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Rocha Et Al. - Method To Measure Displacement and Velocityfrom Acceleration Signals - 2016
Rocha Et Al. - Method To Measure Displacement and Velocityfrom Acceleration Signals - 2016
Rocha Et Al. - Method To Measure Displacement and Velocityfrom Acceleration Signals - 2016
com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 6, ( Part -4) June 2016, pp.52-59
ABSTRACT: This paper discusses a methodology for measuring the displacement and velocity vibration of a
structure from a noisy acceleration signal. Digital FIR (finite impulse response)filters were used to remove the
noise present in the signal as well to eliminate numerical integration problems which produce offsets in velocity
and displacement amplitudes. The choice of this type of filter aims to prevent the signal delay that may cause
distortions in numerical integration process. To validate this methodology the defined procedure was applied to
determine the deflection history of a beam with random excitation base. The acceleration signals considered as
input data were obtained from two piezoelectric accelerometers used to measure the vibration of the base and
the beam response. The correlation was defined between the stress measured by a strain gage and the stress
calculated from its deflection. The result was great, enabling the application of this methodology to determine
the history of displacement and velocity of the structure's vibration, through signals measured with
accelerometers.
Keywords: Accelerometer signal integration, Digital filter, Displacement and velocitymeasurements.
I. INTRODUCTION
The displacement and velocitydata
acquisition history is very important in vibration F t0 = 0
testing of a structure, as well their deformed (1)
n f t n −1 +f t n
condition, the study of the suspensions courses and F tn = i=0 . ∆t
2
the evaluation of working velocity for shock
absorber. The equation (1) show the numerical
The use of displacement and velocity integration formula was considered in this work, as
transducers generally becomes impractical due to the can be seen, F t is the numerical integral of the
need to assemble a fixed referential and also in cases functionf t . For the initial condition was considered
are needed of high accuracy transducers who has to be zero.
high prices (ex. Laser). In these cases the use of
acceleration sensors, such as piezoelectric III. FILTER
accelerometers, is a viable solution for vibration data Filters are involved in various parts of a
acquisition, since it is not necessary a fixed digital signal processing system. Acting on digital
referential. However the conversion of acceleration signals of all kinds, such as mechanical vibration,
signals in velocity and displacement is not as simple sound, image, video, etc. [1]. Filters are invariant
as they seem, errors in numerical integration process linear systems in time able to modify the
generate signal distortion. This paper discusses a characteristics of the signals associated in its input in
methodology for obtaining velocity and such way that only a specific part of the frequency
displacement from an acceleration signal using FIR signal frequency component arrives at the filter
filters for correction of the numerical integration. output [2]. Those filters can be analog or digital.
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 6, ( Part -4) June 2016, pp.52-59
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Said M. S. Rocha et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 6, ( Part -4) June 2016, pp.52-59
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Said M. S. Rocha et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 6, ( Part -4) June 2016, pp.52-59
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Said M. S. Rocha et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 6, ( Part -4) June 2016, pp.52-59
a t = 5i=1 a i
(8)
a i t = Ai . sen 2. π. fA i . t . sen 2. π. fi . t + φi
A1 = 2; A2 = 3; A3 = 5; A4 = 15; A5 = 5;
fA 1 = 0.1; fA 2 = 0.2; fA 3 = 1.5; fA 4 = 0.5; fA 5 = 2;
Figure9:Velocity and displacement corrected by f1 = 2.05; f2 = 4.05; f3 = 7.05; f4 = 10.05; f5 = 12.05;
FIR filter with and without truncation for a signal φ1 = 2; φ2 = 3; φ3 = 7; φ4 = 4; φ5 = 5;
composed by three frequencies not sampled in FIR
filter. From acceleration signal defined in
equation (8) were added two sine signals that
represent the noise to be removed: on composed by
20Hz frequency and 2m/s² of amplitude and the
other with 30Hz frequency and 5m/s².
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Said M. S. Rocha et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 6, ( Part -4) June 2016, pp.52-59
zoom (0-1s) signals in the time domain; (c) signals Figure13:Frequency and Impulse response of the
in the frequency domain. lowpass FIR filter to remove the noise on signal.
The Figure11 shows the comparative
between the signals with and without noise, in the The FIR filter designed tom remove the
charts (a) and (b) the signals are presented in time noise have performed excellent result, as can be seen
domain and in thechart (c) in frequency domain. onFigure14andFigure15, the numerically velocity
Looking at frequency domain is possible to see the and displacement signals had good relationship with
two peaks in blue that correspond to the inserted the expected, only the initial and final stretch shows
noise. distortion due to time aliasing.
