Reading Workshop 3

Learning Outcomes
academic text in order to
ideas in a simple
between the main idea and related
C a n distinguish
answer specific questions. academic text, in order
to answer

details in a simple
different types of supporting
Can identify
specific questions.
idea they support.
examples and their relation to the academic text.
Can recognize paragraph in a simple
organizational structure
of a
Can recognize the information given
in a short article.

C a n make simple
inferences based on
academic text, if guided
by questions.
writer's purpose in
a simple
Can understand the

Pre-reading
Discuss with a
partner.
questions.
Answer the following so?
I. do you do
decisions?
How often
owrn difficult?
your
make Which are
1. Do you to make?
decisions a r e easy decisionS?
2. Which factors
i n f l u e n c e your
kinds of
3. What Rank them:
city/country?
s i t u a t i o n s in your

normal are
the following
How
I.
not normal
(definitely
12 (very strange
3 (strange)
4 (normal
5 (absolutely normal

home
TV at
Watching bus
. alone o n the
friends
Speaking
beer
with your
a
Drinking elevator
3. university
in a n the
Smoking hat a t
4. mariachi
a
Wearing church
5. b e e r in
a
Drinking street
6. in the T r a n s m i l e n i o

Smoking
7. bikini o n
a friend
Wearing with a
8. English
Speaking
9. blue
sneakers

Wearing a t night
10. sunglasses
Wearing funeral
11. TVata

Watching
12.

57
 While Reading
Strategy: Recognizing different types ofsupporting details

Remember: A text can have different types of supporting details. See page 15 for
information on how to recognize them.

Read the following paragraph. The underlined sentences and fragments are details.
Can you tell what type they are? Choose from the options below:

nsects are a class of hexapod invertebrates. They are the most

diverse group of animals on the
planet, 2including more than a milion
described species and representing more than half of all known living
organismS.3The number of extant species is estimated at between six
and ten nilion, and potentially represent over 90% of the differing
animal life forms on Earth. 4 Insects may be found in nearly all
environments, although only a small number of species reside in the
oceans,
Insects
a habitat dominated by another arthropod group.crustaceans.
mostly solitary,
are s but some, such as certain bees, ants and
termites,are social and live in large, well-organized colonies.
1. fact example explanation
2. statistics anecdote description
3. statistics anecdote example
4. fact statistics example
5. opinion anecdote example
I. Based on paragraphs 1 to 3 of the text The Sociological Perspective, answer the following
questions. Pay attention to context!

Note: Your answers to this exercise will help you in exercise 4.

. The sentence "Perhaps we are not as distinctively individualistic as we might like to

think is a(n):
a. example
b. description
C. opinion

2. The sentence "about 85% ofthis book's fheterosexual/) readers will one day get
married is a(n:
a. fact/statistic
b. anecdote
C. opinion

Taken and adapted from https:l/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-
ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. To viewa copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/orsend a letter to
Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.

58
 3. The sentence "this prediction will not always come true, but for every 100 readers, it
will be
coect about 85 times and wrong about 15
a. fact/statistic
times
is afn):

b. description
C. example

4. The sentences "A reader who is goodlooking will marry someone who is also good-
oOking a reader with more ordinary looks wil marry someone who also fits that
description anda reader who is somewhere between goodlooking and ordinary
looking will marry sonmeone who also fals in the middle of the spectrumt are:
a. factsS
D. examples
C. opinions

IV. Decide if these statements are true (T), false (F). If there is not enough information to answer,
choose not given (NG). The ideas appear in the same order as in exercise 3.

1. The author believes that Americans may like the idea of being
T/F/NG
individualistic.
2. 15% of the readers of the book do not want to find a life partner. T/F/NG
3. The author admits that his predictions are usually inaccurate. T/F/NG
4. A good-looking American woman has more difficulty finding a life
T/F/NG
partner than an ordinary-looking woman.

V. Match the following examples to the idea they illustrate.

amples

1. Sociology can predict a. During the Obama vs McCain election, we can

someone's decisions with know that 66 out of 100 random voters aged
certain accuracy. 18 and 24 voted for Obama.

b. Aman will marry a woman of his race who is

2. Sociology can be used to find
out someone's secret
decisions with certain
accuracy.
somewhat younger and shorter and who is
from his social class.
C. Awoman will marry a man of her race who is
somewhat older and taller and who is from i
social class.

