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SUBMITTED BY :
MAYANK SINGH
EXPERIMENT - 3
2019EEB1170

 EXPERIMENT 3

HALF WAVE RECTIFICATION

AIM :
1. To know and explain the process of recti ication.

2. To explain half-wave recti ication process.

3. Explain about half-wave recti ication for positive half cycles and
negative half cycles.

APPARATUS / COMPONENTS :
Oscilloscope ; resistors for load resistance ; breadboard ; connecting
wires.

THEORY :
• Recti ier :
A recti ier is a device that converts the alternating current (AC) provided
at the input to direct current (DC), so we get a DC current at the output.
This process is known as recti ication.
It is done by using a diode or a group of diodes. Half wave recti iers use
one diode, while a full wave recti ier uses multiple diodes.

Fig 1 : Half-wave recti ication process.

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 • Half wave recti ication :
A half wave recti ier is one of the simplest form of recti ier. When a
standard AC waveform is passed through a half-wave recti ier, only half of
the AC waveform remains. Half-wave recti iers only allow one half-cycle
(positive or negative half-cycle) of the AC voltage through and will block
the other half-cycle on the DC side, as seen in the following igure :

In

Fig 2 : Conversion of an AC voltage signal to a pulsating DC voltage signal (half wave

recti ication)

half wave recti ier, the diode is forward biased on the positive cycle ; and
is reverse biased on the negative cycle.

• Half wave recti ier Circuit and explanation :

The half-wave recti ier is a circuit that allows only part of an input signal to
pass. The circuit is simply the combination of a single diode in series with
a resistor, where the resistor is acting as a load.

Fig 3 : Half wave recti ier circuit.

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 Lets’s understand the working of this circuit. Assume that the diode used
is an ideal diode. During the positive half cycle, the voltage which
appears across the anode and cathode of the diode will be positive. It
means that this diode will get forward biased. And simply we can replace
this diode by the close switch or it acts as a short circuit. So, this entire
voltage will appear across the load. So, during the positive half cycle,
from 0 to T/2, the complete input wave appear across the load.

Fig 4 : Half Wave Recti ication: For Positive Half Cycle

Now, during the negative half cycle, the voltage which appears across the
anode and cathode will be negative. So, this diode will get reversed
biased. And simply it will act as an open switch. So, there will not be any
low of current through the circuit and at the output, we will get zero
voltage. So, during the negative half cycle, we will get zero voltage. And
in this way whenever the continuous sine wave is applied as an input to
this recti ier, then at the output we will get either positive or negative
pulse signals.

Fig 5 : Half Wave Recti ication: For Negative Half Cycle

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 • Some Formulas :
The output DC voltage of a half wave recti ier can be calculated with the
following two ideal equations :

• The average output voltage :

• RMS load voltage :

• Average and RMS load current :

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 • Form factor : It is de ined as the ratio of rms load voltage and average
load voltage.

• Ripple factor :
‘Ripple’ is the unwanted AC component remaining when converting the
AC voltage waveform into a DC waveform.The ripple factor is the ratio
between the RMS value of the AC voltage (on the input side) and the DC
voltage (on the output side) of the recti ier.
Its formula is :

The ripple factor of half wave recti ier is equal to 1.21 (i.e. γ = 1.21).

•E iciency of Half Wave Recti ier :

Recti ier e iciency (η) is the ratio between the output DC power and the
input AC power.

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 The e iciency of a half wave recti ier is equal to 40.6% (i.e. ηmax = 40.6%).

• Peak Inverse Voltage :

It is the maximum value of reverse voltage which occurs at the peak of
the input cycle when the diode is reverse-biased.
The portion of the sinusoidal waveform which repeats or duplicates itself
is known as the cycle. The part of the cycle above the horizontal axis is
called the positive half-cycle, the part of the cycle below the horizontal
axis is called the negative half cycle. With reference to the amplitude of
the cycle, the peak inverse voltage is speci ied as the maximum negative
value of the sine-wave within a cycle's negative half cycle.

PROCEDURE :
1. Set the load resistor RL.

2. Now, click on 'ON' button to start the experiment.

3. Next press the 'Sine Wave' button to generate the input waveform.

4. Then click on 'Oscilloscope' button to get the recti ied output.

5. Vary the Amplitude, Frequency, volt/div using the controllers.

6. We can click on "Dual" button to observe both the waveforms.

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 7. Channel 1 shows the input sine waveform, Channel 2 shows the

output recti ied waveform.

8. Calculate the Ripple Factor.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS :

1. OSCILLOSCOPE :

Here, the orange curve corresponds to channel 2 which represents the

recti ied output wave; and the blue curve is the input sinusoidal wave
which is the input AC signal (channel 1).

The frequency is set to 4000 Hz and the Amplitude is 1.4 Volts.

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2. CIRCUIT :

Resistance is taken to be 400 ohms.

3. CONTROLS :

 4. CALCULATIONS AND CONCLUSION :

The peak current comes out to be 1.745 mA approx.

• RIPPLE FACTOR CALCULATION AND RESULT :

The ripple factor found by calculations in the following page came out to
be 1.214 (for case 1) with an error of 0.33%.

• Observation table :
Load resistance (ohms) Vm (peak voltage) Peak Current Ripple factor
(volts)

400 1.4 1.745 1.214

300 1.8 3.66 1.211

200 1 1.45 1.2113

500 1.2 0.99 1.211

ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS