MIM THE ARTIST IN SOCIETY The Seal World of the Artist ‘no ferent rom that of many oer crafts. The word "arte" tet generis tom wat soa! never ased 9 piney wo ald painter, a ruiptor srlptor and soon. They were sen at mbes ‘fa particular ecupation ot, sn our day, people with 3 vison Sd tcaling They had no speci tle which implied that, ether by sisance aise were usualy small oom opened tothe see by the ‘aig of heavy wooden eters, Several stains fom the four feanth and fitch centuries depict craftsmen at work in there Bam ‘he Ponte Vecchio in Florence, although these are now Ble with he Hove of some of the words tat exclusive jewelers aan es fe anal get an impression of what these ast shops, ot Bl ‘ere lke by ooking tthe all hope of arpnters or ery, wich T the physi appearance of ait’ shops ofthe Renseance waz bry that characterized this RensiasaceForeranner. “The production of act was, Gat an foremost, 3 coopertve ven ‘dere developed through lang expecence to ollow maximum een. ‘At the head ofthe organization wat the mane, who obtained the ‘mmissons and oversaw al he shop’ activites twas hiseputaton| Sint hie aby to atract work that kept the hop pong. Some work ‘hough fo keep the shop in basins fll me?4 Tien azmaissawcn aarisr ar wore 27 Hanlin, Opto nde he tune ote an Macy. gating hein dp cane on hence ic a dey, * se a Looking at the works themselves, we cn all hat the master wat sully in chrge of the evel asi The conatency of design and omopraphic interpretation by Clot, Donate, Raphael or cores of ther well Lown ainda hat he genetic a He work andi rls development were most offen products ofthe maser’ mind nd hand "The master apparently aways 2 man, fr tere are few secure seconds of women eit nthe seventeenth century an hen their ‘Tomes sppenr only infrequent) had the Ena uy on everything that trent on nthe shop. He ws hinslf an expeenced independent Art, who had to atange or hereto the shop negotiate commis: Sion and check he contacts tht went with then, kep the books, py the bills, and (it war fervently hoped) make prot. He was 2 rltsman-Donnesman who, except for his predutt (and he mos ‘lefty would haveconadered it pro?) wa no dierent rom any ofthe other eaftamen who lived and worked nea im, Under the mare’ charge were the apprentices. We do ot know much bow the mechani whey a hoy became an apprentice ‘Sher than that as Bound up in both legal procedure and dal ‘intom: Because sany of the art re related eter by Blood or ‘hariage the fall st have played en important parti resispo ing many young men for atti enreere. “Apprentices sum to have entered the att’ shops in tel nly teen Several contrat of apprenticeship have survived, but such 2 Stal sample doe ot ely ell wr mcs, Certainly, he master agreed fo tench te boy, to provide for hi fey, and, sometimes, oy i ‘Pamullslary Ths pattern of appresicerhip appears to hove been Common fall the erate “There sens to have been noid Linitation onthe time apprentices spent in the shop: we have reports oftheir stay lasting anywhere From tho or thee tone to several decades; he foutenth-century ait {Censino Cant scommen test ix years. The relationship be tween master and aprons seme to have been extremely flexible, nrc tothe econrtcs of the art marke When an att was aly fined and experienced, he would Bd, i he could, cusfomee and omissions, et pa shop for himself and eventual ake on his on “pprentie or appenien The number of apprentices appear to have ‘ean ety felted tothe masters popularity the Bute he wa, the twa the apprentices tak oats the att nthe preparation of raters and, once the devgn hal been formated to hep hi exe tate the work On oman when themattr war abet the ppren-Acs execate the whole work: Moe often they did theless important and qt tedious decorative parts of frescoes o status. Tel relation ‘vith the master was truly collaborative, pare ast individualty In the twentecentry sence didnot exit "ch shop wer an nf hv organisation, expanding when thar wat much wok, contracting when few ono commissions were obtsined, ‘When the shep was very busy of when It had a very large commission (a fresco eycle ora svies of status), extra employees Were taken on ‘These might be independent att who had no work oftheir own 3 ‘he moment oF they might be les tilled helpers who ate with many of the difcu,teious jobs involved in the making ofa Sometimes both type of temporary help were hed a the same ne “Matera and equipment, needed in contierabe quantities, were se dom purchased in ther ised tty ther procurement