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Avh© mgvR I mf¨Zv

GK mgq aviYv Kiv n‡Zv †h Avh© mf¨ZvB fvi‡Zi cÖvPxbZg mf¨Zv| wKšÍz wmÜz mf¨Zv Avwe®‹v‡ii
d‡j GB aviYvi cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q| Z‡e fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k HwZnvwmK hy‡Mi ïiy Avh©‡`i AvMgb
†_‡KB| Avh©‡`i Avw` evm¯’vb I fviZe‡l© AvMgb Ges µgwe¯Ív‡i eY©bv i‡q‡Q cÖ_g cv‡V|
FM&-ˆew`K I cieZx© ˆew`K hy‡M Avh©mgv‡Ri BwZnvm ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q wØZxq cv‡V| Avh©‡`i mgvR
e¨e¯’v, A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK Rxeb I ag©wek¦vm Av‡jvPbv K‡i Avh© mf¨Zvi cwiPq `vb Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
Avh© mgv‡R Ôag©' †¶‡Î ˆew`K a‡g©i cÖwZwµqv ¯^iƒc fvi‡Z Rb¥ wb‡q‡Q `ywU bZzb ag©gZÑ ˆRb ag©
I †eŠ× ag©| GB ag©Ø‡qi D™¢e I g~jgš¿ Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q Z…Zxq I PZz_© cv‡V|

G BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q t

• cvV-2. Avh©‡`i AvMgb I we¯Ívi
• cvV-2. Avh©‡`i mgvR, A_©bxwZ, ag© I ivR‰bwZK Rxeb
• cvV-3. ˆRb ag©
• cvV-4. †eŠ× ag©|

BwZnvm c„ôv
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cvV - 1

Avh©‡`i AvMgb I we¯— vi

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV c‡o Avcwb
• Avh©‡`i Avw` evmf‚wg m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ gZev` Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
• fviZe‡l© Avh©‡`i emwZ we¯Ív‡ii weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

ms¯‹…‡Z Avh© k‡ãi A_© mreskRvZ e¨w³| g¨v·gyjvi, m¨vi DBwjqvg †RvÝ cÖf…wZ cwÛ‡Zi g‡Z
Avh© GKwU fvlv‡Mvôxi bvg| hviv Avh© fvlvq K_v e‡j ZvivB Avh© RvwZi AšÍfy©³ e‡j we‡ewPZ|
wdwj‡àv m¨v‡mwU bvgK †d¬v‡i‡Ýi GKRb ewYK †Mvqv‡Z cuvPeQi Ae¯’v‡bi (1783-1788 wLªt) ci
cÖ_g ms¯‹…‡Zi m‡½ BD‡iv‡ci cÖavb K‡qKwU fvlvi mv`„‡k¨i K_v †NvlYv K‡ib| 1786 wLª÷v‡ã
GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU Ae †e½‡j cÖ`Ë Zuvi e³…Zvq wZwb e‡jb †h, GKB Drm †_‡K DrcwËi Kvi‡Y
G mv`„k¨| Zuvi g‡Z, wMÖK, j¨vwUb, Mw_K, †KwëK, ms¯‹…Z, cviwmK, Rvg©vb BZ¨vw` GKB Drm †_‡K
D™¢yZ| G fvlv¸‡jv cwÛZ†`i Kv‡Q B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq ev B‡›`v-Rvg©vb fvlv iƒ‡c cwiwPZ| fvlvMZ
mv`„‡k¨i Kvi‡Y cÖkœ `uvwo‡q‡Q †h, GB Avh© fvlv †h RvwZ‡Mvôx e¨envi Ki‡Zv Zv‡`i Avw` evmf‚wg
†Kv_vq wQj|G m¤ú‡K© cwÛZMY wewfbœ gZvgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| GK`j cwÛZ g‡b K‡ib †h, Avh©iv
Avw`‡Z fviZevmx wQj| cieZx©Kv‡j Zviv fvi‡Zi evB‡i cwðg Gwkqv I BD‡iv‡c Qwo‡q c‡o|
Ab¨‡`i g‡Z, Avh©iv evB‡i †_‡K G‡m fvi‡Z emwZ ¯’vcb K‡iwQj|
huviv g‡b K‡ib †h Avh©‡`i Avw` evmf~wg wQj fviZel©, Zuviv wbgœwjwLZ hyw³ †`Lv‡bvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb
:
(K) Avh©‡`i cÖvPxbZg MÖš’ †e` fvi‡Z iwPZ n‡qwQj| †e‡` mßwmÜz A‡ji D‡jøL i‡q‡Q|
ˆew`K mvwn‡Z¨ †h mKj MvQ I cï-cvwLi D‡jøL Av‡Q Zv fvi‡Zi GB A‡j †`Lv hvq|
(L) hviv †`k Z¨vM K‡i Ab¨ †`‡k wM‡q emevm K‡i Zviv Zv‡`i Avw` evmf‚wgi K_v ¯§iY K‡i|
wKšÍz ˆew`K mvwn‡Z¨ mßwmÜz Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb †`‡ki bvg cvIqv hvq bv|
(M) cviwMUv‡ii g‡Z, DËi-cwðg w`K ‡_‡K Avh©‡`i AwfcÖqv‡Yi †Kvb cÖgvY fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡m
†bB, eis DËi-cwðg n‡Z Avh©‡`i fvi‡Zi evB‡i hvIqv m¤¢e| F‡M¦‡`i b`x †¯Ív‡Î †h
b`x¸‡jvi D‡jøL Av‡Q Zv M½v w`‡q ïiy n‡q DËi-cwð‡g mi¯^Zx w`‡q †kl n‡q‡Q| GB b`x
†¯ÍvÎ †_‡K aviYv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †h Avh©iv c~e© †_‡K DËi-cwð‡g wM‡qwQj|
(N) Avh©iv ewnivMZ n‡j Zv‡`i Avw` evmf‚wg‡Z †e‡`i gZ †Kvb MÖš’ iwPZ nqwb †Kb?
Gme hyw³i gva¨‡g wKQy HwZnvwmK `vex K‡ib †h, Avh©‡`i Avw` evmf‚wg wQj fviZel©| wKšÍz
†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv cwÛZ G g‡Zi wec‡¶ †ek wKQy hyw³ †`wL‡q‡Qb| Zuv‡`i hyw³¸‡jv wbgœiƒct
(K) †e‡` D‡jøwLZ MvQcvjv I cïcvwLi bvg †_‡K wbwðZfv‡e ejv hvq bv †h mßwmÜz AÂjB
wQj Avh©‡`i Avw` evmf‚wg| fvi‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i cÖ_‡g Zviv H A‡j emwZ ¯’vcb Kivq H
GjvKvi MvQcvjv I cïcvwLi m‡½ Zv‡`i cÖ_g cwiPq N‡U| G Kvi‡YB G¸‡jvi bvg D‡jøL
Kiv n‡q‡Q| †e`I iwPZ n‡qwQj H GjvKv‡ZB|

