ Bs‡iR‡`i wbqg wQj Bs‡iR AvwkªZ I AbyM„wnZ †Kv‡bv †`kxq iv‡R¨i ivRv AcyÎK
Ae¯’vq gviv †M‡j Zvi ivR¨ weªwUk mvgªvR¨fz³ n‡e| †Kv‡bv cvwjZ cy‡Îi AwaKvi ¯^xKvi Kiv n‡e bv, 1848
mv‡j ivRv gnv‡`e P›`ª gviv †M‡j Bs‡iRiv Zvi cvwjZ cy‡Îi `vex AMÖvn¨ K‡i mvuZviv ivR¨ weªwUk mvgªvR¨fz³
K‡ib; Ggb wK Zvi cvwjZcy‡Îi fvZvI eÜ K‡i †`q|
K. weaev weevn AvBb cvm K‡ib †K? 1
L. ¯^Z¡we‡jvc bxwZ Kx? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki wbqg-bxwZi mv‡_ cvV¨ cy¯Í‡Ki †Kv¤úvwb Avg‡ji †h kvm‡Ki wbqg-bxwZi mv`„k¨ cvIqv hvq Zv
e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 3

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 105

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq BwZnvm 1g cÎ

N. fviZe‡l©i wkÿv e¨e¯’vi Dbœq‡b D³ kvm‡Ki Ae`vb g~j¨vqb Kiæb| 4

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 106

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-6.7 †Kv¤úvwb Avg‡j cÖkvmwbK e¨e¯’v

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 †Kv¤úvwb Avg‡ji cÖkvmwbK e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †Kv¤úvwb Avg‡ji cvðvZ¨ fvlv wkÿv I Gi cÖPjb m¤ú‡K© eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †Kv¤úvwb Avg‡ji kvmb I cvðvZ¨ wkÿvi djvdj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ivR¯^ Av`vq, †`k iÿvi fvi, ÔKb©Iqvwjm †KvWÕ, cuvPmvjv e‡›`ve¯Í, GKmvjv
gyL¨ kãgvjv
e‡›`ve¯Í

