A STUDY OF ADJACENCY PAIRS IN ZOOTOPIA MOVIE

A THESIS
Submitted to the English Language and Teaching Department
Tarbiyah and Teacher Training Faculty
Syekh Nurjati State Islamic Institute Cirebon In Partial
Fulfillment of The Requirements of Undergraduate Degree

By:

Mohammad Ali Haidar

14121310320

ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING DEPARTMENT

TARBIYAH AND TEACHER TRAINING FACULTY
SYEKH NURJATI CIREBON STATE ISLAMIC INSTITUTE
CIREBON
2017
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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Research Background

Conversation is a prominent part in people’s life. Without conversation,
people will face a lot of difficulties to communicate with others. As a result, there
will be no interaction between people. As social creatures, human beings need
their fellows to be able to live in this earth. Therefore, it can be stated that
humans’ life cannot be separated from conversation since humans need language
to communicate with others. As (Partridge, 2006: 107) states “conversation is the
main way in which people come together, exchange information, negotiate, and
maintain social relations.” It means that conversational interaction is an activity of
people’s apart of sense where two or more people talk to transfer an idea or
information from a speaker to a listener to build social interaction.
Conversation means an activity where two or more people are talking with
each other just for the purpose of socializing with others. In the same condition,
Anna-Brita Stenstrom defines conversation as a social activity involving two or
more participants who talk about something (Stenstrom, 1994 : 189). While Sacks
defines conversation as a string of at least two turns; or in other words,
conversation is a sequence of utterances between two interlocutors (Coulthard,
1985). Some purposes of making conversation are relating people to a lot of
friends, giving information to other people, trading with other people, and
harming others. Conversation is usually preceded in an organized manner. An
utterance produced by a certain speaker has to be responded by another utterance
from another speaker (the addressee). Consequently, a proper conversational
organization or structure will be created.
Based on all concepts have discussed above, it can be seen that
conversation is one of the most important things in people’s life. It is one of the
important ways for people to communicate with other people. Considering that
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people are social human beings who cannot live without other people, it seems
impossible to eliminate conversation in people’s life. Since conversation is one of
the important things in people’s life, this research believes that it must not be
produced in unorganized pattern. Furthermore, the investigation agrees that there
must be a certain organization or structure which frames a conversation. Thus,
doing this research is in order to find out more information about conversation
analysis.
The basic structural unit in conversation analysis is called adjacency pairs.
Adjacency pair is considered as one of the most important studies in spoken
language because it is a fundamental way to organize conversation. (While, Tsui
1994) defines adjacency pairs as a class of sequences of turns in which an
utterance made by one speaker is responded by another utterance from another
speaker. According to (Sacks and Schegloff 2000), adjacency pair, which is the
most important part of conversational structure, consists of two main features:
first pair parts and second pair parts (as cited in Coulthard, 1985).
The relations between first pair part and second pair part of adjacency pairs.
In the first example, it can be noticed that a greeting is replied by another greeting.
Meanwhile, in the second example, a question is replied by an answer. These are
what Schegloff and Sacks mean in their concepts of adjacency pairs. Sometimes
some interchanged utterances are paired, such pairs which consist of question-
answer or request-acceptance or refusal and the like. These paired utterances are
called adjacency pairs. According to (Paltridge, 2006: 115). “Adjacency pairs are
utterances produced by two successive speaker in the way that the second
utterance is identified as related to the first one as an expected follow up to that
utterance.” It is one of the primary smallest unit of turn-taking, where the second
part’s utterance of second speaker is related to and expected by the prior speaker.
Such as when the first speaker proposes the question, the second one follows up
by responding it with the answer.
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One of the ways to know about adjacency pair in conversational interaction

is by watching movie where conversation occurs between two or more characters
of the movie. Those conversation can be organized in types of adjacency pair. In
the field of conversational analysis, the researcher aims at examining spoken
language in the conversational organization aspect that is used in the dialogue or
conversation of the characters of the movie. It focuses on the adjacency pairs
based on theory stated by Levinson to analyse the conversation of the main
characters in “Zootopia” movie as the object of this study. It is a 2016 animated
comedy adventure movie. As the adjacency pair is formed by two or more people,
there are two characters chosen in this movie and both of them are the main
character who always play more and create conversation. Each utterance or
conversation spoken by someone is varies based on their social background. The
researcher wants to know the dialogue created by the main character Judi Hopps
that plays as the first rabbit police in Zootopia.

