GEMPABUMI

STRUKTUR DALAM BUMI

• What causes earthquakes?

An earthquake is a trembling or shaking of the ground caused by the sudden

release of energy stored in the rocks beneath Earth’s surface.

.....stress on the rock, which may bend or change in shape ( strain ).

....SEISMIC WAVES , the waves of energy produced by an earthquake. It

is the seismic waves that cause the ground to tremble and shake during
an earthquake.
 Elastic rebound theory

Brittle

Ductile

Akumulasi gaya pada satu titik energi

dilepaskan secara elastic berupa gelombang
Pergerakan terjadi sepanjang diskontinuitas →
Sesar (Fault)
SEISMIC WAVES
The point within the Earth where seismic waves first
originate (hypocenter)

The point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus

 SEISMIC WAVES
Body waves are seismic waves that travel
through the Earth’s interior, spreading outward
from the focus in all directions.
Both P waves and S waves pass easily through solid rock.
A P wave can also pass through a fluid (gas or liquid), but
an S wave cannot.
• A P wave is a compressional (or longitudinal) wave
in which rock vibrates back and forth parallel to
the direction of wave propagation. Because it is a
very fast wave, traveling through near-surface
rocks at speeds of 4 to 7 kilometers per second
• A P wave is the first (or primary ) wave to arrive at
a recording station following an earthquake.
• S wave ( secondary ) and is a slower,
transverse wave that travels through near-
surface rocks at 2 to 5 kilometers per second.
• An S wave is propagated by a shearing motion
much like that in a stretched, shaken rope. The
rock vibrates perpendicular to the direction of
wave propagation, that is, crosswise to the
direction the waves are moving.
 • Love waves are most like S waves that have no vertical
SEISMIC WAVES displacement.
• The ground moves side to side in a horizontal plane that is
perpendicular to the direction the wave is traveling or
propagating.
• Like S waves, Love waves do not travel through liquids and
would not be felt on a body of water. Because of the
horizontal movement, Love waves tend to knock buildings
off their foundations and destroy highway bridge supports.
Surface waves are seismic waves that travel on
Earth’s surface away from the epicenter.
• Rayleigh waves behave like rolling ocean waves. Unlike
ocean waves, Rayleigh waves cause the ground to move in
an elliptical path opposite to the direction the wave passes
• Rayleigh waves tend to be incredibly destructive to buildings
because they produce more ground movement and take
longer to pass.
SEISMIC
WAVES
ALAT PENCATAT GEMPABUMI

Seismograf Seismogram
Analyses of seismograms can also indicate at what depth beneath the surface the quake occurred. Most earthquakes
occur relatively close to Earth’s surface, although a few occur much deeper. The maximum depth of focus —the distance
between focus and epicenter—for earthquakes is about 670 kilometers (416 miles). Earthquakes are classified into three
groups according to their depth of focus:

Shallow focus 0–70 kilometers deep

Intermediate focus 70–350 kilometers deep
Deep focus 350–670 kilometers deep

Shallow-focus earthquakes are most common; they account for 85% of total
quake energy released. Intermediate-(12%) and deep-(3%) focus quakes are
rarer because most deep rocks flow in a ductile manner when stressed or
deformed; they are unable to store and suddenly release energy as brittle
surface rocks do.
GROUND RUPTURE (FAULT PLANE)
GEMPA BUMI DAN KERUSAKAN
STRUCTURAL FAILURE OF HUMAN OBJECTS
LIQUEFACTION
LIQUEFACTION

Taiwan Earthquakes 1997

DRY COMPACTION AND LIQUEFACTION
Before Earthquakes After Earthquakes

DRY COMPACTION
Before Earthquakes After Earthquakes

LIQUEFACTION
SKALA GEMPA BUMI

• Intensitas gempa bumi diekspresikan dalam skala I sampai XII yang

dikenal sebagai skala Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale. Dimana
intensitas tersebut diukur dari jenis hancuran (misalnya pada
bangunan) yang terjadi.

• Magnitude dari gempa bumi adalah mengukur jumlah energi yang

dilepaskan dan diekspresikan dalam skala Richter Magnitude Scale.
EARTHQUAKE-RELATED HAZARDS
 EARTHQUAKE-RELATED
HAZARDS
Ground motion is the trembling and shaking of the land that can cause buildings to
vibrate.

Fire is a particularly serious problem just after an earthquake

because of broken gas and water mains and fallen electrical
wires
 Ground failure

Landslides can be triggered by the shaking of the ground

A special type of ground failure caused by earthquakes is

liquefaction. This occurs when a water-saturated soil or
sediment turns from a solid to a liquid as a result of earthquake
shaking.