kvmb e¨e¯’v
Bs‡iRiv G‡`‡k G‡mwQj e¨emv evwYR¨ cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z| wKš‘ ax‡i ax‡i ewY‡Ki gvb`Û ivR`‡Û
cwiYZ nq| GK GK RvqMvq GK GK mgq weªwUk mvgªv‡R¨i cÖmvi N‡U‡Q| ZvB mvgªv‡R¨i cÖmv‡ii m‡½ m‡½
¯^vfvweKfv‡eB cÖkvm‡bi `vwqZ¡I G‡m c‡o| e¯‘Z †Kv¤úvwb‡K hLb G‡`‡ki cÖkvmwbK `vwqZ¡ MÖnY Ki‡Z nq
ZLb Zv‡K bvbv mgm¨vi †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z n‡qwQj| G‡`kxq e¨e¯’v, cÖ_v, fvlv, wbqg-Kvbyb m¤ú‡K© AÁZv,
hvZvqvZ I †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Amyweavi ga¨ w`‡q †Kv¤úvwb GKwU cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv M‡o Zzj‡Z †Póv K‡i| †h‡nZz
evsjvq Bs‡iRiv cÖ_g ivR¨ we¯Ívi K‡iwQj, †m‡nZz evsjvi AwfÁZvi wfwˇZ Zviv Dcgnv‡`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ ¯’v‡bI
Zv‡`i cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv M‡o Zz‡jwQj|
K¬vB‡fi kvmb e¨e¯’v
`xDqvbx jv‡fi ci K¬vBf G‡`k kvm‡bi Rb¨ †h kvmb e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©b K‡ib Zv ˆØZ kvmb bv‡g cwiwPZ| G
e¨e¯’vq †Kv¤úvwbi nv‡Z wQj ÔivR¯^-Av`vqÕ I Ô†`k iÿvi fviÕ Avi bev‡ii nv‡Z wQj wePvi I kvm‡bi fvi|
Gfv‡e ax‡i ax‡i G‡`‡k Bs‡iR kvmb e¨e¯’vi c_ myMg n‡Z _v‡K| K¬vBfB wQ‡jb Bs‡iR kvm‡bi cÖ_g
cÖwZôvZv|
†nw÷s‡mi hy‡M kvmb e¨e¯’v
AZtci †nw÷sm G‡`‡ki kvmbfvi MÖnY K‡ib| bvbv evav I wecwËi g‡a¨I †nw÷sm kvmb e¨e¯’vi ms¯‹v‡i Zuvi
D™¢vebx cÖwZfvi cwiPq †i‡L †M‡Qb| cÖ_‡gB †nw÷sm, K¬vB‡fi cÖewZ©Z ˆØZ kvmb e¨e¯’vi we‡jvc K‡ib| wZwb
kvmb I ivR¯^ wefvM †Kv¤úvwbi Aax‡b wb‡q Av‡mb| Mfb©i I KvDw݇ji m`m¨‡`i wb‡q wZwb GKwU Ô†evW© Ae
†iwfwbDÕ MVb K‡i Zvi Dci ivR¯^ e¨e¯’vi cy‡iv `vwqZ¡ †`b| wZwb Bs‡iR Ômycvi fvBRi‡`iÕ ¯’‡j ÔKv‡jKUiÕ
wb‡qvM K‡ib| c~‡e© †hLv‡b D”Pc‡` ïay Bs‡iR‡`i wb‡qvM Kiv n‡Zv, GLb †mLv‡b G‡`kxq‡`i wb‡qvM Kiv
n‡jv| `ybx©wZ e‡Üi Rb¨ wZwb †Kv¤úvwbi Kg©Pvwi‡`i †gvUv †eZ‡bi e¨e¯’v K‡ib|| ivR¯^ Avq evov‡bvi Rb¨
†nw÷sm cuvP eQi †gqv‡` m‡e©v”P g~‡j¨ Rwg`vwi BRviv †`qvi wbqg cÖeZ©b K‡ib hv ÔcuvPmvjv e‡›`ve¯ÍÕ bv‡g
cwiwPZ| cuvPmvjv e‡›`ve‡¯Íi fzjÎæwU jÿ K‡i †nw÷sm Rwg`vi‡`i m‡½ GKUv ¯^í †gqv`x e‡›`ve¯Í K‡ib hv
ÔGKmvjv e‡›`ve¯ÍÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
AZtci †nw÷sm evwYR¨ †ÿ‡Î `¯ÍK cÖ_v Zz‡j †`b Ges †m m‡½ †Kv¤úvwbi Kg©Pvwi‡`i webv ï‡é e¨w³MZ
e¨emvI eÜ K‡i †`b| †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i gvjvgvj PjvP‡ji myweavi Rb¨ wZwb ïé †PŠwK¸‡jv wejyß K‡i †`b|
†Kv¤úvwbi ¯^v‡_© Kvco ˆZwii Rb¨ ZuvZx‡`i Dci AZ¨vPvi Kiv wbwl× Kiv nq| wZwb we‡`‡ki m‡½ evwYR¨ m¤úK©
¯’vcb K‡ib Ges `~Z †cÖiY K‡ib|
†nw÷sm gyMj wePvi e¨e¯’v‡K AbymiY K‡ib| wZwb †Kv¤úvwbi evwYR¨ wefvM‡K kvmb wefvM n‡Z c„_K K‡ib
hv‡Z †Kv¤úvwb cÖkvmb Kv‡R n¯Í‡ÿc Ki‡Z bv cv‡i| †nw÷sm wePvi wefvM‡K ivR¯^ wefvM n‡Z c„_K K‡i cÖwZ