59
 Strategy: Making simple inferences
Learn: An inference is an "educated guess," an idea that is not explicitin the text buf
which we can logically deduce from analysis.

Example:
The official language of Colombla is Spanish.

Inference: Most Colombians speak Spanishevery day.

See page 27for moreinformation on inferences.

VI. Which of the following ideas can be inferred from paragraphs 1-6 in the text? Check M all that

apply.

1. Sociology bases its predictions on statistical data.

2. A person should not mary someone different.
3. Americans get married more often than other peoples.
4. Homosexuals get married less often than heterosexuals.
5. Sociology can be useful to organize an electoral campaign.
6. Sociology is used by governments to unveil the secret ballot.
7. People could, in theory, win money with sociological information.
8. John McCain did not use sociology to plan his presidential campaigrn

Strategy Understanding paragraph structure

Remember: An academiC paragraphusually has a defined structure:

Topicsentence
Supporting sentences
Conclusion

This isthe most frequent order, but sometimes,the topicsentence is not necessarily
the first sentence.
The topic sentence uSually carries the main idea (the general point of the
paragraph/text) while the supporting sentences give information that elaborate on
the main idea.

See page 13 for more information.

60
 VII. Now, look at paragraph 7 in the text.

Yes, Americans have freedom, but our freedom to think and actis
constrained at least to some degree by society's standardsand
expectations and by the many aspects of our social backgrounds. 2 This
is true for the kinds of important beliefs and behaviors just discussed,
and it is also true for less important examples. 3 For instance, think back
to the last class you attended. + How many of the women wore evening
gowns? How many of the men wore skirts? 5Students are "allowed" to
dress any way they want in most colleges and universities (as long as
they do not go to class naked), but notice how few students, if any, dress
in the way just mentioned. 6 They do not dress that way because of the
strange looks and even negative reactions they would receive

Which is the topic sentence?

Which are thesupporting sentences?,

Find at least one supporting sentence that is:

1.anexample
2. an explanation

The following ideas are taken from the text. First, identify the main idea and the related ideas
VIlI

a. Children could sing in an elevator and not look strange.

b. Society, culture and social institutions play an important role in shaping our
attitudes and behavior, although they do not determine them completely
C. 66% of voters aged 18-24 voted for Barack Obama in 2008
d. Society's standards and expectations impose restrictions on our way of
thinking and actin9
e. Social class, race, age, height, appearance and other aspects impose
restrictions on someone's spouse.
f.About 85% of heterosexual readers in the USA will one day get married
on the floors of elevators
g. Adults do not sit
h. An American woman will marry a man of her race, from her same social

class, and who is somewhat older and taller than her

It is possible to predict or unveil the secret ballot
Women do not wear evening gowns or skirts at the university

page following the general structure of the text.

Now, organize them in the chart next

61
 Main ldea

Supp. Idea Supp. Idea Supp. Idea

Detail: Detail: Detail:

Detail: Detail:

Detail

IX. Based on your chart in exercise 8, answer these questions. Talk in pairs and justify
your answers:

1. Could you say that women and men live the

same life?
2. Would you say that
sociology is a science dangerous to freedom?
3. Why do people sometimes not act
according to the expectations by
society?

Strategy: Understanding the writer's purpose

Learn: Authors have a purpose in mind when they write.

Identifying the purpose(s) is
essential to critical thinking and it helps to understand the text well. See
page 23 to
learn about this.

X. Answer the following questions to determine the writer's purpose in writing the text:

Step1
1. Does the text show a visible number of opinions?
2. Does the text show a clearly visible "point of view by the author?
3. Does the text show a lot of arguments in favor or against a particular
idea?
4. Does the text show data and/or exampies impartially?