“Zootopia (released as Zootropolis in some countries) is a 2016

]
American 3D computer-animated buddy cop comedy-adventure film produced
by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It is the
55th Disney animated feature film. The film is directed by Byron
Howard and Rich Moore, co-directed by Jared Bush, and starring the voices
of Ginnifer Goodwin, Jason Bateman, Idris Elba, Jenny Slate, Nate
Torrence, Bonnie Hunt, Don Lake, Tommy Chong, J. K. Simmons, Octavia
Spencer,Alan Tudyk, and Shakira. The film details the unlikely partnership
between a rabbit police officer and a red fox con artist as they uncover a
conspiracy that involves the disappearance of predator inhabitants of
a mammalian metropolis.” (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zootopia accessed at 2
November 2016)

The reason why the researcher chooses this move as the object of study in
adjacency is because A movie is to represent the utterances that are usually
used in human life because movie is actually a representation of real
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conversation in natural society. Especially movie is one of the all things that
found. There are two main characters that prominently appeared in this movie. so
it is will made the adjacency pair of this move is able to use as the research
object. As a result, this research will conduct the investigation is to find out more
information about adjacency pairs that occur in conversations between Character
to other character of Zootopia Movie.

1.2. Limitation of The Problem

This research focuses on the ways applied conversation expressions in
people’s interaction in everyday conversation, opening expressions are used by
people to sign that they want to start a dialogue with another speaker. For this
study, the scope of the research is in the field of discourse analysis. It limits the
study on discussing adjacency pairs in the conversation. The data were only taken
from the conversation of two main caracters Judy Hops and Nick Wilde of
Zootopia Movie. The reason why this research chooses Character to other
character of Zootopia Movie since some of them used a lot of adjacency pairs in
their conversations. And also found that actually they produce adjacency pairs in
their conversations. However, each Character does not present the same pair as
the other Character. They produce lots of combinations of first pair part and
second pair part of adjacency pairs. This condition stimulates the investigation to
reveal what adjacency pairs occur in conversations.

1.3. Research Question

By doing this research, it is curious to know more about the forms of
adjacency pairs in conversation between Zootopia Movie Character to other
character. In order to achieve the goal which would like to reach, so, this
investigation composes some questions related to the problem.

1. What types of adjacency pairs are used in Zootopia movie?

2. What type of adjacency pair is dominantly used in Zootopia movie?
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1.4. The Aims of the Research

Through the investigation, this research would like:

1. To find out the forms of adjacency pairs are used in Zootopia movie
2. To find out which adjacency pair is dominantly used in Zootopia movie
1.5. Significance of the Study

This research divided significances of the research into two main idea, those are:

1. The result of this study is expected to help speakers to know the way how to
organized utterances in building conversational interaction in daily life and also
it can be used as one of the sources of information for those who need it, either
student, lecturer, researcher, or whoever interested in the same subject of
Adjacency Pairs. Practically, this might be used as a reference for them who are
interested in the subject of Linguistic as guidance or comparison in writing
thesis in same subject in which to know the types of adjacency pairs.

2. Theoretically, this study is humbly hoped that will be a new additional source
of information for increasing the knowledge of the conversational analysis,
especially concerning with adjacency pairs.

1.6. Previous Studies

In order to do this research, the study needs to review not only experts’
opinions through their books, but also some studies that have been made by
previous researchers. At this time, this study would like to review some previous
studies, those are, Pending Nila Praduto’s and Yosephine Ina Baskara’s studies.
The first previous study comes from Pending Nila Praduto’s study. Since the
study discusses about opening and closing expressions, it believes that Praduto’s
study can give contribution to this research. Pending Nila Praduto discusses about
conversation openings pair used by female and male students of Petra Christian
University. In this case, this research also will investigate adjacency pairs in
opening conversation. This investigation showed that “question–answer” pair is
used the most by the subjects of investigation in opening expressions. Here, the
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study believes that what Pending has found in her study might be useful to support
this research’s conclusion later.
Similar to Praduto who used Sacks’ classifications of adjacency pairs, which
includes questions, greetings, challenges, offers, and so on, as the main theory to
help in doing the research, this study, here, also uses those classifications to
observe the data. Besides, the study also uses the different subjects of
investigation, namely, Character to other character in Zootopia Movie. However,
in this time, this study does not limit the gender of the subjects. In other words,
the study chooses the respondents randomly. Also, it uses the similar procedures
of data collection to Praduto’s. Here, the it also records the conversations that
happen between Character to other character; then it transcribes them and finally
analyzes them. However, besides recording the data, here, the study also notes the
data down directly. Different from Praduto who investigated opening expressions
only, here, the study discusses not only openings but also closings.
The second previous study comes from Yosephine Ina Baskara, in the study,
investigated the opening expressions produced by 19 – 22 years old female and
male students. By reading this study, the study can get a lot of new references
because Baskara used lots of reference books. Moreover, what Baskara had
revealed in the study might be useful in concluding the study later.
The last previous study is research about Conversation Analysis of Interview
between presenter Oprah Winfrey and facebook founder Mark Zukerberg. It is
written by Putra Gigih Pamungkas (Pamungkas, 2012) from Dian Nuswantoro
University in 2012. The study focuses on 4 aspects of conversation those are
adjacency pairs, topic management, preference organization and turn – taking.
From the research, it was founded that there were 8 adjacency pairs that consisted
of 1 pair of question – answer, 2 pairs of assessment – agreement, 2 opinions
provide – comment, and 3 opinions provide – clarification. 3 topics were found
in the conversation, all topics were initiated by the Oprah Winfrey and Mark
Zuckerberg only follows. Then, there are also 8 preference organizations
founded and consists of: Question - Answer 1 pair, Assessment - Agreement 2,
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Opinion Provide – Comment 2, Opinion Provide – Clarification 3 pairs. 18 turns

