SONG HAU 1 THERMAL POWER PLANT (2 Unit x 600MW)

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

Vu Quang Hung Vu Quang Hung Dao Duy Dung

A
Jul. 8, 2016 Jul. 8, 2016 Jul. 8, 2016
 Demonstrated
Prepared by Reviewed by Approved by
 Reviewed
NDE Level II NDE Level II NDE Level III
to the satisfaction of AI

Rev EMETC Authorized Inspector

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CONTENTS

SECTION DESCRIPTION PAGE

1 SCOPE 4

2 REFERENCE 4

3 PERSONNEL 4

4 RADIATION SAFETY 4

5 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 4

6 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL 6

7 CALIBRATION 8

8 EXAMINATION 9

9 EVALUATION 16

10 DOCUMENTATION 17

11 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA 18

12 APPENDIX 25

APP. I SPOT EXAMINATION OF WELDED JOINTS 26

APP. II RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION REPORT 28

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TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

- ASME: The American society of Mechanical Engineers

- ASME B.V.P Code: ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code

- ASTM: The American Society for Testing and Materials

- IIW: The International Institute of Welding

- ASNT: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing

- SNT-TC-1A: Recommended Practice No.SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualifi-

cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing

- EMETC: Erection - ElectroMechanics Testing Joint Stock Company

- NDE: Non-destructive Examination.

- RT: Radiographic Testing

- IQI: Image Quality Indicators

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1. SCOPE
This procedure defines the conditions to perform the radiographic examination
of Carbon and Alloy steel butt-welded joints in thickness up to 75 mm in
accordance with the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.

2. REFERENCES
- SH1.RFP_P4 OTR_Ch13 General Technical Requirements_140530
- SH1-LI-P0001-GE-G01-PRO-0001
- ASME SEC I, V, VIII Div.1, IX 2013 Edition;
- ASME B31.1, 2012 Edition, Chapter VI.
- ASNT Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A, 2006 edition: Recommended
Practice for NDT Personnel Qualification and Certification;
- EMETC Personnel Certification Program: EMETC-TR-01
- EMETC Radiation Safety Procedure. SH1-LLM-P0001-HS-G01-PRO-0010

3. PERSONNEL
Individuals who perform Radiographic Examination shall be qualified and
certified in accordance with EMETC Written Practice, Personnel Certification
Program, which is based on the ASNT Recommended Practice No.: SNT-TC-
1A, 2006 Edition.

4. RADIATION SAFETY
All radiographic operations shall be conducted in accordance with National and
Local Regulations of Radiation Protection and Safety and Radiation safety
procedure (SH1-LLM-P0001-HS-G01-PRO-0010).

5. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

5.1 PROCEDURE REQUIREMENTS

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TABLE 1
REQUIREMENTS OF A RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE
Para.
No Requirement Applicable Range
No.
Carbon and Alloy Steel up to
1 Material type and thickness range 1.0 75 mm in thickness In
thickness
2 Isotope or maximum voltage used 6.1 Ir 192 or X- ray up to 300 kV

3 Source to object distance. 8.4 As far as practical optimum

Distance from source side of object
4 8.4 As close to object as practical
to film
5 Source size 6.1 Maximum 3.0 mm x 2.5 mm
Fuji IX #50,#80,#100 or
6 Film brand and designation 6.2.1
equivalent
Lead Screen, 0.01 to 0.20
7 Screens used 6.3
mm

5.2 SURFACE PREPARATION

The weld ripples or weld surface irregularities on both the inside (where
accessible) and outside shall be removed by any suitable process to such a
degree that the resulting radiographic image due to any surface irregul-arities
cannot mask or be confused with the image of any discontinuity. The finished
surface of all butt-welded joints shall be flush with the base material or shall
have reasonably uniform crowns, with reinforcement not to exceed that is
specified in the manufacture's specification which is in accordance with
referencing Code Section.

5.3 BACKSCATTER RADIATION

A lead Symbol "B", with minimum dimensions of 13 mm in height and 1.5 mm
in thickness, shall be attached to the back of each film holder during each
exposure to determine if backscatter radiation is exposing the film.

5.4 SYSTEM OF IDENTIFICATION

A system be used to permanent identification on the radiograph traceable to the
Contract (Project, Drawing No Rev, Joint No, Diameter, Thickness), Repair
Condition of Weld, Reshoot of films, the Manufacturer's Name or Symbol,
NDE Sub-constructor and the date of the radiograph and these information shall
not obscure the area of interest, as followings for illustration:

DOOSAN : Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction Co, Ltd

LLM : LILAMA corporation
SH1 : SONG HAU 1 Thermal Power Plant
D60xt6 : Diameter (60) x Thickness (6) (mm)
J4 -1 : Joint No 4-1.

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R## : First Repair, Second Repair,

RS : Reshoot.
12 03 16 : 12 March 2016 (date of the Radiograph)

5.5 MONITORING DENSITY LIMITATION OF RADIOGRAPH

Densitometer shall be used for judging film density.

5.6 EXTENT OF EXAMINATION

The extent of radiographic examination shall be as specified by the
manufactures in the written request in accordance with referencing Code
Section.

6. EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

6.1 RADIATION SOURCES

6.1.1 Gamma ray:
- Manufacturer: Sentinel
- Model: 660 B, Sigma 880 and Delta 880
- Isotope: Iridium 192
- Activity: Max. 110 Ci,
- Size of source: 3.0 mm x 2.5 mm or other makes equivalent
6.1.2 X-ray:
- Manufacturer: RIGAKU …
- Model: EGM Series
- Maximum voltage: 300 kV
- Maximum Tube current: 5 mA
- Focal spot size: 3.0 mm (~1.5mm IEC 336)
- Beam concentration: elliptic 40° x 60°
- Or other makes equivalent

6.2 FILM AND PROCESSING

6.2.1 Film
Radiographs shall be made by using industrial radiographic film. The film
brand designated and used are recommended as follows:
(a) X ray:
- t up to 12.5 mm : Fuji # 50 or equivalent or better
- t > 12.5 mm : Fuji # 80 or equivalent or better
(b) Ir 192 Isotope:
- t up to 12.5 mm : Fuji # 50 or equivalent or better
- t > 12.5 mm : Fuji # 80 or equivalent or better
• where: t is nominal thickness of weld
• Note: Actual selection of a film brand to use shall be based on the ability to
see the prescribed IQI image and the designated wire of a wire IQI (Refer to
Table 2 and Table 3 in this procedure)
6.2.2 Film Processing

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Standard Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radiographic Film

Processing, SE-999 (BPV Code, Section V) or paragraphs 23 through 26 of
Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination SE-94 (BPV Code, Section V)
shall be used as a guide for processing film.

6.3 INTENSIFYING SCREENS

Lead intensifying screens shall be used and selected as follows:
• For Iridium 192:
Lead screen with thickness in the range of 0.125mm- 0.20 mm
• For X ray:
Lead screen with thickness in the range of 0.01 mm- 0.125 mm

6.4 IMAGE QUALITY INDICATOR (IQI) DESIGN

6.4.1 Standard IQI Design
IQIs shall be either the hole type or the wire type. Hole-type IQIs shall be
manufactured and identified in accordance with the requirements or alternates
allowed in SE-1025, (BPV Code, Section V). Wire-type IQIs shall be manufac-
tured and identified in accordance with the requirements or alternates allowed
in SE-747, (BPV Code, Section V), except that the largest wire number or the
identity number may be omitted. ASME standard IQIs shall consist of those in
Table 2 for hole type and those in Table 3 for wire type.
6.4.1.1Alternative IQI Design
IQIs designed and manufactured in accordance with other national or inter-
national standards may be used provided the requirements of either (a) or (b)
below, and the material requirements of para.8.6.1 are met.
(a) Hole Type IQIs. The calculated Equivalent IQI Sensitivity (EPS), per SE-
1025, Appendix XI, is equal to or better than the required standard hole
type IQI.
(b) Wire Type IQIs. The alternative wire IQI essential wire diameter is equal to
or less than the required standard IQI essential wire.

TABLE 2

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TABLE 3

6.5 FACILITIES FOR VIEWING OF RADIOGRAPHS

Viewing facilities shall provide subdued background lighting of an intensity
that will not cause reflections shadows or glare on the radiographs that interfere
with the interpretation process. Equipment used to view radiographs for
interpretation shall provide a variable light source sufficient for the essential
IQI wire to be visible for the specified density range. The viewing conditions
shall be such that light from around the outer edge of the radiograph or coming
through low density portions of the radiograph does not interfere with
interpretation.

7. CALIBRATION

7.1 Source Size

The equipment manufacturer’s publications, such as technical, manuals, decay
curves, or written statements documenting the actual or maximum source size
or focal spot, shall be acceptable as source size verification

7.2 Densitometers
7.2.1 Densitometers shall be calibrated at least every 90 days during the use as
follows:
(a) A step wedge calibration film, traceable to a national Standard step tablet
and having at least 5 steps with neutral densities from at least 1.0 through
4.0, shall be used. This film shall be verified within the last year by
comparison with a national Standard step tablet unless, prior to first use, it
was maintained in an original light-tight and waterproof sealed package as
supplied by the Manufacturer. Step wedge calibration films may be used
without verification for one year upon opening, provided it is within the

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manufacturer's stated shelf life.

(b) The densitometer manufacturer's step-by-step instructions for the operation
of the densitometer shall be followed.
(c) The density steps closest to 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 on the step wedge
calibration film shall be read.
(d) The densitometer is acceptable if the density readings do not vary by more
than ±0.05 density units from the actual density stated on the national
standard step tablet or step wedge calibration film.
7.2.2 Periodic Verification
(a) Densitometers. Periodic calibration verification checks shall be performed
as described in 7.2.1 at the beginning of each shift, after 8 hr of continuous
use, or after change of apertures, whichever comes first.
7.2.3 Documentation
(a) Densitometers. Densitometer calibrations required by 7.2.1 shall be
documented, but the actual readings for each step do not have to be
recorded. Periodic densitometer verification checks required by 7.2.3 (a) do
not have to be documented.

8. EXAMINATION

8.1 RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES

8.1.1 Single wall technique
In the single-wall technique, the radiation passes through only one wall of the
weld (material), which is viewed for acceptance on the radiograph. An
adequate number of exposures shall be made to demonstrate that the required
coverage has been obtained.

Figure 1 - Single Wall – Single Image technique (SWSI)

8.1.2 Double wall technique

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When it is not practical to use a single wall technique, one of the following
double-wall techniques shall be used.
8.1.2.1Single-Wall Viewing
For materials and for welds in components, a technique may be used in which
the radiation passes through two walls and only the weld (material) on the film
side wall is viewed for acceptance. An adequate number of exposures shall be
made to demonstrate that the required coverage has been obtained. When
complete coverage is required for circumferential welds (materials), a
minimum of three exposures taken 120 deg to each other shall be made.

