Block 1 Part)2( Self-Assessments

Activity [2.1]
a. If a radio wave has a frequency of 2.4 GHz, what is its period?
b. If a radio wave has a period of 0.2 ns, what is its frequency?
T=1/f
9 -10
1
a. T = 1 / 2.4 × 10 Hz = 4.2 × 10 s = 0.42 ns
f=1/T T f
b. f = 1 / T = 1 / 0.2× 10 -9 = 5 × 10 9 Hz = 5 GHz
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Activity [2.2]

a. v(t) = A cos (ωt) : )0, 90 , 180 , 270 , 360( ‫ بالقيم التالية‬ωt ‫نعوض بدل‬
‫ ونرسم‬ωt ‫ من كل القيم لـ‬cos ‫ونطلع قيمة‬

cos(0) = 1
cos(90) = 0
cos(180) = -1
cos(270) = 0
cos(360) = 1

)0, 90 , 180 , 270 , 360( ‫ بالقيم التالية‬ωt ‫نعوض بدل‬

𝝅
b. v(t) = A cos (ωt - ) : ωt ‫ من كل القيم لـ‬cos ‫ ونطلع قيمة‬180 ‫ بـ‬π ‫ونعوض بدل‬
𝟐 ‫ونرسم‬
𝟏𝟖𝟎
cos(0 - )=0
𝟐

𝟏𝟖𝟎
cos(90 - )=1
𝟐

𝟏𝟖𝟎
cos(180 - )=0
𝟐

𝟏𝟖𝟎
cos(270 - ) = -1
𝟐

𝟏𝟖𝟎
cos(360 - )=0
𝟐
 ‫نعوض بدل ‪ ωt‬بالقيم التالية (‪)0, 90 , 180 , 270 , 360‬‬
‫𝝅‬
‫‪c. v(t) = A cos (ωt + ) :‬‬ ‫ونعوض بدل ‪ π‬بـ ‪ 180‬ونطلع قيمة ‪ cos‬من كل القيم لـ ‪ωt‬‬
‫𝟐‬
‫𝟎𝟖𝟏‬ ‫ونرسم‬
‫‪cos(0 +‬‬ ‫‪)=0‬‬
‫𝟐‬

‫𝟎𝟖𝟏‬
‫‪cos(90 +‬‬ ‫‪) = -1‬‬
‫𝟐‬

‫𝟎𝟖𝟏‬
‫‪cos(180 +‬‬ ‫‪)=0‬‬
‫𝟐‬

‫𝟎𝟖𝟏‬
‫‪cos(270 +‬‬ ‫‪)=1‬‬
‫𝟐‬

‫𝟎𝟖𝟏‬
‫‪cos(360 +‬‬ ‫‪)=0‬‬
‫𝟐‬

‫𝝅‬
‫‪d. v(t) = A cos (ωt - ) :‬‬ ‫نعوض بدل ‪ ωt‬بالقيم التالية (‪)0, 90 , 180 , 270 , 360‬‬
‫𝟒‬
‫ونعوض بدل ‪ π‬بـ ‪ 180‬ونطلع قيمة ‪ cos‬من كل القيم لـ ‪ωt‬‬
‫𝟎𝟖𝟏‬ ‫ونرسم‬
‫‪cos(0 -‬‬ ‫‪) = 0.707‬‬
‫𝟒‬
‫‪0.707‬‬
‫𝟎𝟖𝟏‬
‫‪cos(90 -‬‬ ‫‪) = 0.707‬‬
‫𝟒‬
‫‪-0.707‬‬
‫𝟎𝟖𝟏‬
‫‪cos(180 -‬‬ ‫‪) = -0.707‬‬
‫𝟒‬

‫𝟎𝟖𝟏‬
‫‪cos(270 -‬‬ ‫‪) = -0.707‬‬
‫𝟒‬

‫𝟎𝟖𝟏‬
‫‪cos(360 -‬‬ ‫‪) = 0.707‬‬
‫𝟒‬
Activity [2.3]

v(t) = A sin(2πft)
a(t) = 10 sin(40πt) 40πt = 2πft
Amplitude = 10 v 40t = 2ft
Frequency: 20 Hz 40 = 2f
Voltage /v 20 = f

