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Issue #2 of OBSOLETE! Magazine
Issue #2 of OBSOLETE! Magazine
Issue #2 of OBSOLETE! Magazine
Magazine
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Submissions can be on any subject; however, we are
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Issue #2
OBSOLETE! Magazine
PO Box 72
Table of Contents: Victor, IA, 52347.
obmag@feral-tech.com,
http://obsoletemag.blogspot.com/
Steve Walters cover
David Stein Letter to Obsolete 2
------------------------------------------
Editorial Intro to Issue #2 3 ob·so·lete (adjective)
Alissa Bader How I Spent My Summer Vacation 3
Definition of OBSOLETE
Debra & Gary Parky Greetings From Grand Isle, LA 4 1 a : no longer in use or no longer useful <an obsolete word>
Rich Dana Interview w/ Karl Schroeder 6 b : of a kind or style no longer current : old-fashioned <an
J.D. King Just a Mirage 8 obsolete technology>
Rich Dana & Deborah Reade Artist Profile: Peter Aschwanden 10 2 of a plant or animal part : indistinct or imperfect as
Jonathan Shaw A Night in the Zone 12 compared with a corresponding part in related organisms :
vestigial
Reviews 13 — ob·so·lete·ly adverb
Marina Deb Ris Pollution Reborn as Art 14 — ob·so·lete·ness noun
Joolz Denby Not Perfect
Examples of OBSOLETE
Wild Town 15 1. The system was made obsolete by their invention.
Qojak Featured Artist Portfolio 16 2. <I was told my old printer is obsolete and I can’t get
Alex the Card Weaver The Luddite Cafe 17 replacement parts.>
-Alissa Bader,
Denver CO
Greet i n g s F r o m
Gran d I s l e . L A .
by
Gary and Debra Parky from New Orleans. Debra and I sometimes drive around the city and the
region and take photos of old and/or primitive signage. In Larose we
The following photos were taken in early September, primarily in Grand found an entire side of a building covered with a protest collage (complete
Isle, Louisiana. Grand Isle was prominently featured early-on during cov- with a rendition of Shepard Fairey’s Obama profile); further down Route
erage of the Deepwater Horizon oil “spill” (often referred to as “gusher” or One we came upon a piece of plywood painted with relevant images that
“geyser’ in the local New Orleans media) for President Obama’s unconvinc- was somewhat reminiscent of R.A. Miller’s work. As we got into Grand Isle
ing photo ops. It was, at the time, Ground Zero for the media’s coverage it became apparent that this we were in the right place.
of the nation’s largest environmental catastrophe. We had traveled to There was no shortage of homemade, hand-painted protests against
Pensacola, Florida and seen plenty of submerged tar balls while snorkeling BP in people’s front yards. We occasionally saw professionally printed
and we had seen the dead jellyfish washing ashore in Pass Christian, Mis- signs as well, which still had a pissed-off & sometimes humorous local
sissippi. The clean-up crews we saw in both places were mostly not clean- point of view.
ing anything, just sitting under tarps on the beach. Grand Isle residents are clearly frustrated with what was unwillingly
I was still unsure of what direction to go in covering this event for foisted upon them, from the catastrophe itself to how it is being handled
OBSOLETE! We were thinking about it as we drove down to Grand Isle by the government and corporate America.
R: In the review of Ventus, Cory Doctorow refers R: You are sort of talking about pushing past K: There is a new profession known as a gar-
to you as an autodidact. Do you see yourself technology. How do you think that differs from the bage designer. It’s the person that designs the
that way? people who originally coined the phrase “re-wild- output of an industrial process- or tunes it- in such
ing” who are the sort of Earth First!, Primitivist a way that it can be sold as an input into another
K: In the strictest terms I am an autodidact in that types. The Unabomber comes to mind. These industry. Industries can generate an income
I’m a high school dropout. I’ve taught myself es- people think that we need to go back to nature, stream from what was considered waste.
sentially everything I needed to know about the not forward to nature through technology.