an pe tion ere ard: time-consuming jobe that were often delegated to apprentices and helper. ‘Naturally, the strctre of ech ats shop and its wosking meth. ‘ode and material were dependent on its particular peclization. We ‘donot know which of the various mediums was the most popula, ba Daining was cern awaysin demand. Wetend think of pintert {sprucing only pictures, but this was deitly not he case during ‘oat ofthe Renaissance a period when artists werked on many ak we would not now normally atmcste wth them The shop of Renalsance painter might male pained shiek and armors eaily (and willingly) a altupiceeDeceated banners beds chest cond, ats and drapery were inmmany cases She bjt that hep paler In barnes Infact appears that ony asa portion of the tla production of many painter shops was given over fo what we Would flasify at plntings: The altapeces, portals, and other work we "hirk ofa typist may really have been race in comparison °0 the Palate conte of ams, banners, and chests. ‘A hierarchy of panting types does nt em to have existe thre was no distinction betwee what ater periods were to tem the “eco ‘ative arte" and "Bgurative painting.” Renalesance atts, with lor ‘epsons were app to paint almost anything They didnot con- Side such work beneath them nor outside dha trade. Decoration, whether ofa Rouse or church, wa ital nepal part ofthe ar of the psiod. The painted walnscot, decorated chet o design a ‘tric masble Bor wer ighly valued in rth uch things ae often "aor work of arin their ota right. The concept ofthe minor at ‘of cf In our sense of the word, had not yet been bon Mach fgurstive religous panting alo ised fom the painters shop: altarpiees of various tational shapes and sizes, portable Irpiycs an pty special olive panel, and many other types te up the conidrable pictorial pete. These same shops aso ‘were often involved inthe complicated proces of fesco panting ‘which, hough based onthe master’s desig, was ak oqulng many ands, rest cooperation and lan, above al the smooth working ofthe shop, “Te whole proces of desig was an inpstant ne during the Res sissnce. Pinter sem to have been the most active designers. OF ure they delged thor own panels frcecocs, andthe objets pro ‘ced in their shops; but they were als responsible for designing ‘works done in ather mediums, Sclptve, fr istance, was often de flgned by them and only later carved or east by 2 sculptor? This ‘working rocedure—nhich was mos Fequent the bepnning of xr ‘atod sams strange but twas gute common, What exty, ‘ich typeof design looked ike and how fas thon wit Fashion tone or bronze or ame other material Yeas unknown, ‘Onoccaion, painter were le called pon todo devins for colored ‘vindows. These were somelines excited by spelled window Juntos whe were often monke® Th painter’ Sesigne were gute Fall followed, and we ea attbute certain windowe Yo kav ities on Ue similaty oF devgn between the glse and hele other Sarvivng works. ‘Sculptor provided a numberof objects for Renisance society, “Today tend Yo think of ther a the makers of sates only bo then their prodicion encompaved s we range of objects. AL {able staal, eiboume to cover the alla, and tabernacle 10s ‘pon it were all vital othe rl of the Church The seulpor lo ‘ved acdatectral decoration, furnished tombs, and made pulps, ats, nd elf or churches, The Renaissance home had oct busts medals, private altar, and fountains all made by sculptors able fount (and somtimes thir hyaralc system), wich #0 grace the Renasance city, were also tel responsibilty. The vais St wefuls of the selptors rae made Rim» neceeary nd portant fire in society. "The ministre, 00, ae 2 valued aftzman. Whole shops were fnvelved mith the production of books highly prized both for thet ‘conten at thie pltures the hundred of extant mananesipt tea to hur populaty and beauty. Religious tact, commercial manual, ‘hone, humanistic writings and scores of eter texts were as tate, tn world without photographs the pictures in these books played animportnt putin api the readen ideas and perception.8 rie namarssawee anzisy AT ony ‘often atts and espcily sculptors, were given lange-sie fobs “Thereappears te have bees no group of professional architects during ‘Surpeid the deign and uperison ofthe consration of bulls, ‘ven the ost important, were taditoally carried out by men tne inane of the other as” A large numberof arst—ffom Govan Pssno fo Michelangelo and Rsphael~were employed at tcitectaral ‘designers and nperntendants although in many cst they seem not