Figure 2 - Double Wall – Single Image technique (DWSI)

8.1.2.2Double-Wall Viewing
For materials and for welds in components 89mm or less in nominal outside
diameter, a technique may be used in which the radiation passes through two
walls and the weld (material) in both walls is viewed for acceptance on the
same radiograph. For double-wall viewing, only a source side IQI shall be
used.
(a) For welds, the radiation beam may be offset from the plane of the weld at
an angle sufficient to separate the images of the source side and film side
portions of the weld so that there is no overlap of the areas to be
interpreted. When complete coverage is required, a minimum of two
exposures taken 90deg to each other shall be made for each joint.
(b) As an alternative, the weld may be radiographed with the radiation beam
positioned so that the images of both walls are superimposed. When
complete coverage is required, a minimum of three exposures taken at
either 60deg or 120deg to each other shall be made for each joint.
(c) Additional exposures shall be made if the required radiographic coverage
cannot be obtained using the minimum number of exposures indicated in
(a) or (b) above

Figure 3 - Double Wall – Double Image technique (DWDI)

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8.2 RADIATION ENERGY

The radiation energy employed from the sources mentioned in Paragraph 6.1 for
any radiographic technique shall achieve the density and IQI image as specified
in TABLE 1, or 2 of this procedure

8.3 DIRECTION OF RADIATION

The direction of the central beam of radiation should be centered on the area of
interest whenever practical

8.4 GEOMETRIC UN-SHARPNESS

8.4.1 Geometric un-sharpness determination
Geometric un-sharpness (Ug) of the radiograph is determined in accordance
with:
Ug = Fd/D

Where: Ug : Geometric un-sharpness

F : Source size, the maximum projected dimension of the
radiating source (or effective focal spot) in the plane
perpendicular to the distance D from the weld or object being
radiographed, in.
D : Distance from source of radiation to weld or object being
radiographed, in.
d : Distance from source side of weld or object being
radiographed to the film
D and d shall be determined at the approximate center of the interested area
8.4.2 Geometric un-sharpness limitations
Maximum value for geometric un-sharpness is as follows:

Material Thickness, in. (mm) Ug Maximum, in. (mm)

Under 2 (50) 0.020 (0.51)
2 through 3 (50 75) 0.030 (0.76)
Over 3 through 4 (75 100) 0.040 (1.02)
Greater than 4 (100) 0.070(1.78)
Note: (a) When the radiographic examination method is used for a weld
requiring volumetric examination by PW-11, SECTION I, ASME
B.P.V Code maximum the geometrical un-sharpness is 1.8 mm.
(b) When the radiographic examination method required by Chapter
VI, ASME B31.1, the maximum geometrical un-sharpness is 2.0
mm.

8.5 LOCATION MARKERS

Location markers, (see Figure 4 in below) which are to appear as radiographic
images on the film, shall be placed on the part, not on the exposure
holder/cassette. Their locations shall be marked on the surface of the part being

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radiographed or on a map, in a manner permitting the area of interest on a

radiograph to be accurately traceable to its location on the part for the required
retention period of the radiograph. If welds are allowed by the specification to
be permanently marked, low stress stamps and/or vibratooling without sharp
edge or pin ends may be used. Markings applied after final stress relief of the
component shall not be any deeper than 0.5mm.
Evidence shall also be provided on the radiograph that the required coverage of
the region being examined has been obtained.
Location markers shall be placed as follows:

Figure 4 – Location Marker Sketches

8.5.1 Single wall viewing

8.5.1.1Source Side Markers
Source side location markers shall be used when radiographing the following:
(a) Flat components or longitudinal joints in cylindrical or conical components.
(b) Curved or spherical components whose concave side is toward the source
and when the "source-to-material" distance is less than the inside radius of
the component;
(c) Curved or spherical components whose convex side is toward the source.
8.5.1.2 Film Side Markers
(a) Film side location markers shall be used when radiographing either curved
or spherical components whose concave side is toward the source and when
the "source-to-material" distance is greater than the inside radius.
(b) As an alternative for source side markers in Para. 8.5.1.1 (a), film side
markers may be used when the radiograph shows coverage beyond the
location markers to the extent demonstrated by Figure. 1 (e) and when this
alternate is documented in the record.
8.5.1.3Either Side Markers.
Location markers may be placed on either source side or film side when
radiographing either curved or spherical components whose concave side is
toward the source and the "source-to-material" distance equals the inside radius
of the component.

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8.5.2 Double wall viewing

For double wall viewing, at least one location marker shall be placed adjacent to
the weld (or on the material in the area of interest) for each radiograph.
8.5.2.1Mapping the Placement of Location Markers.
When inaccessibility or other limitations prevent the placement of markers as
stipulated in 8.5.1 and 8.5.2, a dimensioned map of the actual marker placement
shall accompany the radiographs to show that full coverage has been obtained.

