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835 1809 1 SM
835 1809 1 SM
produce industrially important glycerol (28 [7]. Under gentle stirring, the Raney Ni
wt%), ethylene glycol (22 wt%), propylene alloy powder was slowly added to a dilute
glycol (PG) (13 wt%) and hexitols (H) (4 aqueous solution of NaOH at room
wt%) at 5 MPa of H2 and 423 K [3]. temperature, and then 1 ml of 3.14 M
Recently, the best yields of C4+ products NaOH solution was added at 363 K. The
were reported in a BASF patent [4], where, precipitate was washed with distilled water
in the presence multimetallics, mixed oxide to neutralise the catalyst and was stored
catalysts and aqueous solutions of sucrose under water for further activity tests. The
could be converted to 5-7 wt% butane-1,2- nickel-tin nanoparticle supported on
diol and 3-10 wt% hexane-1,2,5,6-tetrol. aluminium hydroxide (NiNP-Sn/AlOH)
Nickel-based catalysts are some of catalyst was prepared in a similar fashion to
the most common catalysts used for the NiNP/AlOH, except for the addition of tin
aqueous phase hydrogenation of sugars to solution during the alkali leaching of
sorbitol, including Raney-Ni. However, one NiNP/AlOH followed by hydrothermal
of the most important drawbacks of Raney- treatment at 423 K for 24 h [10]. The
Ni is its pyrophoricity and readily catalyst was then washed and filtered until
deactivated after several runs. To develop the pH was neutral.
green and environmentally friendly
processes, Petro and co-workers reported CATALYST CHARACTERIZATION
the preparation of a non-pyrophoric Raney The prepared catalysts were
nickel catalyst that consisted of metallic Ni, characterized by powder X-ray diffraction
gibbsite and bayerite. Zhu et al. reported on a Mac Science MXP3 instrument using
that the non-pyrophoric Raney nickel monochromatic CuKα radiation =
catalyst showed higher activity and stability 0.15418 nm). It was operated at 40 kV and
than as-prepared Raney-Ni in an aqueous 20 mA with a step width of 0.02o and a scan
phase reaction (APR) of ethylene glycol for speed of 2o min-1. The mean crystallite size
hydrogen production. Recently, we have of Ni was calculated from the full width at
reported the catalytic performance of nickel half maximum (FWHM) of the Ni(111)
nanoparticle supported on aluminium diffraction peak according to the Scherrer
hydroxide catalyst on the hydrogenation of equation and confirmed by H2 and CO
sugars such as sucrose, glucose, fructose, chemisorption. The bulk compositions of
and xylose to produce sorbitol/mannitol and the catalysts were determined by
xylitol. The addition of Sn to NiNP/AlOH inductively coupled plasma-atomic
to form NiNP-Sn alloy nanoparticles emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), using a
remarkably improved the chemoselectivity SPS1700 HVR of SII instrument.
towards unsaturated alcohol in the Nickel surface area was determined
hydrogenation of unsaturated carbonyl by H2 and CO chemisorption. After the
compounds [10, 11]. In this paper, we catalyst was heated at 393 K under vacuum
continue our study to evaluate the effect of for 30 min, it was heated at 673 K under H2
the addition of tin (Sn) on nickel for 30 min and under vacuo for 30 min,
nanoparticle supported on aluminium followed by evacuation to room
hydroxide catalyst in sucrose temperature for 30 min. The adsorption of
hydrogenolysis. H2 or CO was conducted at 273 K. The
active surface area was calculated from the
METHOD volume of H2 or CO desorbed by assuming
an H/Ni or CO/Ni stoichiometry of 1 and a
Nickel nanoparticle supported on surface area of 6.77 x 10-20 m2 per atom Ni
aluminium hydroxide (NiNP/AlOH)
catalyst was prepared as described below
Table 1. Bulk composition, H2 uptake, SBET and that in NiNP/AlOH and NiNP-Sn/AlOH,
crystallite size of Ni(111) for as-prepared Raney-Ni, metallic Ni was dispersed in gibbsite and
NiNP/AlOH and NiNP-Sn/AlOH catalysts.
bayerite, which could be recognized as a
Ni-Al(OH)3 composite catalyst [8].
Furthermore, a broadened peak at 2= 44.8
o
with broad Ni(111) peak was observed for
NiNP-Sn/AlOH catalyst in Figure 1(c).
According to the report of Xie et al., [17]
and the crystallographical database, we
conclude that the peak at 2= 44.8o can be
assigned to Ni-Sn alloy.
The average crystallite size of Ni for
CATALYTIC REACTIONS
Raney-Ni, NiNP/AlOH and NiNP- First, we carried out the hydrolysis of
Sn/AlOH by means of XRD reflection of sucrose in hot water under H2 pressure in
Ni(111) was 8.6, 4.1 and 5.3 nm, the absence of a catalyst at particular
respectively (Table 1). It is found that the reaction conditions. The results showed that
crystallite size of Ni(111) for NiNP/AlOH almost all of the sucrose was hydrolysed to
and NiNP-Sn/AlOH lower than as prepared glucose and fructose through the reaction
Raney-Ni, reflecting nickel metal more shown in Scheme 1 part A.
dispersed in the presence of residual
aluminium hydroxide. CATALYTIC REACTION OVER
Figure 1 shows the XRD patterns of VARIOUS CATALYST
Raney-Ni, NiNP/AlOH and NiNP- Table 2 shows the performance of
Sn/AlOH catalysts. Raney Ni showed various Raney-Ni catalysts in the
diffraction peaks at 2 = 44.3 and 51.6o, hydrogenolysis of sucrose. Raney-Ni
corresponding to Ni(111) and Ni(200), catalysts showed a high conversion of ca.
respectively. For NiNP/AlOH and NiNP- 94%, 87 mol% total yield and 96 mol% and
Sn/AlOH, sharp peaks at 2=18.8, 20.2 and 4% selectivities for hexitols (H) (sorbitol
50.7o assignable to gibbsite and bayerite at and mannitol) and glycerol (G),
2=18.2, 27.7, 40.6 and 53.1o [16] were respectively (Table 2, entry 2).
identified, confirming the presence of more Surprisingly, nickel nanoparticles supported
on aluminium hydroxide (NiNP/AlOH)
catalyst also exhibited a high conversion of
ca. 99 %, 97 mol% total yield and 99 mol%
selectivity for hexitols (sorbitol and
mannitol) and gave only 1% selectivity for
ethylene glycol (EG) (entry 3). On the other
hand, the hydrolysis of sucrose in absence
of the catalyst gave 67% conversion and
67% yield of fructose and glucose (entry 1).
It is intriguing that over NiNP-Sn/AlOH
catalyst, at high conversion ca. >99%
yielded the hydrogenolyzed products such
as glycerol, ethylene glycol, and ethanol
Figure 1. XRD patterns of (a) Raney Ni, (b) Table 2 Hydrogenolysis of sucrose using various
NiNP/AlOH, and (c) NiNP-Sn/AlOH catalysts catalystsa
Al(OH)3 in NiNP/AlOH and NiNP-
Sn/AlOH. XRD characterization reveals