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 107

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq BwZnvm 1g cÎ

†Rjvq GKwU K‡i †dŠR`vix I w`Iqvbx Av`vjZ ¯’vcb K‡ib| wZwb G‡`kxq KvRx ev gydZxi Øviv wePvi KvR
m¤úbœ Ki‡Zb| †nw÷smB me©cÖ_g DËivwaKvi msµvšÍ hveZxq gvgjv †gvKÏgv wn›`y gymwjg ag©kv¯¿ Abymv‡i
wePv‡ii wbqg cÖeZ©b K‡iwQ‡jb| G‡`kxq wkÿvi DbœwZi Rb¨ wZwb KjKvZvq gv`ªvmv, evivbmx‡Z ms¯‹Z
… K‡jR I
GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU ¯’vcb K‡ib|
KY©Iqvwj‡mi mg‡q kvmb e¨e¯’v
†nw÷s‡mi c`Z¨v‡Mi ci jW© KY©Iqvwjm G‡`‡ki kvmbfvi MÖnY K‡ib| d‡j Zuvi Dci `vwqZ¡ c‡o †nw÷s‡mi
Amgvß KvR mgvß Kivi| ZvB jW© KY©Iqvwjm GKwU `ÿ cÖkvmwbK I wePvi e¨e¯’v ˆZwi‡Z g‡bv‡hvM †`b|
cÖ_‡gB KY©Iqvwjm cÖkvmb‡K `ybx©wZgy³ Kivi Kv‡R nvZ †`b| Zuvi jÿ¨ wQj GK mr, `ÿ Kvh©Kix wmwfj mvwf©m
MVb Kiv| wZwb cÖ‡`k¸‡jv‡K †Rjvq Ges †Rjv¸‡jv‡K _vbvq wef³ K‡ib| Zuvi mgq 23wU †Rjv wQj|
KY©Iqvwjm KjKvZv‡K K‡qKwU A‡j fvM K‡i K‡qKRb cywjk Kg©KZ©v‡K AvBbk„•Ljv iÿvi `vwqZ¡ †`b| G
mgq MÖvgv‡j Rwg`viMY cywjkx `vwqZ¡ †_‡K gy³ nb|
cÖkvmb‡K AvB‡bi c‡_ cwiPvjbvi R‡b¨ KY©Iqvwjm Zuvi ÔAvBb wewa †KvWÕ cÖeZ©b K‡ib hv ÔKY©Iqvwjm †KvWÕ
bv‡g cwiwPZ| KY©IqvwjmB me©cÖ_g Kg©Pvix‡`i †eZb e„w× K‡i e¨w³MZ e¨emv wKsev A‰ea c‡_ A_© DcvR©b
m¤ú~Yf
© v‡e wbwl× †NvlYv K‡ib| KY©Iqvwjm †Kv¤úvwbi Kg©Pvwii msL¨v n«vm K‡ib Ges Zv‡`i mve©ÿwYK KvR
Kivi wb‡`©k †`b| KY©Iqvwjm ivR¯^ I wePvi wefvM‡K m¤ú~Y© c„_K K‡i c„_K Kg©Pvwi‡`i Dci Gi `vwqZ¡fvi b¨¯Í
K‡ib|
Kb©IqvwjmB wePvi wefv‡Mi D”P c`¸‡jv‡Z Bs‡iR wePviK‡`i wb‡qv‡Mi wbqg Pvjy K‡ib| ZvQvov wZwb †dŠR`vix
AvBb‡K AvaywbK Kivi †Póv K‡ib| d‡j wn›`y gymwjg Df‡qB wbR wbR c‡ÿ DwKj wb‡qv‡Mi AwaKvi jvf K‡i|
KY©Iqvwjm miKvwi Kg©Pvwi‡`i `ybx©wZ I †e-AvBbx Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Zuv‡`i wePvi wefv‡Mi Kv‡Q Awfhy³ Kivi e¨e¯’v