8.6 IQI SELECTION

8.6.1 Material
IQIs shall be selected from either the same alloy material group or grade as
identified in SE-1025, or SE-747, as applicable, or from an alloy material group
or grade with less radiation absorption than the material being radiographed.
8.6.2 Size
The designated hole IQI or essential wire shall be as specified in TABLE 4 as
below. A thinner or thicker hole-type IQI may be substituted for any section
thickness listed in Table 4, provided an equivalent IQI sensitivity is maintained.
See TABLE 5.
(a) Welds With Reinforcements
The thickness on which the IQI is based is the nominal single-wall thickness
plus the estimated weld reinforcement not to exceed the maximum permitted by
the referencing Code Section. Backing rings or strips shall not be considered as
part of the thick-ness in IQI selection. The actual measurement of the weld
reinforcement is not required
(b) Welds Without Reinforcements
The thickness on which the IQI is based is the nominal single-wall thickness.
Backing rings or strips shall not be considered as part of the weld thickness in
IQI selection

TABLE 4

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Note: The nominal single wall material thickness will be taken in

calculation to select IQI for both single wall technique and double
wall thickness

8.7 USE IQIS TO MONITOR RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION

8.7.1 Placement of IQIs
(a) Source Side IQIs
The IQIs shall be placed on the source side of the part being examined,
except for the condition described in 8.7.1 (b) below.
(b) Film Side IQIs
Where inaccessibility prevents hand placing the IQI(s) on the source side,
the IQI(s) shall be placed on the film side in contact with the part being
examined. A lead letter “F” shall be placed adjacent to or on the IQI(s).
(c) IQI Placement for Welds - Hole IQIs.
TheIQI(s) may be placed adjacent to or on the weld. The identification
number(s) and, when used, the lead letter “F” shall not be in the area of
interest, except when geometric configuration makes it impractical.
(d) IQI Placement for Welds - Wire IQIs
The IQIs shall be placed on the weld so that the length of the wires is
perpendicular to the length of the weld. The identification numbers and,
when used, the lead letter “F”, shall not be in the area of interest, except
when geometric configuration makes it impractical.
8.7.2 Number of IQIs
When one or more film holders are used for an exposure, at least one IQIs
image shall appear on each radiograph except as outlined in 8.6.2 (b) below.
(a) Multiple IQIs
If the requirements of paragraph 9.2 are met by using more than one IQI,
one shall be representative of the lightest area of interest and the other the
darkest area of interest; the intervening densities on the radiograph shall be
considered as having acceptable density.
(b) Special Case
1) For cylindrical components where the source is placed on the axis of the
object and one or more film holders are used for a single exposure of a
complete circumference, at least three IQIs shall be spaced
approximately 120deg. apart are required under the following
conditions:
- When the complete circumference is radiographed using one or more
film holders, or;
- When a section or sections of the circumference, where the length
between the ends of the outermost sections span 240 or more deg., is
radiographed using one or more film holders Additional film locations
may be required to obtain necessary IQI spacing.
2) For cylindrical components where the source is placed on the axis of the
component for a single exposure, at least three IQIs, with one placed at
each end of span of the circumference radiographed and one in the
approximate center of the span, are required under the following
conditions:

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- When a section of a circumference, the length of which is greater than

120deg. and less than 240 deg., is radiographed using just one film
holder, or;
- When a section or sections of the circumference, where the length
between the ends of the outermost sections span less than 240deg., is
radiographed using more than One film holder.
3) In (1) and (2) above, where sections of longitudinal welds adjoining the
circumferential weld area radiographed simultaneously with the
circumferential weld, an additional IQI shall be placed on each
longitudinal weld at the end of section most remote from the junction
with the circumferential weld being radiographed.
4) For spherical components where the source is placed at the center of the
component for a single exposure, at least three IQIs, spaced approximately
120deg. apart, are required under the following conditions:
- When a complete circumference is radiographed using one or more
film holders, or;
- When a section or sections of a circumference, where the length
between the ends of the outermost sections span 240 or more deg., is
radiographed using on or more film holders. Additional film locations
may be required to obtain necessary IQI spacing.
5) For spherical components where the source is placed at the center of the
component for a single exposure, at least three IQIs, with one placed at
each end of the radiographed span of circumference radiographed and
one in approximate center of the span, are required under the following
conditions:
When a section of a circumference, the length of which is greater than
120 deg. and less than 240 deg., is radiographed using just one film
holder, or;
When a section or sections of a circumference, where the length between
the ends of the outermost sections span less than 240deg., is
radiographed using more than one film holders.
6) In (4) and (5) above, where other welds are radiographed simultaneously
with the circumferential weld, one additional IQI shall be placed on each
other weld.
7) For segments of a flat or a curved (i.e., ellipsoidal, torispherical, toriconi-
cal, elliptical, etc.) component where the source is placed perpendicular
to the center of a length of weld for a single exposure when using more
than three film holders, at least three IQIs, one placed at each end of the
radiographed span and one in the approximate center of the span, are
required.
8) When an array of components in a circle is radiographed, at least one IQI
shall show on each component image.
9) In order to maintain the continuity of records involving subsequent
exposures, all radiographs exhibiting IQIs which qualify the techniques
permitted in accordance with (1) through (7) above shall be retained.

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9.0 EVALUATION

9.1 QUALITY OF RADIOGRAPHS

All radiographs shall be free from mechanical, chemical or other blemishes to
the extent that they cannot mask or be confused with the image of any
discontinuity in the area of interest of the object being radiographed. Such
blemishes include, but are not limited to:
(a) Fogging
(b) Processing defects such as streaks, water marks, or chemical stains.
(c) Scratches, finger marks, crimps, dirtiness, static marks, smudges, or tears
(d) False indications due to defective screens.

