Slide 1.I

Wireless Communication and
Mobile Computing
Part I: Wireless Communication
2
Wireless Communications
And mobile computing
3 Outline
 Overview of current wireless systems
 Wireless channel and system model
 Cellular communication
 Multiple access schemes: FDMA, TDMA, CDMA
 Wireless communication system standard (1G/2G/3G systems)
 Topologies of cellular and Ad-hoc networks
CoSc 2042: Wireless Communication and Mobile Computing Addis Ababa University Compiled by: Aynalem A. 3/13/2018
Introduction
 Mobile computing systems are computing systems

that may be easily moved physically and whose
computing capabilities may be used while they are
being moved.
 Examples are laptops, personal digital assistants

(PDAs), and mobile phones.
5 Introduction…
 Wireless communication involves the process of sending/receiving

information through invisible waves in the air.
 Information such as text, voice, and video are carried through the
radio frequency of the electromagnetic spectrum.
6 Introduction…
 Wireless communications is one of the biggest

engineering success
market size dominating the whole economy
 e.g. + 4 billion GSM subscribers of the world
 Working habits, have been changed “anywhere,

anytime.”
mobility of workers have increased

7 Introduction …
 large number of applications have been developed,

Wireless sensor networks monitor factories,
wireless links replace the cables between computers
and keyboards, mouse and other peripheral devices
wireless positioning systems monitor the location of
trucks
 This variety of new applications causes the technical
challenges for the wireless engineers to become bigger
with each day.
8 History : How it all started
 Ancient Systems – shouts and jungle drums ,smoke signals,

light ,Carrier Pigeons,…….
 Marconi invented the wireless telegraph in 1896.
 By encoding alphanumeric characters in analog signals,
he sent telegraphic signals across the Atlantic Ocean.
 This led to a great many developments in wireless
communication networks that support radio, television,
mobile telephone, and satellite systems that have
changed our lives.
9 History : The First Systems
 Unidirectional information transmission
 was done for entertainment broadcasting.
 By the late 1930s, the need for bidirectional mobile

communications emerged.
 Military ,police departments ,fire station….
 Many sophisticated military radio systems were developed during

and after WW2
10 History :The First Systems…
 1946, the first mobile telephone system
 have an interface to the Public Switched Telephone Network

(PSTN),
 this interface was not automated, but rather consisted of

human telephone operators.
 Has a total of six speech channels for the whole city, the
system soon met its limits.
 Led to investigations of how the number of users could be

increased.
11 History :The First Systems…
 Researchers at AT&T’s Bell Labs found the answer:
 the cellular principle, where the geographical area is divided into

cells; different cells might use the same frequencies.
 To this day, this principle forms the basis for the majority of wireless
communications
 In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first satellite (Sputnik) and the
U.S.A. soon followed.
12
BASE
STATION
13 History: Analog Cellular Systems
 1970s saw a revived interest in cellular communications
 Device miniaturization made the vision of “portable” devices more
realistic.
 Motorola, AT&T, Ericson
 Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system
 use digital switching technology that allowed them to combine
different cells in a large area into a single network
 Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS).
 analog phone standards in the U.S.A
14 Cont…
 1980s, the phones were “portable,” but definitely not handheld.
 In most languages, they were just called “carphones”.
 But at the end of the 1980s, handheld phones with good speech
quality and quite acceptable battery lifetime flourish.
 The quality had become so good that in some markets digital

phones had difficulty establishing themselves.
15 History: GSM and the Worldwide Cellular
Revolution
 Analog phones have a bad spectral efficiency and due to the
rapid growth of the cellular market, operators had a high interest in
making room for more customers.
 In 1990s, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)

group came up with a digital cellular standard that would become
mandatory throughout Europe and was later adopted in most parts
of the world:
 Global System for Mobile communications (GSM).

