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International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 11 (2018) 153–159
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Design method for piezoelectric cantilever beam structure under

low frequency condition
Qian Zhao a, Yinan Liu a, Linbing Wang b,c,⇑, Hailu Yang a, Dongwei Cao d
a
National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
b
USTB-Virginia Tech Joint Lab on Multifunctional Materials, National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology
Beijing, Beijing, China
c
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
d
Research Institute of Highway, Ministry of Transport, Beijing, China

Received 8 September 2016; received in revised form 13 June 2017; accepted 2 August 2017
Available online 7 August 2017

Abstract

In this study, to obtain the optimum design of piezoelectric cantilever beam under a low frequency condition, piezoelectric cantilever
beams are designed based on finite element method with the validation of laboratory experiments. The finite element analysis software
ANSYS is used to calculated the relationship between the dimension and the natural frequencies of the piezoelectric cantilever beam.
Two piezoelectric cantilever beams are designed using both theoretical analysis and simulation results. Results show that the natural fre-
quencies of the two kinds of piezoelectric cantilever beam are 9.77 Hz and 10.02 Hz, respectively. Laboratory experiments of the two
piezoelectric cantilever beam show that the natural frequencies are 8.79 Hz and 8.83 Hz, respectively, with the peak voltage of 42.6 V
and 57.0 V, and the average power of 1.04 mW and 1.97 mW. The good agreement on natural frequencies between numerical analysis
and laboratory experiments demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed design method.
Ó 2017 Chinese Society of Pavement Engineering. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Keywords: Piezoelectric cantilever; ANSYS; Natural frequency; Bridge

1. Introduction lution, it is urgent to collect ambient waste energy to power

Nowadays, wireless sensing technology has been widely
used in health monitoring of infrastructure, such as roads
and bridges. However, traditional wireless sensing devices
are mostly relying on electrochemical batteries, which
greatly limit the service life and the size of the devices [1].
With the increasing consumption of fossil energy and pol-
⇑ Corresponding author at: Department of Civil Engineering, Virginia
Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
E-mail addresses: zhaoqian928@xs.ustb.edu.cn (Q. Zhao),
934125514@qq.com (Y. Liu), wangl@vt.edu (L. Wang), yanghai-
lu888@126.com (H. Yang), dongweidenis@gmail.com (D. Cao).
Peer review under responsibility of Chinese Society of Pavement
Engineering.
the sensors in an environmental-friendly manner for the
long term.
Mechanical energy can provide power for devices and
bring economic benefits through appropriate collecting
approaches [2]. Currently, there are three methods to col-
lect the mechanical energy: electromagnetic induction, elec-
trostatic conversion, and piezoelectricity [3].
Electromagnetic induction technology has been applied in
many energy collectors, but it relies on the relative motion
of magnet and the coil or the change of magnetic field,
which makes the application in the wireless sensing systems
difficult. Electrostatic conversion also has significant disad-
vantages [4]. With advantages of anti-electromagnetic
interference, no pollution, and long service life, piezoelec-

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.08.001
1996-6814/Ó 2017 Chinese Society of Pavement Engineering. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
154 Q. Zhao et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 11 (2018) 153–159
tric materials can be used to produce electricity under
external force [5]. So the piezoelectricity is suitable for a
variety of wireless sensor technologies, such as smart
devices, health detection, information technology, etc. [6].
Piezoelectric cantilever beam is an application of the
piezoelectric materials in infrastructure monitoring, with
advantages of flexibility and easy encapsulation. Besides,
it is quite suitable for low frequency condition for the
low self-vibration frequency [1], such as in pavement and
bridges. Although there has been great progress in the sim-
ulation of pavement materials and pavement structures [7–
9], the reliable monitoring results can contribute signifi-
cantly for direct maintenance. Many researches have stud-
ied the performance of the piezoelectric cantilever beam.
Ferrari et al. rectified the output current produced by sev-
eral piezoelectric cantilever beams with different self-
vibration into the same storage capacity, and improved
the overall energy conversion efficiency [10]. Zhang et al.
developed a silicon micro piezoelectric cantilever beam
with a tip mass. Under its inherent vibration frequency of
100 Hz, the output voltage reached more than 10 V [11].
Yuan et al. developed a set of piezoelectric cantilever beam
system, with a maximum output power of 1.4 mW [12].