tehave ad ny specie trsinngin the profession Probably these men learned much on the sit; any case, the technological aspects of Tuling were ler complicated than they are today (Other commons were awared to pointers and sculptors for fountains bridge, and wall, Anamber of atts were alo kept bay dlsigning fotifentions and machine of er was ia tie capcly that they were often mort necesary to the acres of WarloPinced ‘who rled much ofthe Tellan penal. i (Occasinaly atts worked in more than one medion, A number of goldamithe became sculptors and atleast one~Brancleschi—be- ‘ame something close tos prfesionslachitet. The Hoentine An ‘ren Choe, called Orcas, wat + bulding designer, pater, ae ‘eslpor In Sion dering the Guatrocento sever men practiced both ‘hears of panting and sculpt, as did Michelangto during the next entry. Yet, alough ass often made designs fr mediums other than tel oven, the works they executed in hel shops were mainly Inthe mater in which they were waned, All these shop, each specializing in ome pect of at, employed considerable nurber of people, Reliable statics ae aed to fin tbat we do koow tht ofthe 23,000 orto people eho lived In Sena In x36s, there were 30 painters and master storersons, Many of ‘hom were proba sculptor nthe now decade, the ttl of pln re hed seen fo 64 and by the exly Quattrocento, had reached fesely 100° A sina painter population ratio probably existed in Florence and the other major Reaience cites Ar wa 2 usury, ‘ul somthing that socety wanted, needed, and sed consequently, ‘here Ha to Be enough att sally the considerable demand, ‘One has to tink of Renalnance art as the product of 2 sizable fndusry. Te wan oF couse, more a primitive industry rather than a ‘modern one, but twas collective economic enterprise nevertheless ‘An wa prodced by many peopl ll working on dlferent ba ner ‘elite ake The workforce, rough note business at an ea a8, ‘ctved long, intensive teining The ret lh abor ene nt 2 single product but a mulude of images, decerations and ether ‘Sbjets all of which had ome function. Arte geared themselves yas anrisr an soctery 19 ‘the manofactar and sale for prof of usiltarian but beaut objets of great varity, “Tes tite a their wiv came generally from wht might now be termed the caftamen ond ell tadermen lass They dd not ove Inthe elite powerful dels of ciety (excep as employees of power Fut ptrons). They were, instead, the sons of father and mothers who me from fas wth ines eta and onthe whole ey {mined men ofthe mile rank ite get eucncy, ais came fom aif. Th vat network Fans ntreation has not yet been charted, but we do nor hat hh erent of as wee aed ther by loo -namige 0 other seis "The extended Family was the foundation of Renasance society ssl in the arte war ruc Although we have no records proving it ‘workshops, andmuchf the qlpmentin thom were probly posed {oven from one relative to another One case, that ofthe famous Shense ati ofthe Tacento, Duco di Buoninsepa, strates ome ofthe family rstonsipe between atts. Duce, who lived until ‘319, Bad 3 brother, Bonaventura, who also seems to have been a painter Thee of Ducts one, Ambrogie, Colgan, Ciclo and Dont a fou, Giovanni, were punter. Segna Ducc’s nephew, Followed hie uncle's fottepe—and Sears two sons, Niccolo and Francesco, were painters. accos contemporary Sinone Marti, after marying the daugh- ter ofa printer, wen into partnership with hs plner eth lav. “The daughter of Stone's printer bother marsed another painter. ‘Thee lterlockingreatonshipe were extremely common and proba [by ensured sours of income ar son sacred father There canbe ‘ho doubt that many men became pant simply Beaute painting 2s {he family basinen, Talent must have often been a secondary consi ‘ration. Th father-son patter war common in Western art unt ‘ule recerly: to raze what & has sometimes produced, ve need ‘nly reall Raphael or Fass, or Bach or Mozart al ais ons Tmly connections, lier by blood or mariage were help in many waye. They probably fctted etry ino the gull Just 36 today sembership in some one helped by aly is, Aces 0 workshops and guranteed apprenteship wer privege ha tended {ogo with she ght connections, And rone probly inherited some (ofthe reputation and mach of thera built ip by the Fathers Shops ‘were fnly business This wnt als tue ofthe ober craft ‘Other boye—osteders, 2 to speak—probably went nto the shops simply becaue the pefeeion was coven forth by tht parents,‘who thought it would be the proper life's work for thei offpring Ishkaly nother