16
History: GSM and the Worldwide Cellular Revolution
 GSM got wide acceptance with short period

better speech quality, and the possibility for secure
communications.
By the year 2000, market penetration in Western Europe
and Japan had exceeded 50% growth rates were
spectacular
17 Overview of Cellular communication Systems
 1G: Basic mobile telephony service

Based on analog cellular technology
 American Mobile Phone (AMPS) and NMT in Europe
 2G: mobile telephony services for mass users with encryption

and efficient utilization of the radio spectrum
Digital cellular technology……… GSM and CDMA

18
 2.5G: Mobile Internet/data services together with voice services

 Packet switching technology adding into 2G
 Providing mobile data services over 2G networks
 GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) and EDGE
 3G: enhanced 2.5G services with improved mobile internet services
and emerging new applications
 CDMA2000 and UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication
System)
19 History :New wireless systems
 a whole range of new services was introduced in the 1990s.
 Cordless started to replace the “normal” telephones
 The first versions of these phones used analog technology; however, digital
technology proved to be superior. Among other aspects, the possibility of
listening into analog conversations, and the possibility for neighbors to
“highjack” an analog cordless Base Station (BS) and make calls at other
people’s expense, led to a shift to digital communications.
 While cordless phones never achieved the spectacular market size of cell
phones, they constitute a solid market.
20
History :New wireless systems
 Fixed wireless access and Wireless Local Loop (WLL) –
 to address the “last mile” problem. in other words, replacing the

copper lines to the homes of the users by wireless links, but
without the specific benefit of mobility.
 This is especially popular in developing countries.

21
Next Class:
Wireless vision and the current wireless
systems/services
22
Wireless Vision
Vision
 supporting information exchange between people or devices.

 This vision will allow people to operate a virtual office anywhere in
the world using a small handheld device - with seamless telephone,
modem, fax, and computer communications.
 Wireless networks will also be used to connect together palmtop,

laptop, and desktop computers anywhere within an office building
or campus, as well as from the corner cafe.
23
CONT…
 smart homes
 Video teleconferencing
 Wireless video will be used to create remote classrooms, remote

training facilities, and remote hospitals anywhere in the world.
 Wireless sensors in both commercial and military applications.
 These wireless sensors will self-configure into a network to process

and interpret sensor measurements and then convey this information
to a centralized control location.
24
Cont…
 wireless networks enable distributed control systems, with remote

devices, sensors, and actuators linked together via wireless
communication channels.
 Such networks are imperative for coordinating unmanned mobile

units and greatly reduce maintenance and reconfiguration costs
over distributed control systems with wired communication links, for
example in factory automation.
25
So what, exactly, is wireless communications?
 There are many different ways to segment this complex topic into
different
 applications,
 systems, or
 coverage regions.
26
Wireless applications include
 voice,
 Internet access,
 web browsing,
 paging and short messaging
 subscriber information services,
 file transfer,
 video teleconferencing,
 sensing, and
 distributed control.
27 Systems include
 cellular telephone systems,
 wireless LANs,
 wide-area wireless data systems,
 satellite systems, and
 ad hoc wireless networks
28
Coverage regions include
 in-building,
 campus,
 city,
 regional, and
 global
29
Performance gap in wired and wireless
people want the same data communications

capabilities on the move as they enjoy in their
home or office.
30
Technical Issues
 The technical problems that must be solved to make the wireless

vision a reality extend across all levels of the system design.
 At the hardware level the terminal must have multiple modes of

operation to support the different applications and media.
 The signal processing and communications hardware of the portable

terminal must consume very little power, which will impact higher
levels of the system design.
31
CONT…
 Hardware advances for low power circuits with high processing

ability will relieve some of these limitations.
 The wireless communication channel is an unpredictable and

difficult communications medium.
1. the radio spectrum is a scarce resource that must be allocated to

many different applications and systems.
2. Spectrum can also be very expensive
32
CONT…
 Thus, technological breakthroughs to enable higher frequency

systems with the same cost and performance would greatly reduce
the spectrum shortage, although path loss at these higher frequencies
increases, thereby limiting range.
33
CONT…
 As a signal propagates through a wireless channel, it experiences
random fluctuations in time if the transmitter or receiver is moving,
due to changing reflections and attenuation.
 Thus, the characteristics of the channel appear to change randomly