9.2 RADIOGRAPHIC DENSITY

9.2.1 Density Limitation
(a) The transmitted film density through the radiographic image of the body of
the appropriate hole IQI adjacent to the essential hole or adjacent to the
designated wire of a wire IQI and the area of interest shall be 1.8 minimum
for single film viewing for radiographs made with an X-ray source and 2.0
minimum for radiographs made with a gamma ray source.
(b) For composite viewing of multiple film exposures, each film of the compo-
site set shall have a minimum density of l.3.
(c) The maximum density shall be 4.0 for either single or composite viewing.
(d) A tolerance of 0.05 in density is al-lowed for variations between densito-
meter readings.
9.2.2 Density Variation
(a) The density of the radiograph anywhere through the area of interest shall not
vary by more than minus 15% or plus 30% from the density through the
body of the designated hole-type IQI adjacent to the essential hole or
adjacent to the essential wire of a wire-type IQI, and exceed the
minimum/maximum allowable density ranges specified in 9.2.1. When
calculating the allowable variation in density, the calculation may be
rounded to the nearest 0.1 within the range specified in 9.2.1.
(b) When the requirements of (a) above are not met, then an additional IQI shall
be used for each exceptional area or areas and the radiograph retaken.
(c) When shims are used with hole-type IQIs, the plus 30% density restriction
of (a) above may be exceeded, and the minimum density requirements of
9.2.1 above do not apply for the IQI, provided the required IQI sensitivity
of 9.3 below is met.

9.3 IQI SENSITIVITY

9.3.1 Required Sensitivity
Radiography shall be performed with a technique of sufficient sensitivity to
display the designated hole-type IQI image and the essential hole, or the
essential wire of a wire-type IQI. The radio-graphs shall also display the IQI
identifying numbers and letters. If the designated hole-type IQI image and
essential hole, or essential wire of a wire-type IQI, do not show on any film in a

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multiple film technique, but do show in composite film viewing, interpretation

shall be permitted only by composite film viewing.
9.3.2 Equivalent Hole-Type IQI Sensitivity
A thinner or thicker hole-type IQI than the designated IQI may be substituted,
provided an equivalent or better IQI sensitivity, as listed in Table 5, is achieved
and all other requirements for radiography are met. Equivalent IQI sensitivity is
shown in any row of Table 5 which contains the designated IQI and hole.
Better IQI sensitivity is shown in any row of Table 5 which is above the
equivalent sensitivity row. If the designated IQI and hole are not represented in
the table, the next thinner IQI row from Table 5 may be used to establish
equivalent IQI sensitivity.

TABLE 5

9.4 EXCESSIVE BACK SCATTER

If a light image of the “B” as described in Para.5.3 appears on a darker
background of the radiograph, protection from backscatter is insufficient and
the radiograph shall be considered unacceptable. A dark image of the “B” on
the lighter background is not cause for rejection

9.5 EVALUATION
RT Level II individuals of EMETC shall be responsible for the review,
interpretation, evaluation, and QC inspector of Lilama shall be acceptance of
the completed radiographs to assure compliance with the requirements of
Article 2, ASME Section V and the referencing Code Sections. As an aid to
review and evaluation, the radiographic technique documentation in Para.10.1
shall be completed prior to the evaluation. The radiograph review form required
by 10.2 shall be completed during the evaluation.

10.0 DOCUMENTATION

10.1 RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE DOCUMENTATION DETAILS

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RT Level II individuals of EMETC, on behalf of the Manufacturer, shall

prepare and document the radiographic technique details. As a minimum, the
following information shall be provided:
- Identification as required in Para. 5.4;
- Number of radiographs (exposures);
- The dimension map (if used) of marker placement in accordance with Para.
8.5.3
- X-ray voltage or isotope type used;
- Source size;
- Base material type and thickness, weld thickness, weld reinforcement
thickness, as applicable;
- Source to object distance (D);
- Distance from source side of object to film (d);
- Film manufacturer and Manufacturer’s type/designation;
- Number of film in each film holder/cassette;
- Single or double wall exposure;
- Single or double wall viewing.

10.2 RT REPORT
RT Level II individuals of EMETC shall prepare a radiograph review form or
RT Report. As a minimum, the following information shall be provided.
- Listing of each radiograph location;
- The information required in Para. 10.1;
- Evaluation of disposition of the material or weld examined.
- Identification (name) of the Manufacturer’s representative (EMETC) who
performed the final acceptance of the radiographs.
- Date of Manufacturer’s evaluation
A radiographic examination report shall be made as shown in Appendix 2.

