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Prosiding Semirata FMIPA Universitas Lampung, 2013

The selective hydrogenolysis of sucrose to sorbitol and polyols


over nickel-tin nanoparticle catalyst supported on aluminium
hydroxide
Rodiansono1* and Shogo Shimazu2
1
Dept. Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Lambung Mangkurat
University, Jl. A. Yani Km 36.0 Banjarbaru South Kalimantan, Indonesia.
2
Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba 263-8522,
Japan
*Corresponding author: rodiansono@fmipa.unlam.ac.id
Abstract. Low molecular alcohols were selectively produced from sugars such as sucrose;
glucose and fructose by means of nickel-tin nanoparticle catalyst supported on aluminium
hydroxide (NiNP-Sn/AlOH) in aqueous solution under hydrogen gas atmosphere from 383 to
453 K. NiNP-Sn/AlOH catalysts were easily obtained by a simple synthetic procedure
according to our previous report. Nickel nanoparticles supported on aluminium hydroxide
(NiNP/AlOH) was obtained from the alkali leaching of Raney Ni-Al alloy using a dilute
sodium hydroxide solution at relatively low temperature. The mixture of NiNP/AlOH and a
solution containing tin species was treated hydrothermally in the sealed-teflon autoclave
reactor at 423 K for 24 h. The obtained catalysts were used without further treatment. In
contrast, NiNP/AlOH catalyst gave only hydrogenated products such as mannitol and
sorbitol. NiNP-Sn/AlOH catalyst is believed to facilitate the cleavage of C-C bonds of
substrates to give low molecular alcohols such as glycerol, ethylene glycol and ethanol. It is
intriguing that the addition of tin also facilitated the production of ethanol from sugar with
12% of selectivity at 453 K under 2.5 MPa of hydrogen gas. Selectivity of each alcohol
mainly depended on the reaction temperature and the initial H2 pressure.

Keywords: hydrogenolysis, sucrose, sorbitol, nickel-tin nanoparticle, polyol

INTRODUCTION pressures of hydrogen, although the


selectivity for sorbitol and polyols was low
Polyols such as sorbitol/mannitol, [1-4]. The hydrogenolysis of sugars was
glycerol (G) and ethylene glycol (EG) are first performed by Zartman and Adkiens in
tremendously versatile oxygenated 1933 in the presence of a Cu-Cr2O3 catalyst
hydrocarbons as they are useful as raw at 30 MPa of hydrogen and 523 K to
materials for the production of hydrogen, produce methanol (4 wt%), ethanol (13
perfumes, beer ingredients, wt%), 1,2-propanediol (54 wt%), 2-(4-
pharmaceuticals, ink additives and liquid hydroxytetrahydro-fury1)-methylcarbinol
fuels. It has been proposed that commodity (11 wt%), hexanetriol (16 wt%) and
chemicals derived from fossil resources will hexanetetrol (11 wt%) [1]. Van Ling used a
inevitably be available from renewable CuO-CeO2-SiO2 catalyst at 20 MPa of
resources such as plant-derived sugars and hydrogen and 498 K to obtain hexitols (16
other compounds. wt%), propane-1,2-diol (PD) (18 wt%),
An alternative source of these glycerol (G) (31.3 wt%) and ethylene
polyols is the hydrogenolysis of agro-based glycol (EG) (16 wt%) [2]. The multi-
saccharides such as sucrose. component (Ni, Mo and Cu)/kieselguhr
Hydrogenolysis of sucrose has been catalyst was found to have a high activity
performed at high temperatures and high for the hydrogenolysis of sucrose to