were taken by speakers in the conversation, and each speaker took 9 turns.
Here, the study will use the same theory about adjacency pair as what
Pamungkas used Different from Pamungkas. Which discuss generally about
conversation analysis in some talk show. Besides, Pamungkas differentiated the
researcher takes more specific in adjacency pair. The study will choose a movie as
an object of this research. The move is under the title Zootopia which has released
at 2016.

1.7. Theoretical Foundation

In this theoretical framework, the study uses some theories that are related to
this study, namely, Discourse Analysis, conversation analysis, adjacency pairs.

1.7.1. Discourse analysis

In the study of language, some of the most interesting observations are made,
not in terms of the components of language, but in terms of the way language is
used. For further investigation how we make sense of what we read, how we can
recognize well-constructed texts as opposed to those that are jumbled or
incoherent, how we understand speakers who communicate more than they say,
and how we successfully take part in that complex activity called conversation, we
are undertaking what is known as discourse analysis (Yule, 2006 : 141).

According to Yule, 2006: 142 states “The word “discourse” is usually defined
as “language beyond the sentence” and so the analysis of discourse is
typically concerned with the study of language in texts and conversation. So,
discourse analysis discusses about language either in form of text or talk beyond
word, clause, phrase, and sentence that is used for successful communication.
According to (Paltridge, 2006: 1) “discourse analysis is an approach to the
analysis of language that looks at pattern of language across the text as well as
social and cultural context that in which the text occur.” From some statements
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above, we know that discourse analysis is a study of language in form written and
spoken language beyond the sentence which has relationship to social and cultural
context in way of speaking and writing occur.

1.7.2. Conversation

Conversations are the ideal form of communication in some respects,

since they allow people with different views on a topic to learn from each
other. A speech, on the other hand, is an oral presentation by one person
directed at a group. For a successful conversation, the partners must achieve a
workable balance of contributions. A successful conversation includes
mutually interesting connections between the speakers or things that the
speakers know. For this to happen, those engaging in conversation must find a
topic on which they both can relate to in some sense. Those engaging in
conversation naturally tend to relate the other speaker's statements to
themselves. They may insert aspects of their lives into their replies, to
relate to the other person's opinions or points of conversation.

According to Ciccourel as cited in Sciffrin (1994:232); Conversation is a

source of much of our sense of social order, e.g. it produces many
typifications underlying our notions of social role. Conversation also exhibits
its own order and manifests its own order and manifest.

Fairclough (2001:9) states “conversation is systematically structured, and

that there is evidence of the orientation of participants to these structures in the
way in which they design their own conversational turns and react to those
of others.” Conversation consists of two or more participants taking turns and
only one participants speaking at any time.

In most conversations, the responses are a spontaneous reaction to

what has previously been said. In entertainment talk shows, however, the
topics of conversation are often pre-scripted. Meanwhile, “interacting with
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other people is not just a mechanic process of taking turns at producing

sounds and words but is rather to a semantic activity or a process of making
meanings.” (Eggin and Slade 1997:6)

Conversation is often classified into formal and casual conversation.

(Eggins and Slade 1997:19-20) classify conversation based on:

1. Pragmatic purpose: whether a conversation has a clear pragmatic or not

2. Number of Interactants Involved: whether multilogue or dialogue.
3. Degree of Formality: whether a conversation employs colloquial
expression and humor or conducted in serious tone involving various
expression of politeness. The approach to the analysis of spoken nteractions
known as Conversation Analysis (CA).

1.7.3. Conversational analysis

In discussion of discourse analysis, it is divided into text (written discourse)

and talk (spoken discourse). Conversational analysis is include spoken discourse
which discusses about the way language used in conversational interaction. In
interacting to someone, people need to organize and manage their daily
conversation. In simple term, conversation can be described as an activity in
which for the most part, two or more people take turn at speaking. Typically,
only one person speaks at a time and tends to avoid of silence between speaking
turn (Yule, 2006: 145). In this case, conversational analysis is used as a guidance
that aims to understand how people manage their interaction. It is not how
people arrange the form of sentence or utterance itself but the way how the people
manage and organize the conversation in interaction to others.