science and technologies I write about. I firmly R: You talked about relinquishing control in your
believe that if you know how to learn, all doors K: There is no going back. The project that we are talk as well... about moving ahead to letting go of
are open to you. At this point though, I’m pursuing engaged in has no reverse setting. But what it can our control over nature. In the short term, that’s
a masters degree in “Strategic Foresight and In- have is a fulfillment. It’s like water filtration plants going to leave a kind of void. Are we designing
novation,”... which, when I tell people that, causes and wetlands. When you don’t understand wet- these systems and setting them free, or are they
them to stare at me blankly. It’s a new program, lands you have to build the water filtration plant. overseen by a government agency? Are they a
but not a new idea. The idea of “Foresight” goes
private endeavor? This gets into the politics – is K: There are researchers working on it, and com- R: So is the original idea of Thalience still rel-
this a sort of Green/Anarchist endeavor? What is panies in Canada and the US being formed- it’s evant in the real world?
our model? still a stealth technology. - Al Gore doesn’t men-
tion this as an option in his new book, but it is one K: It is, but it revolves more around arguments
K: I wanted to give a new name to what I’ve of the three pillars of climate mitigation, and one having to do with artificial intelligence. I hasten
been talking about because it doesn’t fit with the we should be working on it more. to add that I am doing a mashup between AI and
traditional themes of the modern environmental environmentalism in my work right now. On one
movement, or the Greens. I don’t see a clear R: There is a lot of talk in this country, and in hand, treating natural systems as potentially intel-
distinction between natural and artificial systems. the Midwest in particular about using perennial ligent legal entities and on the other hand, trying
I think it’s increasingly important not to make grasses to create a “carbon sink”. to see the natural or the non-conscious in hu-
such distinctions, particularly in a highly political man nature and the systems we create. If I could
and moral sense. By taking a moralistic stance K: There is a lot of potential there, but it would describe these ideas in a few words I would, but
toward nature, we are basically condescending have to be done on a global scale. We also need sometimes you have to spread out the argument
to it and imposing our own prejudices on it. There to increase our food production, and you can’t over many, many pages.
have been a number of people in recent years tear down one part of the biosphere to prop
that have been trying to get beyond the rhetoric up another. R: Do you think that AI and technology is reach-
of environmentalism. Bruno Latour, a French ing a point that it can start creating itself? I guess
philosopher, wrote books like We Were Never R: What about the idea of vertical farming? Even the other vision of that scenario is “Skynet” in the
Modern, and other books like Ecology Without here in the middle of farm country, the majority Terminator movies...
Nature. They dovetail well with what I’m talking of our actual food is shipped in from California or
about. 20th century environmentalism is one of even Central America. We grow animal feed and K: Our traditional vision of computers is the Ter-
the things we need to get past to save the planet high-fructose corn syrup. Is the idea of vertical minator model of intelligent machines taking over.
and save ourselves. It creates too awkward of a farming something we should be looking at? What I’m talking about is natural systems that
dichotomy between us and them, humanity and have been augmented with technology. So it’s not
the natural world. K: Vertical farming is an idea that has been cham- robots that are taking over, but your local aqua fir.
pioned by a guy named Dickson Despommier. He
R: Stewart Brand of Whole Earth Catalog fame has a website called verticalfarming.com. I don’t R: Genetic engineering is one nightmare vision
has a new book out that embraces nuclear power claim to be an expert in that area, but by using of technology escaping into nature- I’m much
and genetic engineering as the solutions to the hydroponic technology you can increase produc- more excited about artificial intelligence escaping
problem. It’s a very iconoclastic approach and he tion by four to twenty percent. The least efficient into nature...
is pissing off a lot of old fans that grew up with the thing you can farm is cattle. By stacking your
“Deep Green” idea. Patrick Moore, who founded acreage in a tall building, making it mostly self- K: That’s what Thalience was about...and my
Greenpeace, is another one who now supports sufficient for water and protecting it from outside idea of re-wilding is that there is no distinction
nuclear, because carbon reduction is what we environmental effects like frost and pests, then between nature and technology. If we replace
are after. It seems like there is an “either/or” thing you get further multiplying effects. One projection nature with technology, technology is our natural
happening, either you are on this team or on that that Despommier’s group makes is that using one world. It will evolve on it’s own because things do
team. People are forced into making black and block square, fourty-seven-story building could evolve on their own. To a great extent, control is
white binary choices. You talk about a lot of the feed 50,000 people on an ongoing basis. an illusion.
shades of grey...