BDwbU--- c„ôv
40

 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

(L) GgbI n‡Z cv‡i †h `xN©Kvj mßwmÜz A‡j evm Kivi d‡j Avh©iv Zv‡`i Avw` evmf‚wgi me
¯§„wZ nvwi‡q †d‡jwQj e‡jB †e‡` Zvi D‡jøL cvIqv hvq bv|
(M) b`x †¯ÍvÎ w`‡q Avh©‡`i DËi-cwðg fviZ †_‡K evB‡i AwfcÖqvY cÖgvY Kiv hvq bv| ˆew`K
mvwn‡Z¨ 39 wU b`xi bvg cvIqv hvq| Zvi g‡a¨ F‡M¦‡`B cvIqv hvq 25wU b`xi bvg, wKšÍz
M½v b`xi bvg ïaygvÎ GKevi D‡jøwLZ n‡q‡Q| Avh©iv fvi‡Zi Avw`evmx n‡j Ges c~e© †_‡K
cwð‡g AwfcÖqvY N‡U _vK‡j M½v b`xi mv†_ Zv‡`i wbweo m¤úK© _vKvi K_v Ges †m †¶‡Î
M½vi bvg evievi D‡jøwLZ nIqv DwPr wQj|
(N) F‡M¦‡`i gZ †Kvb MÖš’ Ab¨ †Kvb †`‡k iwPZ nqwb e‡jB ejv hvq bv †h fviZB wQj Avh©‡`i
Avw` evmf‚wg| GgbI n‡Z cv‡i †h fvi‡Z Avmvi Av‡M †e‡`i gZ MÖš’ iPbv Kivi gZ
eyw×e„wËK I mvgvwRK Dbœqb Zv‡`i N‡Uwb|
(O) ZvQvov ejv hvq †h fviZel© Avh©‡`i Avw` evmf‚wg n‡j Zviv fviZ Z¨v‡Mi Av‡MB †MvUv
fviZe‡l© Avh© emwZ I ms¯‹…wZ we¯Ívi Ki‡Zv| wKšÍz DËi fvi‡Zi †ek wKQy GjvKv Ges
`w¶Y fviZ wQj Avh© ms¯‹…wZi evB‡i|
(P) ms¯‹…Z fvlvq Zvje¨ e‡Y©i (b, s, r) cÖvavb¨ †`Lv hvq hv BD‡ivcxq Ab¨ †Kvb B‡›`v-
BD‡ivcxq fvlvq †bB| cwÛ‡Ziv g‡b K‡ib †h, BD‡ivc †_‡K fvi‡Z Avmvi ci `ªvweo
fvlvi cÖfv‡e GiKg n‡q‡Q|
(Q) ˆew`K mvwn‡Z¨ wms‡ni D‡jøL _vK‡jI evN I nvwZi D‡jøL †bB| Avh©iv fvi‡Zi Avw`evmx
n‡j fvi‡Zi GB `ywU cÖvYxi bv‡gi D‡jøL ˆew`K mvwn‡Z¨ Aek¨B _vKv DwPr wQj|
Gme hyw³i e‡j cwÛ‡Ziv cÖgvY Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Qb †h Avh©‡`i Avw` evmf‚wg wQj fvi‡Zi evB‡i|
A‡bK HwZnvwmK g‡b K‡ib †h, Avh©iv BD‡ivc †_‡K fvi‡Z G‡mwQj| Zuv‡`i hyw³¸‡jv wbgœiƒct
(K) Avh© fvlv‡Mvôxi mvZwU fvlvi g‡a¨ cuvPwU GLbI BD‡iv‡ci fvlv, ïay ms¯‹…Z I cviwmK
BD‡iv‡ci evB‡ii|BD‡iv‡c wMÖK, j¨vwUb, Rvg©vb cÖf…wZ Avh©© fvlv¸‡jvi †h iKg Nb
mwbœ‡ek †`Lv hvq fvi‡Z Zv †`Lv hvq bv| BD‡iv‡c Avh© †Mvôxfy³ fvlvi Avwa‡K¨i Kvi‡Y
cwÛ‡Ziv g‡b K‡ib †h, Avw`‡Z Avh©iv BD‡iv‡cB evm Ki‡Zv|
(L) ˆew`K mvwn‡Z¨ IK, DB‡jv, evP© BZ¨vw` MvQ Ges †Nvov, Mvfx, luvo, ïKi cÖf…wZ RšÍzi D‡jøL
cvIqv hvq| cÖvP¨ †`‡ki RšÍz nvwZ, evN, DU BZ¨vw`i †Kv‡bv D‡jøL ˆew`K mvwn‡Z¨ †bB|
(M) Aa¨vcK MvBjm g‡b K‡ib †h, Avh©‡`i Avw` evmf‚wg wQj `w¶Y c~e© BD‡ivc| Avw` B‡›`v-
BD‡ivcxq fvlvq mgy‡`ªi †Kvb D‡jøL bv _vKvq a‡i †bIqv hvq †h Avh©‡`i Avw` evmf‚wg
†Kvb Øx‡c ev mgy`ª Zx‡i wQjbv| Zviv †hme MvQcvjv I cïcvwLi bvg D‡jøL K‡i‡Q †m¸‡jv
bvwZkx‡Zvò A‡ji|Avh©iv ZLb ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm Ges K…wlKvR ïiy K‡iwQj| Zv‡`i
M„ncvwjZ cïi g‡a¨ Miy, †Nvov I †fovi Rb¨ wfbœ wfbœ ai‡bi cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek cÖ‡qvRb
wQj| Zvn‡j g‡b Ki‡Z n‡e †h Avh©‡`i Avw` evm¯’vb Ggb GKwU ¯’v‡b wQj †hLv‡b K…wl I
PviY‡hvM¨ cwi‡ek †KvbwUiB Afve wQjbv | †mLv‡b K…wl‡hvM¨ Rwg, †Nvovi Rb¨ we¯ÍxY© †¯Íc
Ges †fov Piv‡bvi Rb¨ DuPy RwgÑ meB wQj| Gm‡ei w`‡K j¶ †i‡L W. MvBjm eZ©gvb
Awóªqv-nv‡½wi AÂj‡KB Avh©‡`i Avw` evmf‚wg wnmv‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb|
Aa¨vcK eª¨v‡Û÷vBb g‡b K‡ib †h, Divj ce©‡Zi `w¶‡Y wKiwNR ‡¯Íc AÂjB wQj Avh©‡`i Avw`
evmf‚wg| G wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ nIqvi Rb¨ wZwb kãZ‡Ë¡i mvnvh¨ wb‡q‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z, cÖ_g w`‡Ki
B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq kãvejx‡Z †Kvb ce©Zgvjvi cv`‡`‡k we¯ÍxY© †¯Íc f‚wg‡Z Avh©‡`i Avw` evmf‚wgi
Bw½Z cvIqv hvq| cieZx©Kv‡ji B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq kãvejx‡Z m¤ú~Y© wfbœ ai‡bi Rwg, MvQcvjv Ges
RxeRšÍzi mÜvb cvIqv hvq| ‡mLv‡b ﮋ †¯Ícf‚wgi m‡½ mswkøó kãvejxi cwie‡Z© Rjvf‚wgi ¯úó