States that conversational analysis is an approach to the analysis of spoken

discourse that looks at the way in which people manage their everyday
conversational interaction. (Partridge, 2006: 107) The conversation is includes of
speaker’s utterance from one speaker to another which exchange in taking turn of
speaking where one speaker takes turn to speak and the other to be listener. It
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shifts and recurs in particular time the conversation occur. To manage the
process of conversation, in this case, we need conversational analysis.

1.7.4. Adjacency Pairs

The main theory which the study is eager to use is (Sacks’ and Schegloff’s
theory, 2000) about adjacency pairs that is stated in Coulthard’s book. In the
book, Sacks states that the most important part in conversation is what he called
adjacency pairs. In this book, he states that there are two main features of
adjacency pairs: first pair parts and second pair parts (Coulthard, 1985).

Not only first pair parts but also second pair parts consist of questions,
answers, greetings, challenges, offers, requests, acceptances, refusals, complaints,
apologies, justification, invitations, and announcements. In addition, there are
other classifications of words, namely, responses, thankings, and goodbyes (Yule,
1996). First pair part and second pair parts of adjacency pairs are related each
other. Following Sacks and Schegloff, the existence of particular first pair parts
sets up the expectation of particular second pair parts (Coulthard, 1985). In other
words, not any second pair part can follow any first pair part appropriately.
Moreover, the research has found some examples of both features of adjacency
pairs. Below are some examples of both features:
A : Selamat pagi (Greeting) → First pair part
(Good morning)
Adjency Pairs
B : Selamat pagi juga (Greeting) → Second pair part
(Good morning)
X : Sudah mengerjakan tugas belum? (Question) → First pair part
(Have you done your homework?)
Adjency
Y : Pasti bapa! (Answer) → Second pair part Pairs
(Of course, sir!)

Schegloff has a similar opinion towards the adjacency pairs. He also has the
same classification of first and second pair parts of adjacency pairs. He also thinks
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that, the forms of adjacency pairs are fixed in conversation. First pair part has to
be replied by an appropriate second pair part. It means that a ‘question’ expects an
‘answer’, or a ‘greeting’ expects a ‘greeting’. Besides, Schegloff thinks that there
are ‘offer - acceptance/refusal’ type, and ‘complaintapology/justification’ pair
(Coulthard, 1985).

E.g. A : Good Morning (Greeting)

Adjency Pairs
B : Morning (Greeting)

X : Would you like some picture? (Offer)

Adjency Pairs
Y : Yes, thank you (Acceptance)

Above are some examples of adjacency pairs that happens in conversation.

The first example is ‘greeting – greeting’ type, and the second instance is ‘offer –
acceptance’ type. All ideas about the features of adjacency parts have triggered
the study to have some questions related to his concept. In this case, the study
would like to use the theory to reveal the adjacency pairs happen in conversation.
This study is going to use Sacks’ classification of first and second pair parts to
identify the pairs happen in the beginning and the end of the conversation between
Character to other character.

In people’s interaction, the conversation occur between them in

relation on the topic raised in which the talk produced by the next speaker has a
connection to the prior speaker’s talk such as talk in form of “question” by the prior
speaker requires an “answer” which is expected in next speaker’s utterance. The
result of the relationship in both of talk is paired utterance. The paired utterance
in some simplest, kind of interchange in talk- in-interaction, such as pairs
consisting of question-answer or offer- acceptance, by ( Radfard, 2009: 401) is
considered as adjacency pairs. Going together with this, (Fasold, 2006: 182)
argues that adjacency pairs is the relationship between two utterance in
discourse which a two-part sequence in which the first part sets up a strong
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expectation that a particular second part will be provided. This expectation is so

strong that part constrains the interpretation of the second part.

Another opinion by (Paltridge, 2006: 115) is that Adjacency pairs are

utterances produced by two successive speakers in a way that the second utterance
is identified as related to the first one and expected to follow-up to it. An ordered
pair of adjacent utterances spoken by two different speakers, once the first
utterance is spoken, the second is required. By those of definition, it is clear
that adjacency pairs are the paired utterances produced by two or more people
that occur in interaction. The following conversation is the example from a
telephone call that illustrates speakers using adjacency pairs:

R: Hello.
C: Hello Bob. This is Laurie. How’s everything.
R: Pretty good. How about you?
C: Just fine.

In each of the pairs of utterance in this interaction the first speaker stop
speaking and allows the second speaker to produce the expected second part to
their pair of the utterance.