K‡i AvB‡bi kvmb cÖeZ©b K‡ib|
f‚wg ivR¯^: Iqv‡ib †nw÷s‡mi f‚wg ivR¯^ e¨e¯’vq fzjÎæwU _vKvi Kvi‡Y jW© KY©Iqvwjm Zv ms¯‹v‡ii cÖwZ
g‡bv‡hvMx nb| Iqv‡ib †nw÷s‡mi cuvPmvjv I GKmvjv e‡›`ve‡¯Íi d‡j †Kv¤úvwbi cÖvc¨ ivR¯^ eûj cwigv‡Y
Abv`vqx _v‡K I Pvlx‡`i Dci †kvlY †e‡o hvq| cuvPmvjv I GKmvjv e‡›`ve‡¯Íi fzjÎæwU wbim‡bi Rb¨ jW©
KY©Iqvwjm Rwgi Ô`kmvjv e‡›`ve¯ÍÕ cÖeZ©b K‡ib, hv 1793 wLª÷v‡ã ÔwPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯ÍÕ cwiYZ nq| G e¨e¯’vi
d‡j Rwg`viMY Rwgi ¯’vqx gvwjK nb Ges Zuv‡`i †`q K‡ii cwigvY wbw`©ó n‡q hvq| wKš‘ G e¨e¯’vi d‡j
K…lK‡`i `y`©kv †e‡o hvq I Rwgi Dbœqb K‡g hvq| G e¨e¯’vq m~hv© ¯Í AvB‡bi e‡j eû Rwg`vwi wbjv‡g D‡V|
Rwg`vwi †Kbvi ga¨ w`‡q bZzb Rwg`vi‡kªwY M‡o D‡V| Gfv‡e G‡`‡k ga¨weË †kªwYiI D™¢e N‡U|
jW© I‡qjm&wji mg‡q kvmb e¨e¯’v
1798 wLª÷v‡ã jW© I‡q‡jmwj †Kv¤úvwbi Mfb©i wn‡m‡e Kvh©fvi MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb ivR¨ kvm‡bi cwie‡Z© ivR¨
we¯Ív‡ii w`‡KB †ewk AvMÖnx w©Q‡jb| iv‡R¨i kvmb e¨e¯’vq Zuvi Ae`vb wbZvšÍB mvgvb¨| mvgªvR¨ev`x g‡bvfve _vKv
m‡Ë¡I wZwb †ekwKQy ms¯‹vi K‡i †M‡Qb| wZwb Bs‡iR AwaK…Z ¯’v‡b Rwg Rwic Kivi Rb¨ eyKvbb‡K wbhy³ K‡ib|
wZwb G‡`‡ki K…wl msµvšÍ wewfbœ Z_¨ msMÖn K‡ib| †`k ¯^vaxb nIqvi ci fviZ miKvi Gme msM„nxZ Z_¨ †_‡K
K…wl e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© aviYv jv‡f mÿg nq| I‡q‡jmwj wePvi e¨e¯’vi †ekwKQy ms¯‹vi K‡ib|
jW© I‡q‡jmwj fviZe‡l© bevMZ Bs‡iR Kg©Pvwi‡`i wkÿvi Rb¨ KjKvZvi †dvU© DBwjqv‡g GKwU K‡jR ¯’vcb
K‡ib|
†ew›Us‡Ki mgq kvmbe¨e¯’v
1828 wLª÷v‡ã jW© Dwjqvg †ew›U¼ G‡`‡ki eojvU n‡q Av‡mb| cÖ_‡gB wZwb wePvi wefv‡Mi ms¯‹vi mva‡b
g‡bv‡hvMx nb| †ew›U¼B me©cÖ_‡g G‡`kxq‡`i kvmb I wePvi msµvšÍ D”Pc‡` wb‡qvM K‡ib| wZwb KY©Iqvwjm
cÖewZ©Z cÖv‡`wkK Av`vjZ¸‡jv Zz‡j w`‡q †Rjv Kv‡jKU‡ii Dci †dŠR`vix gvgjvi wePv‡ii `vwqZ¡ †`b| wZwb