words that youths ere elected for an aise creer telly because thir elders wished fe There can be no deb hat some feted the shopa becuse they had already shown talent in draving ‘or carving, but these boys may not have ben in the majority. The urpresy,for we conier the making of af something ss tcrordinary and fr removed from barnes, not taken wp simply be use one parents are connected with tor becuse they Hak i ‘would afford» good lveliiood fr thee cilien. These confletng [aeas—one perceiving artas.acaling the otherasaeade—indcate the ‘art chm between our concepion of et and that of ost of the Renaisance. “The tndes and much of Renaissance fein general were regulated bylaw and tadton; every cizen was aught up in amaze fist tone and rales goeening most sopecs of his world The ats were nodlifernt. Arist pulls existe n many ofthe Resieance cites ‘ach war a leas ighly diferent in sractre spd the srs played ‘aris voles within them, Sometimes they were jst one among see ‘al roupsin ter gull Sculptors eften belonged to the same gulis Se stonemasons and carpenter, vile the painters semeties ened the auld of the pharmacies fom whom they bought colors. This Integration with other occupations didnot sways work to the at? auvantage, In Florence where the painters were in the Aid Mat £ Seal Bull they were dominated by eter profesions much higher fo the eeonomic nd sok le “Again, our lack of hnowedge prevents us fom describing exactly Iho the glld aided and convoled the atts, but some idea can be inferred rom the fw elevant document tha survive I appest s though membership in the gud wae a prerqulsite to the execution ‘of any important commision, The gid mst have functioned mach ikea closed shop where work x impossible without sion cad Ass matiulted when they eturked on thir coeers, For witht ‘lldmembeship one coud not find employment Foreign atts were ‘ho soguired to aval In the gull. “The pid mat haveheped the ait by giving him 2 contain sate and etfcaion aa member Itmay alg have provided Bani hel in tines of nee Otten it wae equipped with ts own courts, where ‘problems arsing from conflicts among ats themseves and between ‘rss and tel patrons (who could be demanding Indeed) were a8 trated. The pls provided» rigor and mca service through their putronage of vious churches Guild membership, ke everything el In Renalsance society, had suong religous overtones. Bybeongngto ul ati le played some pat inthe govern tng tte fo he gual epl, the glee por {ah power lock in communal government Members In ther Frobly pave atte sent of prtipaton Inthe aay of The Gy stn and oar profesional ent. Tare at numero re rd fat holding pid poitons of some autor, even thre tals whee tiny ere in # deed minocy “Arts sated nse the many religous confers feand inal Renarnce clea The contents served bth 3 trata sd sce an vehi for oletive raligou xpreson Ufa staid tos char or sn ones they were of orig car te andppon, rr groupe founded ing es eft age ot the Vegi ots devoted tose agltion Many of hey sich ‘the amour hs which il farcone in many alan en ‘rowied much-needed sal and chatabe sevice. They were yo “other manifestation ofthe cooertive chrcter of Renan cm 1” Florence the punters founded the conta of St ke, sal ater the patton sit of th ade Ths orpnzaon gave ‘Bete vec hat they di not have in hr aul, dominated by the Actors and parent Arsts i ot ang to one contr Snipe ow cin, hey cou hey Whe, on several then orgunetons Many of theca aa acey pata ed ke “ett sometimes veld extensively. Th ielioed was sd cn oharng common coseqrny thy ere wig eine Scceageowor sina ryre OF corse the pre jst of ‘hem ated common ony th home cite, ut ar nam Sound employment farerse “ee ean fve bon evel rie who were ch in demand sn the small owns mvounding the larger meopolian centers. The Forntine pnts Bic Lavo ad he son Net Bic, for IPeonce,orke for merous vilgee tered oughout Ts Sy boalyconseentve, tet syle sem fo have been mich Spread by the more sion fabian of te salle tv, ‘tle wanted sed the pods (and probaly more exer), ‘Eehionbl pant of rence In fa le anh on mae hee ‘Sronioon such an import par f hacer hat today score hte urd shy fabio larpicesse sh fond Provinlehacher Cones vay up-to-date nd sometinesrevlaonary ast sgh ctv one rom a, but tan, es. The YouSienese, Duco, was called to Borence tthe end ofthe thitenth cefury and just several decade Iter Giotto wae to ahieve reat fone ‘nd many commision: Giote not only sen paintings ong distances isu went o work hima rom one end of th pina tthe other (Genieda