with time, which makes it difficult to design reliable systems with
guaranteed performance.
34
 Security is also more difficult to implement in wireless systems, since

the airwaves are susceptible to snooping from anyone with an RF
antenna.
 The network must be able to locate a given user wherever it is

amongst millions of globally-distributed mobile terminals.
 the most significant technical challenge in wireless network design is
an overhaul of the design process itself.
35
 Wireless links can exhibit very poor performance, and this performance
along with user connectivity and network topology changes over time.
 the very notion of a wireless link is somewhat fuzzy due to the nature of radio
propagation.
 The dynamic nature and poor performance of the underlying wireless
communication channel indicates that high-performance wireless networks
must be optimized for this channel and must adapt to its variations as well as
to user mobility.
 Thus, these networks will require an integrated and adaptive protocol stack
across all layers of the OSI model, from the link layer to the application layer.
36 In summary, technological advances in the following areas are
needed to implement the wireless vision
 Measurements and models for wireless indoor and outdoor channels.
 Hardware for low-power handheld computer and communication

terminals.
 Techniques to mitigate wireless channel impairments and to improve the

quality and spectral efficiency of communication over wireless channels.
 Better means of sharing the limited spectrum to accommodate the

different wireless applications.
37 CONT…
 Protocols for routing and mobility management which support users

on the move.
 An architecture to connect the various wireless sub networks together

and to the backbone wire line network.
 An integrated and adaptive protocol stack for wireless networks that

extends across all layers of the OSI model.
38
Wireless vision in the year 2018?
39
Current Wireless system/Types of Services
I. Broadcast
 The first wireless service was broadcast radio.
 Properties
information is only sent in one direction
transmitted information is the same for all users.
information is transmitted continuously.

40
Cont…
 Simple
Transmitter does not need to have any knowledge or

consideration about the receivers
Simplex
No. of users does not matter
41
II. Paging
 unidirectional wireless communications systems.

 Properties
 user can only receive information, but cannot transmit.
The information is intended for, and received by, only a single user.
The amount of transmitted information is very small.
 used by..doctors , police allowing them to react to emergencies in
shorter time.
 better area coverage
42
43
III. Cellular Telephony
 most important form of wireless communications.
 Properties
information flow is bidirectional.(full duplex)

44
45
IV. Trunking radio
 there is no connection between the wireless system and the PSTN;
 it allows the communications of closed user groups.
 Obvious applications include police departments, fire departments,

taxis, and similar
46 Cont…
 Services
 Group calls: several users simultaneously, or several

conference call between multiple users of the system.
 Call priorities: enable the prioritization of calls and allow

dropping a low-priority call in favor of a high-priority one.
 Relay networks: the range of the network can be extended by

using each Mobile Station (MS) as a relay station for other MSs .
47
V. Cordless telephony
 describes a wireless link between a handset and a BS that is directly

connected to the public telephone system.
 main difference from a cellphone
 is associated with, and can communicate with, only a single BS
 thus no mobile switching center; rather, the BS is directly

connected to the PSTN.
48 Cont…
 Properties
 no need to find out the location of the MS. Similarly, there is no

need to provide for handover between different BSs.
 There is no central system, there is no need for (and no

possibility for) frequency planning.
 there are no network operators that can charge fees for

connections from the MS to the BS; rather, the only occurring
fees are the fees from the BS into the PSTN.
49
VI, A.Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)
 very similar to that of cordless phones
 connecting a single mobile user device to a public landline system.