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 108

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

K‡qKwU †Rjv‡K GKwÎZ K‡i GKwU wefvM MVb K‡ib| cÖwZwU wefv‡M GKRb K‡i Kwgkbvi wbhy³ K‡ib| †WcywU
I R‡q›U g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui c`I m„wó Kiv nq|
AZtci †ew›U¼ mgvR ms¯‹v‡ii cÖwZ `„wó †`b| cÖ_‡gB wZwb ÔmZx`vn cÖ_vÕ I ÔAbygiYÕ cÖ_vi we‡jvc mvab
K‡ib| GQvovI †ew›UsK AviI A‡bK AgvbweK cÖ_v evwZj K‡ib| wZwb VMx `my¨‡`iI `gb K‡ib|
wkÿv‡ÿ‡ÎI Zuvi ms¯‹vi Ab¨KviI †P‡q Kg bq| A‡bK Av‡M †_‡KB G‡`‡k ms¯‹Z … I dviwm fvlv cÖPwjZ wQj|
1813 m‡bi mb` AvBb Øviv †Kv¤úvwb G‡`kxq‡`i wkÿv we¯Ív‡ii Rb¨ erm‡i GK jÿ UvKv e¨q Ki‡Z eva¨ wQj|
G A_© ïay cÖvP¨ fvlv wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î e¨wqZ n‡Zv| 1835 wLª÷v‡ã †ew›U‡¼i †Póvi d‡j cvðvZ¨ avivq wkÿv`v‡bi
Rb¨ KjKvZvq GKwU †gwW‡Kj K‡jR I †ev¤^vB‡q Gjwdb‡÷vb Bbw÷wUDkb cÖwZwôZ nq| wZwb ¯§iYxq n‡q
_v‡Kb G‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi wbKU|
†ew›U¼ †Kv¤úvwbi Avw_©K Dbœq‡bi w`‡K bRi w`‡qwQ‡jb| ZvB wZwb e¨q ms‡KvPb I ivR¯^ e„w×i e¨e¯’v K‡ib|
†ew›U¼ †Kv¤úvwbi ivR¯^ Avq e„w×i Rb¨ gvj‡e Drcbœ Avwd‡gi Dci Ki avh© K‡ib| †hme Rwg A‰eafv‡e wb®‹i
e‡j †`Lv‡bv nq, †mme Rwgi Dci wZwb Ki emvb|
gv`ªvR I AvMÖvq ÔivqZIqvix cÖ_viÕ cÖeZ©b K‡i wZwb †Kv¤úvwbi Avq e„w× K‡ib| wZwb wmÜzi Avgxi I cvÄv‡ei
ibwRr wms‡ni mv‡_ evwYR¨ Pzw³ K‡ib| †ew›U‡¼i Gme e¨e¯’v †bqvi d‡j †Kv¤úvwbi NvUwZ c~iY n‡q DØ„Ë _v‡K|
GQvov †ew›U¼ G‡`‡ki †fZ‡i gvj PjvP‡ji Dci ïé †jvc K‡ib| b`x I mgy‡`ª RvnvR PjvP‡j Drmvn cÖ`vb
K‡ib| Pv I Kwd Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ Pv evMvb I Kwd evMvb ¯’vc‡b Drmvn cÖ`vb K‡ib|
ˆe‡`wkK bxwZ †g‡b Pjvi †ÿ‡Î †ew›U¼ wbi‡cÿ bxwZ AbymiY Kivi cÿcvZx wQ‡jb| Z‡e cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a G bxwZ
Qvo‡ZI wZwb cÖ¯‘Z wQ‡jb| GB bxwZi ga¨ w`‡q †ew›U¼ †`kxq A‡bK iv‡R¨i Dci w`‡q AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi Ki‡Z
mÿg nb|
Wvj‡nŠmxi mg‡qi kvmb e¨e¯’v
jW© Wvj‡nŠmx 1848 wLª÷v‡ã G‡`‡ki kvmbfvi MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb ïay mvgªvR¨ev`x wQ‡jb bv, eis GKRb †kªô
kvmKI wQ‡jb| cÖkvmwbK †ÿ‡Îi cÖwZ wefv‡MB wZwb Zuvi cÖwZfvi ¯^vÿi †i‡L †M‡Qb| cÖ_‡gB wZwb eojv‡Ui
Kv‡Ri Pvc Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ evsjvq GKRb †QvUjvU wb‡qvM K‡ib| eojv‡Ui wb‡`©‡k †QvUjvU evsjv kvmb Ki‡Zb|
Zvui mg‡q cvÄve weªwUk mvgªvR¨fz³ Kiv nq| Wvj‡nŠmx ivR¨wUi cÖkvmb I Dbœq‡bi e¨e¯’v wb‡RB K‡ib| wZwb
cvÄv‡ei kvmbfvi GKRb Kwgkbv‡ii Dci b¨¯Í K‡ib|
Wvj‡nŠmx mvgwiK wefv‡MI ms¯‹vi cÖeZ©b K‡ib| wZwb †e½j AvwU©jvix †mbvi m`i `ßi KjKvZv n‡Z gxiv‡U
¯’vbvšÍi K‡i DËifvi‡Z mvgwiK evwnbx‡K kw³kvjx K‡ib| wZwb ¸L©v‡`i †mbvevwnbx‡Z wb‡qv‡Mi bxwZ †bb| wZwb
e›`x‡`i‡K B݇c±‡ii Aax‡b ivLvi GKwU bZzb e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©b K‡ib|
jW© Wvj‡nŠmx RbwnZKi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ weL¨vZ n‡q Av‡Qb| wZwb c~Z©wefvM (P.W.D) MVb K‡ib Ges G `ßi‡K
mvgwiK †evW© †_‡K c„_K K‡ib| G `߇ii nv‡Z iv¯ÍvNvU, cyj ˆZwi I Rj‡mP e¨e¯’v cwiPvjbv `vwqZ¡ †`qv nq|
G `߇ii D‡`¨vM M½vLvj Lbb Kiv nq| cvÄv‡eI evwi †`vqve Lv‡ji KvR Avi¤¢ nq| ZuviB mg‡q KjKvZv n‡Z
†c‡kvqvi ch©šÍ MÖ¨vÛ Uªv¼ †ivW wbg©vY Kiv nq|
Dcgnv‡`‡k †ijc_ wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ Wvj‡nŠmx‡K †ijc‡_i RbK ejv nq| Zuvi mg‡q †ev¤^vB n‡Z Uvbv ch©šÍ
†ijjvBb Pvjy nq (1853 wLª÷vã)| †i‡ji Rb¨ Rwg †ej †Kv¤úvwb‡K webvg~‡j¨ †`qv nq|
Wvj‡nŠmx G‡`‡ki †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi DbœwZi Rb¨ †UwjMÖvd jvBb ¯’vcb K‡ib| KjKvZv †_‡K AvMÖv ch©šÍ cÖ_g
†UwjMÖvd jvBb ¯’vwcZ nq (1854 wLª÷vã)| c‡i G jvBb jv‡nvi I †c‡kvqvi ch©šÍ cÖmvwiZ nq| me wg‡j 4
nvRvi gvBj `xN© †UwjMÖvd jvBb ¯’vwcZ nq|