R: It also reduces the transport costs and energy R: We had an ice storm here two years ago and
K: That’s absolutely right. If you want to preserve use...We are working here on increasing the effi- lost power for six days- it really illustrated how
the environment, the best place to do it is in a ciency of local food systems by looking at making much of an illusion that control is!
high-rise. We can’t go back to making our clothing farmers trips to market more than just a delivery-
out of all-natural fiber and hunting and gardening we (Feral Technology Institute) are working on a K: Events like that are more catastrophic when
for our food. Imagine nine billion people trying to system that would have a someone from the farm you are trying to maintain a state of direct con-
do that. It fails on the simple basis of scale. We delivering produce and picking up waste grease trol. When your systems are optimized to coex-
need intensive industrial systems to maintain hu- and food to return to the farm for composting, ist with nature, events like that are not nearly so
man life, at this point. If that is the case, we need biodiesel and biogas production... catastrophic. When you don’t need to control the
to optimize them. system, you don’t care what breaks down.
K: That goes back to the idea of a garbage
R: I always love to read John Zerzan – love his designer... Karl Schoeder is the author of nine novels, includ-
ideas about primitivism, but ironically, of course- I ing the Virga series, as well as co-author with
read about them on his website! R: Hey, I think I’m a garbage designer! Cory Doctorow of The Complete Idiot’s Guide to
Writing Science Fiction.
------------
K: Yes, the only way we could go to some sort of K: Yes! In science fiction, Samuel R. Delaney http://www.kschroeder.com/
neo-primitivist society would be if we reduced our uses the idea in a novel called Stars in my Pocket
population by ninety-nine percent. like Grains of Sand which was published in the
mid 80’s- he treats a city as an ecosystem in
R: According to a friend of a friend who does which the most valued members of society are
environmental analysis for the CIA, they think that the garbage collectors, called “Tracers” who liter-
a likely climate change scenario is exactly that- a ally trace the flow of materials through the sys-
pandemic will probably occur which will reduce tem.
our numbers and our emissions significantly. The
planet will self-regulate. R: I can’t let you go without asking you to talk
about your concept of “Thalience” – the idea of
K: I have spent the last three months studying science being done outside the sphere of human
strategies for intervention and negation of climate influence.
change. I’ve identified three points of intervention.
I haven’t really heard the discussion framed this K: My ideas have evolved a lot in the 10 years
way before, but you can intervene at the origin since I came up with the idea of Thalience. The
of the CO2, you can intervene by removing the question was whether computers and other tech-
CO2 from the atmosphere, or you can reduce the nology just mirror human’s view of the world or
temperature change itself, through geo-engineer- if they can develop their own. What those ideas
ing activities. I’m currently working on the idea of have evolved into is my concept of re-wilding- giv-
carbon/air capture, which involves sequestration ing natural systems intelligence through a network
(through plants) but also removing the carbon di- of sensor nets, Internet connections and legal
rectly from the air. It’s a scrubbing technology that instruments. For instance, the new constitution of
pulls the CO2 out of the ambient air and drives it Paraguay gives rights to nature, and allows indi-
into deep strata. Obviously reforestation is one viduals to litigate on behalf of natural systems.
way to do it, but it’s a slow process. I’m looking
at industrial processes that can take advantage R: So maybe we should be willing to do for nature
of the infrastructure we already have in place. I what we have done for corporations? Create a
think an industrial-scale capture process is the legal persona?
only way we can reduce CO2 levels to a pre-in-
dustrial level in a timely way. K: Exactly. If a corporation can be a legal person,
there is no reason that a natural system can’t
R: Are there companies engaged in this process also be a person. I’m writing a story about that
now? right now.
by J.D. King
Just a Mirage should join the Marines!” Back in the bathroom, bag of Fritos, a can of Pepsi and two homemade
she turned on the shower, adjusted the temp to cupcakes was a fine free lunch. Just as she
It caught her eye, made her brake, that mailbox: a nice-and-hot, stepped in. was finished, was slapping her flat but full belly,
little log cabin, its red flag at attention, practically Water blasting, Tammi masturbated, not fan- a motor boat approached, cut its engine. In the
saluting her. Putting down the blue Schwinn, she tasizing about anyone, just getting off on pure surrounding woods, birds chirped. She got up,
walked over, opened the box, pulled out a letter sensation and the danger that, at any second, a behind by the sliding glass door, saw the family
addressed to an APO. From a pocket of her khaki stranger could burst in bellowing, “What the hell’s docking at the pier, towheads hopping out, tying
shorts, Tammi produced a chrome-plated lighter, going on?!” the boat to the landing, just like Pop had
flipped it open, flicked, held a flame to a corner Squeaky clean, she got out. Not bothering with taught ‘em.