Fatrisno and Pizanlls nthe Quatroent, were constantly fon the move in serch of commissions, or the next century, the FRequen pergintions of Michelangelo nd Titian come ond. “The wandering of paints and sculptor: and their work helped Alseminate knowledge not only of foreign ste Dtato of the tle of thi i the intense ais of Rensissanecviiaation men thst ttl ane femation of syle by outeide influence wes very fica ‘Much of our knowledge about Renaissance artist’ travel, and n= eed most other aspects of thelr lies, comes fom document, of which considerable numbers survive, Thte vary miely in pe and In the amount of inarmatin they dies, but 3 survey Of a few of the records demonstrates what they sevsl about the anit snd he place in society. Surviving cords suggest tht artists had aba he ‘ame nk inwciety a goldsmiths, shoemaker, o aloe They were ‘rainy below the powerful, wealthy bankers and waders, bat thay ‘ere many steps above the povertyrcken manta lores nd wool workers ‘Many att ngage in moneymaking venture outside thir hops some invested Fre in nterea- bering comma bond In Florence thelr investments coesponded to those of thle tradesmen ‘Oceisionaly as inthe cate of Giat who leat ot looms), they had smal bases on the side Many ofthe setts, long with sore of thet elo czen, had some andi he county, way oF modest ‘ite, worked forthe lives ood, and win that provided the arte Sd his Family. Sometimes the land was rnted ta teant farmer the tax returns or tax ascents ofthe atte are tude (and this canbe done best Inthe very complete venting archives), one esthat hey mer ot ancl wl of" The lng sta creditors {at appear wih alseming frequency ate usually ot counterbalanced by the att’ manger aut Battie pctre of men jst making» living which the documents often prevent. mast have been common most ofthe craffemen and tradesmen of what we would ow cll, the mle cee. “The archives abo revel that atts served in some commons ‘ofces, in the government oftheir ul, and in other ofl capac ties fn Siena and elsewhere, they were sometnes sent on diplomatic _mssonsand represented thirty inseveral of the towne controled cor tronaly influenced, But in genera atts seldom roto offices of ret power, They were by bath not pat ofthe noble or oligarchicl race tha eal an the ces. The exceptions to hs tate- Peon och a the several Sknee plnter from noble famice—are "Rach valuable infomation fund inthe x eturs that Floren ties we obliged to le rm 1427 08 Thee ae en Ou primary ‘Sars ot nformaton abot an indies pater o spo. They ado let the tnpeyrs ago Docu bith dies ae wally nat eal nie dimen the tn tur aren he le ‘Reeder tho precious ito nfnaton On casion he ars ere rue exactly how old they were; ocoionaly they lied abot their Seecnning ocean ee sto py heist of he ‘Ehetmee the tax return aio sandr the heading of tor an Sxats patron who sil owed hist money. On several af the forms sro te att had nt yet led raver are mone “Arse most everyone ee, ad trouble with tx altos ‘Toe hole proce of ta Colleton sen to hae been somerbat ose nd open tabtaon Somme sso Flrentne Teen inter Agno Gai for ecmple chimed that hey were Pouers ‘rvey pot and not ovale bt thw came must hae been viewed Sih etme shepcamby het ofl Who rod the eta ‘Aros pe of document the sat Ket ote wa he wl “Ter lel stunt ater oie by vevea edi reba in ducoerng who the arts slives were, with wht ancl SStch he wat mre howe mach money 28 property he ha 0 ‘om he what leven ster usefl praca! aformaton Thor elev pce tea nh He. Mt of hee wll enn shasta om decent thar en pando ‘Theiss amount of eptal and property, and his wil andthe ine {ance he ft were ike those ofthe une fee atsmen and tdesmen fsa ron tang Tol econ which vive great number are aotherinvala~ able surce of nrmain on ste. Uke many of theif ct ess often om sel of he competed ed ope legal Sat endenc every nanan ty. Fe ait oem fo bave ‘Len abi atreaere or indeed cima ahouph several (uch ‘SDacto, who had rood pert hare had mre thant le Rare of eublo th the thoes The zea number of aes of olence econ but att sxm hee been no lke ae he adiona form of sol bevior than anyother soup & ds of6 rie aawavasance anrtey AY Wonk Cour seconds also show that there were often biter felings be- twoon atts and pations, Long, sometine hose legal bates be tween offended paris over broken contracts or mising wages ce Cured. Some of these dapat were probably herd in ul courts ‘we thers were stad bythe ine-honored method o compromise ‘uted the halle of juice Te appat that many artists kept