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 109

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq BwZnvm 1g cÎ

1854 wLª÷vã WvK wefvMxq AvBb Øviv Wvj‡nŠmx WvK e¨e¯’vi we‡kl DbœwZ K‡ib| wZwb †cbx †cv÷ KvW© cÖ_v
Pvjy K‡ib| G‡`‡k wkÿvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Dcjwä K‡i Wvj‡nŠmx wkÿv ms¯‹v‡i nvZ †`b| 1857 wLª÷v‡ã KjKvZv
wek¦we`¨vjqmn wZbwU wek¦we`¨vjq ¯’vcb Kiv nq| bvix wkÿvi cÖmv‡ii Rb¨ †e_yb -Gi cÖ‡Póvq †e_yb K‡jR
¯’vwcZ nq| wZwb cÖv_wgK wkÿvi K_vI fv‡eb|
mgvR ms¯‹viK wnmv‡e Wvj‡nŠmx Aek¨B cÖksmvi †hvM¨| wZwb weaev weevn AvBb cvm K‡i wn›`y we‡q‡K
AvBbm½Z K‡ib| Wvj‡nŠmx Ggb GKwU AvBb cvm K‡ib hv‡Z G‡`kxqMY ag©všÍwiZ n‡jI Zv‡`i ˆcwÎK m¤úwË
†fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| ˆe‡`wkK bxwZi w`K †_‡K Wvj‡nŠmx wQ‡jb AZ¨šÍ mdj kvmK| hw`I wZwb wQ‡jb †Nvi
mvgªvR¨ev`x ZeyI Dcgnv‡`‡k wZwbB Gi ¯’vwqZ¡ I `vb K‡ib| Bs‡iR ÿgZvi ¯’vwq‡Z¡i Rb¨ wZwb wZbwU wfbœ c_
Aej¤^b K‡ib- cÖZ¨ÿ hy‡×i Øviv ivR¨ Rq, ¯^Z¡we‡jvc
bxwZi Øviv ivR¨ Rq, Kzkvmb I AivRKZvi ARynv‡Z
ivR¨ `Lj|
cvðvZ¨ fvlv wkÿv
evsjvq hLb B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi kvmb cÖwZwôZ I
my`„p nq, ZLb G‡`‡ki †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Bs‡iR kvmK‡`i
g‡a¨ G aviYv R‡š§wQj †h G‡`‡ki gvbyl‡K Bs‡iRx
wkÿvq wkwÿZ K‡i Zzj‡Z bv cvi‡j Ges Zvi gva¨‡g
cvðvZ¨ ms¯‹w… Zi cÖwZ AvK…ó Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j G‡`‡k
Zvu‡`i kvmb e¨e¯’v k³ wfwËi Dci cÖwZwôZ n‡Z
cvi‡e bv| Zuviv AviI g‡b Ki‡Zb †h, cvðvZ¨ fvlv I
wkÿv cÖmv‡ii gva¨‡g G‡`kxq‡`i g½j wbwnZ| d‡j
†Kv¤úvwb Avg‡j G‡`‡ki wkÿv †ÿ‡Î GK Afvebxq
cwieZ©b G‡mwQj|
wKš‘ Bs‡iR kvmb G‡`‡k †h AvaywbK hyw³ev` I
cvðvZ¨ fveavivi Aby‡cÖ‡ek NwU‡q‡Q Zvi dj wQj
my`~icÖmvix| Ebwesk kZvãxi gvSvgvwS cvðvZ¨
ÁvbweÁv‡b wkwÿZ G‡`‡ki wkwÿZ m¤úÖ`vq‡K AvaywbK
D`vi wPšÍvavivq DØy× K‡i| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ bZzb †PZbvi
D‡š§l N‡U| ga¨weË m¤úÖ`vq ga¨hyMxq msKxY©Zv,
†Muvovgx I AÜwek¦vm cwiZ¨vM K‡i hyw³ev`x n‡q D‡V|
d‡j, mgvR, mvwnZ¨, ag© I wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î behy‡Mi m„wó
nq| evsjvi KjKvZv n‡q D‡V cvðvZ¨ wkÿv PP©v I cvK fvi‡Z e„wUk ivR‡Z¡i cÖmvi
cÖmv‡ii †K›`ª|