1.7.4.1. Feature of adjacency pair and their rule of operation

According to (Levinson 1983: 303) proposes the most elementary

features of adjacency pairs with their rule of operation of adjacency pair. In its
minimal basic form of adjacency pair is characterized by certain features.

Adjacency pair are sequence of two utterances that are:

1.7.4.1.1. Adjacent: that is, one after the other

1.7.4.1.2. Produced by different speakers

1.7.4.1.3. Ordered as a first speaker (FPPs, or Fs for short) and a second

speaker (SPPs, or Ss for short).
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1.7.4.1.4. Pair-typed: Adjacency pairs compose pair types which are exchanges
such as greeting–greeting, question– answer and the like. To compose
an adjacency pair, the FPP and SPP come from the same pair type.

The rule of operation that manages the use of adjacency pairs,

namely: if a current speaker has produced a first part of some pair of its first
possible completion, s/he must stop speaking, and the next speaker must
produce a second part to the same pair (Levinson, 1983: 304). The product of this
practice and these features may be represented schematically in a very simple
transcript diagram:

a. First pair part

b. Second pair part
Notes that adjacency pairs are deeply inter-related with the turn-taking
system as techniques for selecting a next speaker especially where an address term
is included or content of the first utterance of the pair clearly isolates a relevant
next speaker (Levinson 1983: 303).

Table 1.1 Type of adjacency pairs

No. First pair part Second pair part

1 Greeting Greeting
2 Summons Answer
3 Apology Minimization
4 Question Answer
5 Request Acceptance/refusal
6 Offer Acceptance/refusal
7 Blame Admission/denial
8 Invitation Acceptance/refusal
9 Assessment Agreement/disagreement
10 Command Compliance/incompliance
11 Suggestion Acceptance/refusal
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12 Assertion Agreement/disagreement
13 Announcement Acknowledge

These types are compiled from many source stated by Levinson,

Coulthard, and Schegloff in their books and it is possible if there are still other
types of adjacency pairs. The response may be preferred common adjacency
pairs and typical preferred and dispreferred second parts. There are other
kinds of adjacency pairs carried out by Paltridge (2000:91-99):

a. Greeting-greeting
The way of saying hello and salutation
e.g.:
A: “Hi!‖
B: “Hello!‖
b. Requesting - Agreement
Requesting is asking someone to do something which can be
responded with acceptance or refusal.
e.g.:
A: “Would you mind to close the door?”
B: “Of course.”
c. Assessment-agreement
Assessment can be formed into opinion seek or comment,
which is asking another‟s opinion or agreement. It is responded with
agreement or called opinion provide.
e.g.:
A: “What do you think about that kitten?”
B: “So cute.”
d. Question-answer
Question can be formed into information seek, clarification
seek, etc. It is about asking something to someone. It is responded with
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information provide, clarification provide, etc.

e.g.:
A: “Where do you live?”
B: “I live in London.”
e. Compliment-acceptance
Compliment is the way of praising another person about
something he or she has. It is responded with acceptance.
e.g.:
A: “What a nice cloth?”
B: “Oh, thanks.
f. Leave taking adjacency pair
The utterances which is have purpose to end the conversation.
e.g.:
A: “See you.‖
B: “See you‖
g. Complaint-apology
Complaint is utterances which indicate feeling unsatisfied
about something. However, apology is the way to response the
complaint, which expresses regretfulness.
e.g.:
A: “This food is too salty.‖
B: ―I‘m sorry, sir. I‘ll give you another one.‖
h. Warning-acknowledgement
Warning is utterances to warn someone about something. While
acknowledgement is statements which show that the warning is already
acceptable.
e.g.:
A: “Beware of the hole in the street.‖
B: ―Okay. Thank you.‖
i. Blame-denial
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Blame is utterances that express that someone is responsible

about the mistake. Denial is statement to say that something is not true.
e.g.:
A: ―You lose the key, don‘t you?‖
B: ―No. I don‘t.‖
j. Threat - counter-threat, etc
Threat is utterances that indicate the intension of harm.
However, counter threat is utterances that express the defeat of
someone‟s threat.
e.g.:
A: ―You got to get out of here or I‘ll call the security.‖
B: ―No, I won‘t.‖
k. Offer-Acceptance
Offer is utterances which giving something to someone, it may
be in the form of goods or services. Acceptance is response indicates
that the offer is accepted.
e.g.:
A: ―Here is your book.‖
B: ―Thanks a lot.‖

These kinds of conversational rituals vary, however, from culture to

culture. Just because someone is able to open and close a conversation in
their first language does not mean that they will necessarily know how to do
this in a second language and culture. The researcher also use the theory of
Stenstorm for references if there are any difficulties to decide what types of
CA in this thesis or another same researches which maybe can helping.