BwZnvm c„ôv
41
Gm Gm GBP Gj

Bw½Zevnx kãvejx cvIqv hvq| eZ©gv‡b AwaKvsk cwÛZB eª¨v‡Û÷vB‡bi g‡Zi mg_©K Ges Zuviv
g‡b K‡ib †h, wKiwNR AÂjB Avh©‡`i Avw` evmf‚wg|
†e` n‡”Q Avh©‡`i cÖvPxbZg mvwnZ¨| PviwU †e‡`i g‡a¨ F‡M¦` cÖvPxbZg| †e` cÖ_‡g wjwLZ AvKv‡i
wQjbv| F‡M¦‡`i †¯Ívθ‡jv cÖ_g iwPZ nq Ges kªywZ ev Kv‡b ï‡b ¯§„wZ ev Ave„wËi gva¨‡g eûKvj
esk ci¤úivq †_‡K hvq| A‡bK c‡i †e`‡K wjwce× Kiv nq|
F‡M¦‡`i iPbvKvj Rvb‡Z cvi‡j Avh©‡`i fvi‡Z AvMg‡bi mgq Rvbv hvq|Rvg©vb cwÛZ
g¨v·gyjv‡ii g‡Z, F‡M¦` †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q iwPZ nqwb| F‡M¦‡`i wewfbœ Ask wewfbœ mgq
iwPZ n‡qwQj| Zuvi g‡Z, F‡M¦‡`i iPbvKvj wQj 1200-1000 wLª÷c~e©v‡ãi g‡a¨| DB›Uviwbrm
F‡M¦` I cÖvPxb cviwmK ag©MÖš’ †R›` Av‡e¯Ívi fvlvi AmvaviY mv`„k¨ †`‡L g‡b K‡ib †h, `ywU MÖš’B
mgmvgwqKKv‡j iwPZ n‡qwQj| fvlvZvwË¡K cwÛZ‡`i g‡Z Av‡e¯Ív iwPZ n‡qwQj AvbygvwbK 1000
wLª÷c~e©v‡ã| Kv‡RB F‡M¦‡`i iPbvi mgqKvjI Abyiƒc n‡Z cv‡i|
Gwkqv gvBb‡ii AšÍM©Z †evNvR‡KvB bvgK ¯’v‡b wLª÷c~e© 1400 A‡ãi GKwU wkjvwjwc cvIqv
†M‡Q| G‡Z ˆew`K †`eZv B›`ª, eiyY, wgÎ cÖgy‡Li Abyiƒc bvg Av‡Q| G †_‡K g‡b Kiv hvq †h
F‡M¦‡`i iPbv ïiy n‡qwQj 1400 wLª÷c~e©v‡ãi w`‡K| Aa¨vcK e¨vkvg g‡b K‡ib †h, F‡M¦‡`i iPbv
Kvj wQj 1500-1000 wLª÷c~e©vã| mvaviYZ cwÛZMY g‡b K‡ib †h, Avh©iv 1500 wLª÷c~e©v‡ãi
w`‡K fvi‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡iwQj|
F‡M¦` †_‡K Avh©‡`i fvi‡Z emwZ ¯’vcb I we¯Ívi m¤ú‡K© wKQy Z_¨ cvIqv hvq| cieZx© ˆew`K
mvwn‡Z¨ G m¤ú‡K© Av‡iv wKQy weeiY cvIqv hvq|
F‡M¦‡` AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi Kveyj I ¯^vZ, cvÄv‡ei kZ`ªy ,BiveZx, P›`ªfvMv, wecvkv, wSjvg Ges wmÜz I
mi¯^Zx b`xi D‡jøL Av‡Q| wn›`yKzk ce©‡Zi wMwic_ w`‡q Avh©iv fvi‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges cÖ_‡g
AvdMvwb¯Ívb I DËi-cwðg fvi‡Z emwZ ¯’vcb K‡i| Avh©iv AvdMvwb¯Ívb mxgvšÍ †_‡K cvÄv‡ei
mxgvšÍ ch©šÍ we¯ÍxY© AÂj‡K ÔmßwmÜz' AvL¨v w`‡qwQj| D‡jøL¨ †h F‡M¦‡`i cÖ_g w`‡Ki †¯Ívθ‡jv‡Z
fvi‡Zi cÖavb b`x M½v ev hgybvi †Kvb D‡jøL †bB| Aa¨vcK †ivwgjv _vcvi g‡b K‡ib †h, F‡M¦‡`i
hy‡M Avh©iv w`wjø AÂj ch©šÍ emwZ we¯Ívi K‡iwQj| cieZx©Kv‡j Avh©iv Av‡iv c~e©w`‡K Zv‡`i emwZ
we¯Ívi K‡i| cieZx© ˆew`K Drm¸‡jv‡Z `ywU mvMi Ges wngvjq I weܨ ce©‡Zi D‡jøL cvIqv hvq|
Mv‡½q DcZ¨Kvi AvenvIqv ZLb wQj Av`ª© I e„wóeûj| d‡j cv_i, †eªvÄ I Zvgvi nvwZqvi w`‡q
R½j cwi®‹vi K‡i Lye `ªyZ c~e©w`‡K emwZ ¯’vcb m¤¢e wQjbv| wLª÷c~e© 800 A‡ãi w`‡K †jvnvi
cÖPjb NU‡j Avh©iv `ªyZ emwZ we¯Ívi Ki‡Z m¶g nq| †jvKmsL¨v e„w× †c‡j †MvPviY f‚wg, ebR
m¤ú` Ges K…wl †¶‡Îi Ici Pvc c‡i| c~e© fvi‡Zi M½v-hgybv DcZ¨Kv wQj De©i Ges LwbR
m¤ú` mg„×| Gme m¤ú‡`i †jv‡f Ges cvÄv‡e ¯’vbvfv‡ei Kvi‡Y Avh©iv c~e© fvi‡Zi w`‡K AMÖmi
n‡qwQj| cieZx© ˆew`K hy‡M Avh©mf¨Zvi †K›`ª cvÄve †_‡K ga¨‡`k ev M½v-hgybv DcZ¨Kvq m‡i
Av‡m| `w¶Y fvi‡Z Avh©mf¨Zv we¯Ívi m¤ú‡K© mwVK weeiY cvIqv hvq bv| `w¶Y fvi‡Z Avh©
mf¨Zv m¤ú~Y©fv‡e we¯Ívi jvf K‡iwb|