Permanent displacement of the land surface

Tsunami
Tsunami
WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF EARTHQUAKES
Benioff Zone
Gempa Bumi dan Batas Lempeng

DISTRIBUSI GEMPA BUMI

• Diameter 12,756 km, keliling pada ekuator 40,075 km. Berdasarkan
penelitian gelombang seismik bumi terdiri dari tiga lapisan utama yang
mempunyai komposisi yang berbeda-beda. Secara kompoisisi dibagi
menjadi: Inti, Selubung dan Kerak.

STRUKTUR DALAM BUMI

Batasan umum dalam teori adalah bahwa bagian luar dari struktur bumi
bersifat rigid yang dinamakan lithosphere yang terpecah-pecah menjadi
kira-kira 10 pecahan yang besar dan mungkin 20 pecahan yang kecil2.

Pecahan ini dinamakan sebagai Lempeng (Plate) yang biasanya

mempunyai ketebalan rata-rata: 60 – 100 km.

LEMPENG (PLATE)
INTERAKSI LEMPENG (PLATE)

A. Divergen C. Konvergen (Subduction)

B. Transform D. Konvergen (Collision)
GEMPA BUMI (FORCE OF NATURE)
EARTHQUAKES AND PLATE TECTONICS
STRUKTUR DALAM BUMI
STRUKTUR DALAM BUMI

PEMBAGIAN STRUKTUR BUMI BERDASARKAN SIFAT KIMIANYA

BUMI, UKURAN, STRUKTUR DAN KOMPOSISI

◼ Jari-jari bumi = 6.370 km, Diameter 12,756

km, keliling pada ekuator 40,075 km.
◼ Batuan hanya menempati 1% dari volume
bumi, sehingga sebagian besar lapisan bumi
harus dipelajari secara tidak langsung
dengan mengunakan metoda Geofisika.
◼ Gelombang seismik yang dihasilkan dari
gempa bumi besar maupun ledakan bom
nuklir dapat digunakan untuk mempelajari
struktur dalam bumi.
◼ Metoda seismik refleksi yaitu menganalisa
sebagian energi dari gelombang seismik
yang kembali kepermukaan bumi setelah
dipantulkan oleh lapisan batuan yang
kemudian dicatat oleh seismograph.
◼ Metoda seismik refraksi yaitu mempelajari
pembelokan gelombang seismik ketika
melewati dua lapisan yang berbeda (densitas
dan kepadatan).
MENENTUKAN STRUKTUR BUMI

• Gelombang P mampu
melewati padat maupun
cairan

• Gelombang S hanya
bisa melalui media
padat

Vp = (K + 4m/3)/r

Vs = m/r

K = modulus young,
m = rigidity, r =density
STRUKTUR BUMI DAN GELOMBANG SEISMIK
MENENTUKAN STRUKTUR BUMI DARI PERAMBATAN GELOMBANG SEISMIK

TIDAK ADA GELOMBANG S

Bidang Diskontinuitas

Perambatan Gelombang P
SIFAT FISIK STRUKTUR BUMI

STRUKTUR BUMI DAN

PERAMBATAN GELOMBANG SEISMIK
P DAN S

Vp = (K + 4m/3)/r

Vs = m/r
K = modulus young, m = rigidity, r =density
STRUKTUR BUMI DAN GELOMBANG SEISMIK

Perambatan gelombang seismik (P dan S)

LVZ

• 3 Diskontinuitas teramati dari perambatan gelombang S

• Gelombang P dan S menurun kecepatannya pada zona LVZ
• LVZ membatasi Lithosfir dan Astenosfir
• Gelombang S tidak merambat pada inti luar (bersifat cair)
STRUKTUR BUMI

• Secara komposisi dibagi menjadi: Inti, Selubung dan Kerak.

• Berdasarkan sifat fisiknya: Lithosphere, Asthenosphere, Mesosphere
05/09/2018
05/09/2018
Kuliahnya cukup sampai disini...
Ada pertanyaankah?
• Kuliah berikutnya:

• Senin, 8 April 2019

• Kelas ganjil jam 7-9 (dibagi 5 kelompok)
• Kelas genap jam 11-13 (dibagi 5 kelompok)

• Materi tentang sumber daya geologi

• Mineral logam, minyak bumi dan gas, geotermal, batu bara, air.

• Tugasnya: presentasi dan makalah.

• Waktu presentasi 20 menit, setiap mahasiswa wajib menjelaskan.
• Makalah dijilid rapi dikumpulkan ketika presentasi.