1.7.4.2. Preference organization

The basic rule for the adjacency pairs, then, is when a current speaker have
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produced a first pair part they should stop talking and allows the next speaker to
produce a second pair part. The next speaker has freedom in responding to
some first pair part. As ( Levinson 1983: 332) said that alternative second pair
parts of adjacency pairs are not generally equal

status; rather some second turns are preferred and others dispreferred.
We can understand that the next speaker in producing some second pair parts
may be either preferred or dispreferred. It is to be freedom of the second
speaker to respond the first part utterance. Naturally the conversation produced
by two or more people is related to each other such as question followed by
answer and the respond (answer) of second part may be expected answer
(preferred) or unexpected answer (dispreferred).

Table 1.2 Common adjacency pairs and typical preferred and dispreferred
second pair parts

No. First pair parts Second pair parts

Preferred Dispreferred
1 Request Acceptance Refusal
2 Offer/invitation Acceptance Refusal
3 Assessment Agreement Disagreement
4 Question Expected answer Unexpected answer
or non- answer
5 Blame Denial Admission
6 Assertion Agreement Disagreement
7 Suggestion Acceptance Denial
8 Command Compliance Incompliance

As we saw, some first pair parts allowed for alternative second that
some options are preferred and dispreferred – a distinction which may have a
psychological basic and explanation but also has linguistic realizations;
preferred second are unmarked – they occur as structurally simpler turns; in
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contrast dispreferred seconds are marked by various kinds of structural

complexity. As (Levinson, 1983: 332) said that the notion of preference is not
intended as a psychological claim about speaker’s or hearer’s desires, but as a
label for a structural phenomenon very close to the linguistic concept of
markedness.

Levinson 1983: 334 observes that dispreferred seconds are distinguished

by incorporating a substantial number of the following features:

a. Delay: (i) by pause before delivery; (ii) by the use of preface; (iii) by
displacement over a number of turn via repair initiators

or insertion sequences.

b. Preface: (i) the use of markers of announcers of dispreferred like Uh and

Well; (ii) the production of token agreements before disagreements; (iii)
the use of appreciation if relevant (for offers, invitation, suggestion,
advice); (iv) the use of apology if relevant (for question, invitation, etc.);
(v) the use of qualifiers (e.g. I don’t know for sure, but….); (vi)
hesitation in various form, including self-editing.

c. Declination component; of a form suited to the nature of the first part of the
pair, but characteristically indirect or mitigated.

The following is the example of the feature of dispreferred second pair

part in conversation considering the following pair of invitations and their
responses as shown below:

A: why don’t you come up and see me some [time]

B: [I would like to]

C: Uh if you’d care to come and visit a little while this

morning I’ll give you a cup of coffee.

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D: Hehh Well that’s awfully sweet of you

(DELAY) (MARKER) (APPRECIATIO)

I don’t think I can make it this morning

(REFUSAL OF DECLINATION)

hh uhm I’m running an and ad in the paper and uh I have to stay

near the phone (ACCOUNT)

There are many sequences involve the expansion of the basic unit other
than to be presented in talk-in-interaction of the sequence fully constituted by a
single, basic, minimal adjacency pair. These expansions may occur in three
possible places which a two-turn unit permits: before the first pair part, in what
we will call pre-expansion (sequence); between the first and the projected
second pair part, in what we will call insertion- expansion; and after the
second pair part, in what we will call post- expansion (Schegloff, 2006: 26).
Those sequences are schematically shown as diagram below:

Pre- sequence

a. First pair part Base-sequence

Insertion- sequence

b. Second pair part Base-sequence

Post- sequence

1.7.4.3. Pre-sequence

Levinson 1983: 345 states that the term pre-sequence is used, with
systematic ambiguity, to refer both to a certain kind of turn and certain kind of
sequence containing that type of turn. As having been explained above, the
 21

sequence that occurs before the first pair part is called as pre- sequence. There
is a sequence created by first speaker and second speaker in two or more turns
to make a conversation. This sequence occurs before the first pair part. The first
place at which a two-part unit can be expanded is before its first part.
(Schegloff, 2006: 28) said that all pre-expansion virtually are themselves
constructed of adjacency pairs therefore they will regularly refer to them as
“pre-sequence”. They are themselves sequence, and they come before sequence
– they are recognizably “pre-,” that is primary to something else which are
preliminary to is quite specific: it is a first pair part of a particular pair type – an
invitation, an offer, a request, an announcement. It mean that the utterance
produced by first part before the base sequence and the respond of second part
addressed to this utterance is typically called as pre-sequence.