Before apply the defined procedure to
calculate velocity and displacement, presented in
Figure8, is necessary to remove the noise inside the
acceleration signal. The procedure considered for the
velocity and displacement calculation from
acceleration noisy signals is presented in Figure12.
Figure12:Flowchart considered for the velocity and Figure14:Comparative between analytic velocity
displacement calculation from an acceleration noisy and displacement with the calculated from
signal, using digital filters to remove constants acceleration signal with noise at 20Hz and 30Hz
components and the truncation to reduce errors due (first three seconds).
to time aliasing.
VII. MEASUREMENT OF
DISPLACEMENT WITH
PIEZOELECTRIC
ACCELEROMETERS
To validate this methodology for a real
discrete acceleration signal, this methodology was
applied to determine the deflection history of a beam
with random base excitation applied by an
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electrodynamic shaker. The data acquisition To calculate the displacement signal of the
vibration of the beam was realized with two base (U1) and mass (U2) was consider the procedure
piezoelectric accelerometers, one fixed to the base of illustrated in Figure12. The low-pass filter was
the beam (A1) and the other on the concentrated usedto remove acquisition noise and the high-pass
mass in the free edge at end of the beam (A2). In the filter to removal the errors generated in the
test was also performed data acquisition of the stress numerical integration at low frequencies. The
history by a uniaxial strain gage fixed to the beam parameters of the two filters used are presented
base. In Figure16 shows the test configuration. below:
High-Pass Filter:
Passband corner Frequency: 5Hz;
Stopband corner Frequency: 3Hz;
Max. attenuation on passband: 0,01dB;
Min. attenuation on stopband: 20dB
Low-Pass Filter:
Passband corner Frequency: 15Hz;
Stopband corner Frequency: 20Hz;
Max. attenuation on passband: 0,01dB;
Min. attenuation on stopband: 20dB
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 6, ( Part -4) June 2016, pp.52-59
For ensure that the deflection shown in this problem completely, it is recommended that the
Figure19 is correct. It was calculated a stress history measured signal owns an initial and final part that
of the beam base using the equation (9), which can be removed after the velocity and displacement
correlates the deflection 𝑓 shown in Figure19 with calculation. The signal length to be disregardedmay
the stress in the base of the beam, thus allowing its be predicted through the filter impulse response.
comparison with the stress history measured with REFERENCES
strain gage. [1]. Carlos Alexandre Mello, Processamento
Digital de Sinais, handout, Centro de
−3..𝐸 Informática, Universidade Federal de
𝜎 𝑡 = . 𝑓 𝑡 = −11,78. 𝑓 𝑡 (9)
2.𝐿2
Pernambuco.
𝐸: 𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 = 210𝐺𝑃𝑎 http://www.cin.ufpe.br/~cabm/pds/PDS.pdf
: 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑇𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 3,95𝑚𝑚 [2]. Eduardo Simas, Processamento de Sinais
𝐿 = 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡 = 325𝑚𝑚 Aula 03 - Filtros Digitais, handout,
Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica
The Figure20 shows the comparison Universidade Federal da Bahia.
between the measured stress history and the http://www.dee.eng.ufba.br/home/simas/PDS
calculated one. In the upper graphic one can see the _aula03.pdf
good agreement of the results. The difference [3]. Ribeiro, J., Algoritmo Para Medir
between them is shown in the graphic below. The Deslocamento em Grandes Estruturas a partir
largest variation can be observed in the initial stretch de Sinais Acelerômetros,DoctoralThesis,
(0-0.3 s) and in the final stretch (4.7-5.0 s), due to Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica,
the time aliasing. Disregarding these stretches, the Pontifícia Universidade Católica (PUC) do
mean relative error between the peaks was Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 1999.
approximately 5.3%, which is very small.
VIII. CONCLUSION
The procedure used to calculate velocity
and displacement from a discreet acceleration signal,
with and without noise acquisition, presented great
results. Although the parameters used to define the
filters should be carefully defined in a way to
eliminate the noises and the offsets without
removing frequency ranges relevant to the evaluated
signal.
The issue of time aliasing is inevitable for
the type of filter used, which generates a signal
distortion in the beginning and in the end of the
signal. The truncation of the signal can reduce the
length of the affected part, although it won’t
completely eliminate the error. Therefore, to solve
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