10 v

Frequency/ Hz
20 Hz

=========================================================
𝛑
b(t) = 2cos (1200πt - ) 1200πt = 2πft
𝟒
Amplitude = 2 v 1200t = 2ft

Frequency: 600 Hz 1200 = 2f

600 = f
Voltage /v
𝛑
‫ نتجاهل‬frequency domain ‫مالحظة لو طلب رسم‬
𝟒

2v
Frequency/ Hz
600 Hz
Activity [2.4]

Amplitude = 1 v Amplitude = 0.5 v Amplitude = 0.33 v Amplitude = 0.25 v

Voltage /v

1v
0.5 v
0.33 v
0.25 v Frequency/ Hz
F 2F 3F 4F
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Activity [2.5]
A periodic signal can be represented as the sum of five sine waves with frequencies
of 150, 300, 450, 600 and 750 MHz. What is the bandwidth of the signal?
Bandwidth= highest frequency - lowest frequency
Bandwidth = 750 – 150 = 600 MHz
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Activity [2.6]

A modulating signal can be approximated as v m(t) = cos(ω a t) + cos(ω b t).

This modulates a carrier signal v c(t) = 2cos(ω c t).
Sketch a simple representation of the frequency domain of the modulated signal and
show these components mathematically. For the sketch,
let ω a = 2πf a, ω b = 2πf b and ω c = 2πf c. Also assume that ω c > ω a and ω a > ω b.
 VAM(t) = Vc(t) × Vm(t)

VAM(t) =2cos(ω c t) × (cos(ω a t) + cos(ω b t))

VAM(t) =2cos(ω c t) × cos(ω a t) + 2cos(ω c t) × cos(ω b t)

𝟏
cos (a) cos(b)= (cos(a + b) + cos(a - b))
𝟐

VAM(t) = cos(ω c + ω a)t + cos(ω c - ω a)t + cos(ω c + ω b)t + cos(ω c - ω b)t

(fc + fa) (fc - fa) (fc + fb) (fc + fb)

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Activity [2.9]
For each example, decide which modulation scheme has been used and, based on the
figures you saw earlier, work out what binary data each of these represents.

0 1 1 0 1

ASK

0 1 1 0 1

FSK

0 1 1 0 1

PSK
Activity [2.11]

Scheme Bandwidth Eb / N0 at a BER of 10-7

ASK 2B 14 dB

FSK 2(Δf+B) 14 dB

PSK 2B 11 dB

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Activity [2.12]
a. If a communications system uses 64 symbols, how many bits does each symbol represent?
b. If the same system has a symbol rate of 16 000 baud, what is the data rate?

a. 64 symbols = log2 (64) = 6 bit.

b. data rate = 6 × 16000 = 96000 bit/s = 96 kbit/s

Activity [2.13]
The points at +1 and −1 on the I-axis of the constellation diagram shown in Figure 2.29 correspond
to the waveforms illustrated in Figures 2.26(a) and 2.27(a). Draw the waveforms that correspond to
the points at +1 and −1 on the Q-axis.

(Q +1)

(Q - 1)

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Activity [2.14]
How many bits are represented by each symbol in 64-QAM? Sketch a constellation diagram for 64-
QAM.
 The number of bits per symbol in 64-QAM = log2(64) = 6 bit.

64 / 4 = 16 point in each axis

Activity [2.16]
To give you an idea of some typical rates that are achieved in practice, this activity takes a brief
look at the wireless LAN standard IEEE 802.11ac, in which QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM and 256-
QAM are all specified.
The following table shows the maximum transmission rate of some of the different implementations.
(Note that all the values given are for a single spatial stream with channel bandwidth 20 MHz and
code rate 3/4 – you will be introduced to code rates in Block 2. The values can be increased through
the use of aggregated channels and multiple streams.) Work out what the maximum transmission
rate using 256-QAM would be.

Modulation symbol maximum transmission rate

QPSK 4 symbol = 2 bit N = 1 19.5 × 1 = 19.5

16-QAM 16 symbol = 4 bit  N = 2 19.5 × 2 = 39
64-QAM 64 symbol = 6 bit  N= 3 19.5 × 3 = 58.5
256-QAM 256 symbol = 8 bit  N= 4 19.5 × 4 = 78