11.0 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

For acceptance criteria, the following standard shall be referred to as per
applicable:

11.1 ASME Section VIII Div.1 UW-51(b), Section I and B31.1 Code, Chapter V,
Paragraph 136.4.5.
(Full Radiography that is examined radiographically for their full length in the
manner prescribed in Specification and Drawing)
Welds that are shown by radiography to have any of the following types of
indications are unacceptable;
(a) Any indication characterized as a crack or zone of incomplete fusion or
penetration;
(b) Any other elongated indication on the radiograph which has a length
greater than:
- 6mm for t up to 19 mm;
- 1/3t for t from 19 mm to 57mm;
- 19 mm for t over 57mm

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Where t is the thickness of the weld excluding any allowable

reinforcement. For a butt weld joining two members having different
thicknesses at the weld, t is the thinner of these two thicknesses. If a full
penetration weld includes a fillet weld, the thickness of the throat of the
fillet shall be included in t.
(c) Any group of aligned indications that have an aggregate length greater than
t in a length of 12t, except when the distance between the successive
imperfections exceeds 6L where L is the length of the longest imperfection
in the group
(d) Rounded indications in excess of that specified by the acceptance standards
ASME Section I, Section VIII, Div. 1 - Rounded Indication Charts (Figure
5a, 5b, 5c, 6 shall be used only for example. Rounded indication chart of
original code without enlargement or reduction shall be used)
(e) For ASME B31.1, root concavity when there is an abrupt change in density
as indicated on the radiograph.

11.2 ASME Section VIII, Div.1 UW-52

NOTE: Spot radiographing of a welded joint is recognized as an effective
inspection tool. The spot radiography rules are also considered to be an aid to
quality control. Spot radiographs made directly after a welder or an operator
has completed a unit of weld proves that the work is or is not being done in
accordance with a satisfactory procedure. If the work is unsatisfactory,
corrective steps can then be taken to improve the welding in the subsequent
units, which unquestionably will improve the weld quality Spot radiography in
accordance with these rules will not ensure a fabrication product of
predetermined quality level throughout. It must be realized that an accepted
vessel under these spot radiography rules may still contain defects which might
be disclosed on further examination. If all radiographically disclosed weld
defects must be eliminated from a vessel, then 100% radiography must be
employed.
(a) Butt welded joints which are to be spot radiographed shall be examined
locally as provided herein.
(b) Minimum Extent of Spot Radiographic Examination.
1) One spot shall be examined on each vessel for each 50 ft (15 m)
increment of weld or fraction thereof for which a joint efficiency from
column (b) of Table UW-12 is selected. However, for identical vessels
or parts, each with less than 50 ft (15 m) of weld for which a joint
efficiency from column (b) of Table UW-12 is selected, 50 ft (15 m)
increments of weld may be represented by one spot examination.
2) For each increment of weld to be examined, a sufficient number of spot
radiographs shall be taken to examine the welding of each welder or
welding operator. Under conditions where two or more welders or
welding operators make weld layers in a joint, or on the two sides of a
double‐welded butt joint, one spot may represent the work of all welders
or welding operators.
3) Each spot examination shall be made as soon as practicable after
completion of the increment of weld to be examined. The location of the

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spot shall be chosen by the Inspector after completion of the increment

of welding to be examined, except that when the Inspector has been
notified in advance and cannot be presentor other wise make the
selection, the Manufacturer may exercise his own judgment in selecting
the spots.(4) Radiographs required at specific locations to satisfy the
rules of other paragraphs, such as UW-9(d), UW-11(a)(5)(-b), and UW-
14(b), shall not be used to satisfy the requirements for spot radiography.
(c) Standards for Spot Radiographic Examination. Spot examination by
radiography shall be made in accordance with the technique prescribed in
UW-51(a).The minimum length of spot radiograph shall be 6 in. (150 mm).
Spot radiographs may be retained or be discarded by the Manufacturer after
acceptance of the vessel by the Inspector.
The acceptability of welds examined by spot radiography shall be judged
by the following standards:
1) Welds in which indications are characterized as cracks or zones of
incomplete fusion or penetration shall be unacceptable.
2)Welds having indications characterized as slag inclusions or cavities are
unacceptable when the indication length exceeds 2/3t, where t is defined
as shown in UW-51(b)(2). For all thicknesses, indications less than 1/4
in. (6 mm) are acceptable, and indications greater than ¾ in. (19 mm)
are unacceptable. Multiple aligned indications meeting these acceptance
criteria are acceptable when the sum of their longest dimensions
indications does not exceed t within a length of 6t (or proportionally for
radiographs shorter than 6t), and when the longest length L for each
indication is separated by a distance not less than 3L from adjacent
indications.
3) Rounded indications are not a factor in the acceptability of welds not
required to be fully radiographed.
(d) Evaluation and Retests
1) When a spot, radiographed as required in (b)(1) or (b)(2) above, is
acceptable in accordance with (c)(1) and (c)(2) above, the entire weld
increment represented by this radiograph is acceptable.
2) When a spot, radiographed as required in (b)(1) or (b)(2) above, has
been examined and the radiograph discloses welding which does not
comply with the minimum quality requirements of (c)(1) or (c)(2)
above, two additional spots shall be radiographically examined in the
same weld increment at locations away from the original spot. The
locations of these additional spots shall be determined by the Inspector
or fabricator as provided for the original spot examination in (b)(3)
above.
• If the two additional spots examined show welding which meets the
minimum quality requirements of (c)(1) and (c)(2) above, the entire
weld increment represented by the three radiographs is acceptable
provided the defects disclosed by the first of the three radiographs are
removed and the area repaired by welding. The weld repaired area
shall be radiographically examined in accordance with the foregoing
requirements of UW-52.

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• If either of the two additional spots examined shows welding which

does not comply with the minimum quality requirements of (c)(1) or
(c)(2) above, the entire increment of weld represented shall be
rejected. The entire rejected weld shall be removed and the joint shall
be re-welded or, at the fabricator’s option, the entire increment of
weld represented shall be completely radiographed and only defects
need be corrected.
• Repair welding shall be performed using a qualified procedure and in
a manner acceptable to the Inspector. The re-welded joint, or the weld
repaired areas, shall be spot radiographically examined at one
location in accordance with the foregoing requirements of UW-52.