BDwbU--- c„ôv
42

 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mvims‡¶c
Avh©‡`i Avw` evmf‚wg m¤ú‡K© cwÛZMY wewfbœ gZvgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b Aa¨vcK
eª¨v‡Û÷vB‡bi gZvbymv‡i AwaKvsk cwÛZB g‡b K‡ib †h, Iivj ce©‡Zi `w¶‡Y wKiwNR †¯Íc
AÂjB wQj Avh©‡`i Avw` evmf‚wg|†e` n‡”Q Avh©‡`i cÖvPxbZg mvwnZ¨, hv cÖ_‡g wjwLZ
AvKv‡i wQj bv| A‡bK c‡i †e` wjwce× Kiv nq| PviwU †e‡`i g‡a¨ cÖvPxbZg n‡”Q F‡M¦`|
Avh©‡`i fvi‡Z emwZ ¯’vcb I we¯Ívi m¤ú‡K© F‡M¦` I cieZx© ˆew`K mvwn‡Z¨ wKQy Z_¨ cvIqv
hvq| mvaviYZ cwÛZMY g‡b K‡ib Avh©iv 1500 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã wn›`yKzk ce©‡Zi wMwic_ w`‡q
fvi‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i cÖ_‡g AvdMvwb¯Ívb I DËi-cwðg fvi‡Z emwZ ¯’vcb K‡i| GB we¯ÍxY©
AÂj‡K Zviv ÔmßwmÜz' bv‡g AvL¨v w`‡qwQj| cieZx©‡Z Zviv c~e© fvi‡Zi w`‡K AMÖmi n‡q
Zv‡`i emwZ we¯Ívi K‡i| `w¶Y fvi‡Z Avh© mf¨Zv we¯Ívi m¤ú‡K© mwVK weeiY cvIqv hvq
bv|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ t
mwVK cÖ‡kœi cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1. Avh©‡`i Avw`evmf‚wg wQj -
(K) mvB‡ewiqv (L) fviZel©
(M) wKiwNR AÂj (N) Aw÷ªqv-nv‡½wi
2. Avh©iv fvi‡Z cÖ_g Av‡m -
(K) wLª÷c~e© 2000 A‡ã (L) wLª÷c~e© 1500 A‡ã
(M) wLª÷c~e© 1000 A‡ã (N) wLª÷c~e© 800 A‡ã
3. Avh©iv cÖ_‡g fvi‡Z emwZ ¯’vcb K‡iwQj -
(K) †ejywP¯Ív‡b (L) DËi-cwðg mxgvšÍ AÂj I cvÄv‡e
(M) `w¶Y fvi‡Z (N) evsjvq
4. cieZx©Kv‡j fvi‡Z Avh©‡`i emwZ we¯Ívi N‡UwQj -
(K) ivRcyZbvq (L) Kvwk¥‡i
(M) Mv‡½q DcZ¨Kvq (N) †mŠiv‡óª

msw¶ß cÖkœ t
1| Avh©iv wK BD‡ivc †_‡K AvMZ?
2| F‡M¦‡` cÖvß Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ fviZe‡l© Avh©‡`i AvMgb I emwZ we¯Ív‡ii weeiY w`b|

BwZnvm c„ôv
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Gm Gm GBP Gj

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1. Avh©‡`i Avw` evmf‚wg m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ gZev` Av‡jvPbv Kiyb |
2. fviZe‡l© Avh©‡`i AvMgb I emwZ we¯Ív‡ii weeiY w`b|

mnvqK MÖš’cwÄ
1| R.C. Majumdar, The History and Culture of the Indian People (Vol-1), Vedic Age.
2| cÖfvZvsï gvBZx, fviZ BwZnvm cwiµgv, 1g LÛ|

BDwbU--- c„ôv
44

 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV - 2

Avh©‡`i mgvR, A_©bxwZ, ag© I ivR‰bwZK Rxeb

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV c‡o Avcwb
• Avh©‡`i mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK, ag©xq I ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’vi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb ;
• cieZx© ˆew`K hy‡M Avh©‡`i RxebPP©vq cwieZ©bmg~‡ni weeiY Avcwb w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