of the envelope. When the burning paper got too the mat, a large puddle spread across the tiles In the bedroom Tammi picked up the .38,
close to her fingertips, she let go, the smoking as shook semi-dry, like a dog, her whipping hair clicked off the safety, padded back to the kitchen,
ash dropping to the roadside. splattering the walls. She sang, “Bomp! Bomp! slid the door open, stepped out.
She led her bike by the handlebars down a Just a mirage, that’s all you are to me...” Tammi’d From the dock, a family looked up to see a
sandy driveway to the house, a pre-fab log cabin: heard the song yesterday, at her mom’s, and it naked young woman on their deck, her right hand
the mailbox all grown up. Too funny! On the right stuck in her brain like bubblegum to the bottom of on her hip, her left hand pointing a pistol at them.
sat a black SUV with caramel panels, a yellow a movie theater seat. She yelled, “Think fast, motherfuckers!”
Support The Troops magnet on its butt, a tin of In the living room, still undressed, she picked Just before Tammi squeezed off the first round,
Skoal on the dash. The sign in the yard read: up yesterday’s Observer-Dispatch, sat down, add- the older of the two boys thought, “Wow! She’s
The Longs. ing a wet spot to the couch while reading about beautiful!”
No barking. That’s good. Utica’s latest murder trial.
Up two steps, on the porch. The screen door Bored, she tossed the paper on the floor, went J.D. King is a freelance illustrator, active for over two
was closed, but the real door was wide open. out onto the deck, placed her hands on the railing, decades. His work has appeared in many national
leaned forward, saw the pier below, gazed across publications (The New York Times, Time, Newsweek,
Peering in, blocking August noon sun with hands
The Washington Post, The New Yorker, Forbes, The
cupped to her temples, she could see the living the lake, took a deep breath, held it and thought,
Village Voice, New York, The Progressive, Business
room, the dining-area, sliding doors to a deck, “Lake life is the greatest! Especially during the Week), as well as ad campaigns (Master/Visa Card,
Lake Kayuta beyond. She rapped her knuckles on week when no one’s around...” Then she trotted Absolut Vodka, Seybold Seminars), and CD and book
the doorjamb. Nothing. She knocked hard. around in a wide circle, head bowed and bobbing, covers. Previous to illustration, he was an underground
Still nothing. spanking her ass, mimicking a frisky race horse cartoonist with work appearing in several titles includ-
When she pulled, the screen door opened. with jockey. The sun felt good on her bare hide. ing R. Crumb’s Weirdo magazine. His avocations are
In the living room, she said, “Hello!” Silence. Returning to the fridge, Tammi rustled up some experimental music (J.D. King & The Coachmen, two
She turned a radio on, then off, proceeded to cheddar cheese, whole wheat bread and a jar albums on Ecstatic Peace) and writing fiction. A collec-
nose around. of red peppers. She made a grilled cheese in a tion of short stories is scheduled for Water Row Books,
black iron skillet on the old propane stove. At the and a novel is completed and searching for a publish-
On the mantle, an array of framed photos:
er. He lives in Remsen, NY and his interests include
perky mom; beefy dad; two young boys; a soldier dining-area table, the sandwich, with a leftover
jazz, reading, bicycling, hiking and cats.
in desert camos, boot on a Jeep’s bumper; some
old folks; everyone smiling for the camera. Say
cheese, douche bags. Looking around the living
room, a flat-screen TV, no books, some maga-
zines: People, Field & Stream, Us.
In the kitchen, Tammi opened drawers, poked
through cabinets, scouted the fridge, grabbed a
bowl, a spoon, milk and a sealed box of Sugar
Pops. She opened the box roughly, like an
animal, poured cereal into the bowl, then milk.
Leaning against the sink, she ate. The kitchen
smelled faintly of spices. She should’ve been ner-
vous, anxious about someone coming home, but
she wasn’t. If need be, she’d feed them a story.
People are dumb, they’ll buy anything.