11.3 ASME Section IX, Part QW-191.1.2

(Acceptance Standards for Qualification of Welder or Welding Operator)
11.3.1 Terminology:
(a) Linear Indications - Cracks, incomplete fusion, inadequate penetration, and
slag are represented on the radiograph as linear indications in which the
length is more than three times the width
(b) Rounded Indications - Porosity and inclusions such as slag or tungsten are
represented on the radiograph as rounded indications with a length three
times the width or less. These indications may be circular, elliptical, or
irregular in shape; may have tails; and may vary in density.
11.3.2 Acceptance Standard: Welder and welding operator performance tests by
radiography of welds in test assemblies shall be judged unacceptable when the
radiograph exhibits any imperfections in excess of the limits specified below.
(a) Linear Indications
- Any type of crack or zone of incomplete fusion or penetration;
- Any elongated slag inclusion which has a length greater than:
• 3 mm for t up to 10 mm;
• 1/3t for t over 10 mm to 57 mm
• 19 mm for t over 57mm
- Any group of slag inclusions in line that have an aggregate length greater
than t in a length of 12t, except when the distance between the successive
imperfections exceeds 6L where L is the length of the longest imperfection
in the group.
(b) Rounded Indications
- The maximum permissible dimension for rounded indications shall be 20%
of t or 3 mm, whichever is smaller.
- For welds in material less than 3mm in thickness, the maximum number of
acceptable rounded indications shall not exceed 12 in a 150mm length of
weld. A proportionately fewer number of rounded indications shall be
permitted in welds less than 150 mm in length.
- For welds in material 3 mm or greater in thickness, the charts in Figure. 6
represent the maximum acceptable of rounded indications illustrated in
typical clustered, assorted, and randomly dispersed configurations.
Rounded indications less than 0.8 mm in maximum diameter shall not be
considered in the radiographic acceptance tests of welders and welding

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operators in these ranges of material thicknesses.

TABLE A-250.3.2
Maximum Permissible Size of Rounded Indication

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Figure 5a-Rounded Indication Charts (Examples only)

Figure 5b-Rounded Indication Charts (Examples only)

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Figure 5c-Rounded Indication Charts (Examples only)

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Figure 6 – Rounded Indication Charts (Examples only)

12.0 APPENDIX
APPENDIX I SPOT EXAMINATION OF WELDED JOINTS (SECTION
VIII, DIVISION 1, UW–52)
APPENDIX II RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION REPORT

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APPENDIX 1 SPOT EXAMINATION OF WELDED JOINTS (SECTION VIII,

DIVISION 1, UW–52)

(a) Butt welded joints which are to be spot radiograph tested shall be examined
locally as provided herein.
(b) Minimum Extent of Spot Radiographic Examination
1) One spot shall be examined on each vessel for each 50 ft (15.2 m)
increment of weld or fraction thereof for which a joint efficiency from
column (b) of Table UW-12 is selected. However, for identical vessels,
each with less than 50 ft (15.2 m) of weld for which a joint efficiency
from column (b) of Table UW-12 is selected, 50 ft (15.2 m) increments
of weld may be represented by one spot examination.
2) For each increment of weld to be examined, a sufficient number of spot
radiographs shall be taken to examine the welding of each welder or
welding operator. Under conditions where two or more welders or
welding operators make weld layers in a joint, or on the two sides of a
double-welded butt joint, one spot may represent the work of all welders
or welding operators.
3) Each spot examination shall be made as soon as practicable after
completion of the increment of weld to be examined. The location of the
spot shall be chosen by the Inspector after completion of the increment of
welding to be examined, except that when the Inspector has been notified
in advance and cannot be present or otherwise make the selection, the
fabricator may exercise his own judgment in selecting the spots.
4) Radiographs required at specific locations to satisfy the rules of other
paragraphs, such as UW-9(d), UW-11(a)(5)(b), and UW-14(b), shall not
be used to satisfy the requirements for spot radiography.
(c) Standards for Spot Radiographic Examination. Spot examination by
radiography shall be made in accordance with the technique prescribed in
UW-51(a). The minimum length of spot radiograph shall be 6 in. Spot
radiographs may be retained or be discarded by the Manufacturer after
acceptance of the vessel by the Inspector. The acceptability of welds
examined by spot radiography shall be judged by the following standards.
1) Welds in which indications are characterized as cracks or zones of
incomplete fusion or penetration shall be unacceptable.
2) Welds in which indications are characterized as slag inclusions or
cavities shall be unacceptable if the length of any such indication is
greater than 2⁄3t where t is the thickness of the weld excluding any
allowable reinforcement. For a butt weld joining two members having
different thicknesses at the weld, t is the thinner of these two thicknesses.
If a full penetration weld includes a fillet weld, the thickness of the throat
of the fillet shall be included in t. If several indications within the above
limitations exist in line, the welds shall be judged acceptable if the sum
of the longest dimensions of all such indications is not more than t in a
length of 6t (or proportionately for radiographs shorter than 6t) and if the
longest indications considered are separated by at least 3L of acceptable
weld metal where L is the length of the longest indication. The maximum