Laptop -to-Internet.
 main advantage is convenience for the user, allowing mobility.
 WLANs can even be used for connecting fixed-location computers

(desktops)
 A major difference between wireless LANs and cordless phones is the

required data rate
50
 Cordless 64kbps
 more than 700kbps for WLAN
 a number of standards have been developed for WLAN, all of which carry
the identifier IEEE 802.11.
 The original IEEE 802.11 standard 1Mbit/s,
 the very popular 802.11b standard (also known under the name Wi-Fi) allows
up to 11Mbit/s and the 802.11a standard extends that to 55Mbit/s.
51
Cont…
 Even higher rates are realized by the 802.11n standard that was
introduced in 2008/2009.
 WLAN devices can, in principle, connect to any BS (access point)

that uses the same standard.
52
VI,B. Personal area network(PAN)
 coverage area even smaller than that of WLANs,
 number of standards for PANs have been developed by the IEEE

802.15 group
 intended for simple “cable replacement” duties.
 For example, Bluetooth standard allow to connect a hands-free

headset to a phone without requiring a cable; in that case, the
distance between the two devices is less than a meter.
 In such applications, data rates are fairly low (<1Mbit/s).

53
PAN…
 Recently, wireless communications between (DVD player to TV),
between computer and peripheral devices (printer, mouse), and similar
applications have gained importance . data rates in excess of 100Mbit/s
are used.
 Networks for even smaller distances like Body Area Networks (BANs),
which enable communications between devices located on various
parts of a user’s body. monitoring of patients’ health and of medical
devices(e.g., pacemakers).
54
VII. Fixed Wireless Access
 essentially replacing a dedicated cable connection between the user
and the public landline system.
 no mobility of the user devices
 the distances bridged by fixed wireless access devices are much larger
(between 100m and several tens of kilometers).
 its main market for covering rural areas, and for establishing connections
in developing countries that do not have any wired infrastructure in
place.
55 VIII. Ad hoc Networks and Sensor Networks
 Up to now, we have dealt with “infrastructure-based” wireless

communications,
 where certain components (base stations, TV transmitters, etc.) are

intended by design to be in a fixed location, to control over the network
and interface with other networks.
56
CONT…
 an alternative in which there is only one type of equipment, and

those devices, all of which may be mobile, organize themselves
into a network according to their location and according to
necessity. Such networks are called ad hoc networks
 There can still be “controllers” in an ad hoc network, but the choice

of which device acts as master and which as slave is done
opportunistically whenever a network is formed.
57
 The advantages of ad hoc networks
 low costs (because no infrastructure is required), high flexibility.
 The drawbacks
 reduced efficiency, smaller communication range, and restrictions

on the number of devices that can be included in a network.
 Ad hoc networks play a major role in the recent abundance of sensor

networks, which allow communications between machines for the
purpose of building control (controlling air conditioning, lighting, etc.,
based on sensor data), factory automation, surveillance, etc.
58 VIIII. Satellite Systems
 Cover very large areas
 Distance several hundred kilometers

 the transmit powers need to be larger,
 high-gain antennas need to be used
 communications from within buildings is almost impossible
 costs of setting up a satellite – are much higher
 Global Positioning System (GPS) use growing

 Satellite signals used to pinpoint location
 Popular in cell phones, PDAs, and navigation devices

59
Vision of Wireless communication in

the year 2018 ??
60
Is wireless mobile?
or
Is mobile wireless?
introduction to mobile ……
 Mobile is a word taken from the Latin mobilis
 “to move ”
 “ able to move freely or easily”
 able or willing to move freely or easily between occupations, places

of residence and social classes”
 Mobile Device
Mobile, wireless or cellularphone
portable, handheld communications device connected

to a wireless network that allows users to make voice
calls, send text messages and run applications
Mobile……
 The person responsible for inventing the cell phone is Doctor Martin
Cooper.
 He invented the technology for the cell phone when he was the
Director of Research and Development at Motorola
62
Mobile……
QUICK FACTS ABOUT THE FIRST CELL PHONE
 The first DynaTec phone weighted about 5 pounds
 DynaTec phone took batteries
 The battery life would last for 20 minutes long
 Nicknamed the BRICK
 It cost 4,000 US dollars to own a cell phone
63
Mobile……
 In recent years:
 gained popularity due to lower costs, small and sleek sizes, rich
features (sensors, usage)
 truly ubiquitous device acting like a computer with one handed

