Lesson 10:

Explicit & Implicit

Claims in a Text
 1. EXPLICIT
• It came from the Latin word “explicitus” which
means “to unfold” or “directly stated”.
• We use explicit to fully and clearly express
something leaving no room for confusion or
misinterpretation.
TEXTUAL EVIDENCE

Explicit:
It was a dark a
stormy night.
TEXTUAL EVIDENCE

Explicit:
She loves
reading.
 2. IMPLICIT
• From the Latin word implicitus which means “to
entwine”.
• It is only implied, indirectly stated, suggested and
not spelled out.
• It is more of “showing not telling”.
TEXTUAL EVIDENCE

Explicit:
It was a dark a Implicit:
stormy night. The trees were wildly
swaying outside, and
the gutters were
overflowing.
TEXTUAL EVIDENCE
Explicit:
She loves Implicit:
reading. She would read all the
scribbled papers she
could put her hands on.
 3. INFERENCE
• A conclusion made based on both information
/evidence and reasoning.

Explicit Implicit Inference

ADVERTISEMENT

What could
be implied
message in
this ad?
ADVERTISEMENT

What could be
implied message
in this ad?
ADVERTISEMENT

What could be
implied
message in this
ad?
II. Fact & Opinion
FACT
• statement about the real world reinforced by
reliable evidence
• can express explicit or obvious information
OPINION
• a statement expressing one’s feelings or
personal judgment
• It may vary depending on one’s POV
KINDS OF FACTS

1. Empirical Facts
▪ Can be proven by observation
▪ Found in encyclopedias and trusted internet sites
▪ Imposed by scientists and theorists
Example:
a. The Philippines is composed of three major islands
namely Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao.
KINDS OF FACTS
2. Analytical Facts
▪ Makes use of various operations in Math to prove a
statement
▪ Use of formula, number, & statistics
▪ Are verified by consistency with the rules of a symbol
system
Example:
a. The use of analytical facts to strengthen a car being
built so that it can withstand the impact of a crash.
KINDS OF FACTS
3. Evaluative Facts
▪ These are supported by laws, local and international
and ideally give order.
▪ Present situations call for evaluative facts and
reasonable minds easily go over issues and events.
Example:
a. The issue on the ownership of Spratly island shows rightful
ownership of the Philippines due to the 200-mile territorial law.
KINDS OF FACTS
4. Metaphysical Facts
(Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that deals with the first principles of
things, including abstract concepts such as being, knowing, substance, cause,
identity, time, and space.)

▪ verified by revelatory evidence or self-evidence.

▪ assumed to be true without external evidence.
Example:
a. “All men are created equal.” (verifiable by self-
evidence though there are no 2 people equal in strength
and beauty, intelligence or wisdom.)
Metaphysical Facts
Examples:
a. “There is nothing permanent except
change.” –Heraclitus
b. “Strong minds discuss ideas, average minds
discuss events, weak minds discuss people.”
-Socrates
 CLAIMS
• A statement that the author wants the readers
to accept.
• Any claim, whether explicit or implicit, should
have evidence (data, facts, witnesses,
presence of an expert) to support it.
• It can either be factual or a judgment.
 KINDS OF CLAIM
1. Claim of Fact
• Can be proven by steadfast information or
data
• Inferred from reliable source of information.
e.g. The turmeric (yellow) ginger has medical
uses because of the presence of curcumin I, II, &
III. It prevents the onset of leukemia and cancer.
CLAIM OF FACT
Examples:
a. All men are created equal. (Metaphysical)
b. Cancer is not contagious.
c. The atmosphere has too much carbon dioxide.
d. The earth is warming rapidly
 KINDS OF CLAIM
2. Claim of Policy
• Depends on existing policy, rule, or law.
• Posits that specific action should be
chosen as solution to a particular
problem
• Begins with “should,” “ought to,” or
“must.”
 CLAIM OF POLICY
Examples:
a. The government must devote more funds to
building schools than building roads.
b. The death penalty must be revived.
c. A national ID system should be adopted.
d. Beauty contests should be banned
 KINDS OF CLAIM
3. Claim of Value
• Based on personal taste or practices and
morality
• It attempts to prove that some things are
more or less desirable than others.
“Do we agree on particular truths around us?”
e.g. Monalisa has resulted in differing claims of
value. Some agree with its beauty, while others
think its just typical.
 CLAIM OF VALUE
Example:
a. Gay marriage is immoral.
b. It is more advantageous for a Filipino child
grow up speaking Filipino instead of English.
c. Buying and fixing a house is better than
building a new one.
 KINDS OF CLAIM
4. Untested Claims
• Vague, ambiguous, or incomplete
statements that can also be factual
declarations when proven.
e.g. “The soup is spicy.” This is untested
claim as what can be spicy for one may
not be spicy for others.
Opinion or Untested Claim

“I think we’ll get another shower this

afternoon.”

“It’s going to rain this afternoon.”

 KINDS OF CLAIM
5. False Claims
• Statements that are contradicted by
relevant evidence
e.g. People in the past used to claim that
the world is flat. But it is refuted by studies
made by astronauts and researchers.
GENERALIZATION

Statements may be facts, opinions, false

factual claims, or untested claims. Facts are
statements supported by converging evidence,
whether empirical, analytical, evaluative, or
metaphysical.
GENERALIZATION
Opinions are self-reports. Everyone is entitled to his
or her opinion because only that person has the inside
information to verify a self-report. False claims and
untested claims are neither fact nor opinion. Both false
claims and untested claims, but not opinions, claim to
provide information about the real world. Accordingly, to
accept a false claim or untested claim risks error, and
error can be dangerous.
GENERALIZATION
On the other hand, to reject factual claims is
also risky because we fail to benefit from valid
information. Mistakenly putting facts about
evaluative or metaphysical matters to the realm of
opinion is a common failure of critical thinking.
END OF DISCUSSION