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length of acceptable indications shall be 3⁄4 in. (19 mm). Any such
indications shorter than 1⁄4 in. (6 mm) shall be acceptable for any plate
thickness.
3) Rounded indications are not a factor in the acceptability of welds not
required to be fully radiograph tested.
(d) Evaluation and Retests
1) When a spot, radiograph tested as required in (b)(1) or (b)(2) above, is
acceptable in accordance with (c)(1) and (c)(2) above, the entire weld
increment represented by this radiograph is acceptable.
2) When a spot, radiograph tested as required in (b)(1) or (b)(2) above, has
been examined and the radiograph discloses welding which does not
comply with the minimum quality requirements of (c)(1) or (c)(2) above,
two additional spots shall be radiographic examined in the same weld
increment at locations away from the
3) Original spot. The locations of these additional spots shall be determined
by the Inspector or fabricator as provided for the original spot
examination in (b)(3) above.
▪ If the two additional spots examined show welding which meets the
minimum quality requirements of (c)(1) and (c)(2) above, the entire
weld increment represented by the three radiographs is acceptable
provided the defects disclosed by the first of the three radiographs are
removed and the area repaired by welding. The weld repaired area
shall be radiographic examined in accordance with the foregoing
requirements of UW-52.
▪ If either of the two additional spots examined shows welding which
does not comply with the minimum quality requirements of (c) (1) or
(c) (2) above, the entire increment of weld represented shall be
rejected. The entire rejected weld shall be removed and the joint shall
be re-welded or, at the fabricator’s option, the entire increment of
weld represented shall be completely radiograph tested and only
defects need be corrected.
▪ Repair welding shall be performed using a qualified procedure and in
a manner acceptable to the Inspector. The re-welded joint, or the weld
repaired areas, shall be spot radiographic tested examined at one
location in accordance with the foregoing requirements of UW-52.

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APPENDIX II: RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION REPORT

Report No.:
RADIOGRAPHIC Request No.:
EXAMINATION REPORT Date:
Project: SONG HAU THERM AL POWER PLANT- 2X600M W Accept/ Standard:
Client : Procedure: Rev:
Working Area: : NDT Extent :
Drawing No.: : Traveler No. :
Sheet : Spool No. :
MATERIAL INFORMATION
M aterial Spec.: Weld reinforcement : mm Welding Process: Joint Type:
X-RAY GAM M A RAY
EQUIPMENT

Type: ……….. Voltage max: ……... Kv Source type:

Focal Spot Size: …………... mm Isotope:
Tube voltage used: ……….Kv Tube current used: ……... mA Source Size:
OFD (d): …….. mm SOD (D): …. mm
M anufacturer: Fuji IQI Type: ASTM E 747 WIRE TYPE :
MATERIAL

TECHNIQUE
Film Type: IQI Location: Source side Film side
Size: Development: M anual Automatic
Intensifying screen Pb/ Front: …….. mm / Rear: ……. mm Exposure Single wall Double wall
1.8 ≤ X-Ray ≤ 4.0 technique Panoramic
Density Required:
2.0 ≤ Gamma ray ≤ 4.0 Viewing Single image Double image
Sensitivity Required (Wire No.): Ug : ……..mm Number of film in each film cassette: Number of exposure:

RES ULTS OF EXAMINATION

WELD IDENTIFICATION INTERPRETATION EVALUATION

Dia. Thk. Film Date of
No. Density Size Location Remarks
Joint No. Welder I.D (mm) (mm) location Type ACC REJ shooting
(mm) (mm)

TOTAL NUM BER OF RADIOGRAPH: 0 films

Legend: TI : Tungsten Inclusion P: Porosity BT: Burn-through F/M: Film Mark

ACC: Accepted C: Crack ISI : Isolated slag Inclusion RC: Root concavity SD: Surface Defect
REJ: Rejected IP: Incomplete of Penetration ESI: Elongated Slag Inclution ER: ExcessRoot Other:
RS: Reshoot LF: Lack of fusion CP : Cluster Porosity UC: Undercut
EMETC REVIEWED BY REVIEWED BY REVIEWED BY
EXAM INED BY RT LEVEL II

Signature & Date

REVIEWED BY RT LEVEL II

Signature & Date Signature & Date Signature & Date Signature & Date

Report Form No.: EM ETC-RT-01-01

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Report No.:
RADIOGRAPHIC Request No.:
EXAMINATION REPORT Date:

RES ULTS OF EXAMINATION

WELD IDENTIFICATION INTERPRETATION EVALUATION
Dia Thk. Film Date of
No. Density Size Location Remarks
Joint No. Welder I.D (mm) (mm) location Type ACC. REJ. shooting
(mm) (mm)

###############################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################

###############################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################

TOTAL NUM BER OF RADIOGRAPH: 0 films

Legend: TI : Tungsten Inclusion P: Porosity BT: Burn-through F/M: Film Mark

ACC: Accepted C: Crack ISI : Isolated slag Inclusion RC: Root concavity SD: Surface Defect
REJ: Rejected IP: Incomplete of Penetration ESI: Elongated Slag Inclution ER: Excess Root Other:
RS: Reshoot LF: Lack of fusion CP : Cluster Porosity UC: Undercut

EMETC REVIEWED BY REVIEWED BY REVIEWED BY

EXAM INED BY RT LEVEL II

Signature & Date

REVIEWED BY RT LEVEL II

Signature & Date Signature & Date Signature & Date Signature & Date

Report Form No.: EM ETC-RT-01-02

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