ASSIGNMENT # 03

Define Water Supply System and Explain Water Supply System in

Pakistan
WATER SUPPLY & WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT

SUBMITTED BY

NAME: MUHAMMAD
REG# BSCET01193060
CLASS: CV-4-M
DATED 16-4-2021

SUBMITTED TO

MR.HASEEB AHMED

DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGY
Water Supply System:

Water supply system infrastructure for the collection, transmission, treatment, storage, and
distribution of water for homes, commercial establishments, industry, and irrigation, as well as for
such public needs as firefighting and street flushing. Of all municipal services, provision of potable
water is perhaps the most vital. People depend on water for drinking, cooking, washing, carrying
away wastes, and other domestic needs. Water supply systems must also meet requirements for
public, commercial, and industrial activities. In all cases, the water must fulfill both quality and
quantity requirements.

Water Supply System in Pakistan:

Water supply and sanitation in Pakistan is characterized by some achievements and many
challenges. Despite high population growth the country has increased the share of the population
with access to an improved water source from 85% in 1990 to 92% in 2010, although this does not
necessarily mean that the water from these sources is safe to drink.[citation needed] The share with
access to improved sanitation increased from 27% to 48% during the same period, according to
the Sanitation. There has also been considerable innovation at the grass-root level, in particular
concerning sanitation. The Orangi Pilot Project in Karachi and community-led total sanitation in
rural areas are two examples of such innovation.

Access:
In 2015, 91% of the population had access to an "improved" water supply. This was 94% of the
population in urban areas and 90% of the population in rural areas. In 2015, there were still around
16 million people lacking access to "improved" water. As for sanitation, in 2015, 64% of the
population had access to "improved" sanitation. This was 83% of the population in urban areas
and 51% of the population in rural areas. There were still around 69 million people lacking access
to "improved" sanitation.

In Pakistan, according to the Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation of
the World Health Organization and UNICEF, access in Pakistan to an improved water
source increased from 85% in 1990 to 92% in 2010. In the same time, improved
sanitation coverage increased from 27% to 48%.
 Urban Rural Total
(36% of the (64% of the
population) population)

Water Broad definition 96% 89% 92%

House 57% 15% 29%

connections

Sanitation Broad definition 72% 34% 48%

Sewerage 40% (2004) 6% (2004) 18%

(2004)

According to the National Drinking Water Policy (NDWP) of 2009, Pakistan's goal is to provide
universal access to drinking water in an equitable, efficient and sustainable manner by 2025. The
National Sanitation Policy of 2006 aims to meet the Millennium Development Goal
(MDG) concerning sanitation by 2015 and to also reach universal access by 2025.

Service Quality:
Water supply service quality is often insufficient in Pakistan. One document criticizes the MDG's
methodology for only taking into account coverage figures, without giving attention to adequate
service quality.[10] Continuity of supply and water quality are two important elements of drinking
water service quality. The treatment of collected wastewater is one element of sanitation service
quality.
 Hours of water supply per day in major Pakistani cities

Karachi Lahore Faisalabad Rawalpindi Multan Peshawar

4 17 8 8 8 9

Continuity of supply:
Intermittent water supply is common in urban areas. For Pakistani cities, the Asian Development
Bank (ADB) indicates continuity rates of 1 to 10 hours (Karachi), 11 to 15 hours (Rawalpindi) and
16 to 23 hours (Lahore) per day. During a 2005 workshop, similar figures were reported except
for Rawalpindi for which a shorter duration of only 8 hours was reported. Consequently,
consumers use on-site storage mechanisms like ground or roof tanks, or they purchase water from
lorry tankers or use shallow wells and rivers. Many privately operated lorry tankers are licensed
by water utilities and benefit from the discontinuous water supply.
Wastewater treatment:
The Pakistani Ministry of Water and Power reported in 2002 that only 1% of the domestic and
industrial wastewater receives treatment. According to the Pakistan Water Situational Analysis,
there are three wastewater treatment plants in Islamabad, of which only one is functional. Karachi
has two trickling filters, where effluents generally receive screening and sedimentation. Lahore
has some screening and grit removal systems, but they are hardly functional. In Faisalabad, there
is a wastewater treatment plant, in which wastewater receives primary treatment, but it treats only
7 percent of the collected wastewater in the city. Multan, Rawalpindi and Gujranwala have no
wastewater treatment plants at all. In rural areas, wastewater treatment is nonexistent, leading to
pollution of surface and groundwater.

