Understanding Culture, Society and Politics

Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600

Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Name:
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

S.Y. 2020-2021 Third

Grade Level/Section:
Trimester
MODULE 3 – UCSP Subject Teacher: KIMBERSON ALACYANG

MODULE 3: HOW SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED:

TYPES OF GROUPS AND TYPES OF SOCIETIES
I. OBJECTIVES
At the end of this module, the learner will be able to:
a. describe the organized nature of social life and rules governing behavior;
b. compare different forms of social organizations and societies;
c. distinguish primary and secondary groups;
d. explain the differences of varied types of groups; and
e. manifest knowledge on social groups by accomplishing the activities provided.

II. DISCUSSION
A group is where people have the chance to interact with other people and think of themselves
as belonging together. The group exists as long as individuals are interested in belonging to it.
Wherever we go, there are people. These people are grouped into certain categories. Each society
is made up of smaller groups and associations that are built on social class, personal interest, or
common goals. This means that it’s impossible for us to be part of a single group since we are an
accumulation of groupings like religion, in the workplace, in school, in our community, civic
organizations and so on. These groups we voluntarily or involuntarily become member of is what we
call as social group. We have something in common with others in the same group, we identify with
the group and in return, the group can create a sense of belonging for us. This implies that
identification, interaction and communication are vital qualifiers for a group to be called a group. It’s
a form of security among members to continue their association with each other. Thus, people in a
grocery store or in a jeepney or in a movie house or those of the same age, gender and height are
not groups even if they are of the same category or in a place together because collection is
temporary and bears no deeper meaning.

A society is a collection of groups, institutions and structures, the primary ethical imperatives of
these elements are the maximization of its members’ well-being and the minimization of their suffering
within the context of a responsibly managed social environment. This means that such membership
must be guarded by their leaders to whom they put their trust. It’s an unwritten social contract and
as such, the reciprocity of obligations must be maintained. Also, it can be defined as a collection of
people who regularly interact with one another on the basis of shared expectations concerning
behavior and who share a sense of common identity (Contreras, et.al, 2018). Thus, it refers to two or
more humans who interact with one another, share similar characteristics, and have a collective
sense of unity (reciprocity, “we feeling”).

Muzafer Sheriff, a well-known Social Psychologist, proposed to define a social group as a

number of individuals interacting with each other with respect to:
1. Common motives and goals
2. An accepted division of labor, i.e. roles
3. Established status (social rank, dominance) relationships
4. Accepted norms and values with reference to matters relevant to the group
5. Development of accepted sanctions if and when norms were respected or violated

These people shaped and influence one’s values, behavior, personality and outlook in life. It is
very crucial to carefully select the kind of groups we identify and attached ourselves with from amongst
the many social groups around. When we identify ourselves as part of a particular group, we open up
yourself to be influenced or to influence others. In that effect, we tend to be more accepting and have
a positive attitude towards people who resembles the same inclinations as ours than those with people
who are different.
 Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Name:
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

S.Y. 2020-2021 Third

Grade Level/Section:
Trimester
MODULE 3 – UCSP Subject Teacher: KIMBERSON ALACYANG

TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS

A. ACCORDING TO SOCIAL TIES
1. PRIMARY GROUP
a. Definition and Characteristics:
✓ It is the most fundamental unit of human society
✓ Groups that develop on the basis of primary relationships
✓ Fundamental in forming the social nature and ideals of the individual
✓ Small group, hence, intimate
✓ Characterized by a high degree of solidarity
✓ The social relationships tend to be informal and relaxed
b. Importance:
✓ Socialization process initiates within the primary group that leads to the
development of personality, self- concept, habits, etc.
✓ Acquisition of basic attitudes towards the environment, people and social
institutions happens
✓ Sources of social control and social cohesion
c. Examples:
✓ Families, Gangs, Play Groups, Friendship Groups, Support Groups
2. SECONDARY GROUP
a. Definition and Characteristics:
✓ Groups that generally develop later in life
✓ Much less likely to be influential on one’s identity vis-a-vis primary group
✓ Characterized by impersonal, business-like, contractual, formal and
casual relationship and is goal- oriented
o Formed for a purpose; after attaining, it may dismantle.
✓ Usually Large in size, not very enduring and limited relationships.
✓ Members play active and passive roles
b. Importance:
✓ This group satisfies the changing needs of society and individual.
✓ Rules formed by the group, will increase the efficiency of the work.
✓ Delegation of the authority, coordination, and planning of the
activities will be implemented.
✓ Secondary groups accommodate large number of members/localities
which widens the outlook of groups.
c. Examples:
✓ Employment, classmates, vendor- to- client relationships, athletic
teams, etc.