62
 Step 2

Answer: What is probably the author's purpose with the text?

a. To illustrate what people think of invisible' social restrictions

b. To express his/her own point of view on invisible' social restrictions
C. To convince the reader that 'invisible' social restrictions are
positive/negative
d. To tell the reader that there are "invisible' social restrictions

Post-reading

1. Do you feel that society imposes restrictions on the way you behave? In
which ways?
2. What kinds of things do you think society is right in imposing or restricting?
hat kinds of things should be 'free7

63
 Reading4
How Water Loss Affects Biodiversity
by ReadWorks

1. In order for humans to live, they need access to fresh water. While nearly 70% of
the earth's surface is water, most of it is salt water, which humans cannot drink.
Only a Small percentage, about 3%, is fresh water. Of this, about 69% is
currently frozen as ice caps and glaciers, while another 30% is held underground
in the soil or in rock. This means that only one percent of the world's fresh water
or .03% of the world's total water-is surface water that humans can access to
drink. The small amount of potable (suitable for drinking) water makes its
conservation incredibly important so that water shortages already occurring in
some regions do not spread any further. If they do spread, this may lead to
conflicts over the right to use this water.

2. There are many ways in which humans can affect access to fresh water. For
example, humans can pollute bodies of water, thereby making them undrinkable.
In some cases, they may make physical changes to the land by building over
wetlands or damming up rivers. While wealthy countries can afford to make the
investments necessary to make sure their residents have access to fresh water,
poorer countries often cannot. This means that poorer countries are at greater
risk of devastating droughts, which can lead both to dehydration and starvation,
as the country is unable to water its crops.

3. Droughts can also have a negative impact on the biodiversity of a region.

Biodiversity refers to an abundance of different types of plant and animal species
within a particular region. The prefix "bio" means living, while "diversity" refers to
different types of things. Around the world, more than 125,000 animal species
live entirely in freshwater habitats, including 15,000 species of fish, 4,300
species of amphibians, and 5,000 species of mollusks, such as clams and
Millions of other species, including humans, depend on fresh water to
oysters.
drink. When an area loses a large percentage of its fresh water, many animals die
off. In some cases, species go entirely extinct. This leads to a decrease in the

region's biodiversity.

4. While droughts are natural and, in many places, a frequent occurrence, there are

many thingsthat humans do to increase the severity of these droughts. For one
the last 50 years, so humans have
thing, the world's population has doubled in
been using much more fresh water to drink and grow crops than they did in the

past. Humanity's increasing water consumption represents a growing threat to

biodiversity.

64
 5. In Africa, where droughts are common, they have been more prolonged than in
the past. This is due in part to climate change, as well as a greater demand for
water as the continent's population has increased. During a drought in Kenya
that lasted from 2007 to 2009, over 60 elephants died-some of dehydration,
others of starvation- due to lack of vegetation to eat, and others of diseases that
became fatal due to the elephants' weakened states. Some other endangered
animals, such as the white rhinoceros, died too, which brought them closer to
extinction.

6. When the biodiversity of a region declines, the human population suffers as well,
in different ways. When a region experiences a significant drought, many animals
may die from lack of water and food. If the region is one like Kenya, which
depends on its wildlife to draw tourists, the effects of the drought can be
devastating. If tourism declines due to high wildlife casualties, then the locals
who depend on income from tourism will lose their livelihood. People may then
furn to farming to earn money, but crops require water to grow. This can place
further strain on the water supply and worsen the original problem of the
drought. Sometimes, an imbalance in the system, such as a lack of water, can
enter into a feedback loop where the situation only gets worse and worse.

7. Losses in biodiversity can also lead to problems with the availability of food. As
we've discussed, a lack of water can prevent farmers from growing crops, which
can lead to starvation. In fact, when a region loses its biodiversity, it disrupts the
food chain in many ways. For example, if species goes extinct, all the species
a
used to feeding on it must find another ource of food. Say a
particular species of
freshwater frog dies because its habitat has been depleted in a drought. This
means the population of birds that feeds on this frog may decline as well, as it
lacks sufficient food. Conversely, the insects that the
frogs fed on may increase in
number, as the frogs are no longer around to keep their population in check.