us
 realize mobile services including applications, websites, SMS,

USSD, STK etc
64
OK, where is
65 the cool app
they were all
Mobile talking about?
66
Q. What was your mobile phone and What is

your current Mobile Phone?
67
Mobile Vs. Wireless
 The terms "mobile" and "wireless" are often used interchangeably but in reality,
they are two very different concepts applied to modern computing and
technology.
 Mobile is a word that is commonly used to describe portable devices.
 A mobile device is one that is made to be taken anywhere.
 It needs an internal battery for power, and must be connected to a

modern mobile network that can help it to send and receive data
without attaching to a hardware infrastructure.
68 Cont…
 wireless, on the other hand, does not mean mobile.
 Traditional computers or other non-mobile devices can access wireless

networks.
 example , the use of a localized browser product in a local area network

(LAN), where the router takes what used to be a cabled interaction and
makes it wireless.
69
Cont…
 Other kinds of wireless networks called wide area networks
(WAN) can even use components of 3Gor 4G wireless systems made
specifically for mobile devices, but that doesn’t mean that the
devices on these networks are mobile.
 They may still be plugged in or require proximity to

a router or network node.
70
 Example
Wireless Mobile
notebook in a hotel x
wireless LANs in historic buildings x
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
71
In general
 a wireless system provides a fixed or portable endpoint with access to

a distributed network,
 a mobile system offers all of the resources of that distributed network to

something that can go anywhere, barring any issues with local
reception or technical area coverage.
72
 A communication device can exhibit any one of the following

characteristics:
1. Fixed and wired
 Example the typical desktop computer in an office. Neither weight nor

power consumption of the devices allow for mobile usage. The devices
use fixed networks for performance reasons.
2. Mobile and wired:
 Many of yesterday’s laptops fall into this category; users carry the
laptop from one hotel to the next, reconnecting to the company’s
network via the telephone network and a modem.
73
3. Fixed and wireless:
 This mode is used for installing networks, e.g., in historical buildings to

avoid damage by installing wires, or at trade shows to ensure fast
network setup.
4. Mobile and wireless:
 This is the most interesting case. No cable restricts the user, who can
roam between different wireless networks. Most technologies discussed in
this course deal with this type of device and the networks supporting
them.
 Today’s most successful example for this category is GSM with more than
4 Billion users.
74 Service ?
 Broadcast
 What are the different types  Paging
of wireless services that we
have seen on the previous  Cellular Telephony
class?  Trunking Radio
 Cordless Telephony
 Wireless LAN,PAN,BAN
 Fixed wireless access
 Ad hoc and sensor Nets
 Satellite services
75 Requirements..
 Data rate
Different  Range & no of users
applications have  Mobility
different  Energy consumption
requirements  Use of spectrum

 Direction of transmissions
 Service Quality
76
I. Data rate
 fewer bits/sec up to gigabits/sec
 Sensor networks: ~ 1kbits/s
Temperature, speed ….
 Speech communications: 5- 64kbits/s
Cordless, Cellular telephony
 Elementary data service : 10-100kbits/s
2G\2.5G cellular data service.

77
Cont…
 Communication between computer peripherals
1Mbits/sec, mouse, key board…..
 High speed data: 0.5-100Mbits/s
 WLAN , 3G cellular
 PAN : 100Mbits/s
Entertainment systems TV, DVD, Game, PC
78
II. Range & no of users
 BAN ~1M
 PAN ~10M
 WLAN : few hundred Meter
 Cellular : 10-50Km
 Fixed wireless: 5-10km
 Satellite systems: 1000km- 36,000km

79 Data rate Vs Range
80
III. Mobility
 Fixed devices
 Nomadic: Certain place for certain time(min/hrs)
Laptops
 Low mobility: Pedestrian speed
Cordless telephone
 High Mobility :30-150km/h
Vehicle
 Extreme high mobility:300-1000km/hr
High speed trains, planes