B. ACCORDING TO SELF- IDENTIFICATION

1. IN- GROUP and OUT- GROUP
IN- GROUP or WEGROUP OUT- GROUP or THEYGROUP
✓ Social group to which an ✓ Social group to which
individual feel as though she or individuals do not belong
he belongs as a member due to differences in social
✓ Referred to as the ‘WE/US’ categories and with which
group they do not identify.
✓ Members of in group displays ✓ Referred as the ‘YOU/THEM’
cooperation, good- will, group
solidarity, etc ✓ Individuals considered as
members of the out- groups
BY the in groups are generally
prejudiced
TERMS:
1. In- group bias: preference for one’s in- group over the out- group
 Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Name:
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

S.Y. 2020-2021 Third

Grade Level/Section:
Trimester
MODULE 3 – UCSP Subject Teacher: KIMBERSON ALACYANG

2. In- group favoritism: Due to bias, there is a need for the in- group
members to prove they are better than the out- groups
3. Intergroup aggression: any behavior intended to harm another
person because s/he is a member of an out- group

2. REFERENCE/PSYCHOLOGICAL GROUP: Groups to which we consciously or

unconsciously refer when we evaluate our life situations and behavior but to
which we do not necessarily belong.
3. NETWORK
✓ A social network is a social structure that exists between actors—
individuals or organizations.
✓ A social network indicates the way that people and organizations are
connected through various social familiarities, ranging from casual
acquaintance to close familial bonds.
✓ Functions:
- Diffusion: information travel fast like gossips and breaking news.
- Exchanges: information exchange, material exchange
- Social support: referral system like when locating someone, finding a job,
looking for a job, seeking advice, and forming support groups
- Exclusion: those outside the network are excluded from the benefits,
support systems, and information shared within the network.
 Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Name:
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

S.Y. 2020-2021 Third

Grade Level/Section:
Trimester
MODULE 3 – UCSP Subject Teacher: KIMBERSON ALACYANG

TYPES OF SOCIETIES

Gerhard Lenski describes how societies have changed over time. Lenski points to the
importance of technology in shaping any society. He uses the term sociocultural evolution to mean
changes that occur as a society gains new technology. It is in his work that it helps understand the
great differences among societies that existed throughout human history (Nolan & Lenski, 2010).
Type of Historical Productive Population Settlement Social
Examples
Society Period Technology Size Pattern Organization
Only type of Primitive 25-40 people Nomadic Family- Pygmies of
society until weapons centered; Central Africa,
about specialization Bushmen of
12,000 years limited to age Southwestern
ago; still and sex; little Africa,
common social Aborigines of
several inequality Australia,
Hunting and
centuries Semai of
Gathering
ago; the Malaysia,
Societies
few Kaska Indians
examples of Canada
remaining
today are
threatened
with
extinction
From about Horticultural Settlements Horticulturists Family- Middle
12,000 years societies use of several form small centered; Eastern
ago, with hand tools for hundred permanent religious societies
decreasing cultivating people, settlements; system begins about 5000
numbers plants; connected pastoralists to develop; BCE, various
Horticultural after about pastoral through are nomadic moderate societies
and Pastoral 3000 BCE societies are trading ties specialization; today in New
Societies based on the to form increased Guinea and
domestication societies of social other Pacific
of animals several inequality Islands, Ya˛
thousand nomamö
people today in South
America
From about Animal-drawn Millions of Cities Family loses Egypt during
5,000 years plow people become significance construction
ago, with common, but as distinct of the Great
large but they religious, Pyramids,
decreasing generally political, and medieval
numbers contain only economic Europe,
Agrarian
today a small systems numerous
Societies
proportion of emerge; predominantly
the extensive agrarian
population. specialization; societies of
increased the world
social today
inequality
From about Advanced Millions of Cities contain Distinct Most societies
1750 to the sources of people most of the religious, today in
present energy; population political, Europe, North
mechanized economic, America,
Industrial
production educational, Australia, and
Societies
and family Japan, which
systems; highly generate
specialized; most of the
marked social world’s
 Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Name:
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

S.Y. 2020-2021 Third

Grade Level/Section:
Trimester
MODULE 3 – UCSP Subject Teacher: KIMBERSON ALACYANG

inequality industrial
persists, production
lessening
somewhat
over time
Emerging in Computers Millions of Population Similar to Industrial
recent that support people remains industrial societies are
decades an concentrated societies, with now entering
information- in cities information the
based processing postindustrial
Post-industrial
economy and other stage.
Societies
service work
gradually
replacing
industrial
production

Is time and civilization inseparable ideas of existence and development?