8. One of the main advantages of biodiversity is that there are certain natural
processes that plants and animals perform that humans simply cannot. The
billions of bees in the world play a critical role in
pollinating the world's flowers. If
they did not do this, the food supply would dwindle and the human
would suffer greatly.
population

9. Biodiversity can play an important function in the cleaning of water. When water
passes through lakes, wetlands, and streams, it often encounters
different
species of fungi, algae, and bacteria. Many of these microbes
microscopic actually filter
particlesout of the water,
making it safe for humans to drink. Even
some larger species do similar work. For example, the
caddisfly constructs nets

65
 underwater that filter out different kinds of particles, which it then eats.
Wetlands rich with these filtering organisms act as natural water filtration
systems. When the biodiversity of a region declines, many of the organisms
critical to this filtering process can disappear. Therefore, pressures on the
freshwater supply can cause biodiversity to decrease, which can cut the
drinkable water supply even further.

10. While humans do have some water filtration plants, these plants are expensive
and take a lot of energy to maintain. For centuries, the water that flowed into
New York City was naturally fltered by a northern watershed. As the water
flowed south, it was purified. However, as the watershed was poluted and
diverted, the water flowing to New York City was no longer filtered. The city faced
a choice of spending $6 billion to $8 billion to build a water filtration plant, or
just $1 billion to restore the natural watershed. The city wisely chose the latter
option.
This article was retrieved on July 11th 2017 from ReadWorks.org.
URL: htips:/www.readworks.org/article/How-Water-Loss-Affects-Biodiversity/17a50c2a-37bc-4f0d-b91f
6c47aa842ad5#larticleTab:content/
Used and reprinted by permission.

66
 Reading Workshop 4

Learning Outcomes

C a n recognize the organizational structure of a paragraph in a simple academic text.

Can understand the writer's purpose in a simple academic text, if guided by questions.
Can infer meaning in a simple academic text, in orderto answer specific questions.

Pre-reading

I. Reflect on the picture and the key words. Then answer the questions to help you predict the main
topic of the text.

Key Words
biodiversity fresh water supply humansS

What is wrong with the tree?

What is wrong with the animal?
What happened in this place?

What is the text probaly about?

II. In pairs, discuss the following quotes. What message do they have in common?

."Destroying rainforestfor economic gain is like burning a Renaissance painting to

cook a meal." Edward O. Wilson
"Plans to protect air and water, wilderness and wildlife, are in fact plans to protect
man." Stewart L. Udall
"A drop of water is worth more than a sack of gold to a thirsty man."
"Save water, and it will save you."

67
 I. Find the following words in the text. Use context to guess their meaning and match columns A and
B.

A. Words B.Meanings
a. purified water available to a community
b. theexistence of many different kinds of plants
1. droughts (P2; L7)
and animals in an environment
2. starvation (P2; L7)
3. process in which one living creature eats
Biodiversity (P3; LI) another living creature to survive
4. species (P3; L7)
5. livelihood (P6; Ló) a. a group of animals or plants that are similar and
6. water supply (P6; L8) can produce young animals or plants
7. food chain -a long period when there is little or no rain
(P7; L4
a way of earning money for a living
9. suffering or death caused by lack of food

While Reading
Strategy: Understanding paragraph structure
Remember: lt is important to differentiate main ideas from
where they appear in a paragraph. See page 13 for a review supporting ideas and
of this strategy.

IV. Read paragraphs 5 and 7 of the text. Then, identify their supporting ideas and details to
the following diagrams. complete

Paragraph5
Topic sentence: "In Atrica, where droughts are common, they have been more
prolonged than in the past."
Supporting
idea
A

1 detail

2 detail

68
 Paragraph 7
Topic sentence: "Losses in biodiversity can also lead to problems with the
availability of food."

Supporting8 Supporting
idea idea
A
B

1 detail/example

2 detail/example

Strategy: Understanding the writer's purpose

Remember: Authors write with different purposes. Go to page 23 for a quick review of
how to identify the author's purpose.

V. Answer the following questions about the author's general and specific purpose in writing How
Water Loss Affects Biodiversity.