81 Data rate Vs Mobility
82 IV. Energy consumptions: critical aspect
 Rechargeable batteries
Nomadic & mobile devices
Stand by time and operating time are critical
Cell phone: Min 48hr standby 2hr talk time .
 One way batteries
Sensors
 Power mains
Base stations(BSs) and fixed devices.
 Weight of MS is determined (70-80%) by its battery. Weight & size are
critical for sales.
83
V. Use of spectrum
 Spectrum dedicated to service/operator
Frequency controlled by operator
 Free spectrums
Used by different service & diff operators
ISM band 2.4GHz: Micro oven , wifi, Bluetooth,…
Interference is managed by users

84
VI. Direction of transmission
 Simplex
 Half-duplex
 Full duplex
 Asymmetric duplex
Data rate depends on the direction
Satellite uplink & downlink

85 VII. Service Quality
 Speech quality
Mean opinion score (MOS)
Subjective to human judgments
 Data transmission speed : bit/s
 Service quality
Fraction of blocked calls + 10 * fraction of dropped calls (cellular)
 Admissible delay(latency)
Voice less than 100ms
Security & safety (sensors ) – latency is vital
86 Economic and social aspects
 Strength
 Social & cultural factor
Mobile life style (Anytime Anywhere)
Increase of social communication
Increase revenue & productivity
 Ease of setup
 Less expensive
 Development in mobile devices(dynamic)

87
 Weakness and issues
a. Social issue
Privacy
Security (easy to tap)
Health issues (Brain cancer)
Noise pollution ,(irritation in classroom)
Accident (use of cellphone while driving)

88
B. Technology issues
Lack of standards
High cost of technology
Quality of service
Device limitation
Low data rates

89
What are some wireless system applications in

different areas of our life?
90 At Home WiFi
satellit WiFi 802.11g/n

e
WiFi
UWB
bluetooth
WiFi
cellular
91 On the Move
Source: http://www.ece.uah.edu/~jovanov/whrms/
92 On the Move: Context-Aware
Source: http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~aura/docdir/sensay_iswc.pdf
93 On the Road
GSM/UMTS,
cdmaOne/cdma2000,
WLAN, GPS
DAB, TETRA, ...
road condition,
weather,
location-based services,
emergency
94 Applications
 Vehicles
 Emergencies
 Business
 Agriculture
 Replacement of wired networks
 Infotainment and more
 Location dependent services

95
Vehicles
 Navigation , tracking(GPS)
 Music, news, weather report (DAB)
 Collision avoidance(wireless sensors)
 Accident reporting , Traffic reporting (Ad-hoc)

96 Collision Avoidance : V2V Networks
 stalled vehicle warning  bland spots
97
Emergencies
 Wireless networks are the only means of communication in

the case of natural disasters such as hurricanes or
earthquakes. (wireless ad-hoc networks)
 Accident reporting (wireless sensors)
 Ambulance high-quality wireless connection

98
Business
 Traveling salesman/employee
 having instant access to the company’s database: to

ensure that files on his or her laptop reflect the current
situation,
 Business anytime anywhere mobile office,

99
Agriculture and Natural Resources
 Animal tracking and identification.
 Monitoring water or flood levels.
 Monitor crop health, rainfall, temperature and other

meteorological data.
 Track shipments of perishable crops and crop inputs

100
Replacement of wired networks
 remote sensors for weather forecasts, earthquake detection, or

to provide environmental information
 for tradeshows, or in historic buildings.