wkÿv_©xi KvR GKmvjv e‡›`ve¯Í wKfv‡e wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Í iƒc †bq Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

mvivsk
†Kv¤úvwbi kvmb Dcgnv‡`‡k Bs‡iR kvmb‡K k³ wfwËi Dci cÖwZwôZ K‡iwQj| Bs‡iR Mfb©iMY ax‡i ax‡i
GKwU w¯’wZkxj cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv M‡o Zz‡jwQ‡jb| Zv‡`i kvmbbxwZ‡Z GKw`‡K †hgb Bs‡iR ÿgZv we¯Ív‡ii
e¨vcv‡i jÿ¨ wQj- Ab¨w`‡K RbKj¨v‡Yi e¨vcv‡iI wQj Zv‡`i `„wó| Dcgnv‡`‡k AvaywbK wkÿvi c_ cÖk¯Í
n‡qwQj †Kv¤úvwbi kvmbvg‡jB|

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 110

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.7
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| Bs‡iR kvm‡bi cÖ_g cÖwZôvZv wQ‡jb †K?
K) jW© K¬vBf L) Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm M) Kb©Iqvwjm N) jW© I‡q‡jmwj
2| Kg©Pvix‡`i e¨w³MZ e¨emv ev A‰ea c‡_ A_© DcvR©b m¤ú~Y© wbwl× K‡ib †K?
K) jW© K¬vBf L) Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm M) jW© Kb©Iqvwjm N) jW© I‡q‡jmwj
3| Rwg Rwic Kivi Rb¨ eyKvbb‡K wbhy³ K‡ib †K?
K) jW© K¬vBf L) Iqv‡ij †nw÷sm M) jW© Kb©Iqvwjm N) jW© I‡q‡jmwj
4| gy¤^vB‡q Gjwdb‡÷vb Bbw÷wUDU cÖwZôv K‡ibÑ
K) Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm L) jW© Kb©Iqvwjm M) jW© I‡q‡jmwj N) jW© †ew›UsK
5| KZ wLª÷v‡ã †KvjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ nq?
K) 1855 L) 1856 M) 1857 N) 1858
6| Bs‡iR ÿgZvi ¯’vqx‡Z¡i Rb¨ Wvj‡nŠwm Aej¤^b K‡ibÑ
i. cÖZ¨ÿ hy‡×i Øviv ivR¨ Rq
ii. ¯^Z¡we‡jvc bxwZi Øviv ivR¨ Rq
iii. Kzkvmb I AivRKZvi ARynv‡Z ivR¨MÖvm
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) i I iii M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 6.1 t 1| K 2| L 3| M 4| L 5| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 6.2 t 1| L 2| K 3| L 4| M 5| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 6.3 t 1| K 2| L 3| M 4| N 5| L 6| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 6.4 t 1| L 2| L 3| L 4| L 5| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 6.5 t 1| K 2| L 3| L 4| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 6.6 t 1| M 2| K 3| L 4| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 6.7 t 1| K 2| M 3| N 4| N 5| M 6| N

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 111