1. Why does the author mention "Kenya" in paragraph 57

a. To emphasize that Kenya is a country in Africa

b. To analyze the economic situation of a
country in Africa
C. To inform the reader about Africa's current
weather
d. To provide an example of
droughts happening in Africa
2. Why does the author mention "wealthy countries" in paragraph 2?
a. To affirm that wealthy countries have
drinkable water to their people
enough economic resources to provide
b. To demand wealthy countries to
help poor countries with economic resources to
access fresh water
C. To
emphasize that wealthy countries are responsible for lack of fresh water in
regions of the world some
d. To analyze the economic differences
between wealthy and poor countries

69
 3. Why does the author mention "freshwater frogs" in paragraph 77

a. To explain the biological characteristics of this species

b. To describe the characteristics of this species
C. To exemplify the importance of the food chain
d. To motivate humans to take care of freshwater frogs
4. Why does the author mention "fungi, algae and bacteria" in paragraph 97

To give
a.b. To inform where you can find fungi, algae and bacteria
an example of a species that help clean the water
C. To inform that this species is at risk of extinction
d. To analyze the differences between this and another species
5. Why does the author talk about 6, 8 and 1 bilion dollars in paragraph 107

a. To persuade the reader to save money for future generations

b. To inform the reader that investing in water filtration plants is cheap
C. To raise awareness on the importance of saving money to buy water
d. To compare the cost of investing in nature versus human technology

6. What is the author's general purpose in writing this text?

a. To express his/her concerns about the lack of fresh water

b. To inform the consequences of the lack of fresh water
C. To convince people that it is important to save water
d. To create panic about the future of fresh water sources

Strategy: Making inferences

Remember: It is possible to get to conclusions about the information in the text from
information that is not explicit or literal in it. This is called making inferences. See page
27 for a quick review of this strategy.

VI. Use context and other non-literal features of the text to answer the following inferential

questions
1. Paragraph 1: "The small amount of potable (suitable for drinking) water makes
its conservation incredibly important so that water shortages already
in s o m e regions do not spread any further."
occurring

It can be inferred that ..

a. humans understand the importance of saving drinking water.

b. humans have enough drinking water for centuries to come.
C. humans must work to guarantee the availability of drinking water.
d. humans are facing random water shortages around the world.

70
 2. Paragraph 2"There are many ways in which humans can affect access to fresh water.
For example, humans can pol te bodies of water, thereby making them undrinkable.
In some cases, they may make physical changes to the land by building over
wetlands or damnming up rivers."

It can be inferred that..

a. humans have always acted responsibly to protect and preserve the fresh water
sources in the planet.
D. regardless of human action, humans will have more and more fresh water sources

in the planet.
C. humans' actions today will guarantee a better access to fresh water for future

generations.
d. humans need to be careful with their actions, or they could destroy the world's

fresh water supply.

3. Paragraph 4: *While droughts are natural and, in many places, a frequent occurrence,
there are many things that humans do to increase the severity of these droughts."

It can be inferred that.

a. some animal and plant species can adapt to human-caused droughts.

b. certain species are at greater risk of extinction today than years ago.
bad in some places.
C without human action, droughts would not be so
in the planet.
d. humans are responsible for most of the droughts

inferable from the text.

VII. Answer the following questions. Their answers are
impact on the world's
1. What three things could humans do to diminish their

biodiversity? (P.2-4)
2. How can the economy of some
countries be affected by severe droughts? (P.5-6)
humans save money?
3. How can fungi, algae, bacteria, and the caddisfly indirectly help
(P.9-10)

Share your answers with your partner

Post-reading
Answer the following questions in groups:
VIll.
drinkable water in your
1. What problems can you identify in connection to preserving
see to these problems?
community? What solutions do you today?
2. How can you contribute to
the maintenance of a healthy supply of fresh water

71
 Section 3

Writing Workshops
 Writing Workshop 1

Learningoutcomes
experiences.
Can write descriptions of everyday personal
linked sentences.
Can write about everyday things in

classmate's free time activities.

In this workshop, you will write a short description of a

Get ready!

. Read the interview, paying attention to the words in bold.