After the snack, she went down the hall, into a
bedroom on the left: bunk bed against one wall,
Sponge Bob and Harry Potter posters opposite.
Seeing a toy car on the floor, she crushed it
under heel.
Next, the other bedroom, past the unmade bed
to the dresser, she rummaged drawers. Stashed
under dad’s socks, some cash: three twenties,
one ten, a five, four ones. She put the dough in
the same pocket as the lighter. In another drawer,
a loaded .38 revolver. She held it with both hands,
mimed Hollywood action poses, saying, “Pow!
Pow! Pow!” before placing it on the dresser.
Rifling the bathroom medicine cabinet she
found a treat: almost a dozen codeine tabs in a
green bottle. She popped the container in her
other pocket, along with the tube of coral lipstick
she used to gesture a smile face on the mirror, an
oversized version of the ones she drew in place of
the dot over the “i” when signing a love-note.
Sometimes Tammi sent love-notes to several
guys at a time. It cracked her up. The lugs fell for
that corny bullshit, even older lugs. Especially
older lugs.
Back in the bedroom, she kicked off her Keds,
stripped off her American flag T-shirt, bra, shorts
and panties. Before the mirror, she held her
breasts, one in each hand, admired herself, then
snuggled into bed, fetal position under the covers,
drifted into slumber, breathing the scent of Mama
and Papa Whoever.
Close to a half-hour later she rose, did some
stretches, then snapped out thirty pushups. “I
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The days are getting shorter - the nipping cold winds around
Her ankles like a cat asking to be fed and the sky is a dome
Of hard blue crystal wiped over with ragged scrims of high clouds;
She sniffs, and stuffs her balled fists into the pockets of her
Boyfriend’s hoodie, the one with a wiry scribble pattern of guns
All over it, the cheap grey fabric bobbled, snagged and bagged;
She puts the hood up, blinker-style, and turns on her knock-off MP3;
The dirty pods in her ears banging out top-end frequencies that
are destroying her hearing like mice nibbling at a lump of cheese.
The baby comes in Spring, he comes like a kiss with the cherry blossom
And the tender warmth of hazy sunshine - the boyfriend is long gone,
She barely remembers him if she’s honest, but she still has his hoodie
And she has his son, who she names for a young TV star she likes,
Bringing him head-first slippery-screaming into a world of grannies
who coo and cluck at his big grey eyes, his dimples and his rosy mouth,
And his mother, chewing gum, adores him with a passion that detonates
In her heart with a vivid nuclear ferocity every time she sees, or smells
Or touches him and you know what? It’s not wise and it’s not perfect, no,
It’s love;
It’s love.
Wild Town
by Joolz Denby © Joolz 2009
More shops have shut over night and stolen away with nothing,
Gypsy Poundshops spring up with shelves full of tattered remains
And toothpaste from the Ukraine or baby oil from Saudi Arabia;
The Arndale Café serves the same clientele and the same cakes
That taste of nothing and chew like melting rubber laced with raisins;
The air outside the treadmill mall is dusty with Autumn coming
In sheets of savage gold that wrap the city trees in perfect splendour
And the skies burgeon with a blue more tender than the Virgin’s cloak.
Born in 1955, Joolz Denby is a writer, poet, spoken-word performer, illustrative and fine artist, curator,
photographer and tattooist. Her poetry collections include The Pride of Lions (1994), Errors of the Spirit
(2000), and Pray For Us Sinners, a book of short stories and poems published in 2005. Her first novel,
Stone Baby, won the 1998 Crime Writers’ Association New Crime Writer of the Year, and was shortlisted
for the Crime Writers’ Association John Creasey Memorial Dagger. Her novel, Billie Morgan (2004), was
shortlisted for the Crime Writers’ Association Dagger in the Library Award and the Orange Prize for
Fiction. Her most recently published novel is Borrowed Light (2006). Read more about Joolz at:
http://www.joolz-denby.co.uk/
The Luddite Cafe:
A Six-Month Experiment in
Skill Sharing in Chicago
And every Saturday we work in the yard The simple answer is, SHIT YEAH! In fact,
Pick up the dog do looking at the issue from a broad perspec-
Hope that it’s hard tive, efficiently managing our waste streams
Take out the garbage and clean out the garage
is the ONLY thing that can save the human
My friend’s got a Chrysler
I’ve got a Dodge living environment on earth. The great 20th
We’re just ordinary average guys Century designer and systems analyst R.