Gong et al. analyzed the impact of parameters of piezoelec-
tric cantilever beam on power generation capacity using
finite element method [13]. Nevertheless, there is not a com-
prehensive design method of piezoelectric cantilever beam
structure for specific low-frequency condition. Therefore,
in this paper, an optimized design method is proposed
for piezoelectric cantilever beam structure in the condition
of low-frequency. Both the fundamental frequency and
vibration frequency under vehicle load were combined to
determine the target range of self-frequency of a piezoelec-
tric cantilever beam. Two kinds of piezoelectric cantilever
beam structure were designed by finite element analysis
and theoretical formula optimization. An experiment was
conducted to verify that the self-vibration frequency of
the piezoelectric cantilever beam is in the designed target
range.
2. Piezoelectric effect and the design procedure
2.1. Piezoelectric effect
Piezoelectric materials can transform mechanical energy
into electric energy by positive piezoelectric effect, or con-
versely transform by negative piezoelectric effect. When
an object deforms under an external force, there is an elec-
tric charge on the surface, which is called positive piezo-
electric effect. The corresponding object is named as
piezoelectric material. When applying an electric field to
piezoelectric materials, it deforms, then the phenomenon
is called negative piezoelectric effect. In this paper, piezo-
electric materials with positive piezoelectric effect were
studied. According to different polarization directions,
the operation mode of piezoelectric materials can be
divided into 33-mode and 31-mode [14]. For 33-mode,
the force is along the z axis, and the charge is produced
on a surface perpendicular to the z axis. For 31-mode,
the force is along the x axis, and the charge is still produced
on a surface perpendicular to the z axis. Rectangular piezo-
electric vibrators are mostly working on 31-mode, while
circular piezoelectric vibrators are on 33-model. Piezoelec-
tric cantilever beams adopt the positive piezoelectric effect
of 31-mode to convert mechanical energy to electrical
energy.
2.2. Design procedure
When environmental excitation frequency equals self-
frequency of a piezoelectric cantilever beam, the beam res-
onates, and the amplitude and output voltage reach the
maximum values. Thus, the excitation frequency and the
force of the circumstance were first determined. Then the
relationship between the size and the self-frequency of the
beam could be obtained by finite element analysis, and
the structure of the piezoelectric cantilever beam was
designed and optimized in combination with the theoretical
formula. Finally, an experiment was conducted to test
whether self-frequency of the piezoelectric cantilever beam
was in the designed target range. The capacity of the piezo-
electric cantilever beam was also measured.
2.3. Excitation frequency and force in small-size bridges
Due to the similarity in structure, many small-size
bridges can be monitored using the wireless sensing systems
at the same time. Piezoelectric cantilever beams can be
embedded in the deck or put under the bridge so that the
mechanical energy can be converted into electricity power
supply for wireless sensor system. The piezoelectric can-
tilever beam structure was designed and optimized for
small-size bridges (span is small than 20 m). Currently
there are no definite values for excitation frequency and
force in the specifications. Existing bridge length classifica-
tion is shown in Table 1. Seen from the table, the small-size
bridge’s single span is up to 20 m.
After vehicles passed over a bridge, simple harmonic
vibration in the vertical direction occurs in the bridge,
and the vibration frequency is equal to the fundamental
frequency of the bridge. For a simply-supported reinforced
concrete bridge with a span of 20 m, the fundamental fre-
quency generally ranges from 3 to 5 Hz. According to
Eq. (1), the fundamental frequency of a 10 m simple-
supported bridge is larger than 15 Hz. When the vehicle
is moving on the bridge, the new vibration system of vehi-
cle and bridge is influenced by bridge vibration state and
bridge structure, the dynamic characteristics of vehicle,
speed, flow and so on [15]. There is a certain deviation
between the fundamental frequency and the bridge vibra-
tion frequency under vehicle load. Considering both of
the fundamental frequency and the load frequency, a range
of 5–15 Hz was set as the designed target range for a piezo-
electric cantilever beam’s self-frequency.
 Q. Zhao et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 11 (2018) 153–159
Table 1
Classification of bridge length.
Classification of bridges Total span of multi- Single span /m
span bridges /m
Grand bridge L > 1000 Lk > 150
Large-size bridge 100  L1000 40  Lk150
Middle-size bridge 30 < L<100 20  Lk<40
Small-size bridge 8  L30 5  Lk<20
rffiffiffiffiffi
p EI
f ¼ 2 ð1Þ
2l m
where f—self-frequency of the simply supported beam: l—
length: E—elastic modulus: I—cross section inertia: m—
linear density.