Interviewer (T): At what time do you usually get up in the morning?

in bed an hour or so.
Writer (WN): I always wake up early, but sometimes I stay
I: What do you do in the mornings?
I usually have a big cup of black coffee and start working; I am writing a nevw book at
W:
the moment.
I: Your new book is about your childhood, isn't it?
W: Yes, it is. But I am afraid I can't tell you anything about it.
I: Do you work until late?
W: Yes, I do. I often stay up until late; it is the best time of the day so I can concentrate
more on my work.

I Do you work on weekends?

W: Sometimes, but most of the time I prefer to go out with my friends or family.
I think that even your best friend doesn't know about your new book, does
he?
I:
W: Yes, he does and I told him not to say anything to the media yet.

I: Why are you so reserved with your books?

Because I hardly ever tell the media before the book is published; well, it is better to
W
keep it secret.
It is a good way to advertise it, isn't it?
W: Yes, it is, so don't be curious!
I: You are always so reserved!
W: I am always reserved with my work, aren't you?

The words in bold are adverbs of frequency. Circle the option that best completes
each grammar rule:

1. Adverbs of frequency go after / before verb 'to be'.

2. Adverbs of frequency go after / before other verbs.

75
 Adverbs of Frequency

Adverbs of frequency are words that indicate how often an action happens or
happened. See the following line that illustrates the frequency they indicate.

Frequency
100% 0%

always usually often sometimes rarely hardly ever never

In negatives, put the adverb after the auxiliary verb:

I don't usually Use my cellphone on the bus.

Rosalie can't always be friendly. She's a police officer.

In questions, put the adverb after the subject:

Do you usually go to the movies?
Did you sometimes skip classes at school?

Note: Rarely, hardly ever, and never are negative adverbs. See their Use:

My sister always does her homework.

My sister doesn't never drink sodas. x
My sister never drinks sodas.
Do you never watch local TV?

Extra reminder: You can connect sentences with conjunctions and, or, but, and so.
Find examples of these connectors in the interview.

Read the following sentences and circle the best connector to link them.
I.

1. I hardly ever go to concerts, but 7 and/ or I really enjoy them when I am

there
2. I am usually a confident person, and / but / or I hardly ever get depressed
to parties, and / but 7 or prefers to stay at home
3. My cousin never goes
playing video games.

Susan is hardly ever at home;

she loves visiting her friends, or / but/ so
4
for a walk on her own.
she sometimes goes

76
 Prepare to write

I. You are going to interview a new classmate. Prepare four or five questions to know
more about him/her and his/her habits. Follow the examples

DO you uSually watch fülms in English?

Do you smetimes listen to rock music?

Now, ask your partner the questions and take notes. Answer his/her questions too.

You: Do you usually watch films in English?

Classmate: No, I don't. In fact, I rarely watch films.
You: Oh, I seel And do you sometimes listen to rock music?
Classmate: Sometimes, yes, but l often prefer pop music.

Write

Write a short paragraph about your new classmate. Use your notes. Report the
information about him/her and his/her habits.

Use this checklist to evaluate your work:

Did you...
Use capital letters at the beginning of each sentence?
.check your grammar and speling (verbs, plurals, capital "")
Use a dictionary for new words?
check your punctuation (commas before transition words and conjunctions
and, or, but, so: periods at the end of each sentence]?

77
 Writing Workshop 2
Learning outcomess
Can write about
Can wrife
everyday things in linked sentences.
simple sentences about your educational background and
or past job. presenf
Can write
descriptions of everyday personal experiences.
In This
workshop, you will write a short email about how your
you protect the environment. present occupafion helps
Get ready!

. Read the following text.