Does advancing technology make society better?

Social, cultural, and political evolutions (to include civilizations) are sometimes overlapping, which
means there is the emergence of one that does not eliminate the other. How would you mix up types
of societies within a certain area? For what purpose?

Societies developed because of civilizations.

Civilization refers to the process by which a society or place reaches an advanced stage of social and
cultural development and organization and includes the societal setup and culture of a particular
area.

Societies also develop because of a society’s: highly advanced level of culture

social organizations
political developments at a particular time
judicial system
arts

River plains and river valleys were rich foundations (seats/cradles) of civilization. (What’s a symbolism of water?)
1) Mesopotamia (old name of modern-day 3) China along the Huang Ho/He River
Iraq) along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers 4) Egypt along the Nile River
2) India along the Indus Valley

Characteristics of Civilization in turn for Sociocultural Evolution

i. Developed and highly advanced cities – vi. Job specialization (tasks specific to
see level of cultural development genders but became relative to ability
ii. Well-defined city centers – trade and and skill to perform a task (i.e.,
industry and exchange of goods gender/social stratification)
(services) vii. Development of social classes (i.e.,
iii. Complex and systematic institutions gender/social stratification)
(Note: 2nd exhibit to present) viii. Implementation of large-scale
iv. Organized and centralized system of infrastructures and public works (look
government (see below [last 3 bullets]) around you! [not humans])
v. Complex and formalized form of religion ix. Sophisticated and detailed forms of
(creed, code, and ceremony followed architecture and the arts
and practiced)
 Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Name:
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

S.Y. 2020-2021 Third

Grade Level/Section:
Trimester
MODULE 3 – UCSP Subject Teacher: KIMBERSON ALACYANG

x. Advanced technology – application of xi. System of writing and recording –

knowledge transformed into forms of language and its characteristics
material culture
In addition, political evolution hallmarks on the following characteristics:
- Highly centralized – a leader assumes power, rule, authority, and influence
- Well-organized form – it is a structure an institution
- Powerful leaders to order the different characteristics of civilization as above
- Clear hierarchy of officials – positions are also labels of the characteristics of power,
rule, authority, and influence because they are…
- …with Key/specific responsibilities and functions
- Codified laws and rules followed and obeyed by the people/constituents/members
- Ensuring safety of people
- Supervising production and distribution of goods (services)
- Sometimes act as a religious leader
- Craft and implement laws
- Impose justice and punishment Powers of the government
- Collect taxes

III. ASSESSMENT:
TASK #1: The Spaceship Decision Activity.
Read and understand the given situation below. Then, answer the questions that follow on a ½ sheet
crosswise.
Situation: The earth is going to explode in 24 hours. As the ruler of the Earth, you are the
deciding factor to save your people. The only way to save your people is to transport them to
another planet. Unfortunately, the spaceship can only transport five (5) of your people along
with you as a pilot. Given that the planet Earth consist of the following population, who are
those five (5) are you going to bring? (5 pts)

a. a health practitioner f. a member of the family (specify)

b. a female prostitute g. a religious authority

c. a male teenager with bipolar h. a businessman

d. a senior citizen i. other nationalities (specify)

e. a member of the LGBT community j. a law enforcer

Questions:
1. What were your considerations in choosing the 5 people to ride in the spaceship?
2. What were the reasons of not choosing the other five?
3. If there is still time to go back and save more of the remaining 5, would you do it or not?
Justify your answer.