Semirata 2013 FMIPA Unila |351


Rodiansono dkk: The selective hydrogenolysis of sucrose to sorbitol and polyols over
nickel-tin nanoparticle catalyst supported on aluminium hydroxide

produce industrially important glycerol (28 [7]. Under gentle stirring, the Raney Ni
wt%), ethylene glycol (22 wt%), propylene alloy powder was slowly added to a dilute
glycol (PG) (13 wt%) and hexitols (H) (4 aqueous solution of NaOH at room
wt%) at 5 MPa of H2 and 423 K [3]. temperature, and then 1 ml of 3.14 M
Recently, the best yields of C4+ products NaOH solution was added at 363 K. The
were reported in a BASF patent [4], where, precipitate was washed with distilled water
in the presence multimetallics, mixed oxide to neutralise the catalyst and was stored
catalysts and aqueous solutions of sucrose under water for further activity tests. The
could be converted to 5-7 wt% butane-1,2- nickel-tin nanoparticle supported on
diol and 3-10 wt% hexane-1,2,5,6-tetrol. aluminium hydroxide (NiNP-Sn/AlOH)
Nickel-based catalysts are some of catalyst was prepared in a similar fashion to
the most common catalysts used for the NiNP/AlOH, except for the addition of tin
aqueous phase hydrogenation of sugars to solution during the alkali leaching of
sorbitol, including Raney-Ni. However, one NiNP/AlOH followed by hydrothermal
of the most important drawbacks of Raney- treatment at 423 K for 24 h [10]. The
Ni is its pyrophoricity and readily catalyst was then washed and filtered until
deactivated after several runs. To develop the pH was neutral.
green and environmentally friendly
processes, Petro and co-workers reported CATALYST CHARACTERIZATION
the preparation of a non-pyrophoric Raney The prepared catalysts were
nickel catalyst that consisted of metallic Ni, characterized by powder X-ray diffraction
gibbsite and bayerite. Zhu et al. reported on a Mac Science MXP3 instrument using
that the non-pyrophoric Raney nickel monochromatic CuKα radiation  =
catalyst showed higher activity and stability 0.15418 nm). It was operated at 40 kV and
than as-prepared Raney-Ni in an aqueous 20 mA with a step width of 0.02o and a scan
phase reaction (APR) of ethylene glycol for speed of 2o min-1. The mean crystallite size
hydrogen production. Recently, we have of Ni was calculated from the full width at
reported the catalytic performance of nickel half maximum (FWHM) of the Ni(111)
nanoparticle supported on aluminium diffraction peak according to the Scherrer
hydroxide catalyst on the hydrogenation of equation and confirmed by H2 and CO
sugars such as sucrose, glucose, fructose, chemisorption. The bulk compositions of
and xylose to produce sorbitol/mannitol and the catalysts were determined by
xylitol. The addition of Sn to NiNP/AlOH inductively coupled plasma-atomic
to form NiNP-Sn alloy nanoparticles emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), using a
remarkably improved the chemoselectivity SPS1700 HVR of SII instrument.
towards unsaturated alcohol in the Nickel surface area was determined
hydrogenation of unsaturated carbonyl by H2 and CO chemisorption. After the
compounds [10, 11]. In this paper, we catalyst was heated at 393 K under vacuum
continue our study to evaluate the effect of for 30 min, it was heated at 673 K under H2
the addition of tin (Sn) on nickel for 30 min and under vacuo for 30 min,
nanoparticle supported on aluminium followed by evacuation to room
hydroxide catalyst in sucrose temperature for 30 min. The adsorption of
hydrogenolysis. H2 or CO was conducted at 273 K. The
active surface area was calculated from the
METHOD volume of H2 or CO desorbed by assuming
an H/Ni or CO/Ni stoichiometry of 1 and a
Nickel nanoparticle supported on surface area of 6.77 x 10-20 m2 per atom Ni
aluminium hydroxide (NiNP/AlOH)
catalyst was prepared as described below