what might be elle shopboaks “The few remaining examples demonstrate that they were a sot of ‘vate work ary in which the att entered daly the busines of the Shop: he aio recorded summary drafts of contracts for mrke ofa nd set down tanseripons of seer Iga mater. The mort amos ofthe several ofthese survive ls bythe Renting Quattrocento ‘sinter Neri Bcc" Ths book, whlch covers the evn’ ofthe ears 1433-37, gs the mont complete and interesting pike ofthe y= to-day stvty of a hop that we possess bis, Busnes tone ‘must have been common #9 many art’ shope [Nes book squltelong~theprited edition nso over 4 pages and surprising in ts deta Everything from the acceptance of a5 Spprentice othe prchasof ran mtisousy recorded, needing ‘he commision fora member of runving panting, “Also recardd ate many busines taneacon (or nmtane, the pe ‘hase and Teasing of land) that have nothing to do with the aie Sctnte of the shop. Reading though Nes dete shopbookrin- forces the impression one raclves rom ll he other documentary sources: th making of rt aes craftengned in for profit it as not ‘elling o* a spinal or qual xegour vocation. Bock simi to Nevis must have been Kept by nearly every goldsmith, drape, nd shoemaker in Florence “Another frm of contemporary book onthe ast Ns ecation, and 1 shop, which survives in jut» few manrcrip examples, might be ‘most conveniendly termed a shop manta. The most famous by he Tite fourteenth-century Florentine pints Cennino Cen Cen= ‘i's anal Teale at preserving and pursing on mach of the Sccumalated knowledge and technique ofthe workshop. Ae euch, i {sone ofthe most valuable soures for out understanding ofthe may Renalsunce at was made, ‘Conn ists, In ret deta and with considerable sil many pig- ment eps score of techniques, nd much other pratal informs tion ranging fom where to find eggs 10 what fo eat. Mott of the technical tining ofthe apprentice must have been done by example, the young man watching the master and her tying to lear the sil Inge. "There may aot have Been ch demand for 3 textbook ke rie erier ne secret 2s {Cen nthe shops education was nt theoreti sls ware nt ‘lane fom books, but fom the handling of the mateal ele ‘We ako know something about te shops fom several suring Inventories One ofthe most facinating, tha ofthe Sines ate [erostodi Land war deat up inthe yas 1500 an lit the ala possosions, over 200 tems in a." Aude from household bjt, it ‘mentors a rumber af things tht mast have Been inte artis shop psces of Carta marble of varius sie eds and figures of fe Faeuta eads and hands of wax, plces of wood for punting ad ‘sumerous other abet connected with Nec’ ailing at scp thee Busnes. Accteding to the inventory, other items were the pawnbrokeran important Sgure in Renasance sodey. At Ne- Focco's death afew yeas before, sme of his possessions had been taken rom hs ehop, but one can algo that consderble number ‘of tool, materia, and works ofa probably in varloae sate of ‘completion, mained. "Another of these ware catalogues of artist’ posession, this ime an auction st known forthe Venetian pine ocobela del Fore ‘Among Jacob's things In 2439 were 4 paro cge a be cutsn, ‘vera pone ofthe Virgin, 1 miro anda fancy cnt Iie td to low hove many of tes were wares dertned for eventual sl, bt ‘the st nevertheless ves 2 rare glmpue of what an acts ohne formation about arte Isso found inthis eters and eter switinge The former ae seldom of exter Nigh erry avait, ‘ather they are concer with such practi conieratins he [anding of s commision or the ned 0 dai point with 3 patron (Quite number of thse eters have survived, and ome of them veal much about the aris slaonshps with society, spell ‘with those prope who were paying inn. On occasion one ee a Slimmer of independence in the artists dealings with his patton, but ‘ually the ton ane of servi, the ait maneuver, nd mn tines cols ad peas, for a commission or payment More peor (and therefore move Interesting noes appen with es Frequency “Tare ate samples of ats’ writings that go beyond the need a fin a commission of pass on the working methods of a shop. One of he moat famous of thee sO Ping (1435) by the Florentine writer nd architect Leon Bata Alberts" This ots bok ha are from ‘he sual ect workaday atmosphere fee shop eather steel from the more theoretical interests of i author, who Ald ol 80 through the apprenticeship system and wat nota professional pant Judgments on perspective gh alr and other syle component ‘of plating, ideas for the Fashioning of coherent arate, and com