Buckminster Fuller once stated, “Pollution is
-Joe Walsh, Ordinary Average Guy nothing but the resources we are not har-
vesting. We allow them to disperse because
Does picking up after Rover seem like a we’ve been ignorant of their value. “ Re-
thankless task? Hauling bags of stinky rot- cycling is not just putting your plastic and
ten trash bumming your muffin? poop-powers-park-lights). glass out to the curb, it’s one of the keys to
Did you know that you might be throwing away Biogas can be used in many cases as a re- personal freedom.
a valuable renewable energy resource? Yes, your placement for natural gas or propane. It can run a In his 1973 book Methane Digesters For Fuel
family dog’s doody, along with other biodegrad- gas grill or cooker, gaslights, a generator, or even Gas and Fertilizer, published by the New Alchemy
able waste like food scraps and lawn clippings a propane refrigerator like those used in campers Institute, South African farmer John Fry laid out
could be providing you with useable energy (in and RVs. his integrated farming system in which an anaero-
the form of “biogas”) and high-quality compost. bic digester system provided waste disposal and
Dog and cat poop actually contain more energy How It Works water treatment, power, and high quality fertil-
than almost any other organic sources - 40 lbs. of izer. The technology is not new. Unfortunately,
pet poop contains as many BTUs as a gallon of There are two basic types of digester designs: we live in a culture where food is manufactured,
gasoline. That’s more energy per pound than low continuous-flow and batch processors. In a con- not grown, and the fertilizer is made from natural
quality coal. tinuous-flow digester, new material is regularly fed gas and shipped from China to the American farm
Using a micro-scale anaerobic digester system into the digester. The slurry moves through the belt.
built from salvaged materials, you can reduce your digester, pushing out digested material just like a It’s time for us to stop waiting for permission to
energy bill and greenhouse gas emissions. Al- giant intestine. Batch digesters are loaded once institute change. Along with using bio-intensive
though one family may not create enough waste to and then the material is allowed to digest. When gardening techniques and season extension to
make a large amount of biogas, it may be enough the digestion is complete, the effluent is removed grow your own food at home, building a home-
to cook several meals a day. An apartment build- and the process is repeated. Each type has its ad- scale digester is one of the cheapest ways to
ing or neighborhood could build a communal vantages. Continuous digesters produce biogas utilize “living technology”.
digester that could provide a significant amount of without interruption. Batch digesters, on the other
gas to heat a greenhouse or community center. hand, are simpler and less expensive to build. From now on, remember that every time Rover
Continuous-flow designs lend themselves better leaves you a present in the yard, he is giving you
Anaerobic digestion to manure-based systems, while batch processors an opportunity to start changing your world.
may be more appropriate for unprocessed plant-
Anaerobic digestion is one of the most basic pro- based substrates.
cesses of life on earth. Anaerobic means “in the There are many designs available for small
absence of oxygen” and anaerobic digestion takes digesters made from everything from old 55-gallon
place when biodegradable matter decomposes in drums to tractor tire inner tubes or plastic bags.
a closed environment. Anaerobic digestion pro- The basic idea in all designs is
duces biogas, which consists mostly of Methane, to maintain an airtight di-
Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen. By managing the gestion chamber where the
digestion process and capturing the biogas pro- anaerobic process can occur,
duced, we can use it as an energy source. and storing the gas produced
Although not widely used in the United States, in a pressurized collection ves-
small-scale digester systems are used success- sel. A good list of resources
fully all over the world to turn small amounts of on small-scale digester design
manure, plant waste and food scraps into usable can be found in Micro-Scale
energy utilizing very simple, low-tech designs. For Biogas Production: A Begin-
hundreds of years, biogas has been used in China ner’s Guide, a free publication
and India (and more recently in Africa and Cen- from the National Sustainable
tral America) to provide gas for cooking, heating Agriculture Information Ser-
and lighting. In areas of the world where energy vice. It is available free online
resources are not as readily available as they at http://attra.ncat.org/publica-
are in the United States, the micro-digester is an tion.html#energy or by calling
important technology because of its low cost (and their 800 number (800-346-
the ability to adapt salvage materials or materials 9140) for a paper copy.
that are commonly at hand), simplicity, and envi-
ronmental benefits.
Using Biogas
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