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BDwbU--- c„ôv
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BDwbU--- c„ôv
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ch©šÍ evwYR¨ Pj‡Zv| wKivZ bv‡g GK DcRvwZ Ily‡ai wewbg‡q e¯¿ I Pvgov wb‡Zv| ¯’jc‡_ i_ ev
Miyi Mvox Ges b`x c‡_ †bŠKvq cY¨ enb Kiv n‡Zv| G hy‡M mgy`ª Avh©‡`i Kv‡Q AcwiwPZ wQjbv|
†m hy‡M m¤¢eZ †g‡mvc‡Uwgqvi m‡½ evwYwR¨K m¤úK© wQj| wb®‹, kZgvb Ges K…òj bv‡g gy`ªvi
cÖPj‡bi d‡j e¨emvwqK †jb-†`b wKQyUv mnR n‡qwQj| Z‡e G hy‡MI G¸‡jv gy`ªvi mKj ˆewkó¨
AR©b K‡iwQj wKbv †m m¤ú‡K© cwÛZ‡`i m†›`n Av‡Q| ewYKiv m¤¢eZ msN MVb K‡iwQj - ÔMY'
Ges Ô†kªôxi' D‡jøL †_‡K G aviYv cvIqv hvq|
wk‡íi †¶‡Î ˆewPΨ Ges KvwiMwi `¶Zv e„w× cvq| G hy‡M GKRb Qy‡Zvi wgw¯¿ Ges GKRb i_
wbg©vZvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wQj hw`I `yRb Kv‡Vi KvR Ki‡Zv| abyK †h ˆZwi Ki‡Zv †m aby‡Ki wQjv
ˆZwi Ki‡Zv bv - †mUv wQj Ab¨ GKRb `¶ †jv‡Ki KvR| c~‡e©i †mvbv, iƒcv I †eªv‡Äi mv‡_ G
hy‡M †jvnv, mxmv Ges wU‡bi e¨envi ïiy n‡qwQj| †m hy‡M Kg©Rxe‡b gwnjv‡`iI f‚wgKv wQj| Zviv
m~wP wk‡í I iÄb wk‡í AskMÖnY Ki‡Zv|

ag©xq Ae¯’v
G hy‡M a‡g©i †¶‡ÎI Avh©‡`i Rxe‡b †ek eo cwieZ©b †`Lv hvq| hÁ Av‡Mi Zzjbvq A‡bK RwUj
I ¸iyZ¡c~Y© n‡q I‡V| hÁ‡K †`eZv‡`i Ic‡i ¯’vb †`Iqv nq| h‡Ái ¸iyZ¡ I e¨vcKZv e„w×
cvIqvq Ges GKgvÎ cy‡ivwnZB hÁ m¤úv`‡b `¶ nIqvq G hy‡M mgv‡R cy‡ivwnZ‡`i msL¨v Ges
gh©v`v †e‡owQj| RwUjZvi Kvi‡Y GLb GKwU h‡Á K‡qKRb cy‡ivwn‡Zi cÖ‡qvRb n‡Zv|
G hy‡M †`e‡`exi cvi¯úwiK Ae¯’vb I ¸iy‡Z¡iI cwieZ©b N‡U| cieZx© †e`¸‡jv‡Z gv‡S gv‡S
F‰M¦w`K †`e‡`ex eiyY Ges c„w_exi D‡Ï†k¨ iwPZ †¯ÍvÎ †`Lv †M‡jI G hy‡M cÖRvcwZ me‡P‡q
¸iyZ¡c~Y© †`eZv n‡q I‡Vb| Zuv‡K mKj Rx‡ei †`eZv iƒ‡c MY¨ Kiv n‡Zv| F‰M¦w`K hy‡Mi Ab¨
`yRb †`eZv iy`ª Ges weòzI G hy‡M we‡kl gh©v`v jvf K‡ib| iy`ª Av‡M wkeiƒ‡c cwiwPZ wQ‡jb, G
hy‡M wZwb gnv‡`e Ges cïcwZ bv‡g cwiwPZ nb| weòz G hy‡M AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© n‡q I‡Vb Ges Zuv‡K
gnvRvMwZK Ges ˆbwZK web¨v‡mi Drm, `yt‡L gvby‡li gyw³`vZv Ges †`eZv‡`i ÎvZviƒ‡c MY¨ Kiv
nq|

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G hy‡M kqZvb, Rv`ygš¿ BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ Kzms¯‹vi gvby‡li g‡b †`Lv †`q| G hy‡M F‡M¦‡`i
G‡Kk¦iev‡`i aviYv AviI ¯úó nq| G hy‡M AeZviev‡`i aviYvi m~Pbv nq| G hy‡MB gvby‡li g‡b
bvbv ai‡bi bZzb wPšÍv I cÖ‡kœi D‡`ªK nq| hÁ Ges cïewji Kvh©KvwiZv m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i g‡b cÖkœ
Rv‡M| Gm‡ei †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv cÖkœ mbœ¨v‡mi Rb¥ †`q- gvbyl mgvR †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q mbœ¨vmx n‡q ev
†QvU †QvU `‡j wef³ n‡q RbemwZ †_‡K `~‡i evm Ki‡Z _v‡K| gvby‡li mbœ¨vmeªZ MÖn‡Yi `ywU
D‡Ïk¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i- ˆ`wnK K…”Qªmvab I a¨vb Øviv inm¨c~Y© kw³, Rv`yej AR©b Kiv A_ev
kvixwiKfv‡e mgvR †_‡K wb‡R‡K mwi‡q wb‡q mvgvwRK AvPvi, wewawb‡la †_‡K gyw³ jvf Kiv|

ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v
cieZx© ˆew`K hy‡M M½v-hgybv MÛK DcZ¨Kvq Avh© emwZ we¯Ívi jvf K‡i| c~e©gyLx G Avh©
m¤úªmvi‡Yi GKvwaK KviY wQj| cy‡ivwnZiv Av‡iv †ewk f‚wg‡K ˆew`K a‡g©i AvIZvq Avb‡Z
†P‡qwQj| ZvQvov kw³kvjx D”PvKv•¶x ivRv‡`i ivR¨RqI Zv‡`i G A‡j wb‡q G‡mwQj| G hy‡M
cwðgvÂj ¸iyZ¡ nvwi‡q †d‡j Ges ga¨‡`k Avh©‡`i Kg©Kv‡Ûi †K‡›`ª cwiYZ nq|
G hy‡Mi me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ivR‰bwZK cwieZ©b n‡”Q ivRvi ¶gZv e„w×| F‰M¦w`K hy‡M Avh©
DcRvwZ¸‡jv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ cÖvqB hy‡× wjß n‡Zv| d‡j mdj mvgwiK ivRvi Aax‡b A‡bK
DcRvwZi GKwÎKiY NU‡Zv Ges iv‡R¨i AvqZ‡biI we¯Í„wZ NU‡Zv| Abvh©‡`i m‡½ hy‡×i d‡jI
iv‡R¨i AvqZ‡bi e„w× N‡U| ¶gZv e„w×i d‡j ivRv GLb wb‡R‡K Zuvi cÖRv‡`i GK”QÎ cªfziƒ‡c
we‡ePbv Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| wZwb GLb cÖRv‡`i KvQ †_‡K ewj, ïé I fvM bvgK KiI Av`vq Ki‡Z
_v‡Kb| Zuvi `vwq‡Z¡i Aek¨ †Zgb †Kvb cwieZ©b nqwb-Av‡Mi gZB Zuvi cÖavb `vwqZ¡ wQj mvgwiK
I wePvi welqK| wZwb wQ‡jb cÖRv‡`i Rvbgv‡ji i¶K Ges kÎy aŸsmKvix| mdj I kw³kvjx
ivRviv ÔivRv wek¦Rbxb' , Ôme©f‚wg', ÔGKivU' BZ¨vw` Dcvwa MÖnY K‡ib Ges wbR wbR gh©v`v Abyhvqx
ÔivRm~q', ÔevR‡cq' Ges ÔAk¦‡ga hÁ' D`hvcb Ki‡Zb| ivRv memgq bv n‡jI, mvaviYZ n‡Zb
¶wÎq| mvaviYZ ivRc` wQj eskvbyµwgK hw`I gv‡S g‡a¨ wbe©vwPZ ivRvi D‡jøL cvIqv hvq| wKšÍz
†m †¶‡ÎI wbe©vPb ivRcwiev‡ii g‡a¨ mxgve× _vK‡Zv|
G hy‡M ivRvi ¶gZv e„w× †c‡jI wbi¼zk ivRZš¿ cÖwZwôZ nqwb| Awf‡l‡Ki mgq ivRv‡K wmsnvmb
†_‡K †b‡g G‡m eªvþY‡`i cÖwZ kª×v cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z n‡Zv| G mgq wZwb eªvþY I †Mvab‡K i¶v Ges
RbwnZKi KvR Kivi A½xKvi Ki‡Zb| Av‡Mi Zzjbvq mwgwZi ¸iyZ¡ n«vm †c‡jI G hy‡MI mfv
Zvi ¸iyZ¡ eRvq iv‡L| cieZx© ˆew`K mvwn‡Z¨ ivRvi mg„w×i Rb¨ mfvi m‡½ ivRvi g‰Z‡K¨i Ici
¸iyZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q|
ivR¶gZv e„w×i m‡½ m‡½ kvmbh‡š¿iI m¤úªmviY N‡U| F‰M¦w`K Avg‡j cy‡ivwnZ, †mbvbx Qvov
†Zgb †Kv‡bv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ivRKg©Pvixi D‡jøL †`Lv hvqbv|wKšÍz G hy‡M eûmsL¨K D”Pc`¯’
†emvgwiK Kg©Pvixi D‡jøL †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| G‡`i g‡a¨ msMÖwnÎx (†Kvlva¨¶), fvM`yM (Ki
Av`vqKvix), m~Z (ivRKxq †NvlK ev i_ PvjK), ¶Îx (ivR msmv‡ii miKvi), A¶evc (Ryqv †Ljvi
Aa¨¶) Ges †Mv-weKZ©b (wkKv‡ii ivRm½x) we‡kl D‡jøL‡hvM¨| G hy‡M GKvwaK msMÖwnÎx I
fvM`y‡Mi Ab¨w`‡K ewj I ï‡éi D‡jøL †_‡K aviYv Kiv hvq †h Ki I ivR¯^ e¨e¯’vi DbœwZ
N‡UwQj| ivRcwiev‡ii m`m¨ I eªvþY‡`i †Kvb Ki w`‡Z n‡Zv bv| Ô¯’cwZ' I ÔkZcwZi' D‡jøL
†_‡K aviYv Kiv hvq †h G hy‡M cÖv‡`wkK kvmbe¨e¯’vi m~Pbv n‡qwQj| mxgvšÍeZ©x A‡ji `vwq‡Z¡
wbhy³ Kg©Pvix‡K ejv n‡Zv ¯’cwZ| G RvZxq A‡ji Awaevmxiv mvaviYZ wQj Abvh©| kZcwZi
`vwqZ¡ wQj GKkZ MÖv‡gi kvmbe¨e¯’v cwiPvjbv Kiv|
wePvi e¨e¯’vq ivRvi we‡kl f‚wgKv _vK‡jI wZwb me mgq wb‡R wePvi bv K‡i †m `vwqZ¡ Aa¨¶‡`i
Ici Ac©Y Ki‡Zb|