101
Infotainment
 provide up-to-date information at any appropriate location.
 Internet everywhere? Not without wireless networks!
 entertainment and games to enable, e.g., ad-hoc gaming

networks as soon as people meet to play together.
102
Location dependent services
 Follow-on services: Wherever you are, service and

information will follow you
 Location aware services:

Future Wireless Networks
103
Ubiquitous Communication Among People and Device
Next-generation Cellular
Wireless Internet Access
Wireless Multimedia
Sensor Networks
Smart Homes/Spaces
Automated Highways
In-Body Networks
All this and more …
104 Home work
Next Class
 Read, discuss and review the article:
“The computer for the 21st century”
by Mark weiser
105
Mobile computing
Example: IntelliDrive (Vehicle
106 Infrastructure Integration)
 Traffic crashes resulted in
more than 41,000 lives lost in
2007
 Establishing vehicle-to-vehicle
(V2V), vehicle-to-
infrastructure (V2I) and
vehicle-to-hand-held-devices
(V2D) communications
 safety: e.g., intersection collision
avoidance/violation warning/turn
conflict warning, curve warning
 mobility: e.g., crash data,
weather/road surface data,
construction zones, emergency
vehicle signal pre-emption
More info: http://www.its.dot.gov/intellidrive/index.htm

Collision Avoidance at Intersections
107
 Two million accidents

at intersections per
year in US
Source: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/tfhrc/safety/pubs/its/ruralitsandrd/tb-intercollision.pdf
108 Disaster Recovery/Military
 9/11, Tsunami, Hurricane Katrina,
South Asian earthquake …
 Wireless communication and
mobile computing capability
can make a difference
between life and death !
 rapid deployment
 efficient resource and energy usage
http://www.att.com/ndr/
 flexible: unicast, broadcast, multicast, anycast
 resilient: survive in unfavorable and untrusted environments
Habitat Monitoring: Example on
109 Great Duck Island
A 15-minute human visit leads to 20% Patch
offspring mortality Network
Gateway
Transit Network
Basestation

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Wireless Communication and

 Overview of current wireless systems

 Wireless channel and system model

 Multiple access schemes: FDMA, TDMA, CDMA

 Wireless communication system standard (1G/2G/3G systems)

 Topologies of cellular and Ad-hoc networks

 Mobile computing systems are computing systems

 Examples are laptops, personal digital assistants

 Wireless communication involves the process of sending/receiving

 Wireless communications is one of the biggest

market size dominating the whole economy

 e.g. + 4 billion GSM subscribers of the world

 Working habits, have been changed “anywhere,

mobility of workers have increased

 large number of applications have been developed,

 Ancient Systems – shouts and jungle drums ,smoke signals,

 Unidirectional information transmission

 was done for entertainment broadcasting.

 By the late 1930s, the need for bidirectional mobile

 Military ,police departments ,fire station….

 Many sophisticated military radio systems were developed during

 have an interface to the Public Switched Telephone Network

 this interface was not automated, but rather consisted of

 Led to investigations of how the number of users could be

 Researchers at AT&T’s Bell Labs found the answer:

 the cellular principle, where the geographical area is divided into

 1980s, the phones were “portable,” but definitely not handheld.

 In most languages, they were just called “carphones”.

 The quality had become so good that in some markets digital

 In 1990s, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)

 Global System for Mobile communications (GSM).

 GSM got wide acceptance with short period

 1G: Basic mobile telephony service

 American Mobile Phone (AMPS) and NMT in Europe

 2G: mobile telephony services for mass users with encryption

Digital cellular technology……… GSM and CDMA

 2.5G: Mobile Internet/data services together with voice services

 a whole range of new services was introduced in the 1990s.

 Cordless started to replace the “normal” telephones

 Fixed wireless access and Wireless Local Loop (WLL) –

 to address the “last mile” problem. in other words, replacing the

 This is especially popular in developing countries.

 supporting information exchange between people or devices.

 Wireless networks will also be used to connect together palmtop,

 Wireless video will be used to create remote classrooms, remote

 Wireless sensors in both commercial and military applications.

 These wireless sensors will self-configure into a network to process

 wireless networks enable distributed control systems, with remote

 Such networks are imperative for coordinating unmanned mobile

 cellular telephone systems,

 wide-area wireless data systems,

 satellite systems, and

 ad hoc wireless networks

Performance gap in wired and wireless

people want the same data communications

 The technical problems that must be solved to make the wireless

 At the hardware level the terminal must have multiple modes of

 The signal processing and communications hardware of the portable