352|Semirata 2013 FMIPA Unila


Prosiding Semirata FMIPA Universitas Lampung, 2013

based on an equal distribution of the three


lowest index planes of nickel (fcc) [12, 13]. Sugars conversion (mol%):
Nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77
( )
K were measured using a Belsorp Max
(BEL Japan). The samples were degassed at
Product yield (mol%):
473 K for 2 h to remove physisorbed gases
prior to the measurement. The amount of
nitrogen adsorbed onto the samples was
used to calculate the specific surface area Product selectivity (mol%):
by means of the BET equation. The total
pore volume was estimated to be the liquid
volume of nitrogen at a relative pressure of
about 0.995. The Barrett–Joyner–Halenda RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
(BJH) approach was used to calculate total
pore volume and pore size distribution from CATALYST CHARACTERIZATIONS
desorption data. The bulk composition of the catalysts was
determined by using ICP-AES as summarized in
A typical reaction of sugar was carried Table 1. The dissolution of Al from NiAl alloy by
out in the following manner. Sucrose using dilute NaOH solution was successful
solution (mmol sucrose/Ni metal=85; 0.35 controlled, as indicated by remained Al 3.80 and
mmol of sucrose) was used as a reactant in 4.91 mmolg-1 for NiNP/AlOH and NiNP-Sn/AlOH,
an autoclave reactor system of Taiatsu respectively, which are much higher than that of the
as-prepared Raney-Ni (0.63 mmolg-1). The amount
Techno (a Pyrex tube was fitted inside of a of introduced Sn to form NiNP-Sn/AlOH was 2.14
sus316 jacket to protect the vessel from mmolg-1 where the Ni/Sn mol ratio was 1.5. The
corrosion in acidic media). After H2 was presence of aluminium hydroxide could reduce the
introduced into the reactor (initial pressure pyrophoricity of nickel metal and facilitate highly
of H2 was 1.0-3.0 MPa) at room dispersed of Ni or Ni-Sn species in NiNP/AlOH or
NiNP-Sn/AlOH, respectively.
temperature, then the temperature of the
The lists values of H2 uptake and
reactor was raised to the prescribed one in
total specific surface area (SBET), and
the range of 383-453 K for 24 h.
average crystallite sizes of Ni(111) are also
The reactant and products in the reactor
summarized in Table 1. The H2 uptakes of
(glucose, fructose and mannitol) were
Raney-Ni, NiNP/AlOH, and NiNP-
analysed by using a JASCO RI-930 HPLC
using an internal standard method. HPLC Sn/AlOH were 111.6 molg-1, 104molg-1,
was performed with a Shodex KS-801 and 103 molg-1, respectively. The SBET of
column (H2O eluent), refractive index (RI) R-Ni, NiNP/AlOH and NiNP-Sn/AlOH
intelligent detector, pressure of 17 kg/m2, were 66, 113 and 76.0 m2g-1, respectively.
column temperature of 343 K and a flow The presence of remained aluminium
rate of 0.6 ml/min. Analyses of sorbitol, hydroxide as bayerite and gibbsite and the
glycerol, ethylene glycol and ethanol were addition of Sn slightly reduced the H2
performed by using an NH2 column-Inertsil uptake. This result suggest that Sn species
(Acetonitril-H2O eluent) using an internal could be preferentially adsorbed and
standard method, refractive index (RI) segregated on Ni surface rather than
intelligent detector, pressure of 45-50 aluminium hydroxide and thus hinder
kg/cm2, column temperature of 313 K and a hydrogen chemisorption on the nickel site.
flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Our results are in good agreement with the
The sugar conversion (mol %) and previous reports that the addition of Sn [10]
the product yield (mol %) were evaluated or Cr-Fe [5, 6] to R-Ni substantially
on a carbon basis, as shown below: reduced the H2-chemisorption availability
of nickel site.

Semirata 2013 FMIPA Unila |353


Rodiansono dkk: The selective hydrogenolysis of sucrose to sorbitol and polyols over
nickel-tin nanoparticle catalyst supported on aluminium hydroxide