A Job at
Greenpeace
My name's Jeremy
Richards. Iwork at
hope to retire here. Greenpeace is Greenpeace
in various countries. This is my 10h
year and
for professional generally a very good
place to work. I have a lot of opportunities
growth; here, you can be a policy specialist one day and then
ship tour the next. I also have a lot of logistics support for a
mobility, so Iwork for periods of time in the UK, Russia,
Netherlands, Austria, Japan and the US as well as Canada. In
links from ocal (e.g. a addition to that, I work on making the
polluted river, or a nuclear power plant) to international
UN, for example). Moreover, Iget paid to do (treaty-making at the
good for the world.
People interested in working at Greenpeace have different
to face worker, options. For example, you can be a face
working on the street to increase awareness on the causes of focus in that area, and
try to get more regular donors. Aface to face worker should be
for about three hours a day on a certain prepared to work as a team member,
street, and should also try to get two donors for each
session. The job can be fun but it can be tiring after a while, so you'd better be
ignored by a lot of people who don't want to stop on the street to listen to some prepared to be
Oh, and most people aren't comfortable with sharing their credit card environmental issue.
make them feel safe about their financial data. You should be information, so you
ought to
patient, smart, and most importantly,
you should be convinced that you are helping build a better world.

In which order do the following topics appear in the text?

a. Recommendations for potential workers
b. The organization where he works.
C. His timeexperience at the organization
d. general description of a potentialjob
e.
A
The good things of his job.
f. An example of a job at the organization

78
 Grammar Review

1. Underline all the verbs in the first

2. In which tense
paragraph.
3. Most of those verbs
(present/past/future) do they appear
express: (choose one)
a. Habits / daily experiences
b. Suggestions
c. Possibilities

4. Analyze these sentences:

a. A face to face worker should be prepared to work as a team

member, and should also try to get two donors for each
session.
b.
You'd better
be prepared to be ignored by a lot of people.
C. You ought to make them feel safe about their financial data.

The sentences express: (choose one)

a. Habits/ daily experiences
b. Suggestions
c. Possibilities

Remember:

Add +S to the verb when the subject is he, she or it.

I work at a restaurant.
My sister works at a restaurant. / She workS at a restaurant.

But don't modify the verb when you use should, ought to, or had better.
I I should organize my time better
I had better study hard for exams. / l'd better study hard for
exams.

I. Underline the right form of the verb to make logical and correct sentences.

1. Plastic bags and bottles damage/ should damage the environment.

2. Some plastics take/ takes hundreds of years to biodegrade
3. We reycle/ should recycle more in Colombia.
4. To reduce COz emissions, we rides/ had better ride bicycles more often.
5. We all start/ should start saving water every day.
6. A big percentage of our CO2 emissions comes/ should come from power
generation and transport.
7. We take/ had better take care of our rivers if we want to preserve drinkable water.
8. I start/ ought to start unplugging my cell phone during the day to save energy

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 Now, take some notes about yourself. Answer these questions.

I n what ways do you contribute to excessive environmental pollufion? Do you....

drive a car?
keep lights on unnecessarily?
use a lot of plastic?
buy new electronic devices regularly?

2. In what ways do you contribute to reducing excessive environmenfal pollution

3. How do you, from

your job or study, help reduce environmental impact?

Time to write

. You received an email from

your friend Ursula. She's
to protect the environment. telling you about her initiatives
Read her email and
questions. prepare a
response to her

From: ursula.azarova@worldprofect.org
To: worldcitizen@mail.net
Subject: My latest initiatives!
Hi, my friend!

How are you? Iknow it's been about two months since
my last email, but I decided I should write
to tell you about my life and to ask about to you today
you!
Do you remember that l was interested in a job at
WorldProtect.org? Well, I got it and I'm really happy about it!
At this organization I can work to protect the environment in different ways. For
increase awareness of the importance of battery example, we run campaigns to
recycling, So we go to
neighborhoods and ask the people if
they have old batteries to discard. We also have mini-conterences about
the importance of
educate people about the place where they ought to put recycling, and we
plastic, paper and organic waste. Also, in each
neighborhood, we set up recycling point where the community should
a
go and discard their old
without damaging the environment. batteries

How about you? What is your

eurrent occupation
? How does your
plano? What environmental recommendations do you have for theoccupation
people in
help you protect our beautiful
yourcommunity?
Write soon!

Yours,
Ursula

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Write your email in response:

Use this checklist to evaluate your work:

Did you...
USe capital letters at the beginning of each sentence?
check your grammar and spelling (verbs, plurals, capital "")?
Use a dictionary for new words?
check your punctuation (commas before and, or, but, so: periods at the end of
each sentence)?

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