Needs
Poor Adequate Quality Exemplary
Improvement
1 3 4 5
2
Poor Answers are Answers are not Answers are Answers are
content partial or comprehensive accurate and comprehensive,
and incomplete. or completely complete. accurate and
shallow Key points are stated. Key Key points are complete. Key
Content reasoning not clear. points are stated and ideas are clearly
given Question/s addressed, but supported. stated, explained
is/are not not well and well
adequately supported. supported.
answered.
 Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Name:
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

S.Y. 2020-2021 Third

Grade Level/Section:
Trimester
MODULE 3 – UCSP Subject Teacher: KIMBERSON ALACYANG

Organization Poorly Organization Inadequate Organization Well organized,

(Answers are organized and structure organization or is mostly clear coherently
clearly thoughts. detract from development. and easy to developed and
thought out the answer. Structure of the follow. easy to follow.
and answer is not
articulated) easy to follow
Writing Poorly Displays over Displays three to Displays one Displays no errors
Conventions presented five errors in five errors in to two errors in spelling,
(spelling, writing spelling, spelling, in spelling, punctuation,
punctuation, structure. punctuation, punctuation, punctuation, grammar, and
grammar, grammar, and grammar, and grammar, sentence
and sentence sentence and sentence structure.
complete structure. structure. structure.
sentences)
Total Score /15

TASK #2: MISCONCEPTION CHECK

Instructions: Read each statement about the topic to be discussed carefully.
Decide whether to agree or disagree according to your analysis by encircling your
choice. Then provide your brief explanation on your stand in one to two sentences.

Statements:
1. A group is simply a collection of people. AGREE DISAGREE
Explanation: ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

2. Group conformity is very high in large groups. AGREE DISAGREE

Explanation: ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

3. Social groups are defined by boundaries. AGREE DISAGREE

Explanation: ___________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

4. Social organizations are examples of secondary groups. AGREE DISAGREE

Explanation: ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

5. People tend to hold positive attitudes towards members of their own groups, a phenomenon known
as in-group bias. AGREE DISAGREE
Explanation: ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

IV. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE/S

Watch this Youtube video, Real Photos That Prove Society is Doomed. Explain the title and why it is so
even though this is set in 2014.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UejOd9atuJo
 Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Name:
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

S.Y. 2020-2021 Third

Grade Level/Section:
Trimester
MODULE 3 – UCSP Subject Teacher: KIMBERSON ALACYANG

One of the issues that societies face is the prevalence of informal youth groups that promote
destructive behaviors. Visit the link to read an article on the plight of Filipinos in various areas of social
life, through the lens of a formal and bureaucratic organization. Choose one and reflect on it.

http://www.unicef.org/philippines/stories.html
 Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Name:
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

S.Y. 2020-2021 Third

Grade Level/Section:
Trimester
MODULE 3 – UCSP Subject Teacher: KIMBERSON ALACYANG

V. REFERENCE(S)

Abbink, K. & Harris D. (2019). In-group favoritism and out-group discrimination in naturally occurring
groups. Retrieved from https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0221616

Amper, Z. H., et.al. (2016). Knowing Our Social World. A Comprehensive Worktext in Understanding
Society, Culture and Politics for Senior High School. University of San Carlos Press. Talamban, Cebu
City, Philippines

Andersen, M. L., Taylor, H. F., & Logio, K. A. (2017). Sociology: The essentials. Cengage Learning.

Basic Concepts: Social Groups: Meaning, Characteristics, Classification. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://cms.gcg11.ac.in/attachments/article/214/unit%202%20social%20group%20features%20and%20
classification.pdf

Bennett, J.M. R. (2012). Doing Belonging: a sociological study of belonging in place as the outcome
of social practices. Retrieved from
https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/54528723/FULL_TEXT.PDF

Calhoun, Craig (1994). Sociology. 6th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.

Farley, John (1990). Sociology. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc.

Giddens, A., Duneier, M., Appelbaum, R. P., & Carr, D. S. (2016). Introduction to sociology. W.W.
Norton & Company, London.

Gonzalez, M.C. & Custodio, H. (2016). Understanding Culture, Society and Politics. Diwa Learning
Systems Inc. Makati City, Philippines

Macionis, John (2002). Sociology. Prentice Hall, Inc. New Jersey

McCoy, R.(2017). What Does It Mean To Belong To A Community. Retrieved from

http://www.migrationnavigator.org/mean-belong-community/

Schaefer, R. T. (2017). Sociology: A brief introduction. Kindle Edition

Tajfel, H. & Turner, J. (1979). An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict. The Social Psychology of
Intergroup Relations, edited by August, W.G. & Brooks/Cole, Worchel. 1979, pp.33-47. Retrieved from
https://www.thoughtco.com/social-identity-theory-4174315