MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CHARPY IMPACT TEST

Notch

Charpy test is having a V-shaped or U-shaped notch, it is placed on the holder in such position that the
notched section is in the center of the holder.

A large hammer is swung-up and down angle as to strike the bar on the side opposite of the groove.

Charpy impact test mechanism should be:

-good resistance to impacts

-tough to impacts

-adapt series of temperature and energy

Reference:

https://theconstructor.org/practical-guide/material-testing/charpy-impact-test/1406/

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.totalmateria.com%2Fpage.aspx%3FID%3
DCheckArticle%26site%3Dkts%26LN%3DFR%26NM%3D534&psig=AOvVaw1do7UXBQLmCMaLSfZNRoku
&ust=1617153405327000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCLiPrIfs1u8CFQAAAAAdAAAAA
BAD

https://www.mcanac.co.jp/en/service/detail/6a002.html?c1n=by+Analytical+Instrument&c1s=machine
&c2n=Mechanical+Properties+Test&c2s=10
 PRINCIPLE OF TESTING

• Toughness is the ability of the material to withstand crack i.e., to prevent

the transfer or propagation of the cracks across its section hence causing
failure.
• Impact testing machine consists of a pendulum suspended from
a short shaft that rotates in ball bearing and swings midway
between two rigid upright stands supported on a rigid base.
• According to Indian Standard the speed of pendulum at the
instant of striking shall be 4.5 - 7 m/s and the plane of swing
of the striker shall be vertical and within 0.5 mm of the plane
midway between the supports.
• The striking energy of the testing machine should be
300±10J for standard testing.

(NEXT SLIDE)

Fracture Energy = mgh(h0 - hf)

KE = PE
𝒎𝒗𝟐
= 𝒎𝒈𝒉
𝟐
Where:
• m is the mass of the hammer
• v is its tangential velocity at impact=2gh
• g is gravitational acceleration (9.806 m/s2)
• h is the height through which hammer falls.

This value is called impact toughness or impact value, which will be measured per
unit area at the notch.
 (NEXT SLIDE)

Charpy tests show whether a metal can be classified as being either brittle or ductile.

DUCTILE
• Large amount of energy
• High temperature
• Dull and fibrous.

BRITTLE
• Small amount of energy
• Low temperature
• Bright and crystalline
 (NEXT SLIDE)

In addition to the impact energy there are two other features that can be measured and
may be found as a requirement in some specifications. These are lateral expansion
and percentage shear

LATERAL EXPANSION

• Lateral expansion is a measure of the ductility of the impact specimen.

• When a ductile material is impact tested, it will deform before breaking to create
shear lips.

• The amount that the specimen deforms normally to the fracture face is measured
in millimeters with a digital test indicator.
 (NEXT SLIDE)
PERCENTAGE SHEAR

• Percentage shear measures the amount of ductile and brittle fracture on the
fracture face of the broken specimen.

• The fracture surface is indicative of the type of fracture that has occurred.

REFERENCE:

• https://justenergy.com/blog/potential-and-kinetic-energy-
explained/#:~:text=You%20now%20know%20that%20potential,energy%2C
%20and%20then%20back%20again.
• https://sm-
nitk.vlabs.ac.in/exp6/index.html?fbclid=IwAR3DCS4jRUZrUvJ5SpH51ulo89
FOlkUDvnJhGGEGoJj-4YG_stiYnFpq8qc
• https://www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/faqs/faq-what-is-charpy-
testing#:~:text=The%20Charpy%20impact%20test%2C%20also,by%20the%
20specimen%20during%20fracture
• https://www.asams.co.uk/testing/charpy-impact-testing
Development of material testing using Charpy test method
- It was suggested by S.B Russel in 1898 and G. Charpy in 1901

Augustin Georges Albert Charpy

- The impact-test procedure seems to have become known as the Charpy test in the first half of the
1900’s

First Charpy pendulum test, large scale trying in engineering school in Paris, year: 1910

1830 and 1900

 - The early development of material testing was driven by the rapid expansion of the railway
network

/The development of all aspects of engineering science during this time was strongly motivated and
promoted by the rapid expansion of the global railway network, through the enormous demand for rails,
locomotives, cars, tunnels, bridges, dams, railway stations and other mechanical and civil engineering
structures.

/brittle – breaks or snaps easily (ceramic and glass)

/ductile – shows deformation (metals)

1840 - 1860

- Unexpected and unexplained breakages continued to increase.

- Machine components could also fail at stress levels well below the critical fracture stress.

/As a result, steel was developed around in the middle of 19th century

/New testing equipment was created

/Private laboratories emerged

1858

- D. Kirkaldy was the first to open a private public material testing laboratory.

Within the development of materials testing, the following important milestones can be identified:

• the development of fatigue testing techniques,

• the founding of research institutes and testing laboratories,

• the observation and clarification of the nature of metal fatigue,

• the determination of material properties that can be used for elimination (decrease of risk) of fatigue of
railway axles,

• the development of new steel-making technologies,

• the founding of the first private material-testing laboratory,

• the development of tensile test methods for the characterization of material behavior.

EVOLUTION OF IMPACT TESTING

The evolution of impact testing may be divided into the following four periods:

• Early developments: up to the time of standardization of testing procedures,

• The stage of brittle fracture: period up to the beginning of the 1950s including the brittle-fracture story
and the transition-temperature concepts (Liberty ships),

• The development of fracture mechanics: up to the early 1980s including the correlation between the
absorbed energy measured with CVN and other fracture-mechanics parameters, (covered in other papers
in this publication)

• The current stage: including instrumented impact testing, testing on sub-size specimens, etc.

https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=30015
https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.622.7456&rep=rep1&type=pdf
 CHARPY IMPACT TEST

Angel of striking of hammer for charpy test is 140 degree

Hammer use for charpy test is Ball pin hammer

Direction of hitting
Different type of notches in Charpy impact test
 IZOD IMPACT TEST

Angel of striking of hammer for charpy test is 90 degree

Hammer use for charpy test is Farming Hammer
Direction of hitting
Type of notches in Izod impact test

The comparison between Charpy and Izod impact test

Charpy Impact Test Izod Impact Test

Position of Specimen Horizontal Vertical
Direction of the Facing toward the Facing away the
notch to the striker pendulum pendulum
Type of Hammer Ball pin hammer Farming hammer
Striking point Center of specimen Upper tip of
specimen
Materials Tested Metals Metals and Plastic
Process on conducting Experiment (Charpy Test)

1. First the specimen us placed on a fixed position

2. The toughness is measured when a swinging weight attached to a swinging pendulum hit the
material.

3. The upward swing of pendulum is used to determined the amount of energy absorbed.

4. The energy absorption is directly related to the brittleness of the material.

5. Variation in temperature ranging from - 452F to 500F with variation of every 50F and the testing at
lower temperature requires the specimen or the material to be in a chamber bathe with propelyne
glycol and dry ice until it reached the required temperature for the testing.

6. Recording of data gathered and making conclusion.

References -https://www.labtesting.com/services/materials-testing/mechanical-testing/impact-testing/