The first pair type above, in pre-sequence is called type-specific

sequence. For the example. Pre-invitations, pre-offers, and the like. These Pre-
sequences and what they are pre-expansions of, is the specified base sequence
– the base adjacency pair, with its base FPP and base SPP.

The following conversation is the example of pre-sequence spoken by

Clara and Nelson:

1 Cla: Hello
2 Nel: Hi.
3 Cla: Hi.
4 Nel: Fpre Whatcha doin’.
5 Cla: Spre Not much.
6 Nel: Fb Y’wanna drink?
7 Cla: Sb Yeah.
8 Nel: Okay.
Nelson’s question at line 4 is one form which pre-invitation commonly
take, and in this position – that is, after the (here minimal) opening section of the
conversation. Clara’s response exemplifies a go-ahead response to a pre-
invitation, and Nelson does indeed go ahead (at line 6) to issue the invitation
which his pre-sequence had foreshadowed, and Clara does the acceptance
 22

(line 7) which her response to the pre-invitation had foreshadowed.

1.7.4.4. Insertion sequence

Paltridge, 2006: 118 argues that insertion sequence is that where one
adjacency pair comes between the first pair and the second pair part of another
adjacency pair. Besides, (Levinson, 1983: 305) said that insertion sequence is
effectively structure considerable stretches of conversation. Operating over
just two turns – namely adjacency pair organization – can by means of the
accumulation of first pair parts project a large sequence of expectable seconds.

Insert expansions, like pre-expansions, are themselves constructed out of

adjacency pairs and take the form of insert sequences. As the “pre-” in “pre-
sequences” registers their placement before a first pair part, so does the “insert” in
“insert sequences” register their positioning between the parts of the base
adjacency pair – after the base first pair part and before the base second pair part
(Schegloff, 2006: 97). Insertion-sequence is used by the participant to expand the
conversation and it occurs between the first of the base sequence and the second
one. Both elements are indispensable to what is meant by insert expansion: a)
position between a first pair part and a projected second pair part, and b) that the
insert expansion is initiated by the recipient of the preceding first pair part.

May I have a bottle of Mich? ((Q1))

Are you twenty one? ((Q2))
No ((A2))
No ((A2))

Q1 labels the first question, A1 its answer, Fb labels the first part base,
Fins labels the first part insertion, and so on. The conversation above is a
question-answer pair that is embedded within another. The question of the first part
and its answer of second part are separated by another question-answer which is
called insertion sequence.
1.8. Research Method
 23

In this part, the study will like to describe the process of collecting and
analyzing the data, the instruments, and the procedure of data collection to support
this research.

1.8.1. Source of Data

The data source of the research is taken from the movie of “Zootopia”, is a
2016 animation film tells the story about Judy Hopps that dubbed by Ginnifer
Goodwin and is directed by Byron Howard, Rich Moore, and Jared Bush. As the
data resource of this research is a movie, the data is taken from characters of it.
There are two characters selected, both of them are Judy Hopps that dubbed by
Ginnifer Goodwin and Nick Wilde that dubbed by Jason Bateman. The data is in
the form of talk and find out the script of the movie to get textual data and
dialogue or conversation uttered by them is transcribed as well as conversation
occurs.

Both of two characters are the main characters and act more in this movie.
Thus more data are gotten from them. As (Alison Wray, 2006: 185) states that
Dialogue of two characters above either it is word, clause, sentence, utterance, or
expression is collected as the data. Then, the data is set into the columns of table
in order to avoid problems with tabs and spaces and make all of table’s lines
invisible. so that in this research, the researcher is the most significant instrument
to collect and analyze the data based on the theory that is used in this
investigation. Then, this research will identify the utterances to find the answers
of the research questions out by using the thoeries that are used.

1.8.2. Research Design

The methodology that used in this study is qualitative approach. This is based
on (Ledico et al, 2006:264) that claimed qualitative research would focus on the
study of social phenomena and on giving voice to the feelings and perceptions of
the participants under study and belief that knowledge is derived from the social
setting and that understanding social knowledge is a legitimate scientific process.
 24

This work also shall be exclusively descriptive qualitative analysis, and analysis
will be conducted using the following levels of analysis, such that it could provide
a guide and be relevant to future researchers in a related field. Descriptive
qualitative research is research that asks questions about the nature, incidence, or
distribution of variables; it involves describing but not manipulating variables.
One of the key elements of collecting data is to observe participants' behaviors by
participating in their activities. (Creswell, 2003: 18-21).

1.9. Research System

1.9.1. Steps of the Research

There are several steps that adopted from (Fraenkel and Wallen, 2009: 425-
426), they are:

1. Identification of the phenomenon to be studied.

2. Identification of the participants in the study.
3. Data collection.
4. Data analysis.
5. Interpretations and conclusions.