The vibration of a bridge span will produce maximum
amplitude in the midpoint. Some researchers found that
the maximum amplitude of small and medium-sized
bridges could be over 5 mm when vehicles pass through
the span midpoint [16,17]. Considering that heavy vehicles
over 100 KN were taken as the vehicle model, the ampli-
tude of all kinds of vehicles could be 0.5–10 mm, then the
exciting force of small-sized bridges is 0.05–1 N. Note that
the current exciting force is determined empirically and
future studies will focus on the accurate calculation.
3. Finite element analysis
Piezoelectric cantilever vibration is the coupling process
of force field and electric field. The structure module and
electromagnetic module of finite element analysis software
ANSYS 15.0 are used to analyze piezoelectric cantilever
beams. The errors between finite element simulation results
and the real value are generally smaller than 20% [18]. Note
the pavement material properties are not considered in this
study and the piezoelectric cantilever beam structure can be
reasonably optimized on the basis of simulation results.
3.1. Model
The model adopted piezoelectric bimorph cantilever
beam structure. With both sides of the piezoelectric plates
in series connection, more charge and higher voltage could
be collected. The unit of SOLID 5 was used for the piezo-
electric plates, and the unit of SOLID 185 for the metal
base board and the tip mass. PZT-5H was selected as the
piezoelectric material for its high volume of dielectric con-
stant and piezoelectric coefficient, brass was selected as the
metal base board and lead was used as the tip mass. The tip
mass was placed at the extension part of the metal base
board instead of directly on the edge of the upper piezo-
electric plate. The base board extended the piezoelectric
plates 20 mm, and the tip mass was on the end of the board
with a length of 10 mm. This kind of structure could pre-
vent the tip mass from negative effects on the piezoelectric
plates with an indirect connection, and that the tip mass
155
was placed further helped to lower the self-frequency of
the beam to match the target range.
The size of the piezoelectric cantilever beam was set as
follows: length of the beam L = 100 mm (containing the
exceeding part of the base board); width of the beam
B = 40 mm; thickness of the base board tm = 0.5 mm;
thickness of each of the piezoelectric plates tp = 0.5 mm;
mass of the block m = 5 g. Influences of the bonding layer
and the silver layer were neglected, and the base board con-
nected to the piezoelectric plate perfectly. The initial model
is shown in Fig. 1.
3.2. Results
The effects of length, width, total thickness of the beam
and the mass of the block on self-frequency of the structure
were studied. By controlling variables, the relationships
between each of the four size parameters and the self-
frequency were drawn as shown in Figs. 2–5. When the
total thickness changed, thickness ratio of the base plate
and the plate remained unchanged.
It is observed that, both the increase of beam length and
mass of block could reduce self-frequency, while the
increase of beam width and total thickness would increase
self-frequency. The beam length was the most significant
influence factor, and beam width and the block mass had
relatively less influences. Even though the curves repre-
sented the influence of single parameter on self-frequency,
the trend remains sensible when multiple parameters
changes. In order to attain to a piezoelectric cantilever with
self-frequency of 5–15 Hz range, the beam length and block
mass should be increased and the beam width and total
thickness should be reduced. In addition, without an accu-
rate theoretical solution, the piezoelectric cantilever beam
size could only be decided by the combination of the theo-
retical solutions, due to the extra mass on the extension end
of the base board.
The self-frequency theoretical expression of piezoelectric
bimorph cantilever beam structure is shown in Eq. (2) [19]
As seen from it, regardless of other parameters, self-
frequency is inversely proportional to the square of the
beam length, and proportional to the total thickness,
matching with the curves in Figs. 2 and 4. The extra
20 mm of metal base board and 5 g of tip mass did not
Fig. 1. Initial model.
156 Q. Zhao et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 11 (2018) 153–159
Fig. 2. Relationship between length and natural frequency.
Fig. 3. Relationship between width and natural frequency.
Fig. 4. Relationship between total thickness and natural frequency.
Fig. 5. Relationship between mass of tip mass and natural frequency.
affect too much on the relationships of self-frequency with
the other two parameters. Therefore, it verified that the
influence of single parameter on self-frequency respectively
remained sensible when multiple parameters changes.
According to Figs. 2 and 4, the relationship between self-
frequency and the two parameters could be estimated.