BwZnvm c„ôv
53
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mvims‡¶c
Avh©iv wLª÷c~e© 1500 A‡ãi w`‡K fviZe‡l© AvMgb K‡i| µ‡g Zviv GLv‡b M‡o †Zv‡j
Avh©mf¨Zv| Avh©‡`i ag©MÖš’ †e` (c„w_exi cÖvPxbZg MÖš’) †_‡K fvi‡Z Zv‡`i RxebhvÎvi
wewfbœ w`K m¤ú‡K© wKQy aviYv jvf Kiv hvq| †e` Pvifv‡M wef³Ñ FK&, mvg, hRyi Ges
A_e©| F‡M¦‡`i m¤¢ve¨ iPbvKvj 1500-900 wLª÷c~e©v‡ãi g‡a¨ Ges Ab¨ wZbwU 900-600
wLª÷c~e©v‡ãi g‡a¨ iwPZ n‡q‡Q e‡j Abygvb Kiv nq| †e‡`i iPbvKv‡ji Ici wbf©i K‡i
Avh©mf¨Zv‡K `yfv‡M fvM Kiv nqÑ F‰M¦w`K hy‡Mi mf¨Zv Ges cieZx© ˆew`K mf¨Zv| Dfq
hy‡Mi g‡a¨ mg‡qi e¨eavb wQj weavq Avh©‡`i RxebPP©vq my¯úó cv_©K¨ cwijw¶Z nq|
F‡M¦‡`i hy‡M cvÄve wQj Avh©mf¨Zvi †K›`ªf‚wg| Kvjµ‡g Zviv fvi‡Zi c~e©w`‡K emwZ we¯Ívi
K‡i Ges ga¨‡`k Zv‡`i Kg©Kv‡Ûi †K‡›`ª cwiYZ nq| Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, F‰M¦w`K hy‡M Avh©
mgvR, ag©, A_©bxwZ, ivRbxwZ µ‡g my¯úó iƒc cwiMÖnY ïiy K‡i, Z‡e cieZx© ˆew`K hy‡M Zv
mymsnZ I mymsNe× n‡q I‡V|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b
‰be©¨w³K cÖkœ t
1. F‡M¦‡`i iPbv Kvj wQj-
(K) 323 wLª÷c~e©vã (L) 1500-900 wLª÷c~e©vã
(M) 900-600 wLª÷c~e©vã (N) 1526 wLª÷vã
2. F‡M¦‡`i hy‡M mvaviYZ cÖPwjZ wQj-
(K) eû weevn (L) eûcwZZ¡
(M) GKweevn (N) evj¨ weevn
3. F‡M¦‡`i hy‡M cwiev‡ii cÖavb‡K ejv n‡Zv-
(K) MÖvgxY (L) cy‡ivwnZ
(M) cyicwZ (N) Kzjc
4. F‡M¦` hy‡M Avh© mgvR wef³ wQj-
(K) cuvPwU (L) mvZwU
(M) PviwU (N) `kwU †kªYx‡Z
5. F‡M¦` hy‡M Avh© Rxeb wQj-
(K) PviwU (L) QqwU
(M) AvUwU (N) eviwU ch©v‡q wef³
6. ˆew`Khy‡M K…wl‡hvM¨ f‚wg‡K ejv n‡Zv-
(K) Dli (L) eb
(M) De©i (N) gi“f‚wg
7. F‰M¦w`K hy‡M †kªô †`eZv wQ‡jb-
(K) B›`ª (L) AwMœ
(M) eiyY (N) †mvg
8. cieZx© ˆew`K hy‡M †Kvlva¨¶‡K ejv n‡Zv-
(K) fvM`yM (L) ¶wÎ
(M) msMÖwnÎx (N) m~Z
9. cieZx© ˆew`K hy‡M D”Pwkw¶Zv gwnjv wQ‡jb-

BDwbU--- c„ôv
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(K) †jvcvgy`ªv (L) ggZv

(M) Acvjv (N) MvM©x
10. cieZx© ˆew`K hy‡M †kªô †`eZv wQ‡jb-
(K) iy`ª (L) B›`ª
(M) eiyY (N) cÖRvcwZ

msw¶ß cÖkœ t
1| F‰M¦w`K I cieZx© ˆew`K hy‡M bvixi Ae¯’vb wKiƒc wQj?
2| F‰M¦w`K hy‡M h‡Ái ¸iyZ¡ wbiƒcY Kiyb|
3| F‰M¦w`K I cieZx© ˆew`K hy‡Mi RvwZ‡f` cÖ_vi Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1. F‰M¦w`K hy‡M Avh©‡`i mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK, ag©xq Ges ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v eY©bv Kiyb|
2. cieZx© ˆew`K hy‡M Avh©‡`i mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK, ag©xq Ges ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’vi weeiY w`b|
3. cieZx© ˆew`K hy‡M Avh©‡`i mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK, ag©xq Ges ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡b Avcwb wK wK
cwieZ©b j¶ K‡ib ?

mnvqK MÖš’cwÄ
1| R.C. Majumdar, History and Culture of the Indian People, Vol-1, Vedic Age.
2| R.C. Majumdar, H.C. Raychowdhury, KK Datta, An Advanced History of India.
3| V.A. Smith, The Oxford History of India.
4| cÖfvZvsï gvBZx, fviZ BwZnvm cwiµgv|
5| †ivwgjv _vcvi, fviZe‡l©i BwZnvm|

BwZnvm c„ôv
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cvV - 3

ˆRb ag©

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV c‡o Avcwb
• ˆRb a‡g©i D™¢‡ei KviY¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb ;
• ˆRb a‡g©i cÖeZ©K ea©gvb gnvex‡ii Rxebx I wk¶vejxi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