These steps are very needed for this study and very useful for researcher.
These steps will help researcher conducted this study with ease. Thus, researcher
can complete this research properly.

1.9.2. Techniques and Instruments of Collecting Data

1.9.2.1. Technique of Research

This research will begin to find the subjects of investigation at Zootopia

Movie. This research will pay attention to the subjects in Firstly, the Character to
other character always take apart in the the conversation while learning in the
classroom. Secondly, this place is easy to access by this study to record the
dialogue between Character to other character. Because the main data of this
 25

research is received from the movie of “Zootopia”, to collect the data, the writer
uses some steps as the following:

1. Watching and understanding the movie

The researcher watched the movie of “Zootopia” for the first

time to know the movie and understand the utterances deeply
produced by the two characters.

2. Finding the script

In this step, after watching the movie, the researcher downloads

the script in the internet and some utterances are transcribed in
detail in order to understand the conversation well.

3. Coding the data

4. Classifying the data

Finally, the researcher classifies the conversation based on types

of adjacency pairs to get the data.

1.9.2.2. Coding

This coding below is to help this study easier in the process of analysing the
data. Moreover this can make the classification of untterances in openings and
closings adjacency. So, this can be more useful for this study to analyze the data
which comes from between the Character to other character at the classroom. The
codings are as seen as following:

Coding Data

Gg : Greeting Ref : refusal Dis : disagreement

Sum : Summons O : Offer Cod : Command
Ans : Answer B : Blame Com : Compliance
Ap : Apology Adm : Admission In : incompliance
Min : Minimization Den : denial Sug : Suggestion
 26

Q : Question I : Invitation Asr : Assertion

Req : Request Asm : Assessment Anc : Announcement
Acc : Acceptance Agr : Agreement Ack : Acknowledge

1.10. Data Analysis

After getting the data, this research will begin to analyze them. The analysis
is divided into two steps, namely analysis on adjacency pairs used in opening
expressions, and analysis on adjacency pairs used in closing expressions which
happened in the conversation. For the first step, this research will analyze the first
pair and the second pair parts of adjacency pairs that happened in the opening
conversation that the subjects have produced. As an example:

A: Sudah mengerjakan tugas?

Have you done your task? (Question)

Adjacency Pairs
B: Pasti bapak!.

Of course I have. (Answer)

Since the pair happens is Question—Answer, this research put a check mark
into a small box of the table which showed Q—Ans. Or else, if the study find a
Greeting—Greeting pair, it will put a check mark into the box of G—G. In this
case, the study will name the pairs according to Sacks’ classification of adjacency
pairs. If through the research will find other forms of the pairs, then will change or
add the table. Next, the study will calculate the frequency of pairs that occured in
conversation and count them into percentage by using the following formula:

Frequency of the pair

(%) = X 100%

Total source of the data

 27

Finally, this study will put the percentage of the data into the table below:

Uttereances Adjacency pairs that happened in conversation of Zootopia movie

Gg Sum Ap Q Req Req O O B B I I Asm Asm Cod Cod Sug Sug Asr Asr An

Gg Ans Min Ans Acc Ref Acc Ref Adm Den Acc Ref Agr Dis Com In Acc Ref Agr Dis Ac

L: Good
morning
my
students.
S: Good
morning,
sir.
L: Have
you had a
lunch?
S: We have
not had a
lunch, sir.
L: Thank
you very
much on
your
kleenex.
S: Don’t
mention it,
sir.
L: May I
have a
marker?
S: Yes, it
is.
L: Your
paper is not
too good.
S: I am
sorry, sir.
L: Would
you like to
visit the
museum
with me
this
evening?
S: We’d
love to!
L: Is it OK
if I borrow
this book?
S: I’d rather
you didn’t,
it’s due back
at the library
tomorrow.
 28

Coding Data

Gg : Greeting Ref : refusal Dis : disagreement

Sum : Summons O : Offer Cod : Command
Ans : Answer B : Blame Com : Compliance
Ap : Apology Adm : Admission In : incompliance
Min : Minimization Den : denial Sug : Suggestion
Q : Question I : Invitation Asr : Assertion
Req : Request Asm : Assessment Anc : Announcement
Acc : Acceptance Agr : Agreement Ack : Acknowledge
 29

Research Timeline

NO ACTIVITY OCTOB NOVE DECEM JANU FEBRU MAR

ER MBER BER ARY ARY CH

Preparing and
1 development
research proposal

2. Seminar Proposal
& Revision of
research proposal

3. Analyzing data
from Observation
and conducting
interview

4. Collecting Data
and Data Analysis

5. Making data
conclusion

6. The final Revision

Research