With the established self-frequency, the values of beam
length and the total thickness were roughly deduced by
the relationship. Coupled with the beam strength and elec-
tricity generating capacity, values of the rest parameters
were determined, finally a new self-frequency model is
established within the design target range.
vffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
)ffi
u(
kH
2 u Ep ½1 þ 3ð1 þ 2aÞ þ 4a b
2 3
f ¼ 1 2t ð2Þ
4pL 3qp ½4ð1 þ aÞ2 ðaq þ 1Þ
where f—self-frequency of the piezoelectric cantilever
beam: k1 —first-order frequency coefficient; H—total thick-
ness: L—beam length: Ep—elastic modulus of base board:
a—the thickness ratio of single piezoelectric plate and the
total : b—elastic modulus ratio of the piezoelectric plate
and the base board: qp—density of the board; q—density
ratio of the piezoelectric plate and the base board.
3.3. Optimization of the new model
Limited by the manufacturing technology, the designed
length of the piezoelectric plate could not be achieved. So it
was divided into two equal parts. Consider the reduced
total thickness and the damping effect, the actual self-
frequency of the piezoelectric cantilever beam is smaller
than the simulation result, so the high part of the target
range of 10–15 Hz was taken for design.
Starting from the initial model’s self-frequency of
71.85 Hz, the ratio of the changes of the beam length and
the total thickness on the influence of self-frequency was
estimated, as shown in Eq. (3). Then, the beam length
 Q. Zhao et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 11 (2018) 153–159
and the total thickness were adjusted to reduce the
expected self-frequency to below 20 Hz. Two of the most
significant parameters were selected. Furthermore, by
adjusting the width and tip mass, self-frequency of 10–
15 Hz could be reached. Model 1 and model 2 were
designed by this method.
71:85 Hz  f L  f t 6 20 Hz
where f L ; f t —the estimated influence ratio of beam length
and total thickness on self-frequency in the new models.
The values were calculated based on the relationship
curves.
Beam length was firstly decided. As seen from Fig. 2,
self-frequency decreases with the increase of the beam
length. When the beam length was 160 mm, the self-
frequency decreased to less than 4 Hz. At this time, increas-
ing beam length had no obvious effect on self-frequency.
Since the target is below 20 Hz, parameter value for the
beam length of model 1 was set as 140 mm and of model
2 as160 mm. The corresponding self-frequencies of the
two parameter values were 37.11 Hz and 28.45 Hz in
Fig. 2. And the corresponding calculated values of f L were
of 0.516 and 0.396. Then the values of f t for each model
could be calculated by the following equations.
f t 6 0:53
f t 6 0:70
The total thickness and width were then determined. In
Fig. 4, the model 1 and model 2 were estimated to meet
Eqs. (4) and (5), where the upper limit of the total thickness
Fig. 6. Relationship between thickness ratio and electricity energy.
Table 2
Sizes of new models.
Length Width
Model 1 140 mm 30 mm
Model 2 160 mm 40 mm
157
were 0.9 mm and 1.1 mm. The influence of beam scale
length and the total thickness parameter values were esti-
mated to establish model 1 and model 2. However, the
upper limit of total thickness cannot directly use estimated
value, although the greater the total thickness of the section
moment of inertia is larger, the greater the generate elec-
tricity. As seen in Fig. 3, width had less impact on the
ð3Þ
self-frequency. As seen in Fig. 5, at the same time as the
tip mass continuously decreased.
In order to determine the total thickness of the metal
base plate and the thickness of piezoelectric patches, the
relationship between thickness ratio and electricity energy
was calculated, as shown in Fig. 6. Based on the static anal-
ysis of the beam under different thickness ratios, surface
voltage of the piezoelectric plate was calculated immedi-
ately, whereas, much more output energy was the target
of this optimized design. So electricity energy was con-
ducted by Eq. (6).
1
E ¼ CU 2 ð6Þ
2
where E—the output electricity energy, J; U—the surface
voltage of the piezoelectric plate, V; C—the capacitance
of the single layer piezoelectric plate, F.
As seen in figure for thickness in 0.1–0.4 range, power is
ð4Þ
larger. However, the smaller the elastic modulus of the
ð5Þ beam, the decrease in the strength of the beam body. The
thickness of 0.4 is selected to ensure the beam body
strength and power. Model 1 metal base plate thickness
was calculated as 0.25 mm, and the thickness of the piezo-
electric element was 0.2 mm; model 2 metal base plate
thickness was calculated as 0.35 mm, and the thickness of
the piezoelectric element was 0.25 mm.