Table 1. Bulk composition, H2 uptake, SBET and that in NiNP/AlOH and NiNP-Sn/AlOH,
crystallite size of Ni(111) for as-prepared Raney-Ni, metallic Ni was dispersed in gibbsite and
NiNP/AlOH and NiNP-Sn/AlOH catalysts.
bayerite, which could be recognized as a
Ni-Al(OH)3 composite catalyst [8].
Furthermore, a broadened peak at 2= 44.8
o
with broad Ni(111) peak was observed for
NiNP-Sn/AlOH catalyst in Figure 1(c).
According to the report of Xie et al., [17]
and the crystallographical database, we
conclude that the peak at 2= 44.8o can be
assigned to Ni-Sn alloy.
The average crystallite size of Ni for
CATALYTIC REACTIONS
Raney-Ni, NiNP/AlOH and NiNP- First, we carried out the hydrolysis of
Sn/AlOH by means of XRD reflection of sucrose in hot water under H2 pressure in
Ni(111) was 8.6, 4.1 and 5.3 nm, the absence of a catalyst at particular
respectively (Table 1). It is found that the reaction conditions. The results showed that
crystallite size of Ni(111) for NiNP/AlOH almost all of the sucrose was hydrolysed to
and NiNP-Sn/AlOH lower than as prepared glucose and fructose through the reaction
Raney-Ni, reflecting nickel metal more shown in Scheme 1 part A.
dispersed in the presence of residual
aluminium hydroxide. CATALYTIC REACTION OVER
Figure 1 shows the XRD patterns of VARIOUS CATALYST
Raney-Ni, NiNP/AlOH and NiNP- Table 2 shows the performance of
Sn/AlOH catalysts. Raney Ni showed various Raney-Ni catalysts in the
diffraction peaks at 2 = 44.3 and 51.6o, hydrogenolysis of sucrose. Raney-Ni
corresponding to Ni(111) and Ni(200), catalysts showed a high conversion of ca.
respectively. For NiNP/AlOH and NiNP- 94%, 87 mol% total yield and 96 mol% and
Sn/AlOH, sharp peaks at 2=18.8, 20.2 and 4% selectivities for hexitols (H) (sorbitol
50.7o assignable to gibbsite and bayerite at and mannitol) and glycerol (G),
2=18.2, 27.7, 40.6 and 53.1o [16] were respectively (Table 2, entry 2).
identified, confirming the presence of more Surprisingly, nickel nanoparticles supported
on aluminium hydroxide (NiNP/AlOH)
catalyst also exhibited a high conversion of
ca. 99 %, 97 mol% total yield and 99 mol%
selectivity for hexitols (sorbitol and
mannitol) and gave only 1% selectivity for
ethylene glycol (EG) (entry 3). On the other
hand, the hydrolysis of sucrose in absence
of the catalyst gave 67% conversion and
67% yield of fructose and glucose (entry 1).
It is intriguing that over NiNP-Sn/AlOH
catalyst, at high conversion ca. >99%
yielded the hydrogenolyzed products such
as glycerol, ethylene glycol, and ethanol
Figure 1. XRD patterns of (a) Raney Ni, (b) Table 2 Hydrogenolysis of sucrose using various
NiNP/AlOH, and (c) NiNP-Sn/AlOH catalysts catalystsa
Al(OH)3 in NiNP/AlOH and NiNP-
Sn/AlOH. XRD characterization reveals