wLª÷c~e© lô kZvãx‡Z we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k agx©q wPšÍvi ‡¶‡Î GK cÖPÛ Av‡jvob †`Lv †`q| a‡g©i
†¶‡Î G wPšÍv ïaygvÎ fvi‡ZB mxgve× wQj bv- wMÖm, wgki, e¨vwejwbqv, cvim¨, Pxb cÖf…wZ
†`k¸‡jv‡ZI ag© wecøe †`Lv wM‡qwQj|G Av‡jvo‡bi KviY¸‡jv Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k wK wQj Zv mwVKfv‡e
Rvbv bv †M‡jI fvi‡Z GUv wQj gyL¨Z eªvþY¨ a‡g©i weiy‡× we‡`ªvn| ag©, m„wóKZ©v Ges gyw³i Dcvq
m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ gZev` I wk¶v wb‡q G mgq eû bZzb a‡g©i D™¢e nq hvi g‡a¨ fvi‡Z cÖavb `ywU wQj
ˆRb ag© I †eŠ× ag©| fvi‡Z G `ywU a‡g©i D™¢‡ei eû KviY wQj|
ˆew`K ag© mvaviY gvby‡li g‡b †Kvb Mfxi †iLvcvZ Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| `yB D”PeY©, eªvþY I ¶wÎqiv
Qvov ˆew`K ag©vPiY Ab¨vb¨iv cvjb Ki‡Zv bv| msL¨vMwiô Abvh©iv Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i ag©B cvjb
Ki‡Zv| eªv¶Y¨ a‡g© cïewj I e¨qeûj Ges RwUj Abyôvbvw`i Ici ¸iyZ¡ †`Iqv n‡Zv| cieZx©
ˆew`K hy‡M F‰M¦w`K hy‡Mi mnR I Abvo¤^i c~Rv c×wZ wb¯úªvY I hvwš¿K n‡q c‡o, hv ag©cÖvY
gvby‡li Ava¨vwZœK Z…òv †gUv‡Z e¨_© nq| cïewji AvbyôvwbKZv I e¨qeûjZv A‡bK‡KB eªv¶Y¨
a‡g©i cÖwZ exZkª× K‡i Zz‡jwQj| cïewj A‡b‡Ki g‡bB AvNvZ †`q| eªvþYiv e¨qeûj hÁ Abyôvb
Ki‡Z ¶wÎq‡`i eva¨ Ki‡Zv| Ki I Rwgi Avq †_‡K ¶wÎq kvmKiv hv Avq Ki‡Zv eªvþYiv hÁ
Abyôvb K‡i Zv wb‡q wbZ| GK GKwU hÁ Abyôv‡bi ci ivRv‡K eû †mvbv, iƒcv, `vm-`vmx, Mvfx,
Lv`¨ I e¯¿ `vb Ki‡Z n‡Zv| d‡j ¶wÎqiv cÖPwjZ a‡g©i weiy×vPiY K‡i| e¨qeûj hvMhÁ I wbôzi
cïewj‡Z AvZ¥vi gyw³jvf mnR nq wKbv †m m¤ú‡K©I gvby‡li g‡b m‡›`n †`Lv †`q| d‡j gvbyl
GKwU mnRZi a‡g©i Rb¨ AvMÖnx n‡q I‡V| a‡g©i wewfbœ Abyôvb I e¨vL¨v wb‡qI eªvþY‡`i g‡a¨
gZcv_K¨© †`Lv †`q| Zv Qvov Rxebavi‡Yi cÖ‡qvR‡b eªvþYiv ag©Kg© QvovI wewfbœ ai‡bi RvMwZK
†ckvq wb‡qvwRZ nq| Gi d‡j Zv‡`i cÖwZ Rbmvavi‡Yi fw³ I wek¦vm K‡g hvq|
eY©cÖ_vi K‡VviZvI bZzb a‡g©i D™¢‡e mnvqK n‡qwQj| eªvþYivB ïay †e` ¯úk© Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv|
mgv‡R ZvivB we‡ewPZ n‡Zv †kªô †kªYx wnmv‡e| eªvþY‡`i G †kªôZ¡ ¶wÎq ev ˆek¨ †KDB mnRfv‡e
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Ki‡Z _v‡K|
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Amn¨ n‡q I‡V|
†jvnvi e¨envi K…wl I evwY‡R¨ wjß ˆek¨‡`i Av‡iv abx K‡i †Zv‡j| †jvnvi jv½‡ji e¨env‡ii d‡j
K…wlK‡g©i e¨vcK we¯Í„wZ NU‡j Zviv Av‡iv weËkvjx n‡q I‡V| hvMh‡Á GK m‡½ eû cïewj
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BDwbU--- c„ôv
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wk‡íi cÖmviI ˆek¨‡`i abkvjx K‡i †Zv‡j| ZLb ZvivI eªvþY‡`i AvwacZ¨ ev †kªôZ¡ gvb‡Z
A¯^xKvi K‡i|
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g‡b K‡iwb|
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wbivcËvnxbZvi Rb¥ w`‡qwQj|cyi‡bv DcRvZxq I cvwievwiK eÜb `ye©j n‡q c‡o ev †f‡½ hvq Ges
Zv‡`i RvqMvq AvÂwjK ivR¨ M‡o I‡V| G¸‡jv kvmb Ki‡Zv †¯^”QvPvix I hy×wcÖq ivRviv| G hy‡M
bM‡ii D™¢e nq ‡hLv‡b wewfbœ DcRvwZi wQbœg~j gvbyl G‡m Avkªq †bq| RxebhvÎv `ªyZ cwiewZ©Z
n‡Z _vK‡j gvby‡li g‡b Aw¯’iZv Rb¥ †bq| ivRviv hLb iv‡R¨i mxgvbv Ges e¨emvqxiv Zv‡`i
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Zx_©¼i GB ag© cÖPvi K‡iwQ‡jb| ea©gvb gnvexi wQ‡jb †kl Zx_©¼i| gnvexi Qvov Ab¨ Zx_©¼‡ii
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(2) wg_¨v K_v bv ejv (3) Pywi bv Kiv Ges (4) m¤úwËi AwaKvix bv nIqv| †kl Zx_©¼i gnvexi
Gi mv‡_ msmvix bv nIqvi wk¶v †hvM K‡iwQ‡jb|
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Zuvi ag©gZ cÖPvi K‡ib Ges 72 eQi eq‡m ivRM„‡ni wbKUeZ©x cvev bM‡i Abk‡b cÖvYZ¨vM
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ˆRb ag©vej¤^x wQ‡jb|
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Ges cÖwZ ch©v‡q Zx_©¼i Avm‡eb c_ cÖ`k©K wnmv‡e| ˆRbiv MvQcvjv, cvnvo, cv_i, b`x - me
wKQy‡ZB cÖv‡Yi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Av‡Q e‡j wek¦vm K‡i| Zviv wn›`y‡`i gZ Kg©d‡j wek¦vmx| MZ Rxe‡bi
Kg©dj †_‡K gyw³jvfB Zvi j¶¨| G gyw³ jv‡fi wZbwU Dcvq Av‡Q h_v - mr wek¦vm, mr Ávb Ges
mr AvPiY, hv GKm‡½ wÎ-iZœ bv‡g cwiwPZ| gyw³jv‡fi Rb¨ K‡Vvi K…”Qªmva‡bi Ici Zviv AZ¨šÍ
¸iyZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i|
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2| ea©gvb gnvexi m¤ú‡K© GKwU UxKv wjLyb|
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iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
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mnvqK MÖš’cwÄ
1| R.C. Majumdar, History and Culture of the Indian People, Vol-1.
2| Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics.
3| cÖfvZvsï gvBZx, fviZ BwZnvm cwiµgv, 1g LÛ|

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mnvqK MÖš’cwÄ
1| R.C. Majumdar, History and Culture of the Indian People, Vol-1
2| Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics.
3| cÖfvZvsï gvBZx, fviZ BwZnvm cwiµgv, 1g LÛ|

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖ‡kœi DËi t

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cvV : 4 1| (L) ; 2| (K) ; 3| (N) ; 4| (L) ; 5| (N)|

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