For the first decades of Pakistan's modern history, in the largest cities City Development
Authorities and their Water and Sanitation Authorities (WASAs) were responsible for water
supply and sanitation. In towns and villages water supply facilities were built and operated by the
provincial governments through their Public Health Engineering Departments (PHEDs). This was
initially done without much participation by local government and communities in decision-
making. However, in 1992 the federal government launched a Social Action Plan, which
emphasized user participation, hygiene promotion and the use low-cost technologies in water
supply and sanitation. A shift of sector responsibility then took place under the 2001 Local
Government Ordinance (LGO). Under the LGO, three tiers of local governments were created.

 120 District
 About 500 tehsils
 About 5,000 local governments governed by Union Councils of Pakistan

Responsibility for Water Supply and Sanitation

Policy and regulation:

Drinking water and sanitation policy is the constitutional responsibility of provincial governments.
Municipal utilities are accountable to both the provincial and local governments, but there is little
regulation of their performance. This has changed to some extent in Punjab in 2006 when the
provincial government, through its Housing, Urban Development and Public Health Engineering
Department drew up a roadmap for reforming its water utilities. The roadmap aimed at making the
five largest utilities, called the WASAs, more professional and accountable through the
appointment of new managing directors from the private sector and through the signing of
performance contracts between the provincial government and the utilities.

Service provision:

Service provision is, in principle, a responsibility of local government, although in practice

provincial governments still play an important role in service provision, especially in rural areas.

Innovative approaches:

A number of innovative sanitation approaches have been piloted in Pakistan. These include
participatory sanitation infrastructure projects - such as the Orangi Pilot Project in urban slums in
the 1980s and the Lodhran Pilot Project in rural areas since 1999 - as well as Community-led total
sanitation (CLTS) projects implemented since 2003.
 Financial aspects

Investment and financing:

The sector strongly depends on internal and external financing. The Ministry of Power and Water
reported in 2002 that in recent years, 49% of the total new investments in the water sector had been
financed by external loans and 43% by the government. The MTDF recognizes that with 0.25% of
its total GDP, Pakistan's investment in the water supply and sanitation sector is inadequate and
provides for US$2 billion (120 billion rupee) or US$404 million per year for the sector from 2005
to 2010, half of which is to be paid by the federal and provincial governments, including the
construction and rehabilitation of water supply schemes in urban and rural areas and wastewater
treatment plants in provincial capitals. The other half is expected to be provided by the private
sector and includes water supply systems, sewerage networks and wastewater treatment as part of
new housing schemes in cities and towns.

Tariffs and cost recovery:

Because of low tariffs, poor collection efficiency and overstaffing, many urban utilities do not
cover the costs for operation and maintenance. According to an international survey conducted in
2012, the water tariff in Karachi was among the 20 lowest water tariffs in the world in a sample of
310 cities. According to this survey, the residential water tariff in Karachi was US$0.09 per m3 for
a consumption of 15 m3 per month. The tariff had been raised by 67% in September 2011, in order
to pay for an increase of the electricity rates charged to the water utility. This made it the third-
highest increase in water tariffs in the world in 2011. According to the Karachi Water and Sewer
Board, the unmetered water tariff after the increase was 111 Pakistani Rupees (about US$1.17) for
a residences of 100 square yard, corresponding to US$0.08 per m3. For larger residences the flat
tariff is much higher. The metered tariff, however, was 71 Rupees per 1,000 gallons, corresponding
to about US$0.16 per m3.