354|Semirata 2013 FMIPA Unila


Prosiding Semirata FMIPA Universitas Lampung, 2013

with selectivities of 30%, 21%, and 1%,


respectively (entry 4). Scheme 1 Proposed reaction pathway of sucrose
hydrogenolysis over NiNP-Sn/AlOH catalyst.
EFFECT OF REACTION TEMPERATURES
distribution of the products at the different
Therefore, to further elucidate the reaction temperatures, a higher temperature
performance of the NiNP-Sn catalyst, the is helpful in the cleavage of C–C bonds,
hydrogenolysis of sucrose under various whereas it inhibits the cleavage of the C–O
conditions was carried out and the results bonds. Additionally, further degradation of
are summarized in Table 3. We found that hexitols and diols is known to happen at
the conversion of sucrose could be kept at higher reaction temperatures.
~100% with a further increase of the As shown in Scheme 1, there are two
reaction temperature, although the total possible reaction pathways in the aqueous
yield of polyols such as hexitols and phase hydrogenolysis of sucrose over the
glycerol decreased (Table 3). The yield of NiNP-Sn/AlOH catalyst. First, sucrose is
hexitols was remarkably decreased moving hydrolysed to glucose and fructose (path A)
from 383 to 403 K. However, the ethylene and then hydrogenated to hexitols (sorbitol
glycol selectivity increased at 423 K (35%), and mannitol) in situ (path B). Some of the
and the ethanol selectivity drastically hexitols may be further decomposed to
increased at 453 K (12%). This may be due smaller compounds such glycerol, ethylene
to the further hydrogenolysis of hexitols glycol and ethanol through C-C bond
and glycerol to ethylene glycol and ethanol cleavage (path C). To confirm this proposed
at higher temperatures. Based on the reaction path, we examined the
hydrogenolysis of sorbitol and mannitol
Table 3 Effect of reaction temperature on the under the same reaction conditions (Table
hydrogenolysis of sucrose over the NiNP-Sn/AlOH 4). The results showed that ethylene glycol
catalysta
was exclusively formed from sorbitol,
whereas mannitol gave only glycerol. The
hydrogenolysis of glycerol under the same
reaction conditions showed little production
of ethylene glycol and ethanol. Second, the
hexitols products could be hydrogenolyzed
directly to glycerol, ethylene glycol and
ethanol. In the hydrogenation of glucose
and fructose, the products were hexitols,
glycerol, ethylene glycol and ethanol (path
D). We also carried out the hydrogenolysis

Semirata 2013 FMIPA Unila |355


Rodiansono dkk: The selective hydrogenolysis of sucrose to sorbitol and polyols over
nickel-tin nanoparticle catalyst supported on aluminium hydroxide

Table 4 Performance of NiNP-Sn/AlOH catalyst Table 5. Effect of initial H2 pressure on the


with various substrates hydrogenolysis of sucrose over the NiNP-Sn/AlOH
catalysta

(30%), and ethylene glycol (22%) (Table 5,


entry 3).

of sucrose in the absence of a catalyst, and CONCLUSION


no hydrogenated products were observed.
These results indicate that the nickel In conclusion, a new and efficient
catalyst plays a key role in the catalytic route for the production of hexitols
hydrogenolysis of sucrose into hexitols and (sorbitol + mannitol), glycerol and ethylene
polyols. The proposed reaction mechanism glycol by catalytic hydrogenolysis of
of sucrose hydrogenolysis to hexitols and sucrose using nickel-tin nanoparticles
polyols is shown in Scheme 1. In addition, supported on aluminium hydroxide (NiNP-
the selectivity of glycerol increased with the Sn/AlOH) catalyst has been developed. A
increasing reaction temperature from 383 K simple and environmentally friendly
to 403 then slightly decreased to 28% at preparation of NiNP/AlOH with and
423 K. The highest selectivity for glycerol without the addition of tin species as a
was achieved at 453 K and 35 mol% promoter led to high activity and selectivity
catalyst. This may be caused by further in the aqueous phase hydrogenolysis under
decomposition of glycerol into C2-polyols mild conditions. It was interesting to find
such as ethylene glycol and ethanol (path that the NiNP/AlOH and NiNP-Sn/AlOH
E). These results are consistent with catalysts could be easily recovered from the
previous reports that glycerol can be reaction mixture by filtration, and the
converted to ethylene glycol or ethanol by catalyst could be conveniently reused
further hydrogenolysis. without any further treatment.

EFFECT OF INITIAN H2 PRESSURE


ACKNOWLEDGMENT
To obtain insight into the influence of H2
uptake on the hydrogenolysis of sucrose,
Rodiansono would like to express thank
various initial H2 pressures were applied
to Dr. Eng. Y. Oogaki for the kind help in
and the results are summarized in Table 5.
measurement of the catalytic reaction
Although the conversion remained at
results.
~100%, a further increase of initial
hydrogen pressure resulted in decreased
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Prosiding Semirata FMIPA Universitas Lampung, 2013

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