Finally the mass of the block was determined. As seen
from Fig. 2, self-frequency decreases with the increase of
the block mass. When the block mass was 6 g, the tip mass
of model 1 was set as 6 g and that of model 2 as 12 g. Thus
the optimization design of the new model was all settled, as
shown in Table 2. Size parameters of the model 1 and
model 2 were determined, the finite element model was
established for modal analysis. Results showed that the
self-frequencies were 12.22 Hz and 12.17 Hz, which was
consistent with the design range of 10–15 Hz.
4. The testing experiments
4.1. Piezoelectric cantilever beam structure in the experiment
According the design from FEM results and the limita-
tion of manufacturing technology, the actual piezoelectric
cantilever beams are two pieces of 55 mm for model 1
Thickness of base board Thickness of piezoelectric plate Mass
0.25 mm 0.20 mm 6g
0.35 mm 0.25 mm 12 g
158 Q. Zhao et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 11 (2018) 153–159
and two pieces of 65 mm for model 2, with an internal of
10 mm between the two pieces. For the actual structure,
self-frequencies of two models were calculated as 9.77 Hz
and 10.02 Hz by FEM analysis.
4.2. Self-frequency and electricity generating capacity tests
An experiment system was built up to test the self-
frequency of a piezoelectric cantilever beam, including
the signal source AFG-3022B, the power amplifier HEA-
200C, the vibrator HEV-200, the oscilloscope DPO-2024.
A sine signal was generated by AFG-3022B, then amplified
by HEA-200C and input to the vibrator HEV-200, consist-
ing as a signal source with changeable frequency and
amplitude. Combining with the vibration frequency, the
vibration frequency, the peak voltage and average power
were obtained from the voltage value measured by the
oscilloscope DPO-2024.
The piezoelectric cantilever fixed end was excited by the
vibrator, and the signal vibration frequency is adjusted
from 5 Hz to 15 Hz continuously. The output power was
adjusted at the same time to keep the model 1 and model
2 exciting force peak of 0.17 N and 0.34 N respectively.
The curve of testing voltage and excitation frequency from
the oscilloscope curve were as shown in Figs. 7 and 8.
By testing, self-frequency of model 1 was 8.79 Hz and
that of model 2 was 8.83 Hz, complies with the design tar-
get range 5–15 Hz, deviating from the simulation value
with an error of 11% and 13%. It may be caused by the
imperfect fix on the clamping, differences between practical
and theoretical material properties, inaccurate size of the
model, etc. Peak voltage of model 1 and model 2 at reso-
nance was 42.6 V and 57.0 V, respectively, with an average
power of 1.04 mW and 1.97 mW. Taking the general-
purpose acceleration sensor of ICP KD1005L produced
by Shanghai Chengke Company as an example, when
Fig. 7. Relationship between model 1 voltage and frequency.
Fig. 8. Relationship between model 2 voltage and frequency.
KD1005L acceleration sensor worked with 1% duty cycle,
the average power needed was about 0.3 mW, indicating
that the designed piezoelectric cantilever beams can power
sensors without any problems.
5. Conclusions
In this study, to obtain the optimum design of piezoelec-
tric cantilever beam under a low frequency condition,
piezoelectric cantilever beams are designed based on finite
element method with the validation of laboratory experi-
ments. The finite element analysis software ANSYS is used
to calculated the relationship between the dimension and
the natural frequencies of the piezoelectric cantilever beam.
Two piezoelectric cantilever beams are designed using both
theoretical analysis and simulation results. Results show
that the natural frequencies of the two kinds of piezoelec-
tric cantilever beam are 9.77 Hz and 10.02 Hz, respectively.
Laboratory experiments of the two piezoelectric cantilever
beam show that the natural frequencies are 8.79 Hz and
8.83 Hz, respectively, with the peak voltage of 42.6 V and
57.0 V, and the average power of 1.04 mW and 1.97 mW.
The good agreement on natural frequencies between
numerical analysis and laboratory experiments demon-
strates the feasibility of the proposed design method.
Acknowledgement
This research performed in this paper is supported by
National High Technology Research and Development
Program of China (NO.2014AA110402), Science and tech-
nology project of Ministry of Transport of the People’s
Republic of China (NO.2014318791080) and the project
‘‘Research and Manufacturing of In-Pavement Piezoelec-
tric Energy Harvester” (NO. 458256).
 Q. Zhao et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 11 (2018) 153–159
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